WO2011064330A1

WO2011064330A1 - Organic photoactive component having cavity layer system

Info

Publication number: WO2011064330A1
Application number: PCT/EP2010/068308
Authority: WO
Inventors: Wolf-Michael Gnehr; Bert MÄNNIG; Christian Uhrich; Andre Weiss
Original assignee: Heliatek Gmbh
Priority date: 2009-11-27
Filing date: 2010-11-26
Publication date: 2011-06-03

Abstract

The invention relates to an organic photoactive component, in particular an organic solar cell, having an electrode and a counter-electrode, and at least two separated photoactive layer systems between the electrodes, characterized in that at least one further layer system (cavity layer system) is inserted, changing the optical field distribution within the component.

Description

Organic Photoactive Device with Cavity

Layer System The invention relates to an organic photoactive

Component, especially an organic solar cell, with an electrode and a counter electrode and between the

Electrodes at least two separate photoactive

Layer systems characterized in that at least one further layer system (cavity layer system) is inserted, that the optical field distribution within the

Component changed.

The term cavity is understood in this patent application to refer to the optical field distribution within the device. By installing a cavity layer system in the device is the

Distribution of light intensity within the device changed, with the aim of increasing the efficiency of the photoactive Baulementes. Since the demonstration of the first organic solar cell with a percentage efficiency by Tang et al. 1986 [C.W. Tang et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 48, 183 (1986)], organic materials become intense for various

examined electronic and optoelectronic components. Organic solar cells consist of a sequence of thinner ones

Layers (typically lnm to Ιμιη) of organic

Materials which are preferably evaporated in vacuo or spin-coated from a solution. The electric

Contacting can be effected by metal layers, transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) and / or transparent conductive polymers (PEDOT-PSS, PANI).

A solar cell converts light energy into electrical energy. The term photoactive also refers to the conversion of light energy into electrical energy. in the In contrast to inorganic solar cells, solar cells do not directly generate free charge carriers by light, but excitons are first formed, ie electrically neutral excitation states (bound electron-hole pairs). Only in a second step, these excitons are separated into free charge carriers, which then contribute to the electrical current flow.

The advantage of such organic-based devices over conventional inorganic-based devices (semiconductors such as silicon, gallium arsenide) is the sometimes extremely high optical absorption coefficients (up to 2 × 10 ⁵ cm ^-1 ), which offers the possibility of low material and material costs Energy expenditure to produce very thin solar cells. Further technological aspects are the low cost, the possibility of producing flexible large-area components on plastic films, and the almost unlimited possibilities of variation and the unlimited availability of organic chemistry.

One already suggested in the literature

Possible realization of an organic solar cell is a pin diode [Martin Pfeiffer, "Controlled doping of organic vacuum deposited dye layers: basics and applications", PhD thesis TU-Dresden, 1999.] with the following layer structure: 0. carrier, substrate,

1. basic contact, mostly transparent,

2nd p-layer (s),

3rd i-layer (s),

4th n-layer (s), 5th cover contact. Here, n or p denotes an n- or p-type doping, which leads to an increase in the density of free electrons or holes in the thermal equilibrium state. However, it is also possible that the n-layer (s) or p-layer (s) are at least partially nominally undoped and only due to the material properties (eg different

Mobilities), due to unknown impurities (e.g., residuals from the synthesis, disintegration or reaction products during film formation), or environmental influences (e.g., adjacent ones)

Layers, diffusion of metals or others

organic materials, gas doping from the

Ambient atmosphere) preferably n-conductive or preferably p-conductive properties. In this sense, such layers are primarily to be understood as transport layers. In contrast, the term i-layer designates a nominally undoped layer (intrinsic layer). One or more i-layers may in this case be layers of a material as well as a mixture of two materials (so-called interpenetrating networks or bulk heterojunction, M. Hiramoto et al., Mol., Cryst., Liq., Cryst., 2006, 444). pp. 33-40). The light incident through the transparent base contact generates excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) in the i-layer or in the n- / p-layer. These excitons can only be separated by very high electric fields or at suitable interfaces. Stand in Organic Solar Cells

sufficiently high fields are not available, so that all promising concepts for organic solar cells based on the exciton separation at photoactive interfaces. The excitons pass through diffusion to such an active interface, where electrons and holes are separated. The material which the

Picking up electrons is doing as acceptor, and that

Material that receives the hole as a donor (or

Donor). The separating interface can be between the p (n) layer and the i-layer or between two i-layers. In the built-in electric field of

Solar cell, the electrons are now transported to the n-area and the holes to the p-area. Preferably, the transport layers are transparent or

broad-gap, largely transparent materials such as e.g. in WO 2004083958 are described. As wide-gap materials here are materials

denotes the absorption maximum in the wavelength range <450 nm, preferably at <400 nm.

Since the excitons are always generated by the light and still no free charge carriers, the plays

Low-recombination diffusion of excitons to the active interface plays a critical role in organic solar cells. To make a contribution to the photocurrent, must therefore in a good organic solar cell the

Excess diffusion length significantly exceed the typical penetration depth of the light, so that the majority of the light can be used. Structurally and in terms of chemical purity, perfect organic crystals or

Thin films certainly fulfill this criterion. For large area applications, however, the use of monocrystalline organic materials is not possible and the production of multiple layers with sufficient structural perfection is still very difficult.

If the i-layer is a mixed layer

the task of light absorption either takes on only one of the components or both. Of the

The advantage of mixed layers is that the generated excitons only have to travel a very short distance until they reach a domain boundary, where they are separated. Of the

Removal of the electrons or holes is carried out separately in the respective materials. Because in the mixed layer the

Materials are in contact with each other everywhere, it is crucial in this concept that the separate charges have a long life on the respective material and from each location closed percolation paths for both types of charge carriers to the respective contact

available. From US 5,093,698 the doping is organic

Materials known. By admixture of an acceptor-like or donator-like dopant, the

Increased equilibrium charge carrier concentration in the layer and increased the conductivity. According to US 5,093,698, the doped layers are used as injection layers at the interface to the contact materials in

used electroluminescent devices. Similar doping approaches are analogous for solar cells

appropriate. From the literature are different

Implementation options for the photoactive i-layer known. Thus, this may be a double layer (EP0000829) or a mixed layer (Hiramoto, Appl.

Phys.Lett. 58, 106e (1991)). Also known is a combination of double and mixed layers (Hiramoto, Appl. Lett., 58, 1062 (1991), US 6,559,375). It is also known that the mixing ratio in different areas of the mixed layer is different (US 20050110005) or the mixing ratio has a gradient. Furthermore, tandem or multiple solar cells from the

Literature (Hiramoto, Chem. Lett., 1990, 327 (1990); DE 102004014046).

In a preferred embodiment of the structures described above, these are designed as organic tandem solar cell or multiple solar cell. So it may be at the

Component to act a tandem cell of a combination of nip, ni, ip, pnip, pni, pip, nipn, nin, ipn, pnipn, pnin or pipn structures, in which several independent Combinations containing at least one i-layer stacked on top of each other (cross-combinations).

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the structures described above, this is designed as a pnipnipn tandem cell or multiple solar cell.

In another embodiment, light traps are formed to increase the optical path of the incident light in the active system.

In another embodiment, the light trap is realized by providing a doped wide-gap layer with a smooth interface with the i-layer and one periodically

microstructured interface to contact has.

In a further embodiment, the light trap is realized in that the component is constructed on a periodically microstructured substrate and the homogeneous function of the component, ie a short-circuit-free

Contacting and homogeneous distribution of the electrical

Field over the entire area, is ensured by the use of a doped wide-gap layer. Ultrathin components have an increased risk of forming local short circuits on structured substrates, such that ultimately the functionality of the entire component is jeopardized by such obvious inhomogeneity. This risk of short circuit is caused by the

Use of the doped transport layers reduced.

Organic literature has long been known from the literature

Tandemsolarzellen (Hiramoto, Chem. Lett., 1990, 327 (1990).) In the tandem cell of Hiramoto et al., There is a 2nm thick gold layer between the two single cells.The task of this gold layer is for a good electrical connection between the two single cells to ensure: the gold layer causes an efficient

Recombination of the holes from one subcell with the Electrons from the other subcell and thus causes the two subcells are electrically connected in series. Furthermore, the gold layer absorbs like any thin layer

Metal layer (or metal cluster) part of the

incident light. This absorption is a loss mechanism in the tandem cell of Hiramoto

photoactive layers (H2Pc (metal-free phthalocyanine) / Me-PTC (N, N "-dimethylperylene-3, 4, 9, 10-bis (dicarboximide) in the two single cells of the tandem cell less light is available this tandem structure therefore purely on the electrical side.

Within this concept, the gold layer should be as thin as possible, or in the best case completely eliminated.

Organic pin tandem cells are also known from the literature (DE 102004014046): The structure of such a tandem cell consists of two single-pin cells, the layer sequence "pin" being the sequence of a p-doped one

Layer system, an undoped photoactive layer system and an n-doped layer system describes. The

doped layer systems are preferably made

transparent materials, so-called wide-gap

Materials / layers and they may also be partially or wholly undoped or location-dependent different doping concentrations or over a

have continuous gradients in the doping concentration. Specially also very low doped or

highly doped regions in the border region at the electrodes, in the border region to another doped or undoped transport layer, in the border region to the active layers or in tandem or multiple cells in the border region to the adjacent pin or nip subcell, i. in the recombination zone are possible. Also any

Combination of all these features is possible.

Of course, such a tandem cell can also be a so-called inverted structure (eg nip tandem cell; act. In the following, all these possible tandem cell implementation forms are referred to by the term pin tandem cells. An advantage of such a pin tandem cell is that the use of doped transport layers makes a very simple and simple process

at the same time very efficient realization possibility for the recombination zone between the two sub-cells is possible. The tandem cell has e.g. a pin-pin structure on (or also possible, for example, nipnip). At the interface between the two pin sub-cells are each an n-doped layer and a p-doped layer, which form a pn system (or np system). In such a

doped pn system takes a very efficient

Recombination of electrons and holes. The stacking of two single pin cells results in a complete pin tandem cell without the need for additional layers. Especially advantageous here is that no more thin metal layers are needed as in Hiramoto to ensure efficient recombination. As a result, the loss absorption of such thin metal layers can be completely avoided.

The central problem in efficiency optimization of

Tandem cells consists in the fact that both sub-cells should generate as much photocurrent as possible. Because highly efficient organic solar cells have a high internal

Have quantum efficiency (almost all photons are converted into electricity), this means that both sub-cells as possible to absorb light (ie number of photons) of the solar spectrum. Namely, if one subcell absorbs more light than the other subcell, the former might actually produce a larger photocurrent than the second. Since in the tandem cell the two subcells are electrically connected in series, however, the current of the tandem cell is always limited by the lower current of one of the two subcells. The potential greater current of a subcell that absorbs more light must remain unused. Tandem cells must therefore be optimized so that both sub-cells absorb as much light as possible and absorb the same amount of light. The balancing of the absorption can eg over the

Variation of the thicknesses of the two photoactive layer systems take place. Another option for pin tandem cells is to vary the thickness of the tandem cells

Transport layers the photoactive layer systems in the maxima of the optical field distribution of the light

place (this is also in DE 102004014046

described).

However, the possibilities of adaptation by these two mentioned methods are limited or at a loss

connected: e.g. In a tandem cell, equality of absorption is achieved by reducing the thickness of the photoactive system in the "better" subcell and thus absorbing less light, namely as much as the other, thus nominally optimizing the tandem cell. However, this has only led to the fact that the "weaker" subcell again limits the component and the potential of the "better" can not be used

Tandem cells, which are said to have high efficiency, include various absorber systems, i. the two subcells contain several different ones

Absorber materials and absorb partially or completely in different spectral regions of the light. The

However, distribution of the absorption maxima of the light within the component is dependent on the wavelength. This leads to the fact that in this case the optimization of the

Thin-film optics for each individual absorber in each of the two tandem cells is very complicated and only

can be limited by a variation of the thicknesses of the layers (as the different conditions for the individual absorbers usually can not be filled simultaneously with a set of layer thicknesses).

Another problem for the application is that solar cells should be used in different places and under different conditions and thus the spectrum of the light is different for different applications. For example, the light spectrum for the applications on roofs very well the standard solar spectrum AMI .5 (for Central Europe). For house facades integrated systems in cities (especially within narrow street canyons), however, the conditions are already different and

At the latest in indoor applications, the available light completely depends on the artificial light source. The problem with this is that the total optimization of the tandem cells can only ever be done for a specific light spectrum. For the applications it is therefore important to have a simple and for the production practical possibility the tandem cells to different light spectrums

without having to greatly change the structure of the tandem cell for each application or others

Absorber materials must be used.

The aim of this overall optimization of the solar cells is not only the highest possible efficiency under the given light spectrum, but for the application optimization for maximum power generation over the entire year, i. a consideration of the course of the year of the light intensity and the light spectrum at the place of application (this also with regard to worldwide

Possible applications). Of course, the above discussion also applies to

Triple solar cells and solar cells of more than three

Subcells.

According to the invention, the task of optimizing the tandem or multiple solar cells solved by at least one layer system within at least one subcell or at least between two adjacent subcells

is inserted, that changes the optical cavity of the device. This layer system is referred to below as

Cavity layer system called. In this case, the cavity layer system or the cavity layer systems cause a subcell to be strengthened with regard to its absorption (in particular the subcell which is limited in its (useful) usable layer thickness due to insufficient charge carrier transport properties within the photoactive system) and / or a simple adaptation of single, tandem or multiple cells to the respective lighting spectrum of the application. In a further embodiment of the invention, the component is a tandem or

Multiple structure.

This is preferably achieved by a layer system which functions as a partially transparent mirror. The transparency of this mirror can be wavelength-dependent. As a result, the light distribution within the component can be optimized depending on the wavelength and it can be achieved that the various absorbers in the sub-cells are in the highest possible field distribution of the wavelength range absorbed by them.

In a further embodiment, a cavity layer system is a metal layer system which is used to specifically change the optical field distribution within the organic solar cell. In another embodiment, a cavity layer system is partially transparent in that it is present only on a part of the solar cell surface.

In another embodiment, a cavity Layer system for light of a certain polarization type transparent, while this cavity layer system reflects light of a different polarization.

In a further embodiment, at least one

Cavity layer system separated from the photoactive layer systems by at least one transport layer.

In a further embodiment, a cavity layer system is in direct contact with the photoactive layer system or is even located wholly or partly within the photoactive layer system.

In a further embodiment of the component, such cavity layer systems can also be present between a plurality of or even all partial cells.

In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems can all be the same.

In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems can only differ by the thicknesses of the materials used.

In a further embodiment of the component, two or more of the cavity layer systems may at least partially consist of different materials.

In a further embodiment of the component, all cavity layer systems may consist in pairs at least partially of different materials. In a further preferred embodiment of the

Component consists of the cavity layer system of a metal layer, for example, but not limited to Au, Ag, Al, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Ti, etc.

In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems consist of two or more different metal layers. This can be a pairwise or not a pairwise different combination.

In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems form a grid. The dimension of the lattice structuring may preferably be in the mm range, in the ym range or else in the wavelength range of the light.

In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems form a metal grid, for example but not limited to Au, Ag, Al, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, Ti, etc. ).

In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems consist of bars or strips. The thickness of the bars / strips or the distances between the bars / strips may preferably be in the mm range, in the ym range or else in the wavelength range of the light. In the latter case, the cavity layer system forms a linear polarization filter.

In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems consist of metal rods or

Metal strips, for example, but not limited to Au, Ag, Al, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, etc.). The thicknesses and spacings of the bars or strips can be selected such that the cavity layer systems form a polarization filter. In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems consist of circles, triangles,

Polygons, checkered surfaces or other geometric surfaces.

In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems consist of metal layers which are circles, triangles, polygons, car-shaped surfaces or others

form geometric metal surfaces, but for example not limited to Au, Ag, Al, Cr, Ni, Co, Cu, etc.

In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems consist of metal layers which form "banana structures." In the case of the banana structures, both pointed ends are toward the active layer system

aligned. The field elevation therefore preferably takes place into the active layer system, which is particularly advantageous.

In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems consist of metal structures, wherein the surfaces of the metal structures with an organic or inorganic insulator material, which is preferred

is transparent, coated.

In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems consist of a doped, partially doped or undoped metal oxide layer system.

In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems consist of one, two or more different doped, partially doped or

undoped metal oxide layers (this may be a pair or not in pairs different

Act combination).

In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems consist of a doped, partially doped or undoped organic layer. The organic material may be polymers, small ones

Molecules or to act combinations of both.

For the purposes of the present invention, small molecules are non-polymeric organic molecules

monodisperse molecular weights between 100 and 2000 understood that under normal pressure (atmospheric pressure of the surrounding

Atmosphere) and at room temperature in solid phase available. In particular, these small molecules can also be photoactive, it being understood under photoactive that the molecules change their charge state upon incidence of light. In a further embodiment of the invention, the organic materials used are at least partially polymers.

In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems consist of two or more

various doped, partially doped or

undoped organic layers (this may be a pair or not in pairs different

Act combination). The organic layer system can in this case consist of multilayers, mixed layers or

Combinations of both exist.

In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems consist of a doped, partially doped or undoped layer of graphite, carbon nanotubes or graphenes. In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems consist of two or more

various doped, partially doped or

undoped layers of graphite, carbon nanotubes or graphenes (this may be a paired or non-paired combination).

In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems consist of a combination of two or more of the abovementioned materials.

In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems consist of a material or a material system with a high dielectric constant. In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems consist of a material or a material system, which is a metamaterial.

A metamaterial is an artificially created structure whose permeability to electric and magnetic fields (permittivity s _r and permeability μ _Γ ) has values that are not normally found in nature. Of particular interest are metamaterials with real refractive indices in the

Range - °° <n <1. These materials do not absorb the light and are therefore particularly suitable for use according to the invention as a cavity layer system.

Metamaterials are characterized by the fact that they are specially made in their interior microscopic

Structures made of electrical or magnetic

Have materials that are responsible for the particular properties of the material.

The special property of metamaterials is that the associated material constants ε _Γ and μ _Γ can assume negative values. That means from the perspective of

Field theory that

• the field of electric flux density (D field) and the electric field strength (E field) as well

• the field of magnetic flux density (B field) and the field of magnetic field strength (H field) are oppositely directed.

The underlying processes in metamaterials are usually resonance effects in

periodic arrangements of conductor elements. Simplified, the material consists of a large number of juxtaposed electrical circuits with tiny capacitive and inductive components. The Capacities come through one another

metallic conductor elements, while the inductive elements are the conductor elements themselves. For example, these are nanostructures, mostly of gold or silver, embedded in glass and much smaller than the wavelength of the light.

As is usual with resonance phenomena, the desired effects in the metamaterials only appear in a very narrow frequency range. The

In principle, the frequency range of a resonant structure can be increased by attenuation. At the same time, however, the damping leads to an undesirable increase in the power loss.

In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems can also be made of a combination of the above-mentioned materials or structures (lattices, rods, strips, geometric shapes).

A further embodiment of the component contains, in addition to at least one cavity layer system, one or two transparent or partially transparent electrodes.

A further embodiment of the component contains at least one cavity layer system and the component is semitransparent.

In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems can be installed in a pin tandem cell or pin multiple cell (or nip tandem cell or nip multiple cell). In this case, the cavity layer systems may e.g. semitransparent and / or

be wavelength dependent and / or polarization sensitive. In a further embodiment of the invention is by

Use of light traps increases the optical path of the incident light in the active system. In a further embodiment of the invention, the light trap is realized in that the component is constructed on a periodically microstructured substrate and the homogeneous function of the component whose

Short-circuit-free contacting and a homogeneous distribution of the electric field over the entire surface is ensured by the use of a doped wide-gap layer. It is particularly advantageous that the light passes through the absorber layer at least twice, which can lead to increased light absorption and thereby to improved efficiency of the solar cell. This can be achieved, for example, (FIG. 8) in that the substrate has pyramid-like structures on the surface with heights (h) and widths (d) in the range from one to several hundred micrometers, respectively. Height and width can be chosen the same or different. Likewise, the pyramids can be constructed symmetrically or asymmetrically.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the light trap is realized in that a doped wide-gap layer has a smooth interface with the i-layer and a rough interface with the reflective contact. The rough one

For example, interface can be defined by a periodic

Microstructuring can be achieved. Particularly advantageous is the rough interface when it reflects the light diffused, which leads to an extension of the light path within the photoactive layer.

In a further embodiment, the light trap is realized in that the component is built up on a periodically microstructured substrate and a

doped wide-gap layer a smooth interface with the i-layer and a rough interface to the reflective

Contact has.

In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems consist of chiral materials. Chiral materials are the materials that the

Change the polarization plane of the light. In general, an object is chiral if it does not have a rotating mirror axis. In a further embodiment of the component, the cavity layer systems consist of fluorescent or phosphorescent materials. The cavity layer system fluoresces in the larger wavelength range compared to its absorption (Stokes shift), i. the

Intensity distribution of the solar spectrum within the

Component can be changed, as well as the light vector, since the fluorescence and phosphorescence in all spatial directions goes (Figure 1). Examples of organic fluorescent or

Phosphorescent materials are as follows:

1.) blue emitters:

Balq bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolato) -4- (phenylphenolato) -aluminum (III) -DPVBi 4,4-bis (2,2-diphenyl-ethen-1-yl) -biphenyl

- Spiro-DPVBi 2, 2 ', 7, 7' -tetrakis (2, 2 -diphenylvinyl) spiro-9,9'-bifluorenes

- spiro-anthracenes 9, 10-bis (9, 9 ^x -spirobi [9H-fluorenene] -2-yl) anthracenes - DBzA 9, 10-bis [4- (6-methylbenzothiazol-2-yl) phenyl] anthracenes

DSA-Ph 1-4 di- [4- (N, -diphenyl) amino] styrylbenzenes

BCzVB 1, 4-bis [2- (3-N-ethylcarbazoryl) vinyl] benzene

green emitter Alq3 (8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum

C545T 2, 3, 6, 7-tetrahydro-1,1,7,7-tetramethyl-1H, 5H, 11H-10- (2-benzothiazolyl) quinolizino [9,9a, lgh] coumarin

TPPA 9, 10-bis [N, N-di (p-tolyl) amino] anthracenes

- DMQA Ν, Ν '- dimethyl quinacridone

Ir (ppy) 3 fac tris (2-phenylpyridine) iridium

(as dopant in TCTA 4, 4 ', 4 "-tris (N-carbazolyl) -triphenylamine)

3.) red emitters:

- Rubrene (5, 6, 11, 12) -Trapraphenylnaphthacenes

- DCM (E) -2- (2- (4- (dimethylamino) styryl) -6-methyl-pyran-4-ylidenes) malononitriles

- DCM2 4- (dicyanomethylene) -2-methyl-6-ylolidyl-9- 4H -pyrane

- DCJT 4- (dicyanomethylene) -2-methyl-6- (1, 1, 7, 7-tetramethyl-2-yl-enyl) -4H-pyran

- DCJTB 4- (dicyanomethylene) -2-tert-butyl-6- (1,1,7-tetramethyljulolidin-4-yl-vinyl) -4H-pyran

Ir (piq) 3 Tris (1-phenylisoquinolines) iridium

Ir (MDQ) 2 (acac) iridium (III) bis (2-methyldibenzo [f, h] quinoxaline) (acetylacetonate) (both as dopant in alpha-NPB)

In a further embodiment, the

Photoactive components according to the invention on curved surfaces, such as concrete, tiles, clay, car glass, etc. used. It is advantageous that the organic solar cells according to the invention compared

conventional inorganic solar cells on flexible

Carriers such as films, textiles, etc. can be applied.

In a further embodiment, the

Photoactive components according to the invention applied to a film or textile, which on, with the

organic layer system according to the invention

an adhesive, such as

for example, has an adhesive. This makes it possible to produce a solar film, which after

Need can be arranged on any surface. Thus, a self-adhesive solar cell can be generated.

In a further embodiment, the

Photoactive components according to the invention another

Adhesion agent in the form of a Velcro connection.

In a further embodiment, the

Photoactive components of the invention used in conjunction with energy buffer or energy storage medium such as batteries, capacitors, etc. for connection to consumers or devices.

In a further embodiment, the

Photoactive components according to the invention used in combination with thin-film batteries.

The invention is based on some

Embodiments and figures will be explained in detail. It is shown (FIGS. 1 to 6 are seen from above or below, ie the component lies flat in the paper plane)

Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of the changed

Intensity distribution of the solar spectrum within the component, as well as the light vector, with the fluorescence and phosphorescence going in all spatial directions,

2 is a schematic representation of a plan view of a lattice structure of a cavity layer system,

3 shows a schematic representation of a top view of a bar structure or strip structure of a cavity layer system,

4 shows a schematic representation of a plan view of a circular structure of a cavity layer system,

5 is a schematic representation of a plan view of a triangular structure of a cavity layer system,

6 is a schematic representation of a plan view of a quadrangular structure of a cavity layer system,

7 shows a schematic representation of a plan view of a caroidal structure of a cavity layer system,

Fig. 8 is a schematic representation of the cross section of a device according to the invention with a

Cavity layer system of spherical structures, these

Adjacent spherical structures to the active layer,

9 is a schematic representation of the cross section of a device according to the invention with a

Cavity layer system of spherical structures, these

Spherical structures have a small distance to the active layer,

10 is a schematic representation of the cross section of a device according to the invention with a

Cavity layer system of spherical structures, these Protrude spherical structures into the active layer,

11 is a schematic representation of the cross section of a device according to the invention with a

Cavity layer system of spherical structures, these

Ball structures completely in the active layer

are arranged

12 is a schematic representation of the cross section of a device according to the invention with a

Cavity layer system of banana structures, these banana structures being adjacent to the active layer, in FIG

13 shows the schematic illustration of a structure of an exemplary photoactive component

microstructured substrate, in

14 is a graphical representation of simulation results of a device according to the invention compared to a standard device and in

15 is a graphical representation of the measurement results of a device according to the invention.

Embodiments: In a first embodiment, the Kavitäts ^¬ layer system as a lattice structure is performed. In the associated Fig. 2 is a schematic plan view of a lattice structure of the cavity layer according to the invention is shown. In a further embodiment, the Kavitäts ^¬ layer system is designed as a rod structure or stripe structure in plan view in Fig. 3.

In a further embodiment, the Kavitäts ^¬ layer system in plan view in FIG. 4 is designed as a circular structure. In a further embodiment, the cavity layer system in the plan view in Fig. 5 as

Triangular structure executed.

In a further embodiment, the cavity layer system in the plan view in Fig. 6 as

Square structure executed.

In another embodiment, the cavity

Layer system in the plan view in Fig. 7 executed as a carcass-shaped structure. In another embodiment, the cavity

Layered system spherical. In the associated FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a device according to the invention with a first

Charge carrier transport layer 1, an active layer 2 and a second charge carrier transport layer 3 shown. The cavity layer system 4 is in a first

Embodiment variant in the border region of the second

Charge carrier transport layer 3 to the active layer 2 arranged. To simplify the view was dispensed with the representation of the electrode and counter electrode. The first and the second charge carrier transport layer each have opposite preferences for the transport of hole electrons and electrons. According to the configuration of the device according to the invention in pin or nip arrangement, the first charge carrier transport layer 1 either as an electron transport layer (ETL) or

Be carried out hole electron transport layer (HTL).

The same applies to the second charge carrier transport layer 3. In another embodiment, the Kavitäts ^¬ layer system is designed spherical. In the associated FIG. 9 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a device according to the invention with a first Charge carrier transport layer 1, an active layer 2 and a second charge carrier transport layer 3 shown. The cavity layer system 4 is arranged within the second charge carrier transport layer 3 in proximity to the active layer 2.

In a further embodiment, the Kavitäts ^¬ layer system is designed spherical. In the associated FIG. 10 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a device according to the invention with a first

Charge carrier transport layer 1, an active layer 2 and a second charge carrier transport layer 3 shown. The cavity layer system 4 is arranged in the boundary region between the second charge carrier transport layer 3 and the active layer 2. In a further embodiment, the Kavitäts ^¬ layer system is designed spherical. In the associated FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a device according to the invention with a first

Charge carrier transport layer 1, an active layer 2 and a second charge carrier transport layer 3 shown. The cavity layer system 4 is arranged within the active layer 2 in the vicinity of the second charge carrier transport layer 3.

In a further embodiment, the cavity layer system is designed banana-shaped. In the associated FIG. 12 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a device according to the invention with a first

Embodiment variant in the border region of the second

Charge carrier transport layer 3 to the active layer 2 arranged. In a further embodiment, the photoactive component according to the invention is microstructured and executed as shown in FIG. 13:

1.) Description Fig. 13: lym <d <200ym lym <h <1 mm 11: Substrate

12: electrode; e.g. ITO or metal (10 - 200nm)

13: HTL or ETL layer system (10-200nm)

14: absorber mixture layer 1 (10-200nm)

15: absorber mixture layer 2 (10 - 200nm)

16: HTL or ETL layer system (10-200nm)

17: electrode; e.g. ITO or metal (10 - 200nm)

In a further embodiment, the

The photoactive component according to the invention has the following example structure:

1.) electrode

2.) p-transport layer system

3) photoactive layer system 1

4.) n- transport layer system

5.) Cavity layer system (e.g.

semitransparent and / or

wavelength dependent and / or

polarization-sensitive) 6.) p-transport layer system

7) photoactive layer system 2

8.) n- transport layer system

9.) electrode

In a further embodiment, the

Photoactive device according to the invention, as a pin tandem cell or pin multiple cell, wherein one or more transport layers are missing, the following example construction on:

1.) electrode

2.) p-transport layer system

3) photoactive layer system 1

4.) Cavity layer system (for example semitransparent and / or wavelength-dependent and / or polarization-sensitive)

5.) p-transport layer system

6) photoactive layer system 2

7.) n- transport layer system

8.) electrode

Or:

1.) electrode

2.) p-transport layer system

3) photoactive layer system 1

4.) n- transport layer system 5.) Cavity layer system (eg semitransparent and / or wavelength-dependent and / or polarization-sensitive)

6) photoactive layer system 2

7.) n- transport layer system

8.) electrode

Or:

1.) electrode

2.) p-transport layer system

3) photoactive layer system 1

5.) photoactive layer system 2

6.) n- transport layer system

7.) electrode

In a further embodiment, the

The photoactive component according to the invention, as a pin tandem cell or pin multiple cell, wherein at least one cavity layer system is located within one of the photoactive systems, has the following example structure:

1.) electrode

2.) p-transport layer system

3.) Combination of photoactive layer system 1 and cavity layer system (eg

semitransparent and / or wavelength-dependent and / or polarization-sensitive)

4.) n- transport layer system (can possibly be omitted)

5.) p-transport layer system (can possibly be omitted)

6) photoactive layer system 2

7.) n- transport layer system

8.) electrode

Or:

1.) electrode

2.) p-transport layer system

3) photoactive layer system 1

4.) n- transport layer system (can possibly be omitted)

5.) p-transport layer system (may possibly also

omitted)

6.) Combination of photoactive layer system 2 and cavity layer system (e.g.

semitransparent and / or wavelength-dependent and / or polarization-sensitive)

7.) n- transport layer system

8.) electrode In a further exemplary embodiment, the photoactive component according to the invention, as a pin tandem cell or pin multiple cell, wherein at least one cavity layer system is located on one of the electrodes, has the following example structure:

1.) electrode

2.) Cavity layer system (for example semitransparent and / or wavelength-dependent and / or polarization-sensitive)

3.) p-transport layer system (may possibly also

omitted)

4.) Photoactive Layer System 1

5.) n- transport layer system

6.) p-transport layer system

7) photoactive layer system 2

8.) n- transport layer system

9.) electrode

or:

1.) electrode

2.) p-transport layer system

3) photoactive layer system 1

4.) n- transport layer system

5.) p-transport layer system

6) photoactive layer system 2 7.) n- transport layer system (may possibly also

omitted)

8.) Cavity layer system (for example semitransparent and / or wavelength-dependent and / or polarization-sensitive)

9.) electrode

In a further embodiment, the

1.) Electrode (ITO)

2.) P or n transport layer system

3.) Fullerene layer (C ₆ o)

4.) photoactive layer system 1 (absorbing predominantly in the short-wave spectral range)

5.) n or p transport layer system

6.) Cavity Layer System (Ag)

7.) p or n transport layer system

8.) photoactive layer system 2 (absorbing predominantly in the long-wave spectral range)

9.) n or p transport layer system

10.) electrode (AI)

Starting from the above-described device

Simulations performed to calculate the total amount of current generated by the two subcells. The were Layer thicknesses of the photoactive layer systems and the

Cavity layer remain constant and the layer thicknesses of the transport systems varies. The calculation of the absorbed photons in each layer was carried out according to the transfer matrix formalism, which is used to calculate the propagation of the incident light waves in multilayer media

different absorption and reflection properties is applied.

In Fig. 14 is an example of the result of a

Simulation shown. In this case, the total current is limited by the lower current of both subcells. It can be seen from FIG. 14 that a maximum current of 2.89 mA / cm ^{2 is} achieved without a cavity layer in a comparison component which has the above-described construction, with the exception of the cavity layer.

In contrast, in a device with a cavity layer, a maximum current of 3.48 mA / cm ² can be generated. The gain in the total amount of flow is directly reflected in an increase in efficiency, as fill factor and Voc are unaffected by variation in transport layers.

FIG. 15 shows the measurement results of a previously described device according to the invention with a 6 nm cavity layer of silver (Ag). The maximum current (Jsc) is 3.64 mA / cm ² , the no-load voltage (Voc) and the fill factor (FF) are also shown in the diagram of FIG. 15. Charge carrier transport layer 1

active layer

Charge carrier transport layer 2

Kavitätsschichtsystem

substratum

Electrode; e.g. ITO or metal (10 - 200nm) HTL or ETL coating system (10 - 200nm) absorber mixing layer 1 (10 - 200nm)

Absorber mixture layer 2 (10 - 200nm)

HTL or ETL coating system (10 - 200nm) electrode; e.g. ITO or metal (10 - 200nm)

Claims

claims

Photoactive component with organic layers, consisting of a tandem or multiple cell, with an electrode and a counter electrode, thereby

in that at least one cavity layer system is arranged within at least one subcell or at least between two adjacent subcells, which changes the optical field distribution within the component.

Photoactive component according to claim 1 characterized

characterized in that at least one cavity layer system is wavelength-dependent.

Photoactive component according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that at least one cavity layer system is partially transparent or transparent to light of a certain polarization, while this cavity layer system light another

Polarization at least partially reflected.

Photoactive component according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that at least one cavity layer system at least on a part of

Component surface is present.

Photoactive component according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that at least one cavity layer system is a metal layer system acts.

Photoactive component according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that at least one cavity layer system is separated from the photoactive layer systems by at least one transport layer.

Photoactive component according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that at least one cavity layer system is in direct contact with a photoactive layer system or it is even wholly or partially within a photoactive layer system.

8. Photoactive component according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that arranged between several or all sub-cells of the device cavity layer systems.

9. Photoactive component according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the cavity

Layer systems differ only by the thicknesses of the materials used.

0. Photoactive component according to one of claims 1 to

9, characterized in that two or more of the

Cavity layer systems at least partially

consist of different materials or all Kavitäts- layer systems in pairs consist of different materials.

1. Photoactive component according to one of claims 1 to

10, characterized in that at least one cavity layer system of a material or a combination two or more of the materials selected from the group consisting of a metal; a doped, partially doped or undoped

Metalloxidschichtsystem; a doped, partially doped or undoped organic layer system;

a doped, partially doped or undoped organic chiral layer system; a doped, partially doped or undoped fluorescent layer system; a doped, partially doped or undoped layer system of graphite, carbon nanotubes and / or graphenes; Metamaterial exists.

Photoactive component according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that on the surfaces of the

Cavity layer systems an organic or inorganic insulator material is arranged, wherein the

Insulator material vorzugswei; e designed to be transparent.

A photoactive device according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that at least one cavity layer system of a structure selected from a group consisting of a grid, rods, strips, circles, triangles, polygons, karoförmigen surfaces, bananas or other geometric structures or

Combinations of these consists.

Photoactive component according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that at least one cavity layer system made of a material or a material system with a high dielectric constant or a

Metamaterial exists.

15. Photoactive component according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the device still contains one or two transparent or partially transparent electrodes or the device is semitransparent.

16. Organic component according to one of claims 1 to

15, characterized in that it is in the

Component to a pin tandem cell or pin multiple cell (or nip tandem cell or nip-multiple cell) is.

17. Photoactive component according to one of claims 1 to

16, characterized in that the component has a structuring.

18. Use of a photoactive component according to one of claims 1 to 17 on flat, curved or flexible support surfaces.