WO2011060780A2

WO2011060780A2 - Method for determining power output and controlling power output in sports

Info

Publication number: WO2011060780A2
Application number: PCT/DE2010/075134
Authority: WO
Inventors: Sebastian Weber
Original assignee: Sebastian Weber
Priority date: 2009-11-20
Filing date: 2010-11-15
Publication date: 2011-05-26
Also published as: WO2011060780A3; DE102009044612A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a novel method for determining power output and controlling training in sports based on a computer simulation of the muscular energy metabolism.

Description

Method for determining performance and performance control in sports

Description:

The present invention relates to a novel method for performance determination and power control in sports based on a computer simulation of muscular energy metabolism. In many sports, conditional performance plays a major role. The competition duration and type of competition of all disciplines have in common that the maximum available power for the respective discipline and thus the maximum available energy have the greatest influence of all individual factors on the competition result.

For this reason, the determination of energy metabolism in sport is generally given great importance.

The basic test of all disciplines is usually the lactate level test. In more complex investigations, this method is supplemented by various short maximal tests which attempt to capture parameters such as anaerobic performance and capacity or maximum oxygen uptake.

The existing methods do not offer the possibility of accurately recording the actual anaerobic lactic acid (= glycolytic) performance or the anaerobic alactic acid capacity (capacity of the muscular high-energy phosphates).

Furthermore, the combination of the examinations used so far does not offer the opportunity to present the behavior of the muscular energy metabolism as a result of a stress exactly and differentiated as well as justified in terms of content. To make matters worse, the provisions are usually not related to the performance-limiting working muscles, but more global Record parameters such as blood or respiratory air concentrations. Furthermore, it is tempting to assume that, based on the results of such examinations, statements about the necessary stimuli in the training for causing the desired adaptations in terms of an increase in performance could be made, in particular for controlling the training based on the lactate power curve from the step test procedure. This condition is considerable, since this procedure has been called into question for decades, mostly by the developers of the test methods themselves. This is particularly problematic, since so far no legitimate relationship between the parameters measured in the step test and the information derived therefrom with regard to the training control, in terms of a causal cause-effect link found.

The preparation of the training specifications based on the test procedures described above is based on the determined blood lactate concentration. This results in the problem that attempts are made by means of a temporary product of anaerobic lactic acid metabolism, which also does not exclusively refer to the producing organ to control the adaptation in a training to increase the aerobic performance. This is not even a direct control of the parameter. Rather, due to the blood lactate concentration at a defined load in the laboratory on the heart rate, performance or speed in the laboratory and then inferred from this parameter on the load in training. This condition in the research and practice of human performance physiology obstructs the view of a content-based regulation of the energy metabolism and the resulting correlations with the performance. Possible performance developments as well as potentials through appropriate examinations can not be represented by the usual examination methods. The present invention is therefore based on the object of providing a method for determining the muscular energy metabolism in sport, which can serve as a complex instrument for a differentiated description of the performance development and the potential of an athlete by means of in vivo easily detectable parameters.

This object is achieved by a method for determining the muscular energy metabolism in sports, which is characterized in that one in a subject

a. collecting anthropometric data selected from the measurement of height and weight, determination of subcutaneous fatty tissue and determination of body composition, b. the maximum oxygen uptake of _{2max is} determined

c. the maximum glycolysis rate G _ma x and / or GmaxGLc and / or proportional size determines the maximum lactate formation rate Viamax and d. the functional capacity of the subject's high energy phosphate system as the difference between the energy delivered minus the glycolysis and respiration percentages after exhaustive work according to the relationship described in Equation 5

P = E _ges - {E _G + E _A ) I (Equation 5)

determined, where P describes the functional capacity of the high-energy phosphate system, E _tot for the total to exhaustion energy is yielded, E, _G represents the proportionately yielded from glycolysis energy and E _A denotes the provided correspondingly from the respiratory energy.

The invention comprises on the one hand the method of data collection by means of suitable measuring devices and on the other hand the calculation of the metabolism by means of a model as well as the calculation of suitable training loads, preferably by a suitable computer software. Advantageously, using the method according to the invention, steady state characteristics of the energy metabolism can be calculated for each subject, the accuracy in the prediction of the anaerobic threshold being significantly higher than in all the methods presented and validated in the literature.

The method according to the invention offers the possibility of differentiating the actual behavior of the energy metabolism in training and competition based on performance measurements that can be carried out in the field and / or in the laboratory. The influence of any scenarios, e.g. A training-induced change in performance or changes in the competition tactics and their influence on a competition result can be modeled realistically on the computer.

The method according to the invention offers a content-based, exact and differentiated determination of the performance for practical application. The application possibilities of this procedure are primarily seen in the prognosis and evaluation of performance developments, in optimization procedures as well as the training and competition analysis and the training control (in the sense of the planning and analysis of the training).

The predictability of performance developments and performance potentials, based on the characteristics recorded in vivo, means that it is no longer necessary to aim for possible as well as impossible performances through time-consuming practical trials.

The widespread mobile systems for real-time performance in laboratory and field offer the possibility to create load profiles of competitions. Such systems include, for example, power metering systems on the wheel, GPS modules, radar systems and speed of movement accelerometers, or video analyzes to record the speeds in team and game sports. Based on the performance data, it is now also possible by means of the method according to the invention to emulate not only the stress but, above all, the stress on the energy metabolism primarily determining performance in sport. This makes it possible to create analyzes and forecasts of or for competitions based on the personal physiological characteristics of an athlete.

The maximum oxygen uptake is preferably determined by means of customary step, ramp or other maximum tests. In this case, the maximum oxygen uptake is measured by means of appropriate analyzers or determined in accordance with the correlation calculations known to those skilled in the art from the speed or power in the test.

Alternatively, the V0 ₂ max is calculated, knowing Gmax and G at least one intensity. For this purpose, equation 3a (see below) is transformed into X. Equation 2 (see below) is solved for V0 _2max and the X determined by the transformed equation 3a is substituted.

To determine the maximum anaerobic lactic acid performance, for example, blood samples are taken before and after a maximum sprint load to determine the lactate value. The amount of lactate formed is the difference between the resting value and the maximum afterload value. The amount of lactate thus determined is divided by the time of education. Furthermore, the rate of formation can be calculated analogously with the aid of the so-called Bateman function (Dost F.H. (1968) Grundlagen der Pharmakokinetik, Thieme, Stuttgart). The education time is the total exercise time (duration of the sprint) less a short time period at the beginning of the exercise in which no lactate was produced. This delay time is taken as a fixed value or determined based on the time course of the performance provided in the sprint.

The sprint times are preferably between 5 and 60 seconds, usually in the range of 10 to 20 seconds, preferably 15 seconds. The movement speed and the resistance to movement must so high that maximum performance can be achieved. The amplitude of the movement and the frequency are to be matched accordingly. The speed of travel during cycling should be in the range of 30 to 240 crank revolutions per minute, preferably 80 to 150 rev / min, more preferably 100 to 140 rev / min. While running, the movement frequencies are in the range of 1 to 9 steps / second. In swimming, the frequencies are in the range of 20 to 90 arms / min. In rowing in the range of 10 to 120 beats / min. The estimated lactation-free period is assumed to be in the range of 1 to 30 seconds, preferably about 2 to 6 seconds. According to the invention, the lactate-free period is generally assumed to be in the range of 10 to 30% of the total load duration. The exact determination is possible by means of the power output or speed, since the maximum power is provided before a significant activation of glycolysis and since the concentration of creatine phosphate in the muscle has already significantly dropped after the significant glycolysis activation. For this reason, the end of the lactation-free period coincides with a significant, non-reversible decrease in the service provided. In this case, a decrease in the power of> 3% (or a reduction greater than the measuring error of the measuring device used) is to be considered as the time of increased use of glycolysis. This period or the drop in power can be recorded, for example, by continuously measuring the power on the wheel / rowing ergometer or, for example, by measuring the speed during running (eg via a laser system, light barriers, etc.). During running, the performance and inclusion of the body weight and the treadmill inclination are then calculated by means of conventional formulas known to the person skilled in the art. In a test, it should be noted that the kinetic energy needed to accelerate to the target movement frequency (in revolutions / minute, steps / minute, etc.) must be between 20 and 120 j / kg of body weight, hence this time of the decline in performance can be reliably determined. Ideally, the energy is 30-80 J / kg of body weight or 30-100 J / kg of lean body mass. Fat-free body mass is measured either by measuring body fat by means of commercially available methods (bioimpedance analysis, calipometry, underwater weighing, etc.) or by estimation of the body mass index. Furthermore, the energy can also (ideally) be given based on the muscle mass used or existing. In this case, the range is between 40j / kg and 240 j / kg of the body's absolute muscle mass. The energy expressed in j / kg of muscle mass has accordingly a range between 40 j / kg and 1500 j / kg. The absolute muscle mass can be determined by known methods, or determined by body size and weight.

To ensure the correct acceleration energy, for example, the inertia of an ergometer, the resistance of a treadmill or the topography of the test track in the field must be selected so that the maximum power output within the first 0.1-6 seconds, preferably 1 to 5 seconds, of the test, or at the latest after 30% of the test duration. Furthermore, the movement frequency of the limbs (crankshaft revolutions / minute, oar strokes / minute, Armzüge / minute, step frequency and comparable) to the power level, so that a maximum power output of the subject is possible. For power requirements on the treadmill, the incline of the treadmill as a percentage increase in a range of 1 / ^30-1 / ₄ of the body weight of the subject is this eingstellt in kilograms at the test start. Ideally in a range of 1/15 to 1/8. For a more accurate determination, the fat-free body mass can also be used here. Here, the slope of the treadmill in Pozent 1/20 to 1/3 of the fat-free body mass of the subject in kilograms correspond. Ideally 1/10 to ¹ A The slope of the treadmill can be varied during the test, so that the slope in percent decreases to 0% in order to ensure a maximum movement speed as described above. The treadmill is to be regulated so that it allows a maximum power output of the subject. Ideally, this means a freely selectable speed of the treadmill, which is achieved for example by a freely movable tread, which is driven by the subject himself. Furthermore, treadmills are controlled by a motor, but the Adjust speed in a short enough time to always ensure a maximum arbitrarily determined running speed of the subject.

Preferably, in step c) of the method according to the invention, the maximum rate of glycolysis or lactate formation is determined by means of a short sprint test or a step test or a comparable method.

In the case of tests with a steady-state or quasi-steady state load, at least one load with known lactate production is identified.

If the lactate production G is known, then according to equation 3a (see below), after transformation of this into G _max , G _{max is} calculated.

The determination of the lactate production at a known load, for example, by determining the anaerobic threshold. In this metabolic state, lactate production is equal to lactate degradation. Lactate degradation is determinable by equation 6 (see below) due to V0 ₂ . The V0 ₂ need not be measured, but can also be calculated according to equation 1. The determination of GmaxGLc is carried out by performing the appropriate studies at a time with sufficient glucose supply (ie specifically the muscle glycogen stores).

For the determination of the functional capacity of the subject's high-energy phosphate system in step d), a load is selected which corresponds to more than 100% of the continuous power limit. The corresponding intensity is calculated according to equation 1 (see below). By means of the load time and the load intensity, the total energy produced is determined as the integral of the power over time.

An absolute load up to the incapacity to contract or insufficiency of the service provision is a prerequisite. During and before the test, the respiratory gases and lactate concentrations are measured. The output power, running speed or similar is measured and stored.

The determination of the maximum anaerobic lactic acid capacity corresponds to maximum lactate production rate (VLamax). Furthermore, this parameter can be used to estimate the activity of glycolytic enzymes on the muscular level in vivo.

For this purpose, the measured lactate formation rate is converted to the same reference system as that of the enzyme activities, ie usually per kilogram muscle wet weight. Empirically it was found that:

The activity of phosphofructokinase (PFK) in μmol / min / gww = Gmax (= VLamax) ^* 0.2821 + 28.183 corresponds. Thus, Gmax is on average twice as large as the activity of PFK, which reflects the fact that the product of the PFK reaction in a ratio of 1: 2 to the amount of pyruvate formed.

In detail, the calculation of the muscular energy metabolism is carried out as follows:

There is a relationship between the stress intensity (watts, speed or similar) as well as the required amount of energy or oxygen intake. This relationship may or may not be linear but may be e.g. fluctuate due to a changing efficiency (K-i in equation 1 depends on I).

The relationship in general form is:

Equation 1 Here, A _S s is the required amount of oxygen in steady state (per time step = V0 ₂ ) or energy (per time step), I the intensity (in watts, speed or equivalents), K-, is the energy / oxygen amount per unit of intensity (variable) and R the basic requirement. For non-steady state conditions, the kinetics of oxygen uptake is measured using standard models (eg, Barstow TJ Med. Sei. Sports. Exerc. (1994). 26 (11) 1327-1334) or by means of coupled differential equations (Stirling et al., 2005, Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 67 (2005) 989-1015)).

By the calculation and / or by appropriate investigations ermittel- te maximum oxygen uptake (V0 _{2 m} ax), as well as the calculated from equation 1 or measured by appropriate examinations energy / oxygen demand can be derived the activation of metabolism.

This activation can be e.g. Expressions in the form of the changing concentration of ADP and / or AMP in the cell or as potential at the mitochondrial membrane.

A suitable form for description is:

Here, X is the activator (concentration, membrane potential at the inner mitochondrial membrane, a combination of several different factors, or comparable), n the exponent of the activator which alters the influence of X eg to include further factors influencing the activation of the metabolism and still only to an activator (X (or an activator group) to restrict, n does not have to be constant, but changes with the intensity and thus the percentage use of V0 _2m ax, which activate the changing influence of others, the metabolism - which takes into account factors (since the balance of ADP depends, for example, on the energy state of the cell, the same applies to the potential at the inner mitochondrial membrane.)

K ₂ is a constant which describes the half-maximal activation as a function of n, m is the body mass of the subject. Ki and R are from Equation 1. Calculation of glycolysis activation:

Knowing X, the activation of glycolysis or lactate production can be described:

Here m describes the influence of X on glycolysis (2 to 4, usually 3), m can also change depending on the relative load, expressed as a percentage of V0 _2m ax, for example. G is the activation of glycolysis or lactate production, K _{3 is} a constant dependent on m, which describes the half-maximal activation of glycolysis / lactate production, X the activator (equation 2). G _ma x is the maximum lactate production and glycolysis. It should be noted that glycolysis, in particular phosphofructokinase, is strongly pH-dependent. Equation 3a is extended accordingly:

G,

G pH

(I + K ₃ / X ^m ) - (I + H ⁺ IK ₄ )

Eq. 3b H ⁺ is the concentration of hydrogen ions, K4 the 50% inactivation constant (10 ^"18 to 10 ^{" 22} , on average 10 ^"20 corresponding to a pH of 6.7 at m = 3).

Furthermore, the glycolysis rate is dependent on the supply of the starting substrate of glucose.

Accordingly, the offer of glucose is considered:

G finax GLC

1 + GLC ¹ eq. 4 Here, G _{max is} the maximum glycolysis or lactate formation rate, G _max GLc the maximum glycolysis rate at maximum glucose supply, GLC the supply of glucose and I the exponent which describes the influence of the glucose availability.

Calculation of lactate intake and distribution:

The maximum degradation of lactate can be calculated:

K _{4 is} a conversion factor lactate - V0 ₂ (0.014 - 0.025, usually 0.02049), K ₅ is a factor that describes the volume of distribution (0.25 to 0.5, depending on discipline, sex, sport, constitution type approx. 0.35 - 0.45). V0 ₂ is the oxygen uptake per time step based on body weight.

However, since the actual degradation of lactate is dependent on the concentration, it is included:

Here, CLa describes the concentration of lactate Kel is the elimination constant which describes the half-maximal activation of lactate degradation.

Kel can be determined by solving equation 6b for Kel:

Kel = [Class - ^{4 2ss} -) - [CLassY

K ₂ VO

vo _2imx -vo Eq. 6c

Thus, Kel can be determined by means of arbitrary loads as far as the V0 _2m ax and VLa _{max are} known and during the load V0 _2ss and Cla _ss (which corresponds to the concentration of lactate in a steady state state).

Calculation of the Functional Capacity of the High Energy Phosphate System: The functional capacity of the high energy phosphate system can be described as the difference between the energy produced minus the glycolysis and respiration rates after exhaustive work. From this, the following relationship can be derived:

P describes the functional capacity of the high-energy phosphate system, E _ges is the total energy delivered to exhaustion, E _G is the energy produced pro-rata from glycolysis, E _{A is} the energy produced from respiration.

E _ges can be determined as the integral of the performance over time to exhaustion. E _A is calculated from the calculated or during exhaustive work V0 ₂ , also as an integral.

E _G can be determined in two different ways:

1 . ) is congruent to that in Eq. 3b, the calculation of the glycolysis rate,

2.) by measuring the load and post load lactate value. To 1): Since the exhaustive work is loads above the maximum aerobic efficiency, the activator X is set to a sufficient value (Alternatively, X can also be extrapolated from Equation 2 for the corresponding intensity). Thus G is in Eq. 3b only dependent on H ⁺ .

To 2.): There are lactate measurements from the blood or the working musculature. When sampling from the blood, a corresponding conversion factor is taken into account. From the difference between resting value (before load) and maximum Afterload value divided by time, the mean rate of education is calculated. Furthermore, the proportion which was removed oxidatively was calculated:

K *

^ ^■ V 0 ₂

Eq. 6a

Without replicating the metabolism during exercise, the proportion of creatine phosphate can be estimated by means of mean lactate formation rate, oxygen kinetics and aerobic power according to Equation 7: f 100 - (VLa ^■ m ₂ + b ₂ ) ^ \ f 100 - {{Tau _V02 + latency _V02 ) - m ₃ + b)

^{(anaerobic 'mi l}} 100) 100

(Equation 7)

Where m _; m ₂ , m ₃ , b- ₁ , b ₂ and b _{3 are} the empirically found values from coupled regression analyzes.

m1 = 0.001-0.2, preferably 0.06-0.1, more preferably 0.087

m2 = 300 to 700, preferably 500-550, particularly preferably 539.19 m3 = -0.9 to -0.3, preferably -0.8 to -0.4, particularly preferably -0.632 b1 = 3 to 7, preferably 5 , 5 to 6.5, more preferably 5.75

b2 = - 90 to -30, preferably -65 to -60, more preferably -63.36 b2 = 10 to 30, preferably 16 to 22, particularly preferably 18.5

Eanaerob is the anaerobic energy contribution to the total energy, VLa the mean lactate formation in the test, Tau _V o ₂ and latency _V o ₂ the time constant or time delay of the oxygen kinetics. To control, analyze, and plan a training program, you can use the results of the analysis and calculations to create guidelines for training design and analysis. A further aspect of the present invention is a method for training control, which is characterized in that a) the proportion of slow-twitch type 1 muscle fibers is determined according to equation 8, F \ (%) = (tdec ^■ g. + G ₂ ) ^■ (100 - ^{days ~ 6s + 64} )

^{1 2} 100

(Equation 8), where the constants e1, e2, e3 and e4 represent empirically found values for which the following value ranges apply:

egg is in the range of 0.06 to 01,

e ₂ is in the range of 0.15 to 0.5,

e ₃ is in the range of 0.05-0.15,

e is in the range of 1 to 1, 8;

tdec is the time difference between the irreversible performance drop in the sprint test and the beginning of the test;

tges describes the effective loading time of the same sprint test and F1 (%) describes the percentage of slow-twitch Type 1 muscle fibers; (b) increase the proportion of Type 1 fibers by a ratio of 1: 4 of the training units with an oxygen conversion of at least 1 -3% of the maximum oxygen uptake converted to the corresponding period compared to the whole days of the reference period to 3: 3, more preferably 2.8: 3 or higher, or (c) reduce the proportion of Type 1 fibers in favor of Type 2 fast-twitch fibers by increasing the proportion of exercise units with an oxygen turnover of at least 1 -3% of the maximum oxygen uptake converted to the corresponding period, compared to the total Days of the reference period, to a ratio of less than 2: 4, preferably 2.8: 3 or less.

The following applies to the control of the load extent to increase the maximum oxygen uptake:

Exercise (1994) 26 (11) 1327-1334) or by means of coupled differential equations (Stirling et al., 2005, Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 67 (2005) 989-). 1015)), or the equation 1, the converted amount of oxygen is calculated. The conversion of oxygen for a training period (stress-related + rest) between 3 and 14 days should be 2-20%, particularly preferably 3-10% of the time period converted to the same period according to o.g. Method measured or calculated maximum oxygen uptake. The objective for the training should be a goal max. Be formulated oxygen uptake. The training load (including rest and all other sales) should then amount to more than 3% of this target oxygen intake.

Another parameter that is directly related to mitochondrial load adaptation is the concentration of AMP (adenosine monophosphate). The concentration of AMP can be determined by referring to Activator X in Figure 2 purely on the substrate ADP. For this, n must be set to 1, 4 to 2. The concentration of AMP is then: [AMP] = (z ^* [ADP] ² ) / [ATP]. The term [ATP] describes the concentration of adenosine monophosphate in mmol / kg muscle mass. The value may be assumed to be fixed in a range of 2.5 to 7.5, typically 5. The constant z corresponds to the equilibrium constant, which is in a range of 0.6 to 1.2, more preferably 0.85 to 1.05. Within a 4 to 12 day workout period, the AMP accumulated amount per day should be between 0.1 and 1 mmol / kg muscle mass. For the period under consideration, a value of 5 should not be exceeded for reasons of congestion protection and therefore a decrease in performance rather than an increase.

Since the training load (as a product of load duration and load level) can be influenced both by the concentration of AMP (see above) and by% of oxygen uptake (see above), by the duration of the load and the intensity of exercise, and with high and low training density (exercise density = Training units / period, eg units per week), the further aspects of the training design, ie load intensity and load density, must be taken into account. Therefore, these other aspects of training planning are discussed below.

From the o.g. Method can determine the composition of the working muscles used. Empirical findings from coupled regression equations show that the proportion of slowly reverting type 1 fibers is to be determined as follows:

Fl (%) = (tdec - e ₁ + e ₂ ) - (l00

(Equation 8)

The constants e1, e2, e3, e4 are empirically found values. e1 is in the range of 0.06 - 01, e2 in the range of 0.15 - 0.5, e3 in the range of 0.05 - 0.15, e4 in the range of 1 to 1.8.

In this case, tdec is the time difference between the above-mentioned irreversible power loss in the above sprint test and the beginning of the test. Tges describes the effective Loading time of the same sprint test. F1 (%) describes the percentage of slow twitch type 1 muscle fibers.

For an increase in the proportion of type 1 fibers training density is a crucial factor. In order to increase the proportion of Type 1 fibers, the proportion of training sessions with an oxygen turnover of at least 2-3% of the maximum oxygen uptake converted over the corresponding period (see above) must be compared to the total days of the reference period in a ratio of 2: 3 to 2.8: 3 are. For a decrease of Type 1 fibers in favor of the fast twitch Type 2 fibers, the o.g. Ratio below 2.8: 3 lie.

The training intensity can also be derived from the findings of the method according to the invention. This is possible because it is known that fast-acting muscle fibers adapt more effectively at higher exercise intensities, slower ones at lower intensities. The proportion of type 2 fibers used increases abruptly after exceeding an intensity corresponding to the anaerobic threshold.

The chronic proportion of burdens corresponding to the anaerobic threshold is never more than average (based on a training period of, for example, one week) 30min / 24h. Daily loadings corresponding to or higher than the anearobe threshold are never more than 120min / 24h.

The proportion of burdens above 85% of the intensity corresponding to the anaerobic threshold is determined by:

i85% = Fl (%) ^■ r

Where t85% describes the percentage of loads of 85% or more of the anaerobic threshold in the training period of 3-25 days, r is an empirically found factor in the range of 0.8 to 1.2, more preferably 0.9 to 1, 1 . It should be noted that the average exposure expressed as% of the anaerobic threshold still depends on the extent of exposure (which can be determined from the above-mentioned method for determining the exposure as% of oxygen uptake or AMP). Based on a training period of 3 to 25 days, the ratio "Vtr" is average training load of 0.25 to 4.5 hours of training per 24 hours. For the average intensity of the training (lavg) related to the anaerobic threshold and a training period of 3 to 25 days:

lavg = j1 ^* Vtr ² - j2 ^* Vtr + j3.

The constants j1, j2 and j3 are empirically found values. Where j1 ranges from 2 to 4.5, j2 ranges from 20 to 40, and j3 ranges from 80 to 140.

Claims

claims:

Method for determining the muscular energy metabolism in sport, characterized in that in a subject

a. collecting anthropometric data selected from the measurement of height and weight, and / or the determination of the subcutaneous fatty tissue and / or the determination of body composition,

b. the maximum oxygen uptake of _{2max is} determined

c. the maximum glycolysis rate G _ma x and / or GmaxGLc and / or the maximum lactate formation rate Viamax determined and

d. the functional capacity of the subject's high energy phosphate system as the difference between the energy delivered minus the glycolysis and respiration percentages after exhaustive work according to the relationship described in Equation 5

P = E _ges - (E _G + E _A ) (Equation 5)

where P is the functional capacity of the high-energy phosphate system, E _{ges is} the total energy delivered to exhaustion, E _{G is} the proportion of energy produced by the glycolysis, and E _{A is} the energy produced by respiration.

Process according to Claim 1, characterized in that, in step b), the maximum oxygen uptake of _{2max is determined} by methods selected from step, ramp or other maximum tests, or by obtaining V0 _2m ax with knowledge of Gmax and G at least an intensity calculated.

Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that in step c) the maximum rate of glycolysis or lactate formation is determined by means of a short sprint test or a step test or a comparable method. Method for determining the maximum anaerobic lactic acid performance in sport, characterized in that

a. takes blood samples for determination of lactate values before and after each maximum load.

b. determines the amount of lactate formed as the difference between the resting value and the maximum afterload value,

c. in step b. divided amount of lactate divided by the education time, the education time is defined as the total load time, minus a short delay time at the beginning of the load in which no lactate is produced and this delay time is assumed to be a fixed value, or due to the timing of during the Load is determined.

A method according to claim 4, characterized in that the loading time in the case of Sprints preferably between 5 and 60 seconds, in particular in the range of 10 to 20 seconds, preferably 15 seconds, wherein the movement speed and the resistance to movement must be so high that maximum power can be achieved.

A method according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the movement speed is depending on the sport in an area which is selected from

a. 30 to 240 crank revolutions per minute, preferably 80 to 150 U / min, more preferably 100 to 140 U / min when cycling.

b. 1 to 9 steps / second while running,

c. 20 to 90 Arms / min while swimming and

d. 10 to 120 beats / min while rowing.

Method according to one of claims 4 to 6, characterized in that the lactate formation free period a. is assumed to be in the range of 1 to 30 seconds, preferably about 25 seconds, or

b. assumed to be in the range of 10 to 30% of the total duration of the load, or

c. by using the power output or speed, taking advantage of the fact that the end of the lactation-free period coincides with a significant, non-reversible decrease in the power delivered, with a decrease in power of> 3% or a power reduction greater than the measurement error of the meter used as the time of increased use of glycolysis is considered and this lactate formation-free period is detected by a continuous measurement of performance on wheel / rower or by the speed measurement in running.

8. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that in a continuous measurement according to step c. It should be noted that the kinetic energy needed to accelerate to the target motional frequency must be between 20 and 120 j / kg of body weight, preferably 30 to 80 J / kg of body weight or 30-100 J / kg of lean body mass , or analogously, the slope of a treadmill in percent 1/30 to VA corresponds to the body mass of the subject in kilograms

9. The method according to any one of claims 4 to 8, characterized in that the maximum power output within the first 0.1 - 6 seconds, preferably 1 to 5 seconds, or at the latest after 30% of the test period of the test is provided.

10. Use of the method according to one of claims 1 to 9 for the control, analysis and / or planning of a training program in sports.

1 1. Method for training control, which is characterized in that one determines the proportion of slow-twitch Type 1 muscle fibers according to Equation 8,

F \ (%) = (tdec ^■ e + e ₂ ) ^■ (100 - ^{tgeS '~} ^ ^{+ 4} )

1 ² 100

(Equation 8),

where the constants e1, e2, e3 and e4 represent empirically found values for which the following value ranges apply:

egg is in the range of 0.06 to 01,

e ₂ is in the range of 0.15 to 0.5,

e ₃ is in the range of 0.05-0.15,

e is in the range of 1 to 1, 8;

tges describes the effective loading time of the same sprint test and F1 (%) describes the percentage of slow-twitch Type 1 muscle fibers;

Increase the proportion of Type 1 fibers to a ratio of 1: 4 to 3 in the ratio of training sessions with an oxygen turnover of at least 1 -3% of the maximum oxygen uptake converted to the corresponding period compared to the whole days of the reference period : 3, more preferably 2.8: 3 or higher, or

reduce the proportion of Type 1 fibers in favor of Type 2 fast-twitch fibers by increasing the proportion of exercise units with an oxygen turnover of at least 1 -3% of the maximum oxygen uptake converted to the corresponding period compared to the total days of the reference period; to a ratio of less than 2: 4, preferably 2.8: 3 or less.