WO2011039629A2 - Fracción bioactiva de petiveria alliacea, composición farmacéutica que la contiene y combinación con agentes inmunoestimulantes para el tratamiento del cáncer - Google Patents
Fracción bioactiva de petiveria alliacea, composición farmacéutica que la contiene y combinación con agentes inmunoestimulantes para el tratamiento del cáncer Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
- A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
- A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
- A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
Definitions
- the present invention belongs to the medical field and is related to a bioactive fraction of Petiveria alliacea with antitumor activity for the manufacture of medicaments for the treatment of cancer and the pharmaceutical composition comprising it together with one or more excipients.
- the invention relates to a pharmaceutical combination for the treatment of cancer comprising a bioactive fraction of Petiveria alliacea with antitumor activity and at least one immunostimulating agent capable of producing phenotypic and / or functional maturation of dendritic cells. Also part of the invention is a new method for the treatment of cancer comprising the sequential administration of a bioactive fraction of Petiveria alliacea and an immunostimulating agent.
- Cancer occurs when the mechanisms that maintain the normal growth rate of the cells are altered and generate an excess of cell division. This alteration is frequently due to mutations that occur in the genome of any cell in the body, which induce a cellular transformation that can generate a malignant tumor with the ability to invade adjacent normal tissue and perform metastases. During this process of malignant transformation, some of the tumor cells develop simultaneous primary or acquired resistance to multiple cytotoxic drugs (Cooper G. 2004), so the search for new antitumor compounds constitutes an area of interest.
- Tumors are classified according to the type of cell they come from, the most frequent being carcinomas (generated from epithelial cells), followed by sarcomas (solid tumors of rare connective tissues) and leukemia or lymphomas (cells of hematopoietic origin ) (Cooper G. 2004).
- More than 100 drugs are currently used in chemotherapy and can be classified depending on the molecular target that generates its therapeutic activity; We find among other drugs that generate the cross-linking of DNA (cisplatin), the alkylation of bases (dacarbazine), the alteration of microtubules (taxol, vinblastine), the alteration of membranes (doxorubicin), structural analogs (methotrexate) and topoisomerase inhibitors ( etoposide, topotecan).
- doxorubicin the alteration of membranes
- metalhotrexate structural analogs
- topoisomerase inhibitors etoposide, topotecan
- the primary or acquired resistance of tumor cells to multiple drugs generates a considerable decrease in the expected clinical response to drug therapy (Katzung B. Basic and clinical pharmacology).
- Two elements are important in the elimination of tumors: (1) the destruction of the tumor cell without adverse effects on normal cells and (2) the generation of a subsequent immune response to the treatment capable of eliminating residual tumor cells.
- cytotoxic or antiangiogenic antitumor agents has been the method of choice in the treatment of cancer, this does not ensure true protection against subsequent tumor development.
- an effective immune response develops and the control of metastases secondary to the spread of the tumor through blood is achieved.
- the use of a treatment method that in addition to inducing tumor death allows the subsequent control of residual tumor proliferation constitutes an advance in antitumor therapy.
- Some herbal supplements made from plants used in traditional oriental medicine such as Sho-Saiko-to and Juzen-taiho-to, induce tumor death by inhibiting metastasis and subsequently allow the generation of an antitumor response (Kato M 1998; Day and 2001).
- the compounds responsible for tumor death have been partially characterized but the type of death has not been studied. that tumor cells suffer, nor have dendritic cell activating compounds (CD) been clearly identified.
- Effective antitumor therapy should take into account not only the death of the tumors, but the type of death that they will suffer. Although death from apoptosis is the most studied, it is well known that the transfer of tumor antigens to CDs occurs more efficiently if death is subsequent to cellular stress, which generates an increase in heat shock proteins that participate in the process. of cross sensitization to CDs, allowing the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Death by apoptosis with late necrosis could be one of the best ways to eliminate tumors.
- Petiveria alliacea Linn is a perennial herb of the Phytolaccaceae family widely known in traditional medicine in the countries of Central, South America, the Caribbean and Africa (Lopes-Martins RA et al, 2002).
- infusion of the leaves and cooking or root powder have been used in the treatment of different diseases due to their antispasmodic, anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory properties (López Martins RAB 2002; Morales C et al, 2001), antinociceptives (Distasi L et al, 1988), hypoglycemic agents and abortifacient agents (De Lima et al, 1991; De Sousa JR et al, 1987).
- aqueous and alcoholic infusions have been used for the treatment of leukemia and breast cancer with good results (Gupta M, 1995; Garc ⁇ a B, 1974).
- a bioactive fraction of Petiveria alliacea which induces cell death by different routes: it acts on the cytoskeleton inducing cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase; and subsequently, induces apoptosis by mitochondrial-dependent or independent mechanisms related to the polarity of the fraction.
- the complexity of the fractions of the invention also allows the induction of cellular stress by altering the expression of inducible HSP70 and generating the senescence of a part of the cell population, thus allowing the amplification of the immune response. Therefore, the biological activity of the fractions of the invention on multiple molecular targets of the tumor cells opens the possibility of overcoming the mechanisms of drug resistance developed by the tumor cells.
- the induction of the immune response depends on several factors, among these cell debris generated during apoptosis and necrosis, have been reported as a source of antigens that can be phagocytosed by CDs (professional antigen presenting cells) to be presented at immune system.
- CDs professional antigen presenting cells
- activation of the dendritic cell is induced with an immunostimulatory agent, which used after antitumor treatment, allows antigen presentation to T lymphocytes and the generation of an effective immune response.
- the benefits of this type of therapy are to ensure that once the cell Tumor has been destroyed, a partial activation of the dendritic cell does not occur leading to the induction of tolerance against tumor antigens, but on the contrary, there is an effective activation of the presenting cell and therefore of the immune response.
- the present invention teaches a method of treatment for the removal of tumor cells through the administration of a biaoactive fraction of Petiveria alliacea with antitumor activity on multiple cellular functions and on the other hand, activating the antigen presenting CDs to the immune system, which have phagocytized in vivo the remains of tumor cells, by administering an immunostimulating agent.
- This double therapy allows the destruction of the tumor and subsequently, the activation of the specific immune response of the tumor by a mechanism of cross sensitization.
- the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of cancer comprising a bioactive fraction of Petiveria alliacea with antitumor activity and at least one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
- Said composition may be administered independently or as part of a combination for the treatment of cancer comprising the previously defined composition and one or more immunostimulatory agents capable of inducing phenotypic and / or functional maturation of CDs.
- the invention relates to a bioactive fraction of Petiver ⁇ a alliacea obtained by bio-directed methodologies, standardized and analytically labeled for the treatment of cancer.
- the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of cancer comprising: a bioactive fraction of Petiveria alliacea and at least one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
- the invention provides a pharmaceutical combination for the treatment of cancer comprising a bioactive fraction of Petiveria alliacea or a pharmaceutical composition containing it and at least one immunostimulating agent capable of producing phenotypic and / or functional maturation of the cells. dendritic
- composition comprising one or more immunostimulatory agents capable of producing phenotypic and / or functional maturation of dendritic cells and at least one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and optionally, the instructions for use.
- the invention provides a method for the treatment of cancer comprising the sequential administration of at least a bioactive fraction of Petiveria alliacea in a therapeutically effective amount or of a composition containing it and, in a time interval between 24 hours and 2 weeks, the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of at least one immunostimulatory agent capable of producing phenotypic and / or functional maturation of dendritic cells.
- FIGURES Figure 1 shows the effect of different crude extracts of Petivena alliacea obtained with ethanol, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane on the viability of NB4 tumor cells.
- Figure 2 shows the effect induced by the FAST bioactive fraction of Petivena alliacea on the clonogenic capacity of the 4T1 cell line.
- Figure 3 shows the increase in Pyramva kinase mRNA in 4T1 cells treated with the FAST fraction of Petivena alliacea.
- Figure 4 shows the mass spectrum of the FAST bioactive fraction of Petivéria alliacea obtained with an LC-TOF mass spectrometer equipped with an ESI source in positive and negative ion.
- Figure 5 shows the arrest in the G2 / M phase of the cell cycle in A375 tumor cells induced by the bioactive fraction F4 of Petivéria alliacea.
- TO Bioactive fraction
- F4 of Petivéria alliacea.
- B Diagram of the cell cycle of A375 cells treated with the bioactive fraction F4 during a kinetics of 12, 24 and 48h.
- Figure 6 shows the reorganization of actin fibers in normal A375 cells (A) and treated with the bioactive fraction F4 of Petivéria alliacea (B).
- Figure 7 shows the DNA fragmentation induced by the bioactive fraction F4 of Petivéria alliacea (B) compared to the control (A) in A375 cells.
- Figure 8 shows the effect of the bioactive fraction F4 on the growth of normal mononuclear cells without treatment (A) or previously treated with PHA (B).
- Figure 9 corresponds to the chromatogram of the bioactive fraction F4 of Petiveria alliacea obtained by HPLC (RP-18 column, 5 ⁇ (2.1 x150 mm); mobile phase H 2 0: ACN (4: 6) with PDA detector.
- Figure 10 shows the mass spectrum of the bioactive fraction F4 of Petiveria alliacea obtained with a MALDI-TOF detector with HCCA matrix.
- Figure 1 1 shows the induction of morphological changes and the decrease in cell viability of the NB4 (A), Mel-Rel (B) and K562 (C) lines after 24h of treatment with the bioactive fraction S3 of Petiveria alliacea.
- Figure 12 shows the effect on the mitochondrial membrane induced by treatment with the bioactive fraction S3 of Petiveria alliacea on the NB4, Mel-Rel and K562 lines.
- Figure 13 shows nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation in the NB4 lines treated with the bioactive fraction S3 of Petiveria alliacea at a concentration of 31.2pg / ml for 24 hours.
- Figure 14 shows the decrease in the expression of Hsp70 induced by the bioactive fraction S3 of Petiveria alliacea in K562 cells with (panel A) or without thermal shock (panel B).
- Figure 15 shows the mass spectrum of the bioactive fraction S3 of Petiveria alliacea obtained with an LC-TOF mass spectrometer equipped with an ESI source in positive and negative ion.
- Figure 16 shows the expression of CD86 and HLA-DR costimulatory molecules on a population of CDs obtained from CMSP treated with: H 2 0 (negative control), LPS (positive control) and the immunostimulant polysaccharide.
- Figure 17 shows the production of TNF- ⁇ by CDs stimulated by the polysaccharide determined by ELISA.
- immunosenser refers to an agent that is capable of producing phenotypic maturation (moderate increase in CD86 and HLA-DR) and / or functional dendritic cells (TNF- ⁇ production) and are examples especially considered within of the invention polysaccharides and / or glycopeptides obtained from: Ganoderma lucidum, Astragalus membraneceus, Grifóla frondosa, Phellinus linteus, Cordyceps militaris, Lentinus edodes, Coriolus versicolor, Agaricus blazei or Petiveria alliacea.
- standardized bioactive fraction is used to designate a complex fraction or mixture of active ingredients with biological activity obtained from Petiveria alliacea by conventional separation methods that include maceration of the plant material, heating at reflux and liquid stationary phase chromatography or solid analytical, semi-preparative or preparative type.
- These complex mixtures have a qualitative and quantitative composition that can vary depending on factors related to the plant (climatic conditions of the crop, harvesting and handling conditions) and the extraction methodology applied to it, so that the standardization of fractions with activity Biological requires the implementation of good agricultural practices in cultivation and manufacturing at the production level.
- the WHO international standards [WHO Guidelines on good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for Herbal Medicines.
- World Health Organization 2007 establish as a suitable tool to perform quality control and standardization of complex mixtures, the quantification of one or more marker compounds of the fraction by means of a profile or chromatographic fingerprint of the products by means of GC, HPLC and HPTLC that allow the construction of specific recognition patterns for multiple compounds in products [WHO Guidelines on good manufacturing practices (GMP) for herbal medicines. World Health Organization, Geneva 2007].
- This pattern provides a complete picture of the proportion of analytes detected in the preparation, which allows a qualitative and quantitative approach to authenticate the species, evaluate the quality and ensure the stability of the preparations [Peishan Xie. 2006].
- the analysis of this chromatographic fingerprint is carried out through a multi-varied chemometric system based on the evaluation of the similarity of the fingerprints by means of the correlation and congruence coefficients and the methods of recognition of chemical patterns such as K-nearest neighbors - KNN - and soft independent modeling of class analogy - SIMCA - [Liang Y., Xie P., Chan K., 2004].
- bioactive fraction of Petiveria alliacea obtained by bio-directed methodologies is understood as a semi-processed extract obtained from a rational and directed fractionation process that is made from the raw extract of the plant, using biological tests as criteria for the screening and selection of the fractions, understood as a "synthesized product" in Decision 391 of the Common Regime on Access to Genetic Resources of the Cartagena Agreement Commission.
- analytically labeled bioactive fraction refers to a bioactive fraction in which its components have been quantified to from the use of internal or external marker compounds by means of one or more chromatographic techniques.
- sequential administration refers to the administration in a time between 24 hours and 2 weeks, preferably, between 72 and 192 hours, of two or more formulations of a bioactive fraction of Petiveria alliacea with antitumor activity and an immunostimulatory agent. This sequential administration allows phagocytosis of tumor remains by immature CDs.
- spontaneous administration refers to the joint administration of a bioactive fraction of Petiveria alliacea with antitumor activity and a conventional drug used in antitumor therapy.
- terapéuticaally effective amount is understood as the sufficient dosage level of the active ingredients or fractions of the invention necessary to induce a desired biological effect in the treatment of the disease within a risk / benefit balance acceptable to any medical treatment.
- terapéutica includes the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease for a mammal including man.
- the present invention provides a series of biologically active fractions obtained from Petiveria alliacea by methodologies conventionally used in chemical sciences through a bioguided purification approach [Scientific Research Permit on Biological Diversity No. 10 of 30042009 and Access to Derived Products RGE0053 of 06052009].
- Standardized fractions are understood as complex mixtures of active ingredients and were named according to the extraction and purification methodology applied as: FAST fraction, fraction F4 and fraction S3.
- Example 1 clearly shows that the extract obtained with ethyl acetate induces the highest mortality of tumor cells, compared with the crude ethanol extract (which has been the most commonly used and obtained by different laboratories) and in dichloromethane .
- the crude extract of ethyl acetate was selected as the matrix to obtain the fractions that would be studied later.
- the FAST fraction was obtained by refluxing in ethanol, filtration and evaporation, liquid-liquid extraction in ethyl acetate until exhaustion, drying and separation by RP-18 using as mobile phase MeOH-H 2 0 in proportions 1: 1, 7 : 3 and 9: 1.
- the total fraction eluted with the MeOH: H 2 0 7: 3 solvent system was called FAST.
- Fraction F4 was obtained by refluxing in ethanol, filtration and evaporation, liquid-liquid extraction in ethyl acetate until exhaustion, drying and separation by RP-18 using methane-water (MeOH-H 2 0) as mobile phase in proportions 1: 1, 7: 3 and 9: 1.
- the fractions obtained were dried and evaluated in different in vitro models to determine biological activities.
- One of the fractions obtained during fractionation with the MeOH: H 2 O 7: 3 solvent system was called bioactive fraction F4.
- the S3 fraction was obtained by extraction in Soxhlet with 4L of petrol, dichloromethane (CH 2 CI 2 ), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and EtOH 96% for 48 h.
- the extracts were filtered and evaporated to dryness.
- the EtOAc extract was flocculated with an EtOH: H 2 O mixture and subjected to heating at 65 ° C for 20min.
- the supernatant was recovered by filtration and was percolated through Silica Gel G-60 with CH 2 CI 2 , EtOAc and EtOH 96%.
- the EtOAc fraction was recovered and fractionated on a Silica Gel G-60 column (30 x 4cm) and eluted with CH 2 CI 2 and EtOAc (7: 3), (1: 1), EtOAc and EtOH 96%.
- the fraction called S3 corresponds to the fraction eluted with the solvent system CH 2 CI 2 and EtOAc (7: 3).
- the bioactive fraction FAST decreases the clonogenic capacity in the 4T1 and K562 cell lines (example 2, figure 2), additionally inducing an alteration of the glucose metabolism reflected by an increase in the expression of Pyruvate kinase by the tumor cells treated with the fraction, determined by real-time PCR (example 3, figure 3).
- the fraction was characterized by spectroscopic techniques, such as high efficiency liquid chromatography (HPLC) - ultraviolet (UV) and mass spectroscopy (MS) ( Figure 4) using a mass spectrometer LC-TOF (liquid chromatography coupled with flight time ) equipped with an ESI source (electro spray ion) in positive and negative ion, which allowed to establish the presence of the following compounds, by the replication technique:
- HPLC high efficiency liquid chromatography
- UV ultraviolet
- MS mass spectroscopy
- the FAST fraction comprises the following marker compounds in the following proportion:
- the bioactive fraction F4 has multiple antitumor activities inducing an increase in the apoptotic population (Go / G) with an increase in the G 2 phase of the cell cycle of different tumor lines. It also induces reorganization of actin filaments at the cytoskeleton level and DNA fragmentation independent of the mitochondrial pathway (Examples 4 to 7, figures 5 to 8).
- the fraction was characterized by spectroscopic techniques, such as HPLC-PDA ( Figure 9) and MS-MALDI-TOF ( Figure 10).
- the bioactive fraction F4 has seven (7) characteristic peaks in an HPLC analysis (column C18, 5 pm (2.1 x150 mm) Waters) with PDA detector in a mobile phase H 2 O: ACN (4: 6).
- the bioactive fraction S3 decreases cell viability in a dose-dependent manner by inducing early non-reversible depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane (without affecting the phases of the cell cycle) in different human and murine tumor lines (Examples 8 to 1, Figures 1 to 13) , likewise, decreases the expression of Hsp70 on cells subjected to shock or not thermal (Figure 14).
- Cell death induced by the S3 fraction associated with morphological changes and coordinated DNA fragmentation suggests that apoptosis is possibly mediated by endogenous activation of endonucleases downstream of the mitochondria.
- the fraction was characterized using an LC-TOF mass spectrometer (Micromass®, UK) equipped with an ESI source in positive and negative ion (Figure 15) and by HPLC-UV.
- compositions of the invention can be formulated as compositions with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, said compositions can be specially designed for oral administration in solid or liquid pharmaceutical forms, for topical administration in heterodispersed forms (W / O creams, OW creams, gels and ointments among others) and for parenteral or rectal administration.
- the compositions of the invention can be administered to humans and other mammals orally, rectally, parenterally, topically, intravaginally, orally or as a nasal or oral spray.
- compositions for oral administration containing the fractions of the invention may include any conventionally used oral forms, such as: tablets, capsules, oral forms and oral liquids, suspensions or solutions.
- the capsules may contain mixtures of the active agents with inert excipients and / or diluents such as: pharmaceutically acceptable starches (for example corn, potato or starch), sugars, artificial sweetening agents, cellulose powders (CMC, MC, EC, HPMC) , flours, jellies and gums among others.
- the tablet compositions can be made by conventional compression methods, wet granulation or dry granulation and excipients such as diluents, lubricants, disintegrants, surface modifying agents (including surfactants), suspending or stabilizing agents, including but not limited to, may be used.
- excipients such as diluents, lubricants, disintegrants, surface modifying agents (including surfactants), suspending or stabilizing agents, including but not limited to, may be used.
- the oral compositions disclosed in the invention may be conventional formulations or delayed or
- the invention includes a pharmaceutical combination for the treatment of cancer comprising a bioactive fraction of Petiveria alliacea or a pharmaceutical composition containing it and at least one immunostimulating agent capable of producing phenotypic and / or functional maturation of dendritic cells. .
- Immunostimulatory agents of the immune response useful within the invention are isolated fractions or compounds of fungi or plants capable of producing phenotypic and / or functional maturation of CDs, preferred examples are polysaccharides and / or glycopeptides obtained from Ganoderma lucidum , Astragalus membraneceus, Grifóla frondosa, Phellinus linteus, Cordyceps militaris, Lentinus edodes, Coriolus versicolor, Agaricus blazei or Petiveria alliacea.
- Ganoderma lucidum is a fungus widely used in China, Korea and Japan that has a history of use in traditional medicine exceeding four millennia. In Japan it is called Reishi or Mannetake, in China and Korea it is called
- Ling Chu, Ling Chih and Ling Zhi (Immortality Fungus).
- the fungus and mycelium contain steroids, lactones, alkaloids, polysaccharides and triterpenes.
- G. lucidum has shown activity as an immune, antiviral and antitumor modulator, within its active metabolites a glycopeptide (PS-G) has been isolated, corresponding 95% to a (1 ⁇ 6) - branched D-glucan and a 5% peptide, which has shown antineoplastic activity (Wang et al., 1997), increased cytotoxic activity in NK cells and increased release of TNF- ⁇ and IFN- ⁇ in macrophages and lymphocytes, respectively (Lee et al., 1995).
- PS-G induces significant changes in the phenotype and function of CD (Lin et al., 2005).
- Astragalus membraneceus (Bunge) is a Chinese plant widely known for its immunomodulatory activity.
- Several polysaccharides have been isolated from their roots, including: Astragalan I, which is a neutral 36KD heterosaccharide containing glucose, galactose and arabinose, astragalan II and III corresponding to 12 and 34kD ⁇ -glucans , respectively, AMemP a 60KD acid polysaccharide with a high content of uric acid, AMonS a 76KD acid polysaccharide composed of arabinose, galactose, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid in 18: 18: 1: 1 ratio (Shimizu et al.
- APSID-3 a heteropolysaccharide composed of arabinose, rhamnose and methyl galacturonate (Wang et al., 2006).
- Different fractions of these polysaccharides induce morphological maturation of CD in vitro together with an increase in the expression of CD-11c and MHC class II on the surface, likewise, decrease the phagocytic capacity of the treated CDs (reuptake of FITC-dextran) versus to immature CDs (Shao, et al., 2006).
- Grifóla frondosa known as Maitake is an edible mushroom with an excellent flavor and aroma, it is a component of a wide variety of traditional Chinese medicines.
- G. frondosa a polysaccharide called fraction D is obtained, which is used as a nutritional supplement in cancer treatment.
- This fraction is obtained from the mycelium or the fruit by means of an extraction in hot water, precipitation with ethanol and subsequently treatment with acetic acid and alkalis, it comprises ⁇ -1, 6- branched glucans in positions ⁇ -1, 3 (grifolan , sonifilan and SSG) and protein with a molecular weight of around 1000KD.
- Fraction D has shown a increased innate and adaptive immune response in normal C3H / HeJ mice, where the results suggest that the fraction induces a dominant Th2 response through macrophage activation and increased production of IL4 and IL10 complementary to the activation of presenting cells of antigen (increased expression of CD69 and CD89) after 4h of administration of the fraction (Kodama, Muraya & Nanba, 2004).
- Phellinus linteus is a perennial Basidiomycete originating in China and Korea from which protein-polysaccharide and acid-type polysaccharide complexes with immunostimulatory properties have been isolated
- the protein-polysaccharide complex has a weight of 73KD and is composed of 73% polysaccharide (mainly glucose and mannose) and a 13% protein fraction (Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu, Pro, Gly, Ala, Val).
- the PPC complex induces a dose-dependent increase in the expression of CD86 and MHC class II costimulatory molecules, as well as a phenotypic maturation accompanied by a decrease in endocytic capacity of in vitro myeloid CDs treated for 24 hours with the complex (Kim, et al. , 2006).
- acid-type polysaccharides have shown activity as stimulants of LT proliferation, tumor growth inhibitors and inducers of phenotypic maturation of CD derived from murine bone marrow, increasing the expression of CD80, CD86, MHC I, MHC II and IL12 and reducing the reuptake of dextran (Park SK, et al, 2003).
- Cordyceps militaris is a parasitic fungus of insects that grows on larvae of Lepidoptera, has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine for its antitumor and hypoglycemic properties, within the bioactive compounds isolated from its mycelium there are nucleosides (cordicepine, opicordine), galactomannan, tryptophan and polysaccharides (Li et al., 2006). The aqueous fraction of C.
- Lentinus edodes known as "shiitake” in Japan and Xiang gu in China is a fungus widely used as food and traditional medicine, its antitumor and immunostimulant activity has been demonstrated in different studies in animals and humans. At least five polysaccharides have been isolated from the active fractions of L.
- edodes within these are the lentinan - commercially available in the US and Europe - is a high molecular weight polysaccharide (450KD) that chemically corresponds to a ⁇ -1, 3- branched glucan with two units of ⁇ -1, 6-D-glucopyranosyl for every five units of linear p-1, 3-glucopyranoside, is soluble in water and is found in very low concentrations (0.02%) in fresh fungi ( Sasaki and Takasuka, 1976), LEM a heteropolysaccharide associated with mycelium-derived protein and KS-2 a ⁇ -mannan peptide that contains the amino acids serine, threonine, alanine and proline.
- 450KD high molecular weight polysaccharide
- LEM a heteropolysaccharide associated with mycelium-derived protein
- KS-2 a ⁇ -mannan peptide that contains the amino acids serine, threonine,
- Aqueous extracts of L. edodes have shown in vitro cytostatic activity evaluated in MCF-7 cells (human breast adenocarcinoma) using the MTT and immunomodulatory cytotoxicity test in terms of mitogenic and co-mitogenic activity established through the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) based on the increase in the proliferation of rat thymocytes to mitogens of LT in vitro (Konilides, et al., 2008).
- LTT lymphocyte transformation test
- Coriolus versicolor is a Basidiomycete fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine with immunostimulant and antitumor properties.
- Different extracts obtained from C. versicolor are marketed in Japan and other countries such as cancer drugs (PSK) or dietary supplements (PSP and VPS).
- PSK cancer drugs
- PSP and VPS dietary supplements
- PSK a protein-bound polysaccharide is mainly composed of a p-1,4-glucan isolated from strain CM-101 induces increased cytokine expression in mononuclear cells human peripheral blood in vitro and increases the expression of TNF- ⁇ and IL-8 in healthy volunteers and patients with gastric cancer.
- PSK promotes phenotypic and functional maturation of CD derived from CD14 + mononuclear cells grown in the presence of PSK, increasing the expression of HLA class II, CD80, CD86 and CD83, decreasing the reuptake of FITC-dextran, increasing the production of IL -12, the reaction of allogeneic mixed lymphocytes and inducing specific antigen cytotoxicity (Kanazawa, et al., 2004).
- PSP a polysaccharide-peptide isolated from strain COV-1 chemically corresponds to a heteropolysaccharide composed of a-1, 4-glucan, ⁇ -1, 3- glucan, rhamnose and arabinose, with a size of 100KD.
- PSP has shown antitumor activity in patients with esophageal, gastric and pulmonary cancer, and also induces the production of IL-2 and IFN- ⁇ and the proliferation of LT in animal models (Ng TB, 1998).
- Another alternative of the invention comprises the use of the bioactive fraction of Petiveria alliacea as an active ingredient for the preparation of medicaments.
- the use of said fraction together with other compounds, fractions or extracts for the preparation of medicines is claimed.
- Also part of the invention is the use of a bioactive fraction of Petiveria alliacea or a composition containing it, as an adjuvant agent of conventional chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer.
- the invention encompasses a kit for the treatment of cancer comprising the composition of the bioactive fraction of Petiveria alliacea, the composition of one or more immunostimulatory agents capable of producing phenotypic or functional maturation of dendritic cells and optionally, the instructions for use.
- the invention includes a method of treatment comprising the sequential administration of at least a bioactive fraction of Petiveria alliacea and in a time interval between 24 hours and 2 weeks, the administration of at least one immunostimulating agent capable of producing phenotypic maturation and / or functional dendritic cells.
- the treatment method comprises the simultaneous or sequential administration of a conventional chemotherapeutic drug together with the bioactive fraction of Petiver ⁇ a alliacea.
- the dosage levels of the immunostimulating fractions and agents in the pharmaceutical combination provided by the invention may vary to obtain the amount of active ingredient required to achieve the desired therapeutic response depending on the physiological and pathological conditions of the subject, the composition and the route of administration.
- the dosage levels selected depend specifically on the particular potency of the fraction, the route of administration, the severity of the condition treated and the previous medical history of the patient to be treated.
- the total daily dose of the fractions and compounds used in the compositions of the invention may vary in the range from 0.001 to 1000 mg / kg / day.
- preferable doses are They are in the range of 0.001 to 5 mg / kg / day.
- the effective daily dose may be divided into multiple doses for administration purposes, consequently the invention comprises single dose compositions containing the effective amount or multiple doses that reach the effective daily dose after several administrations.
- the Mel-Rel cell line was obtained from a Re ⁇ transgenic mouse tumor, and was donated by Dr. Armell Prevost (Cochin Hospital, Paris, France).
- the A375 line (human melanoma cells) was donated by the Research Institute of the Universidad del Rosario.
- NB4 human myeloid leukemia
- K562 human erythroleukemia
- 4T1 murine mammary tumor
- Adherent cells were suspended in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum, L-glutamine (2mM), penicillin (100U / ml), streptomycin (100 ng / ml) and Hepes (0.01M) and maintained at 37 ° C with 5% C0 2 in a humid atmosphere. After reaching 80% confluence, the adherent cells were detached with a trypsin / EDTA mixture for 4 minutes, washed with PBS to stop the enzymatic activity and resuspended in complete medium.
- CMSP human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- EXAMPLE 1 EVALUATION OF CELLULAR DEATH INDUCED BY CRUDE EXTRACTS FROM PETIVERIA ALLIACEA.
- NB4 cells were treated with 250 pg / ml of the different Petiveria alliacea extracts for 24 hours, and the cell viability was calculated with trypan blue. Etoposide at 100 pg / ml was used as a positive control. The results are expressed as a percentage of viability (Figure 1). The figure clearly shows that the ethanolic crude extract (used in the state of the art) induces only 50% mortality of the tumor cells while the extract obtained with ethyl acetate (base of the present invention) induces a near mortality 80%, showing the biological superiority of the invention with respect to the extracts used conventionally.
- the murine 4T.1 cell line (2.5x10 5 cells / well) was seeded in 24-well plates, treated with the FAST 7: 3 fraction at 40 and 20 pg / ml, 100nM Vincristine (conventional chemotherapeutic drug) as a positive control or Ethanol 0.2%, and incubated for 6 hours in a humid atmosphere 37 ° C and 5% CO2. After treatment, the cells were seeded on 0.5% agar plates (20,000 cells / 60mm plates), incubated for 14 days in a humid atmosphere 37 ° C and 5% C02 and stained with violet crystal (0, 4% in ethanol). Colonies with more than 50 cells were counted. The treatments took in triplicate, and the results were expressed as the mean ⁇ SD ( Figure 2).
- the bioactive fraction FAST8 induces a statistically significant decrease in the number of colonies of the 4T1 and K562 lines at concentrations of 40 and 20pg / mL showing the activity of the P. alliacea fraction as an inhibitor of the clonogenic capacity of tumor lines.
- EXAMPLE 3 EXPRESSION OF THE GENE FOR PINUVATO KINASA ISOFORM P-KL IN 4T.1 CELLS TREATED WITH FAST IN KINETICS.
- 4T.1 cells were treated with ETOH (negative control) and FAST (20 pg / ml) for 4, 6, 12, 16 and 24H.
- the RNA from the cells was extracted using trizol and cDNA synthesis was performed using the superscript III enzyme.
- the LightCycler FastStart DNA Master Plus SYBR Green I kit was used for the amplification of the pyruvate kinase gene by PCR-TR.
- a 20-fold increase in mRNA expression encoding the protein was observed. This result confirms the activity of the fraction on glucose metabolism that explains the reported antitumor activity for the fraction of P. alliacea ( Figure 3).
- the cytotoxic activity of the bioactive fraction F4 of Petiveria alliacea was evaluated on the A375 tumor line at concentrations from 125pg / ml to 3.9pg / ml in serial dilutions. Evaluations were performed when more than 50% of the cells were dead or had morphological alterations. After 24h treatment, the cytotoxic activity of the F4 fraction is observed at a concentration of 31.2pg / ml. Similarly, the fraction induces morphological alterations (deformed, elongated and detached cells) at the same concentration (Data not shown).
- the effect on the cell cycle was evaluated for which the cells were synchronized (growth for 3 days in the absence of fetal bovine serum), washed and resuspended in complete medium.
- Adherent cells (4.0 x 10 5 cells / well) were adhered for 24 hours in a 12-well plate and cultured in the presence of the fraction for 24 hours or 48 hours at a concentration of 31.2 pg / ml. In some experiments the cells were analyzed at times of 12, 18, 24 and 48h in order to establish the kinetics of the arrest produced by F4 on the cell cycle.
- the adherent and suspension cells were washed with PBS (with Ca ++ and Mg ++ ) containing 100U / ml RNAse and 5 (g / ml propidium iodide (Sigma, St. Louis, MO ) and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes
- the DNA content per cell was estimated by flow cytometry in a FACScalibur (Becton Dickinson, Fullerton, CA).
- Figure 5B shows the effect of the F4 fraction at a concentration of 31.2 ⁇ g / ml on the cell cycle of the A375 line, analyzed by flow cytometry.
- the graph shows the accumulation in the G2 phase (60%) for cells treated with F4 compared to 18% of cells without treatment. Vincristine induces an arrest in G2 close to 80%.
- EXAMPLE 5 CHANGES IN THE ORGANIZATION OF THE CYTOSKELETE OF A375 CELLS INDUCED BY FRACTION F4.
- A375 and Mel-Rel cells (5x10 4 ) were placed on glass sheets (13 mm diameter) and coated with 6-10 ⁇ g / cm 2 of collagen (SIGMA) for 16h. After 16h the cells were incubated in the presence of the extract for 24h at 37 ° C in a humid atmosphere with 5% C0 2 . The cells were washed with PBS and fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 30 minutes at 4 ° C. The cells are then washed twice with 1% PBS-BSA and incubated with cold acetone for 1min and with Oregon-green conjugated phalloidin (Molecular Probes) diluted in 1% PBS-BSA (1/40) for 30min. The cells were observed by fluorescence microscopy (Olympus, Japan).
- Figure 6 shows in panel B the effect induced by fraction F4 on the architecture and organization of the actin filaments of the cytoskeleton.
- Cells treated with the fraction do not spread and filamentous structures are seen disassembled or reorganized and accumulated in submembrane areas.
- Actin filaments are observed as granules, mainly located at the edges of A375 cells.
- Control cells show considerable organization in the cytoskeleton architecture.
- A375 and Mel-Rel cells (5x10 4 ) were placed on glass sheets (13mm diameter) and coated with 6-10pg / cm 2 of collagen (SIGMA) for 16h. After 80% confluence, the cells were exposed to treatment with the F4 fraction at 31.2pg / ml for 24 h. To perform DAPI staining, the cells were washed with PBS and fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde in PBS. for 30min at 4 ° C. The cells are then washed twice with 1% PBS-BSA and incubated with cold acetone for 1min and with 300nM DAPI (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) for 5min. Changes in cell nuclei after staining were observed by fluorescence microscopy (Olympus, Japan).
- Figure 7 shows the effect of the F4 fraction on DNA fragmentation possibly induced by the activation of endogenous endonucleases in a manner independent of mitochondria.
- a total of 2x10 5 human mononuclear cells per well were cultured in 96-well plates in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA, GibcoBRL). After 12 h of incubation, different concentrations of the F4 fraction (250, 125, 62.5, 31, 2, 15.6, 7.8 and 3.9 pg / ml) or vincristine were added. The cells were then incubated for 30h and 10 ⁇ of 12mM MTT [3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] (Molecular Probes) in PBS was added to each well and incubated for 4h at 37 ° C. The formazan generated was dissolved in 0.01 M SDS-HCI and the optical density was measured at 540 nm using a Multiskan MCC / 340 (Labsystems).
- PHA phytohemagglutinin
- Figure 8 shows the effect of the bioactive fraction on mononuclear cells without treatment with PHA (A) or previously treated with the mitogen (B). It is clearly seen that the F4 fraction has no effect on normal mononuclear cells like vincristine. The lack of effect of vincristine is explained by its specific activity on the cytoskeleton of cells with a high replication rate, such as tumor cells. In other words, the F4 fraction and vincristine have a high specificity of action on tumor cells.
- EXAMPLE 8 EFFECT OF FRACTION S3 ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND VIABILITY OF LINES NB4, MEL-REL AND K562.
- Tumor lines NB4 (A), Mel-Rel (B) and K562 (C) were treated for 24 hours with serial dilutions of fraction S3 (125 to 7.8 pg / ml) of P. alliacea in 96-well plates and observed In inverted microscope (Olympus CH3) to establish morphological changes (determination of intracellular vesicles) and cell viability test (trypan blue).
- the bioactive fraction S3 induces morphological changes on the three cell lines, suggesting cell death via apoptosis and / or necrosis according to the presence of apoptotic bodies and burst cells ( Figure 11).
- the figure shows the activity of the S3 fraction (gray bars) against the positive control - etoposide - (black bars) and the negative control (ethanol).
- the IC50 value (50% cell growth inhibition) calculated using Minitab 14 Probit analysis (MINITAB® Relay 14.1. Minitab Inc. 2003 Statistical Software) was 45pg / ml for the different tumor lines.
- EXAMPLE 9 INDUCTION OF DEPOLARIZATION ON THE MITOCONDRIAL MEMBRANE OF THE NB4, MEL-REL AND K562 LINES BY TREATMENT WITH THE S3 BIOACTIVE FRACTION
- EXAMPLE 10 EFFECT OF S3 BIOACTIVE FRACTION ON DNA FRAGMENTATION.
- Cells stained with Hematoxylin-eosin and DAPI (4 ', 6-diamidin-2-phenylindole) were analyzed by microscopy to study the type of cell death induced by the bioactive fraction S3.
- the cells were treated with the S3 fraction for 24h at 37 ° C and 5% CO2 atmosphere, then they were placed on slide sheets by cyto-centrifugation (cytospin) for 5 min at 500 rpm, fixed with EtOH and stained with hematoxylin ( 2 min) and eosin (45sec). The excess dye is removed with EtOH (3 washes) and the sheets are analyzed and photographed by optical microscopy (Olympus CH30) in 100X magnification.
- the cells were placed on glass sheets (13 mm) previously coated with collagen (6-10 pg / cm2) at a density of 5x10 4 cells per 16h, treated with the S3 fraction for 24h at 37 ° C and atmosphere of CO 2 at 5%. Subsequently washed with (PBS) and fixed with para-formaldehyde (2% in PBS) for 30 min at 4 ° C. After washing twice with PBS-BSA (1%) the cells were incubated in cold acetone 1 min and again washed (PBS-BSA, 1%) and incubated for 5 min with 300nM DAPI (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) . The sheets were observed under the fluorescence microscope (Olympus, Japan).
- NB4 cells were treated under the conditions mentioned with the S3 fraction (31.2pg / ml) and the drug staurosporine as a positive control
- Figure 13 exemplifies the tumor cells with the vehicle (0.2% EtOH) in active mitosis without interference of the normal cell cycle (A), cells treated with fraction S3 (B) and staurosporine (C), which show fragmentation nuclear and chromatin condensation, essential characteristics of cell death by apoptosis.
- K562 cells were incubated in 6-well plates (2 x 10 6 cells / well) in 3 ml of supplemented medium and treated with the S3 fraction (6.2 pg / ml) or quercetin (100 ⁇ ) as a positive control.
- the treated cells were divided into two groups: the first group was incubated for 10 h at 37 ° C and subjected to thermal shock (42 ° C 60 min) in a serological bath and subsequently put into recovery for 4h at 37 ° C.
- the second group was incubated for 15h at 37 ° C. During the procedure the two groups were maintained with the treatment.
- TDLB buffer (1M Tris-HCI pH 8, 5M NaCI, 20% sodium azide, 10% SDS, 10% NP40, 10% sodium deoxycholate, 1% PMSF) for 30 min at 4 ° C.
- the proteins (10 pg / ml) quantified by Bradford (BIORAD) were subjected to electrophoresis (10% polyacrylamide gel) and transferred to PVDF membranes.
- Protein identification was performed using a primary anti-Hsp70 monoclonal antibody (Hsp70 clone 283-48). Protein detection was performed using a West Dura Extended Duration Substrate (Pierce Lab) chemiluminescence kit.
- Figure 14 shows the decrease in the expression of the Hsp70 chaperone protein on K562 cells treated with the S3 fraction subjected to thermal shock (panel A) or without thermal shock (panel B), showing a behavior similar to those treated with quercetin , a flavonoid known for its effect on the decrease on the expression of the Hsp70 protein.
- fraction S3 reduces the expression of Hsp70 with or without thermal shock, it can be assumed that fraction S3 acts on thermal shock factor 1 (HSF1) or its promoter, a mechanism reported in the regulation of expression of Hsp70 for quercetin.
- HSF1 thermal shock factor 1
- dendritic cells are obtained according to the following protocol.
- CMSP From 40 ml of blood anticoagulated with heparin, CMSP were obtained by density gradients with FICOLL-HYPAQUE. Monocytes were separated with anti-CD14 monoclonal antibodies coupled to magnetic beads using the MiniMaCs system (Myltenyi). The cells obtained were washed in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 1% autologous serum. The viability and number of cells were evaluated by trypan blue staining and cell count in Newbauer chamber, respectively.
- the CD14 + cells thus obtained were incubated in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 1% autologous serum in the presence of 35 ng / ml of inteleucine (IL-4) and 50 ng / ml of granulocyte and monocyte growth factor GM-CSF (R&D system) during 5 days of culture, verifying its morphology by light microscopy.
- IL-4 inteleucine
- R&D system granulocyte and monocyte growth factor GM-CSF
- LPS lipopolysaccharide
- EXAMPLE 12 EFFECT OF AN ARIS POLISAC OBTAINED FROM PETIVERIA ALLIACEA ON THE EXPRESSION OF CO-STIMULATING MOLECULES FROM A CD POPULATION OBTAINED FROM CMSP.
- CDs derived from human monocytes were stimulated for 48 hours with the solvent, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and a purified polysaccharide from the aqueous fraction of the aerial part of P. alliacea - PACO - (25pg / ml) in the presence of polymyxin B (PolB ).
- LPS lipopolysaccharide
- Polymyxin B Polymyxin B
- LPS lipopolysaccharide
- mice Eight Balb / c mice were taken per group, to which the tumor was established by inoculation of 10 4 4T1 cells in the breast pad and an equal group of mice in which saline solution was inoculated. After verifying the tumor installation, the mice were treated by intraperitoneal (IP) inoculation of 2mg of the Petiveria alliacea fraction per week, verifying the tumor size weekly. From the second week, the treatment was carried out with the Petiveria fraction and 24 hours later in the second group, the immunostimulating agent was also administered IP at low doses. After 3 weeks, a significant reduction in the size of the tumor in both groups. The analysis of the proliferative response against tumor antigens, performed by a classic proliferation assay, showed that the group of mice treated with the immunostimulatory agent showed a significantly different proliferation from the group treated only with the Petiveria alliacea fraction.
- IP intraperitoneal
- the bioactive fractions of Petiveria alliacea induce cell death by different mechanisms: starting with an alteration in the cytoskeleton, arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle and subsequent death by apoptosis with DNA fragmentation.
- the remains of the tumor cells (apoptotic bodies) can be phagocytosed by the CD, which will subsequently be activated by the immunostimulatory agent, allowing the presentation of the tumor antigens to both CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes, thereby inducing a immune response that allows the control of metastasis developed by tumor cells that have escaped direct antitumor treatment.
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ES10819989T ES2714386T3 (es) | 2009-10-02 | 2010-09-22 | Fracción bioactiva de Petiveria alliacea, composición farmacéutica que la contiene y combinación con agentes inmunoestimulantes para el tratamiento del cáncer |
EP10819989.4A EP2522356B1 (en) | 2009-10-02 | 2010-09-22 | Bioactive fraction of petiveria alliacea, pharmaceutical composition containing same, and combination with immunostimulants for treating cancer |
CA2776446A CA2776446C (en) | 2009-10-02 | 2010-09-22 | Bioactive fraction of petiveria alliacea, pharmaceutical composition containing same, and combination with immunostimulants for treating cancer |
BR112012009362A BR112012009362A2 (pt) | 2009-10-02 | 2010-09-22 | fração bioativa de petiveria alliacea, composição farmacêutica contendo a mesma e combinação com agentes imunoestimulantes para o tratamento de câncer |
US13/499,798 US8734863B2 (en) | 2009-10-02 | 2010-09-22 | Bioactive fraction of Petiveria alliacea, pharmaceutical composition containing same, and combination with immunostimulants for treating cancer |
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CO09108636A CO6270030A1 (es) | 2009-10-02 | 2009-10-02 | Fraccion bioactiva de petivera alliacea composicion farmaceutica que la contiene y combinacion con agentes inmunoestimulantes para el tratamiento de cancer |
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CN105974042A (zh) * | 2016-07-20 | 2016-09-28 | 黑龙江省电力科学研究院 | 一种测定绝缘油中二苄基二硫醚含量的反向高效液相色谱方法 |
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EP2522356A2 (en) | 2012-11-14 |
US20120294897A1 (en) | 2012-11-22 |
BR112012009362A2 (pt) | 2016-06-07 |
CA2776446C (en) | 2020-04-07 |
WO2011039629A3 (es) | 2011-07-14 |
US8734863B2 (en) | 2014-05-27 |
EP2522356A4 (en) | 2013-05-29 |
EP2522356B1 (en) | 2018-12-05 |
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ES2714386T3 (es) | 2019-05-28 |
CA2776446A1 (en) | 2011-04-07 |
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