WO2011010016A2 - Tige de forage et garniture de forage correspondante - Google Patents
Tige de forage et garniture de forage correspondante Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011010016A2 WO2011010016A2 PCT/FR2010/000521 FR2010000521W WO2011010016A2 WO 2011010016 A2 WO2011010016 A2 WO 2011010016A2 FR 2010000521 W FR2010000521 W FR 2010000521W WO 2011010016 A2 WO2011010016 A2 WO 2011010016A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- housing
- rod
- inertia
- rod according
- drill
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/01—Devices for supporting measuring instruments on drill bits, pipes, rods or wirelines; Protecting measuring instruments in boreholes against heat, shock, pressure or the like
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
- E21B17/10—Wear protectors; Centralising devices, e.g. stabilisers
- E21B17/1085—Wear protectors; Blast joints; Hard facing
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/007—Measuring stresses in a pipe string or casing
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of research and exploitation of oil or gas deposits in which rotary drill rods consisting of tabular components such as standard and possibly heavy drilling rods and other tabular elements are used. , including drill collars at the bottom hole assembly, assembled end to end, depending on the drilling requirements.
- the invention more particularly relates to a profiled element for a drilling equipment, rotary or non-rotating, such as a rod or a heavy rod, disposed in the body of a drill string.
- Such trimmings may in particular make it possible to carry out deviated drillings, that is to say drillings whose inclination can be varied with respect to the vertical or the direction in azimuth during drilling. Deviated drilling can today reach depths of the order of 2 to 6 lcm and horizontal displacements of the order of 2 to 14 km.
- the downhole assemblies near the bit may be provided with measuring instruments.
- the knowledge of what is happening in the drill string, that is, between the downhole assembly and the surface, remains very incomplete, making optimization of the construction of the drill string and the problematic drilling process.
- the invention improves the situation.
- a drill pipe is adapted to be mounted in a drill string of a drill string for drilling a hole, generally with circulation of a drilling fluid around the drill pipe and in a direction from a downhole drill to the surface.
- the drill string includes a drill string and a downhole assembly.
- the rod comprises a first end comprising a female thread and having a first inertia, a second end comprising a male thread and having a second inertia, a first intermediate zone close to the first end and having a third inertia, a second intermediate zone close to the second end and having a fourth inertia, and a substantially tabular central zone of outside diameter less than the maximum outside diameter at least the first or second end and having a fifth inertia.
- the third and fourth inertias are each less than the first and second inertia and the fifth inertia is less than the third and fourth inertia.
- the rod comprises a housing attached to the rod on a portion of the outer surface thereof, at least one physical magnitude sensor disposed in the housing, and at least one data transmission / storage member connected to an output of the sensor , the housing being at a distance from the first and second ends, the housing being integral with the central zone at a distance from the first and second intermediate zones and having a lower inertia than the first and second inertias.
- a drill string may comprise a drill string, a downhole assembly, and a drill bit, the downhole assembly being connected to the drill bit, the drill string being disposed between the downhole assembly and a drill bit member. driving the drill string to the surface, the drill string comprising a plurality of rods described above. Said rods are mounted at selected locations according to the indications of a model for calculating the mechanical behavior of the drillings.
- Figure 1 is an axial sectional view of an instrumented drill rod
- Figs. 1A-1C are cross-sectional views of the drill pipe of Fig. 1 in an end section, in an intermediate zone and in a central section;
- Figure 2 is a sectional view along a radial plane of the drill rod of Figure 1;
- Figure 3 is a sectional view along a radial plane of another embodiment of the drill rod of Figure 1;
- Figure 4 is an axial sectional view of an instrumented drill rod
- FIG. 5 is an axial sectional view of an instrumented drill rod
- Figure 6 is an axial sectional view of an instrumented drill rod
- Figure 7 is a detail view in axial section of a drill pipe of the type of Figures 1 or 4 to 6;
- Figure 8 is a partial elevational view of a rod with multiple housings
- FIG. 9 is a sectional view along IX-IX of Figure 8.
- Figure 10 is a sectional view along X-X of Figure 8.
- Figures 11 and 12 are schematic views of drillings comprising instrumented rods disposed at two distinct depths;
- Fig. 13 is a diagram of a method for determining the optimal position of the instrumented rods in a drill string
- Fig. 14 is a diagram of a method of calibrating a model for estimating mechanical loads in a drill string
- Figure 15 gives two curves of parameters estimated from discrete measurements as a function of the rank of the rods
- FIG. 16 is a diagram of a method for calibrating a model for evaluating the mechanical performance of a drill string
- Figure 17 gives two parameter curves estimated from discrete measurements as a function of depth.
- Fig. 18 is a sectional view along a radial plane of another embodiment of the drill pipe of Fig. 1;
- Figures 19 to 22 are cross-sectional views of the drill pipe of Figure 18 in an end section, in an intermediate zone and in an end section;
- Fig. 23 is a detail view of Fig. 18;
- Fig. 24 is a detail view of Fig. 20;
- FIG. 25 is a detailed variant of FIG. 18;
- Fig. 26 is a variant of Fig. 18;
- Figure 27 is a curve of bending stress versus position on the axis of the rod, for several states of loading.
- Figure 28 is an axial sectional view of a drill pipe.
- a drillpole When digging a well, a drillpole is placed on the ground or on a platform at sea to drill a hole in the soil layers.
- a drill string is suspended in the hole and includes a drill bit such as a drill bit at its lower end.
- the drill string can be rotated as a whole by a drive mechanism, actuated by means not shown, for example hydraulic.
- the drive mechanism may then include a drive rod at the upper end of the drill string.
- a drilling fluid or mud is stored in a tank.
- a slurry pump delivers drilling fluid to the interior of the drill string through the central orifice of the injection head, forcing the drilling fluid to flow downwardly through the drill string.
- the drilling fluid then exits the drill string through bit channels and back into the generally annular form space formed between the outside of the drill string and the wall of the hole.
- the drilling fluid lubricates the drill bit and moves excavated excavation material through the drill bit from the bottom of the hole to the surface.
- the drilling fluid is then filtered for reuse.
- the downhole assembly may comprise drill collar, ensuring by their mass the support of the drill bit against the bottom of the hole.
- the downhole assembly may also comprise components (MWD, LWD, subs ...) provided with measuring sensors, for example pressure, temperature, stress, inclination, resistivity, etc. Signals from the sensors can be brought to the surface by a wired telemetry system.
- a plurality of electro-magnetic couplers may be interconnected within the drill string to form a communication link.
- Both ends of a drilling component are equipped with communication couplers. The two couplers of the component are connected by a cable, substantially along the length of the component.
- the Applicant has also found better control of the upset of the drill cuttings, a better margin of safety in overtraction and over-torsion, a good maintenance of the mechanical integrity of the threaded connections, a reduction of wear and tear. abrasion of the inner wall of the wellbore, and a reduction in the risk of jamming of the drill string during a raising maneuver.
- a drill pipe may comprise threaded elements and a tube welded end to end.
- the welding of the tube to the element can be performed by friction.
- Said element can be machined from a short piece of large diameter, while the tube can be of smaller diameter, resulting in a very large reduction in the mass of metal to be machined and the amount of waste to the same. machining.
- Said element may have a length of the order of 0.2 to 1.5 meters.
- the drill string may also include stems, heavy rods, drill bits, stabilizers, etc.
- At least one drill pipe comprises a housing equipped with measurement sensors.
- the housing can be equipped with at least one temperature sensor, a deformation sensor (or strain gauge), a pressure sensor, an accelerometer, a magnetometer, etc.
- the strain gauge is capable of measuring the various components of the tensor of strains and stresses (voltages and shears) and thereby of determining axial, circumferential, torsional or flexural stresses and deformations, in particular buckling.
- the accelerometer allows, if it is oriented in a plane normal to the axis of the rod, to measure a lateral acceleration and the vibrations undergone by the rod.
- the accelerometer allows, if it is oriented in the axis of the rod, to measure an axial acceleration and the inclination of the rod.
- the magnetometer (direction and intensity sensor of the magnetic field) allows to know the angular orientation of the instrumented rod vis-à-vis the Earth's magnetic field and the speed of rotation of the rod.
- the drill string comprises at least one rod according to the patent application FR 2 851 608 and / or according to the patent application FR 2 927 936 to which the reader is invited to refer.
- the components of the drill string are made in tabular form and are connected together end to end, so that their central channels are in the extending from one another and constituting a continuous central space for the flow of a drilling fluid from top to bottom between the surface from which drilling is carried out to the bottom of the hole in which the drill bit is working.
- the drilling fluid or mud then rises in an annular space delimited between the wall of the borehole and the outer surface of the drill string.
- the drilling fluid during its ascent to the outside of the drill pipe, causes debris geological formations traversed by the drilling tool to the surface from which the drilling is carried out.
- the drill string is adapted to facilitate the upward flow of drilling fluid into the annulus between the liner and the well wall. It is intended to drive the drilling debris efficiently and to provide a scan of the borehole wall and the bearing surfaces of the packing to facilitate the advancement of the drill string within the hole.
- the characteristics of a drill string contribute to the fundamental properties of quality, performance and safety of the general drilling process, whether during the digging phases proper or during the maneuvering phases between the bottom and the surface.
- the evolutions of hydrocarbon research require the realization of trajectory profiles more and more complex and in geological conditions more and more extreme. Hydrocarbons are currently being investigated at depths generally greater than four kilometers and at horizontal distances from the fixed facility that may exceed ten kilometers.
- the Applicant has realized that the particular geological, mechanical and hydraulic characteristics in the region of the drill string were poorly known.
- the downhole assembly may be equipped with sensors to provide data relating to events occurring at the bottom of the hole.
- US 2005/0279532 discloses the principle of a distributed sensor drill string. However, the precise arrangement of a sensor and a drill pipe remains ignored.
- Document WO 2005/086691 mentions a sensor mounted at the end of a rod in a very thick zone and, moreover, a sensor housed in a covering element.
- the very thick zone of high inertia and therefore not very sensitive to bending and torsion, does not allow precise detection of the corresponding forces.
- the cover element is fragile both outside and outside the borehole.
- the constitution of a drill pipe must meet high and often contradictory requirements of thickness, tensile rigidity, buckling and torsion, resistance to fatigue, the internal pressure and the external pressure, dismantling (unscrewing), sealing of connections, outside diameter, hydraulic head loss both inside and outside, moving the sludge outside, low friction on the walls of the well, resistance to aggressive chemical compounds such as H 2 S, data transmission, etc.
- the Applicant has developed an improved drill pipe provided with at least one sensor making it possible, among other things, to measure the buckling behavior of the stem and the surrounding rods.
- the model for calculating the mechanical behavior of drill string is called a calculation model.
- the rod 1 has a general shape of revolution about an axis 2 which substantially constitutes the axis of the borehole, when the rod 1 of a drill string is in a position of service within a borehole made by a tool such as a bit disposed at the end of the drill string.
- Axis 2 is the axis of rotation of the drill string.
- the rod 1 has a tabular shape, a channel 3 of substantially cylindrical shape being formed in the central part of the rod 1.
- the components of the drill string in particular the rods of the drill string, are made of tabular fo ⁇ ne and are connected together end to end, so that their central channels 3 are in the extension of one of the other and provide a continuous central space for circulating a drilling fluid from top to bottom, between the surface from which drilling is performed to the bottom of the borehole where the drill tool is working.
- the fluid or drilling mud then rises in an annular space delimited between the wall of the borehole and the outer surface of the drill string.
- a drill string may comprise rods, heavy rods, drill collars, stabilizers or couplings.
- drill rod or rod used here designates, unless otherwise stated, both the drill rods and the heavy rods ("heavy weight drill pipe” in English) generally located between the drill string and the drill pipe. bottom hole assembly in English.
- the rods are screwed together by screwing into a drill string which is an important part of the length of the drill string.
- the Applicant has realized that physical magnitudes along the drill string, that is, between the surface and the downhole assembly, are of great importance. It is important to measure and exploit these measures. Indeed, the drill string rubs in rotation and in translation against the wall of the drilled hole. The friction causes a slow but nevertheless significant wear of the components of the drill string and a relatively fast wear of the walls of the drilled hole or the casing already in place which may call into question the mechanical integrity of the casing and therefore cause a problem of stability of the casings. walls of well. The friction between the drill rods and the walls of the drilled hole can lead to keyseat that is detrimental to the drilling operation. The invention makes it possible to reduce these risks.
- the rod 1 can be made of high strength steel, in monobloc form of origin or obtained in sections and then welded together. More particularly, the profiled rod 1 may comprise two relatively short end section sections 6 and 7 (length less than 1 meter, for example close to 0.50 m), see FIG. 1A, forming stems assembly connectors " tool-j anoints ", two intermediate zones 4, 5, of length less than 1 meter, for example close to 0.50 m, see Figure IB, and a central tabular section 8 length of more than ten meters, see Figure IC, welded together.
- the central section 8 may have a substantially smaller outer diameter than the end sections (for example respectively 149.2 mm and 184.2 mm) and an inside diameter substantially larger than the end sections (for example respectively 120 , 7 and 111.1 mm). In this way, the inertia (or quadratic moment) of the end sections 6, 7 with respect to the axis of the rod 1 can be much greater (for example 3 to 6 times greater) than that of the central section 8.
- the manufacture of the central section 8 long apart short end sections 6, 7 can significantly reduce the amount of waste, including chips machining. In this way a considerably higher material yield is obtained.
- the central section 8 may be in the form of the central part of a substantially constant bore tube and of a substantially constant outside diameter (nominal diameter of the drill pipe), with an excess thickness at the ends towards the sections 6 and 7. obtained by reducing the internal diameter ("internai upset" in English) to facilitate the connection by welding to said sections 6 and 7.
- the intermediate zones 4 and 5 comprise these thickened ends and connect the sections 6 and 7 to the central section 8.
- the intermediate zones have inertias relative to the axis of the rod 1 below the inertia of the sections 6 and 7 and greater than the inertia of the central section 8.
- the section 6 (or tool-j female socket) comprises a female connection portion 9 of cylindrical outer annular outer surface having a bore provided with a female thread 9a for connection to a male thread of another rod 1.
- the connecting portion 9 may be according to the API 7 specification or according to US6153840 or US7210710 to which the reader is invited to refer.
- the connecting portion 9 constitutes the free end of the end section 6.
- the section 7 (male tool-seal) comprises a male connection portion 10 of cylindrical outer annular surface having a male thread 10a for connection to a female thread of another rod 1.
- Male thread 10a is in form concordance with the female thread of another rod.
- the connecting portion 10 constitutes the free end of the end section 7.
- the rod 1 comprises a housing 11 disposed around the central section 8 substantially at mid-distance between the sections 6 and 7.
- the housing 11 may be disposed at a distance from the sections 6 and 7 greater than or equal to at the length of said sections 6, 7, preferably at a distance from the intermediate zones 4 and 5 greater than or equal to the length of said sections 6, 7.
- the housing 11 may be at a distance from the first and second intermediate zones 4, 5 between 40 and 60% of the distance between the first intermediate zone 4 and the second intermediate zone 5.
- the housing 11 has a substantially annular outer shape.
- the housing 11 here has a cylindrical outer surface of revolution 11a concentric with the central section 8 connecting to the outer surface of the central section 8 by a substantially frustoconical surface upstream 11b and a substantially frustoconical surface downstream l ie forming a longitudinal profile limiting the pressure drops at the flow of the drilling fluid loaded with drilling debris around the rod (in the ring between the wall of the hole and the rod).
- the angle of the generatrix of these frustoconical surfaces 11b, l ie can be less than or equal to 30 °.
- the substantially frustoconical surfaces upstream 11b and downstream i ie have fillets connecting to adjacent cylindrical surfaces (radius of these leaves preferably greater than 10 mm).
- the outer surface l ia has an outer diameter less than or equal to the outer diameter of the end sections 6, 7. More specifically, to take account of rotundity imperfections of the housing 11 and the end sections 6, 7, the surface outer lia may be inscribed in a circle whose maximum outside diameter is less than or equal to the maximum diameter of the end sections 6, 7.
- the housing 11 may comprise a body 12, also called base, and one or more covers 13.
- the body 12 forms a boss with respect to the central section 8.
- the body 12 has an outer surface tangent with the outer surface of the central section 8.
- the body 12 is preferably integral with the central section 8, for example come forging ("external upset" in English) or machining, so that the body 12 is subjected to the same constraints as the central section 8.
- the body 12 and the cover 13 delimit a housing 14, here of substantially parallelepiped shape.
- the housing 11 has an outside diameter less than the maximum diameter of the rod so as to be protected from abrasion by the walls of the hole and as short as possible, less than 200 mm, for example of the order of 150 mm.
- the outer diameter of the housing 11 is advantageously chosen so that the inertia of the housing 11 relative to the axis is not too much greater than that of the neighboring central section, for example between 100% and 200%, and preferably between 130 and 180%, of the inertia of the central section. It is also preferable that the inertia with respect to the axis of the casing 11 is less than or equal to that of the intermediate zones 4 and 5.
- the cover 13 may be in the form of a convexly curved outer surface plate in section transverse, cf. Figure 2, in shape with the outer surface of the body 12, and flat or concave inner surface.
- the cover 13 can seal the housing 14 in a liquid-tight manner, including at the high service pressures encountered during hydrocarbon or geothermal drilling, for example by means of a peripheral seal made of synthetic material of the kind elastomer.
- the fixing of the cover 13 can be provided by screws.
- the rim of the cover 13 in contact with the body 12 may be provided with at least one bead or groove forming a baffle improving the sealing.
- the rod 1 comprises at least one sensor 15 disposed in the housing 14, for example as here screwed into a threaded blind hole drilled in the bottom of the housing 14 and forming part of the housing.
- said blind hole has a depth such that the material thickness under said blind hole (between the bottom of the blind hole and the bore 3) is at least equal to that of the running portion of the central section 8 so as not to affect the mechanical integrity of the stem.
- the material thickness of the housing between the sensor 15 and a bore 3 of the rod is greater than or equal to the thickness of the central zone 8 of the rod.
- the sensor 15 may alternatively be fixed to the body 12 by any other means, for example by gluing on a flat portion of the bottom of the housing 14 (the thickness of material is then to be considered between said flat portion and the bore 3 ).
- the rod 1 may comprise a source of electrical energy 16 disposed in the housing 14.
- the power source 16 or power supply may comprise a battery or a battery, for example disposed in a cylindrical housing of revolution 17. Said cylindrical housing of revolution 17 can be closed by a threaded plug 18 separate from the cover 13 and cooperating with a female thread formed in the wall of the body 12.
- a power cable 19 connects the electrical power source 16 and the sensor 15.
- the housing 14 may also include an electronic signal processing from the sensor 15, in particular for digitizing said signals.
- a memory 20 may be disposed in the housing 14, connected to the sensor 15 and configured to record data from the sensor 15.
- the memory 20 may be part of a memory card.
- the rod 1 can be provided with a remote communication link so that the operators can have the data coming from the sensor 15 in real time, or very slightly delayed depending on the flow rate of the sensor. link.
- the remote communication link may be wired in the rod 1, for example by a communication cable 21, and electromagnetic between two rods.
- the sensor 15 may be a temperature sensor, for example in a range up to 350 ° C.
- the sensor 15 may be associated with a not shown filter for transmitting temperature data beyond a preset threshold.
- the sensor 15 may be a direction and intensity sensor of the magnetic field.
- the magnetometer then makes it possible to know the angular orientation of the instrumented rod vis-à-vis the Earth's magnetic field. It can also be used to measure the effective rotational speed of the rod and thereby detect torsion vibration problems ("stick slip").
- the sensor 15 may be a pressure sensor, for example in a range up to a value of between 35 * 10 6 Pa (substantially 5100 psi) and 25 * 10 7 Pa (substantially 36300 psi).
- the pressure sensor may have a member opening into the channel 3 for measuring an internal pressure.
- the pressure sensor may have a member opening out of the housing 11 for measuring an external pressure in the annulus between the wall of the drilled hole and the drill pipe.
- Two pressure sensors can be arranged in the housing 14. In this case they make it possible to measure the pressure drop of the drilling fluid and to detect, in the event of high pressure losses, a bonding phenomenon between the stem and the well wall. and the beginning of such a phenomenon.
- the sensor 15 may be an acceleration sensor (accelerometer), for example in the range of 0 to 100 ms- 2 .
- the acceleration sensor can detect high frequency accelerations, for example up to 1000 Hz.
- Accelerometers by accelerometers arranged axially, tangentially and laterally) allows to measure the axial, torsional and lateral vibrations.An axial accelerometer also allows an indirect measurement of the inclination and a tangential accelerometer an indirect measurement of the speed of rotation of the It is therefore interesting to install sensors 15 for measuring accelerations in these various directions.
- the sensor 15 may be a deformation sensor (or strain gauge), for measuring geometric components of torsion, bending, tension, compression, elongation, shear, etc. and thereby to measure components of the stress tensor, in particular of tension and shear stress, and to determine the axial, circumferential, torsion or bending stresses and the deformations, in particular the buckling.
- a deformation sensor or strain gauge
- the rod 1 is similar to the previous embodiment except that the housing 11 is arranged offset relative to the middle of the rod 1 (plane located midway between the intermediate zones 4 and 5), for example at a distance up to of the order of 3 meters relative to the medium but preferably to a distance of about 1 meter from said medium.
- the housing 11 is similar to that of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, except that the cover 13 is in the form of at least one cap provided with a thread. male on its outer surface adapted to cooperate with a corresponding female thread formed in the body 12.
- the cover 13 may be provided with a drive member, for example in the form of a blind hole with hexagon allowing screwing or unscrewing the lid 13 by means of a suitable male key.
- This embodiment has the advantage of a particularly simple structure and a robust plug.
- This embodiment of the housing 11 is compatible with the various possible positions of the housing 11, along the rod 1.
- the cover may comprise a plurality of plugs.
- FIG. 4 The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4 is similar to that of FIG. 1 except that an additional box 41 is in contact with (or integrated in) the end section 7.
- the additional box 41 has an outside diameter. greater than the outer diameter of the end section 7.
- the additional housing 41 partially covers the end section 7 on the opposite side to the connecting portion 10.
- the additional housing 41 has a cylindrical outer surface 41a of revolution or slightly convex connecting at the outer surface of the end section 7 by a substantially frustoconical guide surface 41b with a convex rectilinear or curved generatrix and connected to the outer surface of the intermediate zone 5 by a substantially frustoconical guide surface 41c of length and / or slope greater than the previous but of substantially similar shape.
- the outer surface 41a has a diameter which is the maximum diameter of the rod and is adapted to abut against the wall of the drilled hole or casing tubes lining the upper part thereof.
- the outer surface 41a advantageously comprises an anti-abrasion coating, of hardness greater than the hardness of the other outer surfaces of the rod.
- Such an outer surface and such guide surfaces can be made in accordance with the indications of the aforementioned documents FR 2 851 608 and FR 2 927 936.
- One and / or the other of the guide surfaces 41b, 41c may in particular comprise helical grooves capable of scooping the debris and ejecting them from the contact zone between the surface 41a and the wall of the hole or the casing tube .
- the additional housing 41 comprises a floor bore with a small diameter portion in contact with the outer surface of the central section 8, a large diameter portion in contact with the surface outer end section 7 and a frustoconical connecting surface.
- the internal structure of the additional box 41 may be of the type illustrated in FIG. 2 or in FIG. 4.
- the additional box 41 may in particular house a power supply and / or electronics for the housing 11, which may make it possible to reduce the size of said housing 11 and therefore its inertia relative to the axis.
- a cable passage may be provided between the housing 11 and the additional housing 41.
- the opposite end portion 6 may also have an outer diameter and a profile substantially identical to those of the surface 41a according to the teaching of documents FR 2 851 608 and FR 2 927 936.
- the additional housing 41 may be integral with the end section 7 and / or the intermediate zone 5.
- the additional box 41 has a shape similar to that of the previous embodiment and is disposed on the opposite side, in contact and with partial overlap of the end section 6. Its outer surface 41a maximum diameter can also be provided with an anti-abrasion coating.
- the opposite end section 7 may also have an outside diameter and a profile substantially identical to those of the outer surface of large diameter of the additional housing 41 according to the teaching of documents FR 2 851 608 and FR 2 927 936.
- An anti -abrasion may be provided on a portion of maximum diameter of at least one end section 6, 7.
- an additional housing 41 may be disposed at an intermediate zone 4, 5. At least one and preferably the two end portions 6, 7 may have a portion 38 of outside diameter corresponding to the diameter maximum of the rod, provided with an anti-abrasion coating 37. The profile of this portion can be achieved according to the teaching of documents FR 2 851 608 and FR 2 927 936.
- the housings 11 and 41 are connected by a wired connection 39.
- the housing 11 is disposed on the central section 8 as shown in Figures 1 and 3.
- the body 12 is integral with the central section 8, for example forged or machined.
- the housing 14 is closed by two sealed covers 13, of the plate type, arranged diametrically opposite and fixed to the body 12 by screwing.
- a plurality of sensors 15 are mounted in the housing 14, for example six arranged in two 180 ° lines of three sensors to optimize the measurement of stresses.
- the sensors 15 may comprise a pressure sensor in communication with the channel 3 by a bore 22 for measuring the internal pressure and in communication with the outside of the rod 1 by a bore 23 opening on a frustoconical connecting surface near the section. 8.
- the sensors may comprise a plurality of strain gauges for estimating three-dimensional defo ⁇ nations and forces, including tension, compression, torsion, bending moments, buckling.
- the sensors 15 are provided with a wire connection by a cable 24 joining the central channel 3 through a corresponding bore formed in the thickness of the body 12 and the central section 8.
- Another communication cable 25 opens out of the housing 11 near the central section 8 by a corresponding hole opening into the frustoconical end surface of the body 12 forming a connection between the receptacle 12 and another housing, for example the housing 41 of Figure 5.
- the housing 11 also comprises a connector 26 disposed in a cavity 27 formed in the body 12 from the frustoconical connecting surface and provided with a sealing plug.
- the connector 26 is connected by a communication cable 28 to the sensor 15.
- the connector 26 allows the downloading of data from the sensors 15 and stored in the memory 20 after recovery of the rod surface.
- the connector 26 can be replaced by a wi-fi transmitter allowing a download without contact with a suitable receiver.
- a rod comprises a plurality of housings 11, 111, 211, for example three, each of short length, for example less than 150 mm, or even less than 130 mm.
- Each housing 11 includes a plurality of chambers 14 formed in blind holes formed from the outer surface of the body 12.
- a chamber 14 may be a boss.
- the bosses of a housing are arranged in at least one circular row. At least one of the rows may be provided with an anti-abrasion coating. Said row may have an outside diameter greater than the outside diameter of at least one adjacent row.
- Each chamber 14 is closed by a cover 13 on the outside and receives a sensor
- the cover 13 may be in the form of a plug with a threaded outer edge engaging a tapping formed on the walls of the blind hole.
- the housings 11, 111, 211 may have substantially equal outer diameters.
- the central casing 211 has a smaller outer diameter than the lateral casings 11, 111, which makes it possible to protect its outer surface from abrasion.
- the housings 11, 111, 211 may have a substantially cylindrical large surface with a straight or slightly convex generatrix connecting to the outer surface of the running portion of the central zone 8 by an upstream frustoconical zone and a downstream frustoconical zone connecting with appropriate rounding. Large diameter surfaces can be protected by a hard coating 37.
- the housings may have different shapes in cross section.
- the side case 111 illustrated in Fig. 9 (or the side case 11 not shown) has a circular outer surface. Recharged areas of high hardness can be provided between the rooms.
- the casing 211 has recesses angularly separating two chambers substantially arranged in the same radial plane. The rooms are arranged in bosses protruding outwards.
- the housing 211 shown in Figure 10 provides low pressure drops for the flow of drilling mud.
- the housing 111 illustrated in FIG. 9 has reduced wear when it is rubbing against the outer walls of the predissended borehole or casing and low abrasion of the inner walls of the hole or casing.
- the juxtaposition of the housings 111 and 211 at a distance of between 100 and 300 mm is interesting.
- a drill string 30 includes a downhole assembly 31 and a drill string 32 disposed between the set of downholes and a surface rig 33.
- the drill string 32 comprises a plurality of rods 1 at spacings chosen according to the results provided by the numerical or analytical model for calculating the mechanical behavior of the drillings.
- the rods 1 have been represented four in number (FIG. 11) or five (FIG. 12) for the sake of simplicity of the drawing. In practice, their number depends on the length of the drill string and can be expressed as a percentage of the number of rods, especially greater than 1%, preferably greater than 5%.
- the distribution of the rods 1 may be regular or not.
- the other rods of the drill string 32 may be of the integrated transmission type, for example wired inside a rod and electromagnetic between two rods.
- the data provided by the sensors of the rods 1 are thus communicated on the surface and can be stored in memories then processed by a model for the provision of a human machine interface.
- the model can be a numerical or analytical model for calculating the mechanical behavior of drill fittings. It is thus possible to obtain information relating to the behavior of the rods of the drill string 32 and no longer only to the behavior of the components of the bottom hole assembly 31.
- the measurement data of the sensors 15 disposed in the rods 1 prove all the more interesting because the borehole is long and has a strong curvature or changes in curvature, depending on the type of drilling trajectory.
- FIGS. 11 and 12 show an example of positioning of the downhole assembly and of the assembly of the drill string provided with instrumented rods at two successive drilling depths, MDj and MDj + 1.
- An instrumented rod of rank 1 (IDP ⁇ ), is provided, for example with 3 sensors making it possible to measure a physical quantity Ml, M '1 and M "1, M being able to be the measurement of a deformation sensor (measurement of tension, compression, torsion, bending moment, deformation) or of an accelerometer (measurement of axial acceleration, torsion and side).
- the instrumented rod of rank i (E) Pi) may have one or more sensors for one or more measurements Mi, M'i, M "i, etc.
- Mij is the measurement of a physical quantity of an instrumented rod of rank i (IDPi) performed at a depth j (MDj) or at a given time during drilling.
- the calculation model (numerical or analytical) of the mechanical behavior of the gaskets, see figures 13, 14 and 16, according to the drilling trajectory (depth, inclination and azimuth), characteristics of the drilling mud (density, type , rheology), characteristics of the entire stem and downhole gear (length, inner and outer diameter of the rod body and connections, linear weight, Young's modulus, etc.
- the method for determining the number and position of the instrumented rods is described in FIG. 13.
- the methodology described makes it possible to determine the number and the position of the rods instrumented in the drill string for drilling a given borehole. This determination generally takes place in the so-called planning phase of a wellbore where the equipment necessary for carrying out the drilling operation is determined.
- This determination with optimization of the number and position of the rods instrumented is important, in the sense that one defines a sufficient number of instrumented rods positioned at selected locations to know the mechanical behavior of the entire rod train. Given the parameters of the known calculation model, a number n of instrumented rods is positioned at arbitrary given spacing at the beginning of the iterative process (regular or irregular depending on the characteristics of the trajectory).
- a set of m simulations is then performed with the calculation model at different drilling depths (MD1 to MDn).
- the results of these m simulations are then analyzed in order to know if the positioning of the instrumented rods is optimal to properly describe the mechanical behavior of the whole stem train and to interpolate the measurements correctly. between two consecutive instrumented rods. It is also desired to know the mechanical behavior of the entire drill string using measurements at discrete locations along the drill string. The interpolation quality of the measurements via the calculation model is therefore important. If the number and position of the instrumented rods are considered optimal, then the number and position of each instrumented are defined.
- the instrumented stem of rank 1 being at a distance DB1 from the drilling tool, the instrumented rod of rank i being at a distance DBi from the drilling tool, etc. If the position is not considered optimal, then the number and positions of the rods instrumented along the drill string are modified, to start the process again until an optimal position of the rods instrumented along the drill string is obtained. This optimal position will aim to ensure that the computation model can satisfactorily interpolate the measurements of the instrumented rods made at discrete places along the rod train.
- the interpolation can be of linear, quadratic or cubic type.
- the instrumented rod having dimensions similar to other so-called standard rods, the mechanical behavior of the entire drill string is preserved.
- Figure 14 shows a use of instrumented rod measurements during drilling for processing by a computer model to detect malfunctions (vibrations, buckling, etc.) during drilling (so-called "real-time” processing) .
- the calculation model Given the parameters of the known calculation model, the number and the positioning of the instrumented rods defined, the calculation model is used to perform a simulation at a depth MD j . Measurements made on the instrumented rods that can go up to the surface by the transmission member are analyzed and filtered to be directly usable by the calculation model. These measurements are then directly compared to the results of the calculation model.
- the calculation model makes it possible to estimate the mechanical behavior of the whole of the stem train, including the mechanical behavior of the so-called standard non-instrumented rods, positioned between the instrumented rods.
- the tension, the forces of contact between the rods and the walls of the well, the bending moments, the deformations, the elongation, the twisting are then known on the whole of the stem train, in particular by a validation of the measurements in discrete points, that is, in the instrumented stems.
- the absence of instrumented rods could not provide such results. Indeed, measurements only on the filling in bottom hole and on the surface do not allow to know what is happening in the whole train.
- FIG. 15 An exemplary embodiment is shown in FIG. 15.
- the downhole assembly and the entire drill string provided with instrumented rods are arranged at a depth MDj.
- Two different physical parameters or the same physical parameter measured at 2 different positions are measured by the rods instrumented at discrete points and the same physical parameters calculated by the model after interpolation according to the mode described in FIG. 14.
- This physical parameter may be the tension, torsion, bending moments, lateral acceleration, etc.
- the physical value can be estimated between two measurement points, thus between two instrumented rods. It is possible, by adjustment at discrete points of measurement, to estimate the mechanical behavior of the entire drill string, and to have a good knowledge of what is happening in the drill string.
- FIG. 16 shows a use of all the measurements of the rods instrumented after the drilling operation with a view to drilling optimization (post-analysis), for example an optimization of the construction of the drill string.
- post-analysis for example an optimization of the construction of the drill string.
- the computation model makes it possible to estimate the mechanical behavior of the whole of the stem train, including the mechanical behavior of the so-called standard non-instrumented rods, and this at various drilling depths.
- the tension, the contact forces between the rods and the walls of the well, the bending moments, the deformations, the elongation, the twisting are then known on the whole of the drill string. It also detects buckling, vibrations in the entire drill string or other drilling malfunction in the drill string. If the values calculated by the model are not consistent with the measurements of the instrumented rods, then the parameters of the computation model are then adjusted to repeat the simulations at several depths MDj. This iterative process is repeated until the theoretical values agree with the measured values.
- FIG. 17 An exemplary embodiment is shown in FIG. 17.
- the figure shows the evolution of a physical parameter measured on two instrumented rods calculated by the model after interpolation according to the methodology described in FIG. 16, and this at various depths MD j. It will be better understood in the visualization of this figure that the methodology thus makes it possible to trace the evolution of the stresses on the drill rods, useful in particular for fatigue and wear problems.
- this makes it possible to detect the zones of the stem train in dysfunction (vibrations, buckling) and to know the duration for which the rods have returned to dysfunction.
- the use of the static calculation model makes it possible to know the normal mechanical behavior (without malfunction) of the entire drill string.
- the calculation model then makes it possible, in a second step, to test the characteristics of the drill string that make it possible to avoid these malfunctions, making it possible to optimize the construction of the drill string.
- a rod comprises at least one instrumented end section 6, 7.
- the section 6 comprises a region 61 of nominal outside diameter in the vicinity of an end surface of the rod and a region 62 of outside diameter greater than the nominal outside diameter in the vicinity of the intermediate zone 4.
- the region 62 of large outside diameter has a inertia greater than the inertia of region 61 of nominal outside diameter.
- the region 62 of large outside diameter is located axially between the female connection portion 9 and the intermediate zone 4.
- the outer surfaces of the regions 61 and 62 are connected by a generally frustoconical intermediate surface.
- the outer surfaces of the large outer diameter region 62 and the intermediate zone 4 are connected by a generally frustoconical intermediate surface.
- the large diameter region 62 forms an additional housing 41.
- Housing 14 is formed in the region 62 of large outer diameter, see also Figure 19.
- the housing 14, here four in number, are regularly distributed circumferentially.
- the housings 14 are pierced in the form of a blind hole.
- the housings 14 are of radial axis.
- the housings 14 are radially aligned.
- Electronic processing modules 63 are arranged in the housings 14.
- the electronic processing modules 63 can be connected to each other.
- the electronic processing modules 63 are connected to the housing 11.
- the electronic processing modules 63 may be flexible to conform to a non-planar housing surface permanently or to a rounded surface.
- the electronic processing modules 63 include a repeater.
- the section 7 comprises a region 71 of nominal outside diameter in the vicinity of an end surface of the rod and a region 72 of outside diameter greater than the nominal outside diameter in the vicinity of the intermediate zone 5.
- the region 72 of large outside diameter has a higher inertia than the inertia of the region 71 of nominal outside diameter.
- the region 72 of large outer diameter is located axially between the male connection portion 10 and the intermediate zone 5.
- the outer surfaces of the regions 71 and 72 are connected by a generally frustoconical intermediate surface.
- the outer surfaces of the large outer diameter region 72 and the intermediate zone 5 are connected by a generally frustoconical intermediate surface.
- the large diameter region 72 is provided with a hard coat 37.
- the large diameter region 72 forms an additional housing 41.
- the large diameter region 72 comprises a large diameter sleeve 73 partially forming the outer surface of the said region 72.
- the sleeve 73 comprises the hard coating 37.
- the sleeve 73 is made of hard material, in particular of hardness greater than the hardness of the intermediate zone 5, for example of hardness greater than 35 Rockwell HRC.
- the sleeve 73 is screwed to the body of the region 72 of large diameter.
- the large diameter region 72 includes an annular barrel 74 disposed between the body of the large diameter region 72 integral with the region 71, and the sleeve 73.
- the barrel 74 is disposed in an annular groove in the body of the region 72 large diameter from an outside surface.
- the barrel 74 may be made of flexible material, for example synthetic.
- the barrel 74 can be made of two semi-circular complementary parts.
- the cylinder 74 is held by the sleeve 73.
- the barrel 74 comprises a plurality of housings 75, see also FIG. 22.
- the housings 75 here in number of sixteen, are regularly distributed circumferentially.
- the housings 75 are pierced in the shape of a blind hole.
- the housings 75 are oriented axially.
- the housings 75 are radially aligned.
- Sources of electrical energy 76 are arranged in the housings 75.
- the sources 76 are connected to the housing 11.
- the sources 76 may comprise batteries or batteries, in the form of a cylinder of revolution.
- the housings 75 can be adapted to standard size sources available commercially.
- the arrangement of the housing 75 with parallel axes makes it possible to house a large number of sources. A large amount of energy can be stored there, resulting in long-term operation.
- the housings 75 have axes parallel to the axis of the rod.
- the region 72 of large diameter is provided a connection socket 77 with a complementary socket, not shown and external to the rod.
- the complementary plug can be connected to a battery charger, a memory for collecting data, a processing device, etc.
- Modules 79 electronic or electrical, are arranged in recesses in the body of region 72 of large diameter.
- the modules 79 are surrounded by the bore of the barrel 74.
- the modules 79 may comprise sensors, transmitters, etc.
- Modules 79 may include processing electronics.
- the modules 79 are connected to the sources 76.
- the modules 79 are connected to the jack 77.
- the rod comprises two housings 11, 111.
- the rod comprises a housing 11.
- the housing 11, 111 is integral with the central section 8
- the housing 11, 111 has a curved outer surface with a large radius of curvature in axial section. By way of example, the radius of curvature may be greater than the nominal diameter of the rod.
- the housing 11, 111 comprises four chambers 14.
- the chambers 14 are aligned axially.
- the chambers 14 are distributed circumferentially.
- the housing 11, 111 has a circular outer surface.
- the circular outer surface of the housing 11, 111 is greater in diameter than the diameter of the central section 8, for example about 15 to 30%.
- At least one sensor 15, in particular deformation or a strain gauge, is disposed in a chamber 14.
- Inserts 137 of hard materials are provided on the surface of the housing 11, 111, flush, cf Figure 23
- the inserts 137 may be in the form of pellets, in particular round.
- the pellets have a diameter of 5 to 15 millimeters.
- the inserts 137 may be arranged around the covers 13 of the chambers 14.
- the inserts 137 may be arranged in two rings around the chambers 14.
- the inserts 137 may be arranged in two rings around the housing 11, 111.
- the connection between the electronic processing modules 63 and the housing 11 and / or between the electronic processing modules 63 and the housing 11 can be provided by a communication tube 64 arranged at least in the bore of the central section 8 and in contact with said bore.
- a signal transmission cable e1 / or energy may be arranged in the tube.
- the communication tube 64 may comprise a body formed of at least one metal ribbon disposed with an annular component. The body comprises, in section along a plane passing through the axis of the tube, at least two axially elongated sections partially overlapped with an axial clearance chosen to absorb the maximum elastic deformation of the component under axial compression force and / or bending. Reference can be made to FR 2 940 816.
- the insertion of the communication tube 64 in the large outside diameter regions 62 and 72 and in the housing 11 can be carried out in a hole according to FR 2 936 554 to which the reader is invited to refer.
- a transmission cable 65 connects the chamber 14 of the housing 11 to the chamber 14 of the housing 111.
- a transmission cable 66 connects two chambers 14 of the same housing 11, 111.
- a bore is provided in the thickness of the housing 11, 3111, for example two holes leaving free each of a chamber 14 and joining halfway. All the chambers 14 of a housing 11, 111 can be connected in this way.
- FIG. 1 In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1
- the transmission cable 66 passes through three intersecting straight bores, for example one extending from a chamber 14 to the outer surface of the additional housing 41, the second one-eye opening the outlet of the first, the third extending from another chamber 14 to the outer surface of the additional housing 41 meeting the second in the thickness of the wall.
- a transmission cable 67 connects the chambers 14 of the additional box 41.
- a transmission cable 78 connects the modules 19 of the additional box 41.
- the region 72 of large outer diameter comprises housing 14 similar to the housing 14 of the region 62.
- the region 72 of large outer diameter comprises housing 114 in the form of blind holes of circular section.
- the housings 114 are formed from the generally frustoconical intermediate surfaces 115, 116 respectively between the intermediate zone 5 and the region 72 of large outside diameter, and between the region 72 of large outside diameter and the region 71 of nominal outside diameter.
- the housings 114 are arranged along axes disposed in a plane passing through the axis of the rod and secants with the axis of the rod.
- the axes of the housing 114 can be inclined by 10 to 40 ° relative to the axis of the rod.
- the housings 114 are closed by covers 113.
- Sources 76 are arranged in the housings 114.
- the inclination of the housings 114 makes it possible to take advantage of the thickness of the region 72 of large external diameter to constitute a reservoir of energy.
- the housings 114 are connected to the communication tube 64.
- the housings 114 are connected to the modules 79 by cables 80.
- the drill pipe may include an energy storage region, a data processing region, and a mechanical magnitude detection region.
- the energy storage region may include a plurality of housings for power sources.
- the energy storage region may be located at one end.
- the data processing region may comprise a plurality of slots for electronic processing modules.
- the data processing region may be located at one end.
- the mechanical magnitude detection region may include a plurality of mechanical magnitude sensors.
- the mechanical size detection region is located in a housing arranged in central zone away from the ends and the intermediate zones. The housing may have a maximum outside diameter less than the maximum outside diameter of either end.
- Figures 27 and 28 show the evolution of the bending stress expressed in MPa along the rod.
- the rod comprises a central section 8, end sections 6, 7, and intermediate zones 4, 5.
- the rod of FIG. 28 is aligned with respect to the curve of FIG. 27 in order to put in correspondence the curve and the profile along the stem.
- Figure 28 has three curves established for three states of axial stress (voltage / compression). These curves comprise characteristic zones that are distinguishable from one another and corresponding to the central section 8, to the end sections 6, 7, and to the intermediate zones 4, 5.
- the dashed curve has been established by a non-contact compression state. lateral of the stem with a well wall.
- the continuous curve was established by a state of tension without lateral contact of the rod with a well wall.
- the dashed curve was established by a state of tension greater than the previous case, without lateral contact of the rod with a well wall. In case of lateral contact, the continuous and dashed curves would take a W-shape with a small local maximum in the center, instead of a V-shape. It is therefore very interesting to have mechanical quantity sensors in the central section. 8. Sensors are also envisaged in the intermediate zones 4, 5, cf the embodiments with additional housing (s) 41 around an intermediate zone.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BRPI1016019 BRPI1016019B1 (pt) | 2009-07-20 | 2010-07-20 | haste de perfuração e gaxeta de perfuração correspondente. |
CN201080032566.2A CN102482921B (zh) | 2009-07-20 | 2010-07-20 | 钻杆和对应的钻杆柱 |
US13/384,708 US8915315B2 (en) | 2009-07-20 | 2010-07-20 | Drill pipe and corresponding drill fitting |
NO20120155A NO344790B1 (no) | 2009-07-20 | 2012-02-15 | Borerør og tilsvarende borestamme |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0903560 | 2009-07-20 | ||
FR0903560A FR2948145B1 (fr) | 2009-07-20 | 2009-07-20 | Tige de forage et train de tiges de forage correspondant |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2011010016A2 true WO2011010016A2 (fr) | 2011-01-27 |
WO2011010016A3 WO2011010016A3 (fr) | 2011-05-19 |
Family
ID=41718337
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2010/000521 WO2011010016A2 (fr) | 2009-07-20 | 2010-07-20 | Tige de forage et garniture de forage correspondante |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8915315B2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN102482921B (fr) |
BR (1) | BRPI1016019B1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2948145B1 (fr) |
NO (1) | NO344790B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2011010016A2 (fr) |
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EP3023575A1 (fr) * | 2014-11-21 | 2016-05-25 | Sandvik Intellectual Property AB | Tige de train de tiges avec épaulement |
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US11634983B2 (en) | 2020-05-28 | 2023-04-25 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Wireless telemetry using tool body deflection for opening a toe sleeve |
CN111911138B (zh) * | 2020-07-14 | 2023-03-31 | 中国石油化工集团有限公司 | 一种动态井斜测量方法、测量短节及钻井工具组合 |
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- 2010-07-20 WO PCT/FR2010/000521 patent/WO2011010016A2/fr active Application Filing
- 2010-07-20 BR BRPI1016019 patent/BRPI1016019B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2010-07-20 US US13/384,708 patent/US8915315B2/en active Active
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BRPI1016019B1 (pt) | 2019-12-10 |
FR2948145A1 (fr) | 2011-01-21 |
US8915315B2 (en) | 2014-12-23 |
US20120199400A1 (en) | 2012-08-09 |
CN102482921B (zh) | 2015-06-24 |
NO344790B1 (no) | 2020-04-27 |
CN102482921A (zh) | 2012-05-30 |
BRPI1016019A2 (pt) | 2016-04-26 |
NO20120155A1 (no) | 2012-04-19 |
WO2011010016A3 (fr) | 2011-05-19 |
FR2948145B1 (fr) | 2011-08-26 |
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