WO2011013869A1 - Joint d'etancheite pour separateur metallique, a structure double - Google Patents
Joint d'etancheite pour separateur metallique, a structure double Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011013869A1 WO2011013869A1 PCT/KR2009/004357 KR2009004357W WO2011013869A1 WO 2011013869 A1 WO2011013869 A1 WO 2011013869A1 KR 2009004357 W KR2009004357 W KR 2009004357W WO 2011013869 A1 WO2011013869 A1 WO 2011013869A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- gasket
- manifold
- channel
- metal
- metal body
- Prior art date
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Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/16—Making multilayered or multicoloured articles
- B29C45/1671—Making multilayered or multicoloured articles with an insert
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2457—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with both reactants being gaseous or vaporised
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/16—Making multilayered or multicoloured articles
- B29C45/1676—Making multilayered or multicoloured articles using a soft material and a rigid material, e.g. making articles with a sealing part
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0204—Non-porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0206—Metals or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0258—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0267—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors having heating or cooling means, e.g. heaters or coolant flow channels
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0271—Sealing or supporting means around electrodes, matrices or membranes
- H01M8/0273—Sealing or supporting means around electrodes, matrices or membranes with sealing or supporting means in the form of a frame
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0271—Sealing or supporting means around electrodes, matrices or membranes
- H01M8/0276—Sealing means characterised by their form
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0271—Sealing or supporting means around electrodes, matrices or membranes
- H01M8/028—Sealing means characterised by their material
- H01M8/0284—Organic resins; Organic polymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
- H01M8/2483—Details of groupings of fuel cells characterised by internal manifolds
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a gasket for a fuel cell metal separator, and more particularly, to a gasket for a metal separator having a double structure to improve rigidity and airtightness of a thin metal separator of 0.3 mm or less.
- a fuel cell is a cell that directly converts chemical energy generated by the oxidation of fuel into electrical energy.
- a lot of research is being done together.
- Fuel cells generally convert chemical energy into electrical energy using oxidation and reduction reactions of hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen is oxidized at the anode and separated into hydrogen ions and electrons, and the hydrogen ions move through the electrolyte to the cathode. At this time, the electrons move to the anode through the circuit. At the anode, a reduction reaction occurs in which hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen react to form water.
- a unit cell of a fuel cell has low voltage and low practicality, generally, several to hundreds of unit cells are stacked and used.
- a separator is used to make electrical connections between the unit cells and to separate the reaction gas, and a plurality of connected cells are generally called a fuel cell stack. .
- the metal plate has a number of advantages, such as easy to process, can lower the manufacturing cost.
- reaction gas channel and a cooling water channel are formed in the center of a metal body provided in a rectangular shape, and manifolds in which reaction gas flows in and out of each channel are formed. Gaskets are formed around the channels and manifolds to maintain the gas tightness of the reaction gas.
- the thickness of the metal separator is thinner, a study has been made on a thin metal separator having a thickness of 0.3 mm or less. In the case of the thin metal separator, the rigidity is weak.
- An object of the present invention is to first form a first gasket made of a material that can give rigidity, such as reinforced plastic or high hardness rubber when forming a gasket on the metal body to secure the rigidity of the metal body, and then the airtightness such as rubber
- a second gasket made of a material that can be provided to secure the airtightness it is to provide a gasket for a metal separation plate having a double structure that can maintain the rigidity and airtightness even in the case of a thin metal plate of 0.3 mm or less thickness.
- the final object of the present invention is to prevent the deformation of the channel or manifold constituting the metal body during the manufacture of the metal separator plate through the gasket structure having a double structure as described above, and to reduce the springback phenomenon during the manufacture of the metal separator plate It is to let.
- a metal separator plate gasket having a double structure according to an embodiment of the present invention for achieving the above object is formed in the edge region of each of the channel and manifold of the metal body including the channel and the manifold, A first gasket for imparting rigidity to the first gasket; And a second gasket formed on the first gasket to impart airtightness to the channel and the manifold.
- the gasket for a metal separator plate having a double structure is formed by first forming a first gasket made of reinforced plastic or high hardness rubber having a Shore A hardness of 70 or more on the edge region of each of the channel and the manifold of the metal body.
- a first gasket made of reinforced plastic or high hardness rubber having a Shore A hardness of 70 or more on the edge region of each of the channel and the manifold of the metal body.
- rigidity can be imparted, and then, by forming a second gasket made of a material such as rubber, there is an advantage of providing airtightness to the metal plate.
- the metal separating plate to which the gasket having the double structure according to the present invention is applied can give rigidity to the metal body, and also the effect of preventing deformation of the manifold portion and reducing springback can be obtained.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows an embodiment of a gasket for a metal separator plate having a double structure according to the present invention.
- Figure 2 schematically shows that a gasket having a double structure according to the present invention is formed on the edge of each of the channel and manifold of the metal separator plate.
- FIG. 3 is a plan view illustrating an example of a metal separator plate for a fuel cell to which a gasket having a double structure according to the present invention is applied.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows an embodiment of a gasket for a metal separator plate having a double structure according to the present invention.
- double-sided gaskets 120 and 130 are formed on both surfaces of a metal body 110 including a channel and a manifold.
- first gaskets 120 are formed on both surfaces of the metal body 110.
- the first gasket 120 is formed of a material that can give rigidity, such as reinforced plastic or high hardness rubber.
- the reinforcing plastic is mainly a reinforcing material for adding strength to the thermosetting matrix resin is added, and is a plastic having excellent mechanical strength and heat resistance.
- the matrix resin constituting the reinforced plastic may be used alone or in combination of two or more types of unsaturated polyester resin, epoxy resin, polyimide resin, phenol resin, and the like.
- the reinforcing material added to the matrix resin may be glass fiber, carbon fiber, aromatic nylon fiber, or the like.
- the high hardness rubber is added to the general rubber material additives such as carbon black, silica, continuous fibers, Shore A hardness of 70 or more after curing, imparting impact resistance and rigidity.
- the first gasket 120 is formed of a material that can give rigidity, such as reinforced plastic or high hardness rubber, to impart rigidity to the metal body 110, and thereby, the second gasket 130. ),
- the metal body can be prevented from being deformed during the formation of the metal plate or the fabrication of the metal separator plate, and the deformation and springback phenomenon of the manifold portion can be reduced.
- the metal body 110 includes a channel and a manifold, which are disposed in a predetermined area of the metal separator plate.
- the channel includes a reactant gas channel and a coolant channel
- the manifold may include a reactant gas inlet manifold, a coolant inlet manifold, a reactant gas outlet manifold, a coolant outlet manifold, and the like.
- the first gasket 120 as described above, the metal body 110, in particular, the first gasket 120 is to give rigidity to the thin metal body of less than 0.3mm thickness, reinforcement having a light and high strength It may be made of plastic or hard rubber, and may be formed by injection molding or other methods.
- the second gasket 130 is for securing airtightness such as a channel and a manifold, and may be formed of a rubber material that is easily molded.
- the rubber for forming the second gasket 130 may be, for example, silicone rubber, but is not limited thereto.
- the second gasket 130 may increase the airtightness of the metal body 110, that is, to completely seal the reaction gas and the cooling water of the channel and the manifold, as shown in FIG. 1, the first gasket 110. Some may be embedded in the thickness direction. This may be achieved by setting the molding pressure higher than the molding pressure of the first gasket 110 at the time of injection molding, for example, a rubber material for forming the second gasket 130.
- Figure 2 schematically shows that the gasket according to the present invention is formed at the edge of each of the channel and manifold of the metal separator plate.
- the metal separating plate may include a metal body 210 in which channel regions 211 and manifolds 212a and 212b are formed, and channels formed in the channel region 211 of the metal body 210.
- the metal body 210 includes a plurality of manifolds 212a and 212b.
- the channel formed in the channel region 211 may include a reactant gas channel and a coolant channel
- the plurality of manifolds 212a and 212b may include a reactant gas inlet manifold, a coolant inlet manifold, a reactant gas discharge manifold, and a coolant Discharge manifold, or the like.
- a first gasket 220 is formed in an edge region surrounding each of the channel and the manifold, and a second gasket 230 is formed on the first gasket 220.
- the first gasket may be formed at the edge area of each of the channel and the manifold, as well as the portion where the sealing is required in the metal separator plate.
- the first gasket 220 is formed of a material capable of imparting rigidity, such as reinforced plastic or high hardness rubber.
- the first gasket 220 is formed at the edge of each of the channels and manifolds by injection molding or other methods, and gives rigidity to the metal body 210 through the first gasket 220.
- the first gasket 220 made of a reinforced plastic or a hard rubber material is formed, sufficient rigidity can be given to a metal body having a thickness of 0.3 mm or less according to the tendency of thinning of the metal separator plate.
- the second gasket 230 is formed, there is an effect of preventing deformation of the metal body.
- the second gasket 230 may be formed of a material capable of imparting airtightness, such as rubber, and the rubber may be silicon rubber or the like.
- the second gasket 220 is formed on the upper portion of the first gasket 220 by an injection molding method, and the airtightness of each of the metal body 210, specifically, the channel and the manifolds, is formed through the second gasket 230. Grant.
- the double structure of the first gasket 220 and the second gasket 230 shown in FIG. 2 may be formed by various methods, and may represent a double injection molding.
- first injection molding with reinforced plastic or hard rubber a first gasket for providing rigidity to the metal body including the channel and the manifold is formed, and then second injection molding with silicon rubber or the like to form the first gasket.
- second injection molding with silicon rubber or the like to form the first gasket.
- second gasket for imparting airtightness to the metal body.
- FIG. 3 is a plan view illustrating an example of a metal separator plate for a fuel cell to which a gasket having a double structure according to the present invention is applied.
- the metal separating plate has a first reaction gas inlet manifold 320, a coolant inlet manifold 324, and a second reaction gas inlet on one side in a length direction of the metal body 300 having a rectangular shape.
- Manifold 328 is formed.
- the first reaction gas discharge manifold 360, the cooling water discharge manifold 364, and the second reaction gas discharge manifold 368 are formed at the other side facing the one side.
- the reaction gas channel 340 and the coolant channel 345 are formed at the center of the metal body 300.
- a part of the long direction of the rectangular metal body 300 is omitted.
- the reaction gas channel 340 protrudes from the first surface of the metal body to the second surface, and may be formed by a stamping process by a press machine, and the cooling water channel 345 may be formed in the extruded portion of the reaction gas channel 340. It is formed between the parts.
- first reaction gas inlet manifold 320, the cooling water inlet manifold 324, and the second reaction gas inlet manifold 328 may be defined by an integrated polymer frame structure.
- first reaction gas discharge manifold 360, the cooling water discharge manifold 364, and the second reaction gas discharge manifold 368 may also be defined by an integrated polymer framework structure.
- the first reaction gas inlet manifold 320, the cooling water inlet manifold 324, and the second reaction gas inlet manifold 328 may not be divided from the first in the metal body itself. That is, the metal body itself may be formed of one manifold, and thereafter, one portion for dividing the first reaction gas inlet manifold 320 and the coolant inlet manifold 324 in the frame structure for forming the manifold. It may be divided into a plurality of manifolds by including an installment 322 and another partition 326 that divides the coolant inlet manifold 324 and the second reaction gas inlet manifold 328. The same may be applied to the first reaction gas discharge manifold 360, the cooling water discharge manifold 364, and the second reaction gas discharge manifold 368 through the partitions 362 and 366.
- reaction gas inlet hole 335 and a reaction gas outlet hole 350 are formed in a region between the plurality of manifolds 320, 324, 328, 360, 364, 368 and the reaction gas channel 340.
- the metal divider plate having such a structure is not formed in the metal body of the partitions 322, 326, 362 and 366 and the reaction gas inflow holes 335 and 350, and thus may be integrated into the polymer frame structure for forming the manifold, thereby providing rigidity of the entire metal separator plate. And there is an advantage to improve the airtightness, and through the improvement of the characteristics of such a metal separator plate can also improve the cell efficiency, life characteristics, etc. of the fuel cell.
- a gasket is formed to ensure the airtightness of each of the four sides and the plurality of manifolds of the channel region where the channel including the reaction gas channel 340 and the coolant channel 345 is formed.
- the gasket is formed in a double structure of the first gasket 330 and the second gasket 331 formed on the first gasket 330 to surround the channel region and the edge of each of the manifolds. do.
- the first gasket 330 is formed of reinforced plastic or high hardness rubber to impart rigidity of the metal body 300, and the second gasket 331 formed on the first gasket 330 is silicone rubber. It is formed of a material that can impart airtightness such as to impart airtightness to each of the channel and the plurality of manifolds. As described above, the first gasket 330 and the second gasket 331 may be formed through double injection or other methods.
- a plurality of metal separator plates for fuel cells having the structure shown in FIG. 3 are stacked and combined to form a fuel cell stack, wherein a membrane-electrode assembly for producing electricity in a region between the metal separator plates is included; MEA) is inserted.
- MEA membrane-electrode assembly for producing electricity in a region between the metal separator plates
- the structure of the separator shown in Figure 3, in particular the double gasket structure (330, 331) can improve the airtightness between each metal separator plate or between the metal separator plate and the membrane-electrode assembly, thereby providing a stable reaction gas Supply and discharge can be performed.
- the first reaction gas inlet manifold 320 and the second reaction gas inlet manifold 328 serve to supply a reaction gas such as hydrogen or oxygen to the reaction gas channel 340 of the metal body 300.
- a reaction gas such as hydrogen or oxygen
- the reaction gas channel 340 is provided through the second reaction gas inlet manifold 328.
- the supplied second reaction gas becomes hydrogen, on the contrary, when the first reaction gas is hydrogen, the second reaction gas becomes oxygen.
- the coolant introduced into the metal body 300 through the coolant inflow manifold 324 flows along the coolant channel 345 to cool the reaction heat of the fuel cell, and the metal body 300 through the coolant discharge manifold 364. ) It is discharged to the outside.
- Reaction gases introduced into the respective reaction gas inlet manifolds 320 and 328 are led to the reaction gas channel 340, and react with the electrodes (not shown) to flow along the surface of the metal body 300.
- a gas diffusion layer may be further formed between the metal body 300 and the electrode to facilitate the flow of the reaction gases.
- the metal body 300 of the metal material may be formed in a thin plate shape having a thickness of 0.3 mm or less in order to reduce the stack volume of the fuel cell, and in this case, the double gasket structure according to the present invention, in particular, reinforced plastic or hard rubber, etc. Stiffness is given to the metal body 300 through the first gasket 330 of the same material to prevent deformation of the metal body 300 to the maximum, and also to prevent deformation of the manifold portion and to reduce springback. have.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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Abstract
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2012522735A JP5509330B2 (ja) | 2009-07-31 | 2009-08-04 | 金属分離板用ガスケット及び金属分離板用ガスケット形成方法 |
CN2009801607343A CN102473929A (zh) | 2009-07-31 | 2009-08-04 | 具有双重结构的金属分离板用垫片 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR20090071021 | 2009-07-31 | ||
KR10-2009-0071021 | 2009-07-31 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2011013869A1 true WO2011013869A1 (fr) | 2011-02-03 |
Family
ID=43529508
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/KR2009/004357 WO2011013869A1 (fr) | 2009-07-31 | 2009-08-04 | Joint d'etancheite pour separateur metallique, a structure double |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP5509330B2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN102473929A (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2011013869A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR102453383B1 (ko) * | 2015-10-19 | 2022-10-07 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 이차 전지 모듈 |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR20050095725A (ko) * | 2004-03-27 | 2005-09-30 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 복합 가스켓을 포함하는 연료전지스택용 단셀 구조 |
KR20080022812A (ko) * | 2006-09-07 | 2008-03-12 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 연료전지 스택용 금속 분리판의 적층성 향상을 위한 구조 |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3809491B2 (ja) * | 1997-10-29 | 2006-08-16 | アイシン高丘株式会社 | 燃料電池用セパレータ |
DE19962682A1 (de) * | 1999-12-23 | 2001-07-05 | Siemens Ag | Brennstoffzellenstack, die Verwendung eines Brennstoffzellenstacks und ein Verfahren zur Montage eines Brennstoffzellenstacks |
JP2002158018A (ja) * | 2000-11-16 | 2002-05-31 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 燃料電池 |
JP3571696B2 (ja) * | 2001-01-30 | 2004-09-29 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 燃料電池及び燃料電池スタック |
JP4420166B2 (ja) * | 2001-03-02 | 2010-02-24 | Nok株式会社 | 燃料電池用構成部品の製造方法 |
JP4530122B2 (ja) * | 2001-03-09 | 2010-08-25 | Nok株式会社 | ガスケット |
JP4852840B2 (ja) * | 2004-11-17 | 2012-01-11 | 日産自動車株式会社 | セパレータ |
-
2009
- 2009-08-04 WO PCT/KR2009/004357 patent/WO2011013869A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2009-08-04 JP JP2012522735A patent/JP5509330B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-08-04 CN CN2009801607343A patent/CN102473929A/zh active Pending
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR20050095725A (ko) * | 2004-03-27 | 2005-09-30 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 복합 가스켓을 포함하는 연료전지스택용 단셀 구조 |
KR20080022812A (ko) * | 2006-09-07 | 2008-03-12 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 연료전지 스택용 금속 분리판의 적층성 향상을 위한 구조 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN102473929A (zh) | 2012-05-23 |
JP5509330B2 (ja) | 2014-06-04 |
JP2013500568A (ja) | 2013-01-07 |
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