WO2011060526A1 - Fluorinated monomers, oligomers and polymers for use in organic electronic devices - Google Patents
Fluorinated monomers, oligomers and polymers for use in organic electronic devices Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011060526A1 WO2011060526A1 PCT/CA2010/001732 CA2010001732W WO2011060526A1 WO 2011060526 A1 WO2011060526 A1 WO 2011060526A1 CA 2010001732 W CA2010001732 W CA 2010001732W WO 2011060526 A1 WO2011060526 A1 WO 2011060526A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- electron
- monomer
- oligomer
- thienyl
- substituted
- Prior art date
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- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 125000000962 organic group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- -1 nitro, thio Chemical group 0.000 claims description 21
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=C1 UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 6
- NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000000842 isoxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000714 pyrimidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinoxaline Chemical compound N1=CC=NC2=CC=CC=C21 XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- PFZLGKHSYILJTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N thieno[2,3-c]thiophene Chemical compound S1C=C2SC=CC2=C1 PFZLGKHSYILJTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- PDQRQJVPEFGVRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=NSN=C21 PDQRQJVPEFGVRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005401 electroluminescence Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005693 optoelectronics Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002098 pyridazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- CRUIOQJBPNKOJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N thieno[3,2-e][1]benzothiole Chemical compound C1=C2SC=CC2=C2C=CSC2=C1 CRUIOQJBPNKOJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000006736 (C6-C20) aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- FNQJDLTXOVEEFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-benzothiadiazole Chemical class C1=CC=C2SN=NC2=C1 FNQJDLTXOVEEFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005871 1,3-benzodioxolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005964 Acibenzolar-S-methyl Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003358 C2-C20 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003368 amide group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003785 benzimidazolyl group Chemical group N1=C(NC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000499 benzofuranyl group Chemical group O1C(=CC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001164 benzothiazolyl group Chemical group S1C(=NC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004196 benzothienyl group Chemical group S1C(=CC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004622 benzoxazinyl group Chemical group O1NC(=CC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004541 benzoxazolyl group Chemical group O1C(=NC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004617 chromonyl group Chemical group O1C(=CC(C2=CC=CC=C12)=O)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000332 coumarinyl group Chemical group O1C(=O)C(=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002541 furyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004356 hydroxy functional group Chemical group O* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002883 imidazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003453 indazolyl group Chemical group N1N=C(C2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 claims description 2
- PJULCNAVAGQLAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N indeno[2,1-a]fluorene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C3C4=CC5=CC=CC=C5C4=CC=C3C2=C1 PJULCNAVAGQLAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003387 indolinyl group Chemical group N1(CCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 claims description 2
- VVVPGLRKXQSQSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indolo[3,2-c]carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=NC3=C4C5=CC=CC=C5N=C4C=CC3=C21 VVVPGLRKXQSQSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960005544 indolocarbazole Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001041 indolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002183 isoquinolinyl group Chemical group C1(=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004593 naphthyridinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC2=CC=CN=C12)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002971 oxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004043 oxo group Chemical group O=* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004592 phthalazinyl group Chemical group C1(=NN=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000561 purinyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=C2N=CNC2=C1)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003373 pyrazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005412 pyrazyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002294 quinazolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002943 quinolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001567 quinoxalinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=NC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005329 tetralinyl group Chemical group C1(CCCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003831 tetrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- YJSKZIATOGOJEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N thieno[2,3-b]pyrazine Chemical compound C1=CN=C2SC=CC2=N1 YJSKZIATOGOJEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VJYJJHQEVLEOFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N thieno[3,2-b]thiophene Chemical compound S1C=CC2=C1C=CS2 VJYJJHQEVLEOFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004306 triazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- VBSAGAKIMFPMFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4h-dithieno[3,2-d:3',2'-e]pyrrole Chemical compound C1=CSC2=C1NC1=C2SC=C1 VBSAGAKIMFPMFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 125000000259 cinnolinyl group Chemical group N1=NC(=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 claims 1
- RJVPHPXQVBVPLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene Chemical compound S1C=CC2=CC3=CCSC3=C21 RJVPHPXQVBVPLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 125000003983 fluorenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3CC12)* 0.000 claims 1
- 125000001475 halogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims 1
- CWJAUGSFNRQHAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N thieno[3,2-g][1]benzothiole Chemical compound C1=C2C=CSC2=C2SC=CC2=C1 CWJAUGSFNRQHAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 8
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004768 lowest unoccupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 6
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229920000547 conjugated polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000002484 cyclic voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 5
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 5
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 230000037230 mobility Effects 0.000 description 5
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 5
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000370 acceptor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000806 fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004770 highest occupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 4
- PBKONEOXTCPAFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1 PBKONEOXTCPAFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RGXGEFSBDPGCEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dibromo-2,3-difluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=C(F)C(Br)=CC=C1Br RGXGEFSBDPGCEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HTHQBMSQGMOHNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,3-difluoro-5,6-dinitro-4-thiophen-2-ylphenyl)thiophene Chemical compound FC1=C(F)C(C=2SC=CC=2)=C([N+]([O-])=O)C([N+](=O)[O-])=C1C1=CC=CS1 HTHQBMSQGMOHNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000144 PEDOT:PSS Polymers 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000005457 ice water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 3
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 3
- 0 *c1c(***2)c2c(*)cc1 Chemical compound *c1c(***2)c2c(*)cc1 0.000 description 2
- RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1Cl RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UIPXRWUFGRCZCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dibromo-2,3-difluoro-5,6-dinitrobenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=C(Br)C(F)=C(F)C(Br)=C1[N+]([O-])=O UIPXRWUFGRCZCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QJHYGPNHTCULGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,5-difluoro-3,6-dithiophen-2-ylbenzene-1,2-diamine Chemical compound FC=1C(F)=C(C=2SC=CC=2)C(N)=C(N)C=1C1=CC=CS1 QJHYGPNHTCULGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YGPRFJKNROPBCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,7-bis(5-bromothiophen-2-yl)-5,6-difluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole Chemical compound C12=NSN=C2C(C=2SC(Br)=CC=2)=C(F)C(F)=C1C1=CC=C(Br)S1 YGPRFJKNROPBCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RPNSKYSAQNIXOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5,6-difluoro-4,7-dithiophen-2-yl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole Chemical compound C12=NSN=C2C(C=2SC=CC=2)=C(F)C(F)=C1C1=CC=CS1 RPNSKYSAQNIXOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butyllithium Chemical compound [Li]CCCC MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PCLIMKBDDGJMGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-bromosuccinimide Chemical compound BrN1C(=O)CCC1=O PCLIMKBDDGJMGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006619 Stille reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000001246 bromo group Chemical group Br* 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IJOOHPMOJXWVHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotrimethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)Cl IJOOHPMOJXWVHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006396 nitration reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920006120 non-fluorinated polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000000655 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000425 proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003233 pyrroles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000006798 ring closing metathesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FIOJWGRGPONADF-UHFFFAOYSA-N (sulfinylamino)benzene Chemical compound O=S=NC1=CC=CC=C1 FIOJWGRGPONADF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GOYDNIKZWGIXJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-difluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC=C1F GOYDNIKZWGIXJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BAVKZBAOTVHPRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,5-difluoro-3,6-dithiophen-2-ylbenzene-1,2-diamine;5,6-difluoro-4,7-dithiophen-2-yl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole Chemical compound FC=1C(F)=C(C=2SC=CC=2)C(N)=C(N)C=1C1=CC=CS1.C12=NSN=C2C(C=2SC=CC=2)=C(F)C(F)=C1C1=CC=CS1 BAVKZBAOTVHPRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007045 Balz-Schiemann reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N C60 fullerene Chemical class C12=C3C(C4=C56)=C7C8=C5C5=C9C%10=C6C6=C4C1=C1C4=C6C6=C%10C%10=C9C9=C%11C5=C8C5=C8C7=C3C3=C7C2=C1C1=C2C4=C6C4=C%10C6=C9C9=C%11C5=C5C8=C3C3=C7C1=C1C2=C4C6=C2C9=C5C3=C12 XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001501 aryl fluorides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005605 benzo group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- YNHIGQDRGKUECZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(ii) dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Pd+2].C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 YNHIGQDRGKUECZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000031709 bromination Effects 0.000 description 1
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RLKHFSNWQCZBDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(benzenesulfonyl)-n-fluorobenzenesulfonamide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1S(=O)(=O)N(F)S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 RLKHFSNWQCZBDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium;triphenylphosphane Chemical compound [Pd].C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000527 sonication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003115 supporting electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002207 thermal evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- URMVZUQDPPDABD-UHFFFAOYSA-N thieno[2,3-f][1]benzothiole Chemical compound C1=C2SC=CC2=CC2=C1C=CS2 URMVZUQDPPDABD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UKTDFYOZPFNQOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl(thiophen-2-yl)stannane Chemical compound CCCC[Sn](CCCC)(CCCC)C1=CC=CS1 UKTDFYOZPFNQOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005292 vacuum distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to novel fluorinated monomers for producing novel fluorinated oligomers or polymers for use in organic electronic devices.
- Organic electronic devices have drawn a great deal of research interest in recent years because of their potential for broad commercial application, including electroluminescence devices, field effect transistors and organic solar cells, etc.
- the key component is organic semiconducting materials, which are usually used as active thin layers. To get satisfactory device properties and performance, the chemical structures of these organic materials must be carefully controlled and optimized.
- alternating conjugated polymers of an electron donor (ED) unit and an electron acceptor (EA) unit have attracted more and more attention due to their special properties associated with the donor/acceptor (D/A) structure in the main chain.
- This D/A structure can effectively lower the band gap of conjugated polymers, which is very important, especially for solar ceil applications, where the polymer absorption should be fine-tuned to match the solar spectrum.
- the energy offset between lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the polymer and the fullerene derivatives (widely used electron acceptors in organic solar cells) should be well controlled to be just enough for charge separation in order to minimize energy loss.
- HOMO, LUMO energy levels
- carrier mobility still tends to be difficult.
- Fluorinated conjugated polymers show several advantages compared with non- fluorinated counterpart. First, they usually have lower HOMO and LUMO energy levels, which will increase open circuit voltage of photo voltaic devices and endow the polymer better resistance against the oxidation degradation process. Second, because of high electronegativity of fluorine, the resulting polymers can be used as n-type or ambipolar semiconducting materials. Third, sometimes, they can form C-H -F interactions, which can influence the solid state supramolecular organization, phase segregation and ⁇ - ⁇ stacking. This may enhance the charge carrier mobility. However, the number of fluorinated monomers with strong electron withdrawing ability is quite limited.
- an oligomer or polymer comprising an electron-accepting monomer of Formula (I) copolymerized with an electron-donating co-monomer.
- Compounds of Formula (I) are somewhat similar to compounds disclosed in
- United States patent publication 2004/0229925 (Zhang 2004), except two fluorine atoms have been introduced on to the aromatic ring. Introduction of the two fluorine atoms proved to be very difficult, with the preparation of compounds of Formula (I) not being readily achievable by usual methods. Further, the present difluoro-derivatives have even better properties than the non-fluorinated compounds of United States patent publication 2004/0229925. The presence of the two fluorine atoms further reduces the HOMO and LUMO energy levels of oligomers and polymers produced from the monomers.
- the present fluorinated oligomeric or polymeric materials have more finely-tuned band gaps and energy levels, enhanced ⁇ -stacking, higher carrier mobility, higher open circuit voltage (V ac ) for solar cell applications, greater resistance to oxidative degradation and better stability.
- enhanced hydrophobicity and lipophilicity in perfluorinated substances leads to better phase separation, thus oligomers and polymers produced from the present monomers have a better solubility profile for enhanced crystallizing capability.
- C-H » "F interactions provide solid state supramolecular organization. The above properties are greatly desired for many applications in organic electronic devices.
- Monomers of the present invention have improved electronic properties and are useful for producing polymers for use as active layers in organic electronic devices, for example optoelectronic devices, electroluminescence devices or field effect transistors. Such devices include, for example, optical sensors and photovoltaic devices (e.g. solar cells).
- Fig. 1 depicts differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves of BDT-FBT and BDT-BT;
- Fig. 2 depicts cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves of BDT-FBT and BDT-BT;
- Fig. 3 depicts a typical J-V curve of BDT-FBT polymer:PC 71 BM based solar cell device under illumination of AM 1.5G, 100 mW/cm 2 .
- Aryl groups are preferably C 6 -Ci 8 -aryl groups, for example, phenyl, naphthyl or anthracyl.
- Heteroaryl groups contain one or more heteroatoms, for example, N, O or S, in the ring.
- Heteroaryl groups are preferably C 3 -C 14 -heteroaryl groups.
- heteroaryl groups contain 1 , 2 or 3 heteroatoms in the ring, more preferably 1 or 2 heteroatoms, yet more preferably 1 heteroatom.
- the heteroatom is N or S, more preferably S.
- heteroaryl groups include pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazyl, triazinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, (1 ,2,3,)-triazolyl, (1 ,2,4)-triazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, indolyl, 1 H-indazolyl, indolinyl, benzopyrazolyl, 1 ,3-benzodioxolyl, benzoxazolyl, purinyl, tetralinyl, coumarinyl, chromonyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, quina
- Aryl or heteroaryl groups may be unsubstituted or substituted.
- Substituents may be any suitable moiety, for example, one or more of halo (e.g. F, CI, Br, I), hydroxy, oxo, amino, amido, carboxy, nitro, thio, CrC 2 o-alkyl, C 2 -C 2 o-alkenyl, C 2 -C 2 o-alkynyl, C 6 -C 2 o-aryl, C -C 2 4-alkaryl, CrC ⁇ -alkoxy, C 2 -C 20 -alkenoxy, C 2 -C 20 -alkynoxy, C 6 -C 20 -aryloxy, C C ⁇ -alkylamino, C 2 -C 40 -dialkylamino, C C 20 -alkamido, C 2 -C 20 -carboxy or C C 20 -carbonyl.
- halo e.g. F,
- the substituent is one or more of CI, Br or C C 20 -alkyl.
- the substituents may in turn be substituted by other subsituents defined in the above list.
- R- ⁇ and R 2 are preferably independently H, C -C 2 o-alkyl, C 2 -C 20 -alkenyl,
- Carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups may be, for example, aryl and heteroaryl groups as previously defined. Ri and R 2 may or may not be substituted by one or more of the substituents listed previously in connection with the aryl and heteroaryl groups defined for and X 2 .
- X 2 are Br, thienyl, brominated thienyl, C C 2 o-alkyl substituted thienyl or d-C 2 o-alkyl substituted brominated thienyl.
- ⁇ and X 2 are the same.
- Y is preferably S or Se, more preferably S.
- 1 ,4-disubstituted-2,3-difluorobenzene is used as a starting material, which can be prepared by generally known methods from o-difluorobenzene (Dunn 2006). Nitration of 1 ,4-disubstituted-2,3-difluorobenzene introduces two nitro groups in the 5- and 6- positions of the benzene ring. Nitration may be achieved by generally known methods, such as the one described by Uno et ai. (Uno 1980). The two nitro groups are then reduced to two amino groups which can react with other compound to form fused ring structure.
- Reduction of the nitro groups to amino groups may be accomplished by generally known methods (Kitamura 1996), for example with reducing metals such as iron under acidic conditions. Ring closure may be accomplished by generally known reactions in which the amino hydrogen atoms combine with leaving groups in compounds that comprise the Y moiety (Kitamura 1996).
- the X- ⁇ and X 2 groups may be converted to other ⁇ and X 2 groups by suitable reactions generally known in the art.
- halogenation such as bromination, may be effected in order to provide and X 2 groups comprising halogen groups to assist in further polymerization of the monomer.
- Compounds of Formula (I) may be used as monomers to produce fluorinated conjugated oligomers or polymers by generally known methods, for example, by Suzuki coupling or Stille coupling (Lu 2008).
- Compounds of Formula (I) have very strong electron-accepting properties and are generally copolymerized with one or more co- monomers having electron-donating properties.
- Exemplary groups of co-monomers having electron-donating properties include substituted or unsubstituted phenyls, thienes, fluorenes, carbazoles, benzodithiophenes, pyrroles, indenofluorenes, indolocarbazoles, dibenzosiloles, dithienosiloles, benzo[1 ,2-b;3,4-b]dithiophenes, benzo[2, 1-b:3,4- b']dithiophenes, cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophenes, thieno[3,2-b]thiophenes, thieno[3,4- b]thiophenes and dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]pyrroles, where any substituents may be one or more of or X 2 as defined previously.
- co-monomers having electron-donating properties include 2,7-bis(4,4,5,5,-tetramethyl-1 ,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)- 9,9-di(2-ethylhexyl)-fluorene, fluorene, carbazole and benzodithiophene.
- compounds of Formula (I) may also be copolymerized with one or more other electron-accepting monomers to produce oligomers or polymers comprising two or more different electron-accepting monomers and one or more different electron-donating monomers.
- electron-accepting monomers include substituted or unsubstituted benzothiadiazole, thienopyrazine, quinoxaline, dihydropyrrolo[3,4-]pyrrole- 1 ,4-dione, thieno[3,4-b]thiophene, where any substituents may be one or more of X, or X 2 as defined previously.
- Electron-accepting monomers may be copolymerized with electron-donating monomers in various ratios to tune the electronic properties of the resulting oligomer or polymer.
- the ratio of electron-accepting monomer to electron-donating monomer may be in a range of from 1 :99 to 99:1 mol%, preferably 40:60 to 60:40 mol%.
- the ratio of monomers from compounds of Formula (I) to the other electron-accepting monomers is preferably 99:1 to 10:90 mol%.
- Oligomers and polymers of the present invention preferably have from 2 to 20,000 monomeric units, more preferably from 10 to 0,000 monomeric units. Oligomers and polymers of the present invention may be cast as thin films or membranes by methods generally known in the art, for example, spin-coating, casting or printing, and ultimately assembled into organic electronic devices.
- Step 1 Synthesis of 2,3-difiuoro-1 ,4-dibromo-5,6-dinitro-benzene 2,3-difluoro-1 ,4-dibromo-benzene as the starting raw material was synthesized according to prior methods (Dunn 2006). In a 250 ml flask, concentrated sulphuric acid (50 ml) was added and cooled to 0-5°C in an ice water bath. Fuming nitric acid (50 ml) and 2,3-difluoro-1 ,4-dibromo-benzene (10 g, 36.8 mmol) were slowly added. Then, the flask was heated to 65°C for 14 h.
- Step 2 Synthesis of 2,3-difluoro-1 ,4-di(2-thienyl)-5,6-dinitro-benzene
- Step 3 Synthesis of 2,3-difluoro-1 ,4-di(2-thienyl)-5,6-diamino-benzene
- Step 4 Synthesis of 5,6-difluoro-4,7-di(2-thienyl)-2,1 ,3-benzothiadiazole 2,3-difluoro-1 ,4-di(2-thienyl)-5,6-diamino-benzene (1.2 g, 3.9 mmol) was added into a small flask and purged with Ar three times. Then, dry pyridine (24 ml), N-thionylaniline (1.08 g, 7.8 mmol) and chlorotrimethylsilane (0.76 g, 7.0 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at 80°C for 16 h before poured into ice water.
- BDT-FBT and BDT-BT were characterized by solubility, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV).
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- UV ultraviolet
- CV cyclic voltammetry
- TFT Thin film transistors
- Non-fluorinated polymer BDT-BT shows some solubility in dicholorbenzene (DCB) at ambient temperature while fluorinated polymer BDT-FBT can only dissolve in DCB at a temperature above 60°C. Both polymers show similar UV absorption spectra in solution and as a film.
- differential scanning calorimetry shows that BDT- FBT has a melting peak at a higher temperature (about 340°C) than BDT-BT (about 300°C) indicating higher crystallization capability for BDT-FBT over the non-fluorinated counterpart.
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- cyclic voltammetry (CV) on BDT-FBT and BDT-BT shows that BDT-FBT has greater oxidative stability than the non-fluorinated counterpart.
- the CV results indicate that BDT-FBT has a lower HOMO and LUMO than BDT-BT by about 0.15 eV.
- the cyclic voltammetry measurements were carried out in a three-electrode cell under argon using silver electrode and 0.1 M Bu NPF 6 salt in anhydrous CH 3 CN as the supporting electrolyte.
- Example 5 Fabrication of a Solar Cell from BDT-FBT Polymer Polymer solar cells were fabricated with a general structure of ITO/PEDOT-
- PSS/Polymer:PC 71 BM/LiF/AI Patterned indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrates were cleaned with detergent before sonication in CMOS grade acetone and isopropanol for 15 min. The organic residue was further removed from the substrates by treating with UV- ozone for 10 min. Then a thin layer of PEDOT:PSS (Clevios P, H. C. Starck, 45 nm) was spin-coated and dried for 1 h at 120°C. BDT-FBT polymer and PC 71 BM (ADS) (1 :2 weight ratio) was dissolved in 1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene at 80°C.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- the solution was filtered and spin-coated on the top of the PEDOT:PSS layer.
- the border of the PEDOT:PSS layer and active layer was mechanically removed before 1.0 nm of LiF and 100 nm Al layers were created by thermal evaporation through a shadow mask at a pressure of 5X10 "7 mbar in a Boc Edwards Auto 500 System.
- J-V Current density-voltage
- AM simulated air mass
- Fig. 3 depicts a typical J-V curve showing a V oc of 0.67 V, a short-circuit current density (J sc ) of 8.3 mA/cm 2 and a fill factor (FF) of 0.57.
- Power conversion efficiency (PCE) thus reached 3.2%.
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Abstract
Compounds of Formula (I): (formula (I)) where: X1 and X2 are the same or different and each is independently Cl, Br, I, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group; and, Y is O, S, Se, NR1, R1C-CR2 or R1C=CR2, wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different and are each independently H or an organic group, are useful as monomers to produce oligomers or polymers that are useful in organic electronic devices.
Description
FLUORINATED MONOMERS, OLIGOMERS AND POLYMERS FOR USE IN ORGANIC
ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Cross-reference to Related Applications
This application claims the benefit of United States Provisional patent application Serial No. 61/272,910 filed November 18, 2009, the entire contents of which is herein incorporated by reference.
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to novel fluorinated monomers for producing novel fluorinated oligomers or polymers for use in organic electronic devices. Background of the Invention
Organic electronic devices have drawn a great deal of research interest in recent years because of their potential for broad commercial application, including electroluminescence devices, field effect transistors and organic solar cells, etc. In all these devices, the key component is organic semiconducting materials, which are usually used as active thin layers. To get satisfactory device properties and performance, the chemical structures of these organic materials must be carefully controlled and optimized.
Among organic semiconductors, alternating conjugated polymers of an electron donor (ED) unit and an electron acceptor (EA) unit have attracted more and more attention due to their special properties associated with the donor/acceptor (D/A) structure in the main chain. This D/A structure can effectively lower the band gap of conjugated polymers, which is very important, especially for solar ceil applications, where the polymer absorption should be fine-tuned to match the solar spectrum. Meanwhile, the energy offset between lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the polymer and the fullerene derivatives (widely used electron acceptors in organic solar cells) should be well controlled to be just enough for charge separation in order to minimize energy loss. However, to fine tune the energy levels (HOMO, LUMO) of the conjugated polymer, and at the same time, optimize other properties, such as solid state packing, solubility, carrier mobility still tends to be difficult.
Fluorinated conjugated polymers show several advantages compared with non- fluorinated counterpart. First, they usually have lower HOMO and LUMO energy levels, which will increase open circuit voltage of photo voltaic devices and endow the polymer better resistance against the oxidation degradation process. Second, because of high
electronegativity of fluorine, the resulting polymers can be used as n-type or ambipolar semiconducting materials. Third, sometimes, they can form C-H -F interactions, which can influence the solid state supramolecular organization, phase segregation and π-π stacking. This may enhance the charge carrier mobility. However, the number of fluorinated monomers with strong electron withdrawing ability is quite limited.
It is known that a monomer as illustrated in Scheme 1 is a strong electron acceptor unit exhibiting good properties in optoelectronic device applications (Zhang 2004).
Scheme 1
However, there are only a very limited number of methods to successfully introduce fluorine atoms on to an organic molecule. Two major methods have been reported to introduce fluorine atoms into an aromatic ring. The first, and most widely used method, uses the Balz-Schiemann Reaction. This approach involves conversion of aryl amines to aryl fluorides via diazotisation and subsequent thermal decomposition of the derived tetrafluoroborates or hexafluorophosphates. The second method uses butyl lithium and a special fluorinating agent, such as N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide. These two methods are usually tedious and involve multi-step synthesis. Very stringent reaction conditions are also usually involved which may not be compatible with many organic groups, especially with some groups having strong electron withdrawing properties, such as 2,1 ,3- benzothiadiazole. For these reasons, monomers containing fluorine and at the same time having strong electron withdrawing properties are quite limited in the art. One report describes fluorinated monomers and polymers containing 3-substituted-4-fluorothiophene units (Heeney 2004). There remains a need for new monomers having improved electronic properties for use in producing new polymers for use in electronic devices.
Summary of the Invention
There is provided a compound of Formula (I):
where: and X2 are the same or different and each is independently CI, Br, I, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group; and, Y is O, S, Se, R^ F^C-CF^ or R1C=CR2, wherein and R2 are the same or different and are each independently H or an organic group.
There is further provided an oligomer or polymer comprising an electron-accepting monomer of Formula (I) copolymerized with an electron-donating co-monomer. Compounds of Formula (I) are somewhat similar to compounds disclosed in
United States patent publication 2004/0229925 (Zhang 2004), except two fluorine atoms have been introduced on to the aromatic ring. Introduction of the two fluorine atoms proved to be very difficult, with the preparation of compounds of Formula (I) not being readily achievable by usual methods. Further, the present difluoro-derivatives have even better properties than the non-fluorinated compounds of United States patent publication 2004/0229925. The presence of the two fluorine atoms further reduces the HOMO and LUMO energy levels of oligomers and polymers produced from the monomers. Thus, compared with the non-fluorinated counterpart, the present fluorinated oligomeric or polymeric materials have more finely-tuned band gaps and energy levels, enhanced π-stacking, higher carrier mobility, higher open circuit voltage (Vac) for solar cell applications, greater resistance to oxidative degradation and better stability. Further, enhanced hydrophobicity and lipophilicity in perfluorinated substances leads to better phase separation, thus oligomers and polymers produced from the present monomers have a better solubility profile for enhanced crystallizing capability. Yet further, C-H»"F interactions provide solid state supramolecular organization. The above properties are greatly desired for many applications in organic electronic devices.
Monomers of the present invention have improved electronic properties and are useful for producing polymers for use as active layers in organic electronic devices, for example optoelectronic devices, electroluminescence devices or field effect transistors.
Such devices include, for example, optical sensors and photovoltaic devices (e.g. solar cells).
Further features of the invention will be described or will become apparent in the course of the following detailed description. Brief Description of the Drawings
In order that the invention may be more clearly understood, embodiments thereof will now be described in detail by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Fig. 1 depicts differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves of BDT-FBT and BDT-BT;
Fig. 2 depicts cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves of BDT-FBT and BDT-BT; and,
Fig. 3 depicts a typical J-V curve of BDT-FBT polymer:PC71BM based solar cell device under illumination of AM 1.5G, 100 mW/cm2.
Description of Preferred Embodiments In compounds of Formula (I), and X2 are the same or different and each is independently CI, Br, I, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group; and, Y is O, S, Se, R^ R1C-CR2 or R C=CR2, wherein R-i and R2 are the same or different and are each independently H or an organic group.
Aryl groups are preferably C6-Ci8-aryl groups, for example, phenyl, naphthyl or anthracyl. Heteroaryl groups contain one or more heteroatoms, for example, N, O or S, in the ring. Heteroaryl groups are preferably C3-C14-heteroaryl groups. Preferably, heteroaryl groups contain 1 , 2 or 3 heteroatoms in the ring, more preferably 1 or 2 heteroatoms, yet more preferably 1 heteroatom. Preferably, the heteroatom is N or S, more preferably S. Some examples of heteroaryl groups include pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazyl, triazinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, (1 ,2,3,)-triazolyl, (1 ,2,4)-triazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, indolyl, 1 H-indazolyl, indolinyl, benzopyrazolyl, 1 ,3-benzodioxolyl, benzoxazolyl, purinyl, tetralinyl, coumarinyl, chromonyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, quinazolinyl, pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazinyl, pyrido[3,2-c]pyridazinyl, pyrido[3,4-b]-pyridinyl, 2(1 H)-quinolonyl, 1(2H)-isoquinolonyl, 1 ,4-benzisoxazinyl,
naphthyridinyl, benzothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, benzoxazinyl, phthalazinyl and cinnolinyi. The aryl or heteroaryl group is preferably phenyl or thienyl, more preferably thienyl.
Aryl or heteroaryl groups may be unsubstituted or substituted. Substituents may be any suitable moiety, for example, one or more of halo (e.g. F, CI, Br, I), hydroxy, oxo, amino, amido, carboxy, nitro, thio, CrC2o-alkyl, C2-C2o-alkenyl, C2-C2o-alkynyl, C6-C2o-aryl, C -C24-alkaryl, CrC^-alkoxy, C2-C20-alkenoxy, C2-C20-alkynoxy, C6-C20-aryloxy, C C^-alkylamino, C2-C40-dialkylamino, C C20-alkamido, C2-C20-carboxy or C C20-carbonyl. Preferably, the substituent is one or more of CI, Br or C C20-alkyl. The substituents may in turn be substituted by other subsituents defined in the above list. R-\ and R2 are preferably independently H, C -C2o-alkyl, C2-C20-alkenyl,
C2-C20-alkynyl, C6-C20-aryl, C7-C24-alkaryl, C C20-alkoxy, C2-C20-alkenoxy, C2-C20-alkynoxy, C6-C20-aryloxy, CrC20-alkylamino, C2-C40-dialkylamino, Ci-C20-alkamido, C2-C20-carboxy or d-C^-carbonyl, or and/or R2 taken together with Y form a C6-C20-carbocyclic or C3-C24-heterocyclic group. Carbocyclic and heterocyclic groups may be, for example, aryl and heteroaryl groups as previously defined. Ri and R2 may or may not be substituted by one or more of the substituents listed previously in connection with the aryl and heteroaryl groups defined for and X2.
Preferably, and X2 are Br, thienyl, brominated thienyl, C C2o-alkyl substituted thienyl or d-C2o-alkyl substituted brominated thienyl. Preferably, Χ and X2 are the same. Y is preferably S or Se, more preferably S.
Synthesis of Monomers
Compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared as shown in Scheme 2.
Scheme 2
In Scheme 2, 1 ,4-disubstituted-2,3-difluorobenzene is used as a starting material, which can be prepared by generally known methods from o-difluorobenzene (Dunn 2006). Nitration of 1 ,4-disubstituted-2,3-difluorobenzene introduces two nitro groups in the 5- and 6- positions of the benzene ring. Nitration may be achieved by generally known methods, such as the one described by Uno et ai. (Uno 1980). The two nitro groups are then reduced to two amino groups which can react with other compound to form fused ring structure. Reduction of the nitro groups to amino groups may be accomplished by generally known methods (Kitamura 1996), for example with reducing metals such as iron under acidic conditions. Ring closure may be accomplished by generally known reactions in which the amino hydrogen atoms combine with leaving groups in compounds that comprise the Y moiety (Kitamura 1996).
Alternatively, compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared as shown in Scheme 3.
Scheme 3 In Scheme 3, 2,3-difluoro-1 ,4-dibromobenzene is nitrated in the same manner as in Scheme 2. This affords a mixture of mono-, di- and tri-nitrated material. A tri-nitrated compound is formed because one of the bromine atoms will also be substituted by a nitro group at higher reaction temperature and longer reaction time. After separation of the di- nitrated compound, the bromine atoms of the di-nitrated compound can be converted to
Xi and X2 groups by an appropriate coupling reaction, e.g. a Stille reaction. Then, the nitro groups may be reduced to amine groups in the same manner as in Scheme 2. Ring closure may then be accomplished in the same manner as in Scheme 2. The X-\ and X2 groups may be converted to other Χτ and X2 groups by suitable reactions generally known in the art. For example, halogenation, such as bromination, may be effected in order to provide and X2 groups comprising halogen groups to assist in further polymerization of the monomer.
Synthesis of Oligomers and Polymers
Compounds of Formula (I) may be used as monomers to produce fluorinated conjugated oligomers or polymers by generally known methods, for example, by Suzuki coupling or Stille coupling (Lu 2008). Compounds of Formula (I) have very strong electron-accepting properties and are generally copolymerized with one or more co- monomers having electron-donating properties. Exemplary groups of co-monomers having electron-donating properties include substituted or unsubstituted phenyls, thienes, fluorenes, carbazoles, benzodithiophenes, pyrroles, indenofluorenes, indolocarbazoles, dibenzosiloles, dithienosiloles, benzo[1 ,2-b;3,4-b]dithiophenes, benzo[2, 1-b:3,4- b']dithiophenes, cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophenes, thieno[3,2-b]thiophenes, thieno[3,4- b]thiophenes and dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]pyrroles, where any substituents may be one or more of or X2 as defined previously. Specific examples of co-monomers having electron-donating properties include 2,7-bis(4,4,5,5,-tetramethyl-1 ,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)- 9,9-di(2-ethylhexyl)-fluorene, fluorene, carbazole and benzodithiophene.
Further, in addition to being copolymerized with one or more electron-donating monomers, compounds of Formula (I) may also be copolymerized with one or more other electron-accepting monomers to produce oligomers or polymers comprising two or more different electron-accepting monomers and one or more different electron-donating monomers. Some examples of other electron-accepting monomers include substituted or unsubstituted benzothiadiazole, thienopyrazine, quinoxaline, dihydropyrrolo[3,4-]pyrrole- 1 ,4-dione, thieno[3,4-b]thiophene, where any substituents may be one or more of X, or X2 as defined previously. Electron-accepting monomers may be copolymerized with electron-donating monomers in various ratios to tune the electronic properties of the resulting oligomer or polymer. The ratio of electron-accepting monomer to electron-donating monomer may be in a range of from 1 :99 to 99:1 mol%, preferably 40:60 to 60:40 mol%. In oligomers or polymers where other electron-accepting monomers are present, the ratio of monomers
from compounds of Formula (I) to the other electron-accepting monomers is preferably 99:1 to 10:90 mol%.
Oligomers and polymers of the present invention preferably have from 2 to 20,000 monomeric units, more preferably from 10 to 0,000 monomeric units. Oligomers and polymers of the present invention may be cast as thin films or membranes by methods generally known in the art, for example, spin-coating, casting or printing, and ultimately assembled into organic electronic devices.
Example 1: Synthesis of fluorinated monomer (Monomer 2)
Step 1 : Synthesis of 2,3-difiuoro-1 ,4-dibromo-5,6-dinitro-benzene 2,3-difluoro-1 ,4-dibromo-benzene as the starting raw material was synthesized according to prior methods (Dunn 2006). In a 250 ml flask, concentrated sulphuric acid (50 ml) was added and cooled to 0-5°C in an ice water bath. Fuming nitric acid (50 ml) and 2,3-difluoro-1 ,4-dibromo-benzene (10 g, 36.8 mmol) were slowly added. Then, the flask was heated to 65°C for 14 h. The mixture was then precipitated into ice water. The resulting yellow solid was filtered and purified by column chromatograph with a mixture of hexane and dichloromethane (1 :4 v/v) to afford 2,3-difluoro-1 ,4-dibromo-5,6-dinitro- benzene (3.5 g, 26%). H and 9F NMR spectra were as expected.
Step 2: Synthesis of 2,3-difluoro-1 ,4-di(2-thienyl)-5,6-dinitro-benzene
2,3-difluoro-1 ,4-dibromo-5,6-dinitro-benzene (3.62 g, 10.0 mmol), 2-tributyl stannyl-thiophene (8.21 g, 22.0 mmol) and dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (0.28 g, 0.40 mmol) were added into a 250 ml flask fitted with a condenser. After degassing and purging with Ar three times, 100 ml dry tetrahydrofuran (THF) was added. Then the mixture heated to reflux under Ar for 54 h. THF was removed by evaporation and the remaining solid was purified by column chromatograph to afford 2,3-difluoro-1 ,4- di(2-thienyl)-5,6-dinitro-benzene as yellow powder (3.0 g, 82%). H and 19F NMR spectra were as expected.
Step 3: Synthesis of 2,3-difluoro-1 ,4-di(2-thienyl)-5,6-diamino-benzene
2,3-difluoro-1 ,4-di(2-thienyl)-5,6-dinitro-benzene (3.0 g, 8.15 mmol), iron powder (5.5 g, 98 mmol) and acetic acid (100 ml) were stirred at 45°C for 4 h. Then the mixture was poured into cold 5% NaOH solution (250 ml) and extracted with diethyl ether three times. The ether phase was washed with NaHC03 solution, dried over MgS04 and
concentrated. Purification with column chromatograph afforded 2,3-difluoro-1 ,4-di(2- thienyl)-5,6-diamino-benzene as yellow powder (2.1 g, 84%). 1H and 19F NMR spectra were as expected.
Step 4: Synthesis of 5,6-difluoro-4,7-di(2-thienyl)-2,1 ,3-benzothiadiazole 2,3-difluoro-1 ,4-di(2-thienyl)-5,6-diamino-benzene (1.2 g, 3.9 mmol) was added into a small flask and purged with Ar three times. Then, dry pyridine (24 ml), N-thionylaniline (1.08 g, 7.8 mmol) and chlorotrimethylsilane (0.76 g, 7.0 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred at 80°C for 16 h before poured into ice water. The yellow precipitate was then filtered and washed with a mixture of ethanol and water (1 :1 v/v) to afford 5,6-difluoro-4,7-di(2-thienyl)-2,1 ,3-benzothiadiazole as a yellow solid (1.3 g, 98%). 1H and 19F NMR spectra were as expected.
Step 5: Synthesis of 5,6-difluoro-4,7-di(5-bromo-2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole
5,6-difluoro-4,7-di(2-thienyl)-2,1 ,3-benzothiadiazole (1.07 g, 3.18 mmol), N- bromosuccinimide (1.132 g, 6.36 mmol) and o-dichloroenzene (20 ml) were stirred at 55°C for 3 h. Then o-dichlorobenzene was removed by vacuum distillation and the remaining solid was washed with ethanol and water before further purification by recrystallization from toluene (45 ml) to afford yellow crystals of 5,6-difluoro-4,7-di(5- bromo-2-thienyl)-2, 1 ,3-benzothiadiazole (Monomer 2) (1.32 g, 84%). H and 19F NMR spectra were as expected.
Example 2: Synthesis of Other Monomers
In a manner similar to the synthesis of Monomer 2 in Example 1 , four other monomers were synthesized. Table 1 lists five examples of monomers that were synthesized in this manner.
Table 1
Example 3: Synthesis of fluorinated conjugated polymer BDT-FBT from Monomer 3
Carefully purified 2,6-bis(trimethyltin)-4,8-bis(3-pentyl undecyl)benzo[1 ,2-b:4,5- b']dithiophene (0.289 g, 0.300 mmol), S^-difluoro^J-bis^-bromo-S^-dioctyl^'- bithiophen-5-yl)-2,1 ,3-benzothiadiazole (0.205 g, 0.300 mmol) were added in a small flask and purged with Ar several times. Then (PPh3)4Pd(0) (1 mol%) was added in a dry box. Toluene (8 ml) was added. The mixture was stirred and refluxed for 24 h before being poured into methanol. The resulting fibre-like polymer (BDT-FBT) was filtered and
washed with hexane and acetone to afford a red solid (0.20 g, 57%). 1H and 9F NMR spectra were as expected. A non-fluorinated polymer (BDT-BT) was synthesized in a similar manner except that a non-fluorinated monomer was used (Lu 2008). The structures of BDT-FBT and BDT-BT are shown in Scheme 4.
Scheme 4
Example 4: Characterization of BDT-FBT Polymer
BDT-FBT and BDT-BT were characterized by solubility, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Thin film transistors (TFT) based on these two polymers were fabricated and their performance was compared.
Non-fluorinated polymer BDT-BT shows some solubility in dicholorbenzene (DCB) at ambient temperature while fluorinated polymer BDT-FBT can only dissolve in DCB at a temperature above 60°C. Both polymers show similar UV absorption spectra in solution and as a film.
With reference to Fig. 1 , differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows that BDT- FBT has a melting peak at a higher temperature (about 340°C) than BDT-BT (about 300°C) indicating higher crystallization capability for BDT-FBT over the non-fluorinated counterpart. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis was carried out on a TA Instruments DSC 2920 under nitrogen at a heating/cooling rate of 10°C/min.
With reference to Fig. 2, cyclic voltammetry (CV) on BDT-FBT and BDT-BT shows that BDT-FBT has greater oxidative stability than the non-fluorinated counterpart. The CV results indicate that BDT-FBT has a lower HOMO and LUMO than BDT-BT by about 0.15 eV. The cyclic voltammetry measurements were carried out in a three-electrode cell under argon using silver electrode and 0.1 M Bu NPF6 salt in anhydrous CH3CN as the supporting electrolyte.
Bottom-contact thin film transistors were fabricated by spin-coating BDT-BT and BDT-FBT solution at 60°C on heavily doped n-Si wafers with an overlayer of Si02 (230 nm, Ci = 15 nF/cm2). Then gold source and drain electrodes were sputtered on top of polymers. The transistor channel length and width are 20 μιτι and 10 mm, respectively. The current-voltage {JV) characteristics were measured with a computer-controlled semiconductor parameter analyzer (HP4145A) in a N2 glove box. The hole mobility was deduced from the saturation regime of the JV characteristics. Hole mobilities in the TFTs were found to be BDT-BT = 2.12 x 10"4 cm2/Vs and BDT-FBT = 4.88 x 10"5 cm2/Vs.
Example 5: Fabrication of a Solar Cell from BDT-FBT Polymer Polymer solar cells were fabricated with a general structure of ITO/PEDOT-
PSS/Polymer:PC71BM/LiF/AI. Patterned indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrates were cleaned with detergent before sonication in CMOS grade acetone and isopropanol for 15 min. The organic residue was further removed from the substrates by treating with UV- ozone for 10 min. Then a thin layer of PEDOT:PSS (Clevios P, H. C. Starck, 45 nm) was spin-coated and dried for 1 h at 120°C. BDT-FBT polymer and PC71BM (ADS) (1 :2 weight ratio) was dissolved in 1 ,2,4-trichlorobenzene at 80°C. The solution was filtered and spin-coated on the top of the PEDOT:PSS layer. The border of the PEDOT:PSS layer and active layer was mechanically removed before 1.0 nm of LiF and 100 nm Al layers were created by thermal evaporation through a shadow mask at a pressure of 5X10"7 mbar in a Boc Edwards Auto 500 System.
Current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of the devices were measured with a Keithley 2400 digital source meter under simulated air mass (AM) 1.5 solar irradiation of 100 mW/cm2 (Sciencetech Inc., SF150). Fig. 3 depicts a typical J-V curve showing a Voc of 0.67 V, a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 8.3 mA/cm2 and a fill factor (FF) of 0.57. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) thus reached 3.2%.
References: The contents of the entirety of each of which are incorporated by this reference.
Babudri F, Farinola GM, Naso F, Ragni R. (2007) Chem. Commun. 1003-1022.
Burroughes J, Towns C, Pounds T, Halls J. (2002) International patent publication WO 02/059121 published Aug. 1 , 2002.
Dunn J, Elworthy TR, Stefanidis D, Sweenet ZK. (2006) International patent publication WO 2006/010545 published Feb. 2, 2006.
Fauver JS, Fagerburg DR. (1995) United States patent 5,386,069 issued Jan. 31 , 1995.
Heeney M, Farrand L, Giles M, Thompson M, Tierney S, Shkunov M, Sparrowe D, McCulloch I. (2004) United States patent 6,676,857 issued Jan. 13, 2004.
Inbasekaran M, Woo EP, Wu W, Bernius MT. (2000) International patent publication WO 00/46321 published Aug. 10, 2000.
Kitamura C, Tanaka S, Yamashita Y. (1996) Chem. Mater. 8, 570-578.
Lu J, Liang F, Drolet N, Ding J, Tao Y, Movileanua R. (2008) Chem. Commun. 5315- 5317.
Uno T, Takagi K, Tomoeda M. (1980) Chem. Pharm. Bull. 28(6), 1909-1912. Zhang C. (2004) United States patent publication 2004/0229925 published Nov. 18, 2004.
Other advantages that are inherent to the structure are obvious to one skilled in the art. The embodiments are described herein illustratively and are not meant to limit the scope of the invention as claimed. Variations of the foregoing embodiments will be evident to a person of ordinary skill and are intended by the inventor to be encompassed by the following claims.
Claims
Claims:
1 . A compound of Formula (I):
where: Xi and X2 are the same or different and each is independently CI, Br, I , a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group; and, Y is 0, S, Se, R^ R1C-CR2 or R1C=CR2, wherein R-t and R2 are the same or different and are each independently H or an organic group.
2. The compound according to claim 1 , wherein the aryl groups are C6-Ci8-aryl groups and the heteroaryl groups are C3-C14-heteroaryl groups having one or more of N, O or S in the ring.
3. The compound according to claim 1 or 2, wherein substituents on the aryl or heteroaryl group are one or more of halo, hydroxy, oxo, amino, amido, carboxy, nitro, thio, CrC2o-alkyl, C2-C20-alkenyl, C2-C20-alkynyl, C6-C2o-aryl, C7-C24-alkaryl, C C20-alkoxy, C2-C20-alkenoxy, C2-C20-alkynoxy, C6-C2o-aryloxy, C1-C20-alkylamino, C2-C40-dialkylamino, Ci-C2o-alkamido, C2-C20-carboxy or C C20-carbonyl.
4. The compound according to claim 1 , wherein the aryl groups are phenyl, naphthyl or anthracyl and the heteroaryl groups are pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazyl, triazinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, (1 ,2,3,)-triazolyl, (1 ,2,4)-triazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, indolyl, 1 H-indazolyl, indolinyl, benzopyrazolyl, 1 ,3-benzodioxolyl, benzoxazolyl, purinyl, tetralinyl, coumarinyl, chromonyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, quinazolinyl, pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazinyl, pyhdo[3,2-c]pyridazinyl, pyrido[3,4-b]-pyridinyl, 2(1 H)-quinolonyl, 1 (2H)-isoquinolonyl, 1 ,4-benzisoxazinyl, naphthyridinyl, benzothiazolyl, quinoxalinyl, benzoxazinyl, phthalazinyl or cinnolinyl. 5. The compound according to claim 1 , wherein and X2 are the same or different and each is independently Br, thienyl, brominated thienyl, CrC20-alkyl substituted thienyl or C C^-alkyl substituted brominated thienyl.
6. The compound according to claim 1 , wherein -, and X2 are the same and are Br, brominated thienyl or octyl substituted brominated thienyl.
7. The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein F and R2 are independently H, CrC20-alkyl, C2-C2o-alkenyl, C2-C20-alkynyl, C6-C20-aryl, C7-C24-alkaryl, Ci-C2o-alkoxy, C2-C20-alkenoxy, C2-C20-alkynoxy, C6-C20-aryloxy, Ci-C20-alkylamino, C2-C40-dialkylamino, C C20-alkamido, C2-C20-carboxy or d-C20-carbonyl, or F^ and/or R2 taken together with Y form a C6-C20-carbocyclic or C3-C24-heterocyclic group.
8. The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein Y is S.
9. The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein Y is Se. 10. An oligomer or polymer comprising an electron-accepting monomer of Formula (I) as defined in any one of claims 1 to 9 copolymerized with an electron-donating co- monomer.
1 . The oligomer or polymer according to claim 10, wherein the electron-donating co- monomer is one or more of a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, thiene, fluorene, carbazole, benzodithiophene, pyrrole, indenofluorene, indolocarbazole, dibenzosilole, dithienosilole, benzo[1 ,2-b;3,4-b]dithiophene, benzo[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene, cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene, thieno[3,2-b]thiophene, thieno[3,4-b]thiophene or dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]pyrrole, where the substituent, if present, is one or more of CI, Br, I, a C6-Ci8-aryl group or a C3-C14-heteroaryl group having one or more of N, O or S in the ring.
12. The oligomer or polymer according to claim 10, wherein the electron-donating co- monomer is fluorene, carbazole or benzodithiophene.
13. The oligomer or polymer according to any one of claims 10 to 12, further comprising one or more electron-accepting monomers other than the monomer of Formula (I).
14. The oligomer or polymer according to claim 13, wherein the one or more electron- accepting monomers other than the monomer of Formula (I) is a substituted or unsubstituted benzothiadiazole, thienopyrazine, quinoxaline, dihydropyrrolo[3,4-]pyrrole- 1 ,4-dione, thieno[3,4-b]thiophene, where the substituent, if present, is one or more of CI, Br, I, a C6-C18-aryl group or a C3-C14-heteroaryl group having one or more of N, O or S in the ring.
15. The oligomer or polymer according to any one of claims 10 to 14 having a ratio of electron-accepting monomer to electron-donating co-monomer in a range of from 1 :99 to 99:1 mo!%.
16. The oligomer or polymer according to any one of claims 10 to 14 having a ratio of electron-accepting monomer to electron-donating co-monomer in a range of from 40:60 to
60:40 mol%.
17. The oligomer or polymer according to any one of claims 10 to 16, comprising from 2 to 20,000 monomeric units.
18. The oligomer or polymer according to any one of claims 10 to 16, comprising from 10 to 10,000 monomeric units.
19. A film or membrane comprising the oligomer or polymer as defined in any one of claims 10 to 18.
20. Use of the film or membrane as defined in claim 19 in an organic electronic device. 21. The use according to claim 20, wherein the device is an optoelectronic device, an electroluminescence device or a field effect transistor.
22. The use according to claim 20, wherein the device is an optical sensor or a photovoltaic device.
23. The use according to claim 20, wherein the device is a solar cell. 24. A process for producing a compound of Formula (I) as defined in any one of claims 1 to 9 comprising:
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EP (1) | EP2501698B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2781316C (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2501698B1 (en) | 2018-04-25 |
CA2781316C (en) | 2017-06-27 |
PT2501698T (en) | 2018-07-23 |
EP2501698A4 (en) | 2015-06-17 |
US20120232237A1 (en) | 2012-09-13 |
EP2501698A1 (en) | 2012-09-26 |
CA2781316A1 (en) | 2011-05-26 |
ES2677946T3 (en) | 2018-08-07 |
US8927684B2 (en) | 2015-01-06 |
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