WO2010142286A1 - Anordnung und verfahren zur kombinierten bestimmung von schallgeschwindigkeiten und abständen in medien mittels ultraschall - Google Patents
Anordnung und verfahren zur kombinierten bestimmung von schallgeschwindigkeiten und abständen in medien mittels ultraschall Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010142286A1 WO2010142286A1 PCT/DE2010/000701 DE2010000701W WO2010142286A1 WO 2010142286 A1 WO2010142286 A1 WO 2010142286A1 DE 2010000701 W DE2010000701 W DE 2010000701W WO 2010142286 A1 WO2010142286 A1 WO 2010142286A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/52—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S15/00
- G01S7/52017—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S15/00 particularly adapted to short-range imaging
- G01S7/52023—Details of receivers
- G01S7/52036—Details of receivers using analysis of echo signal for target characterisation
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
- A61B8/08—Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
- A61B8/58—Testing, adjusting or calibrating the diagnostic device
- A61B8/587—Calibration phantoms
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B17/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic vibrations
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/02—Analysing fluids
- G01N29/024—Analysing fluids by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
- G01N29/07—Analysing solids by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/52—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S15/00
- G01S7/52017—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S15/00 particularly adapted to short-range imaging
- G01S7/52046—Techniques for image enhancement involving transmitter or receiver
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
- A61B8/08—Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings
- A61B8/0858—Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings involving measuring tissue layers, e.g. skin, interfaces
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
- G01N2291/028—Material parameters
- G01N2291/02854—Length, thickness
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/04—Wave modes and trajectories
- G01N2291/044—Internal reflections (echoes), e.g. on walls or defects
Definitions
- the invention relates to an arrangement and a method for the combined determination of sound velocities and distances in media by means of ultrasound, wherein the arrangement consists of at least the following subassemblies:
- a transmission signal generator which generates electrical transmission signals on m> 1 channels
- a transmitting-receiving switch for switching between electrical transmission signals and electrical reception signals
- An ultrasonic transducer with n ⁇ 1 elements which receives the electrical transmission signals from the transmission signal generator, the controlled elements of the ultrasonic transducer to send an ultrasonic wave in the medium to be examined at a constant or spatially variable sound velocity and wherein the reflected ultrasonic wave with at least one element of the ultrasonic transducer and is converted into electrical received signals, and
- a gain unit which receives and amplifies the received electrical signals from at least a single element of the ultrasonic transducer
- An evaluation which receives the forwarded from the recording unit digital signals for evaluation.
- An arrangement and a method for determining the combination of radii of curvature and distances at acoustic interfaces in measuring objects by means of ultrasound are described in the publication DE 10 2008 010 582 B3. This contains the aforementioned assemblies. Sound velocities and distances are not determined in combination since the evaluation of the reflected ultrasonic waves relates to the determination of distances at acoustic interfaces and hence to the determination of radii of curvature of the interfaces.
- One problem is that it is not possible to determine, in combination with the subassemblies mentioned above and the specified method, sound velocities and distances of test objects in combination.
- a delay system for coupling between a plurality of elements and an input / output arrangement is described in US Pat. No. 4,257,271, the relative delays between the input / output arrangement and the individual elements being selectable by means of process control.
- a single delay train is used to generate three different effective delay regimes, e.g. three different focus points in an ultrasound imaging system to be able to use.
- the delay system contains
- Delay line or the other end of the delay line or the general connection of the delay line to the input / output arrangement The problem is that with the delay system in ultrasonic imaging systems, no combined determination of sound velocities and distances can be realized.
- measurements in solids are carried out by means of ultrasound in order to detect defects in materials, to measure layer thicknesses or to visualize structures in technical fields or in medicine, such as tissue structures and organ boundaries. Knowing the speed of sound is a necessary prerequisite for measuring quantities and distances.
- the speed of sound or the speed of sound profile is of particular interest, because from this additional important parameters for the solid or liquid substance or a mixture of substances can be derived. For example, in many liquid solutions or mixtures, the speed of sound is highly dependent on the concentration and can therefore be used advantageously for concentration measurement.
- the speed of sound is also material parameter and can be used for solid state characterization. If the speed of sound is measured by means of the ultrasound-echo principle in order to derive material
- a comparison reflector is usually used at a predetermined position for determining the sound path.
- A1 in which the data for calculating the speed of sound and the layer thickness from a series of transmitted and reflected ultrasonic waves be determined, wherein at least one of the measurements without the presence of the measurement object is transmitted on the transmission path.
- the invention has for its object to provide an arrangement and a method for the combined determination of sound velocities and distances in media by means of ultrasound, which are designed so suitable that the cost of determining sound velocities and distances in fluid and solid media by means of ultrasound essential reduced and the accuracy of the specific sound velocities and distances are increased.
- the object is solved by the features of claims 1 and 22 and 15 and 30.
- the arrangement for the combined determination of sound velocities and distances in media by means of ultrasound consists at least of
- a transmission signal generator which generates electrical transmission signals on m> 1 channels
- a transmitting-receiving switch for switching between electrical transmission signals and electrical reception signals
- an ultrasonic transducer with n ⁇ 1 elements which receives the electrical transmission signals from the transmission signal generator, wherein the driven elements of the ultrasonic transducer send an ultrasonic wave into the medium to be examined with fixed or spatially variable sound velocity and wherein the reflected ultrasonic wave with at least one element of the ultrasonic transducer received and electrical received signals is converted, and - A gain unit, which receives and amplifies the received electrical signals from at least a single element of the ultrasonic transducer, and
- the transmission signal generator focused solely in the form of electronic focusing or in cooperation with the recording unit in the form of synthetic focusing the generated ultrasonic focus gradually along the axis of the ultrasonic transducer to individual focus points Fj at a distance from the ultrasonic transducer
- a calibration unit is provided which, when creating the calibration data either by simulation calculation or by measurement with the aid of the recording unit for a point located in a calibration W spot reflector the relationship between the used focusing regime V max (awj), in which the amplitude of the reflected ultrasound is maximum, and provides the selected distance awj of the point reflector from the ultrasonic transducer in a calibration and compiled as a table T
- the recording unit the sound propagation time from the ultrasonic transducer z measures point reflector in the medium at a distance a Mj and determines, by stepwise focusing, that focusing regime V max (a M j) at which the amplitude of the reflected
- Inhomogeneities in the medium and in the calibration medium can be defined as point reflectors, with an inhomogeneity representing an extent in the range of an ultrasound wavelength ⁇ or less, or else embedded, bound, statistically distributed scattering particles / particles of equal extent at which the ultrasound is scattered in each case.
- the medium may consist of one or more layers, the layered medium containing point reflectors, wherein the speed of sound is determined in front of the respective point reflector with the calibration unit, the acquisition unit and the evaluation unit, and a repetition of the process for more distant point reflectors and thus detection
- the average sound velocity between the ultrasonic transducer and the point reflector location for each point reflector location is carried out, with a sufficiently dense distribution of point reflectors in the layers can thus determine a sound velocity profile and thus the speed of sound can be created in the individual layers, resulting from the determined sound velocities in allow the individual layers and the sound propagation times between the individual interfaces of the respective layer to calculate a layer thickness.
- the reception of the ultrasound can take place on the inner element of the ultrasound transducer alone, on one of the remaining other elements or on a combination of several elements by means of electronic focusing or by means of synthetic focusing in the form of a time-delayed superimposition of the echo signals resulting on the individual elements ,
- the medium may be a liquid mixture provided with distinguishable point reflectors, whereby differences in sound velocity may occur, whereby a determination of the distance from the ultrasonic transducer and the middle one Sound velocity in front of the closest located in front of the ultrasonic transducer point reflector with the calibration unit, the recording unit and the evaluation, and a repetition of the process for more distant point reflectors and thus determining the average sound velocity between ultrasonic transducer and point reflector location for each NOTEreflektorort takes place, If the density distribution of point reflectors in the liquid mixture is sufficiently dense, a sound velocity profile can thus be created.
- the medium may be a liquid mixture having randomly distributed scattering particles which may deposit, anneal or flow or diffuse, where density variations and acoustic velocity differences may occur, wherein a determination of the distance from the ultrasonic transducer and the mean velocity of sound between the ultrasonic transducer and the focal point, i. H. the area of the maximum sound pressure in the medium, with the calibration unit, the recording unit and the evaluation is carried out, and a repetition of the process for farther away focus points and thus determining the average sound velocity between the ultrasonic transducer and focus point takes place, so as a sound velocity profile with support points on the Create focus points.
- the driven elements of the ultrasonic transducer transmit ultrasonic waves into a medium with a variable or constant ultrasonic velocity.
- the media's interfaces and dot reflectors reflect ultrasonic waves received by the ultrasonic transducer.
- the received ultrasonic signals are converted into electrical signals and fed to the amplification of the recording and evaluation.
- the time delay regimes are n-tuple ⁇ ti, .DELTA.t 2) ..., n .DELTA.t of times in order to be driven is delayed relative to the inner member or superimposed on the individual elements of the ultrasonic transducer.
- Stepwise focusing The transmission signal generator focuses the ultrasound step by step along the axis of the ultrasound transducer to individual focus points solely by electronic focusing or in cooperation with the recording unit and the evaluation unit by means of synthetic focusing.
- a recording unit detects the sound propagation time from the ultrasound transducer to a point reflector or focus point (in "Liquid mixture with statistically distributed scattering particles, which store, flow or diffuse") in a medium, wherein the focusing regime is determined by the stepwise focusing, wherein the amplitude of the reflected ultrasound for this point reflector or focal point becomes maximum.
- an evaluation unit for a located in the medium to be examined reflector from the determined focusing regime V max (aMj), and from the provided by the calibration unit tabular relationship T between the focusing regime and the distance of the point reflector or focal point of the ultrasonic transducer in a calibration the determination the distance of the point reflector or the focal point with respect to the calibration medium and from the determined sound propagation time and from the determined point reflector distance or the focal point distance with respect to the calibration medium, the calculation of the mean velocity of sound in the medium to be examined to the respective Cincinnatireflektorort or focus point and the distance of the Albanyreflektorortes or the focal point of Ultrasonic transducer in the medium to be examined. Subsequently, by determining these parameters for several or all point reflectors or focal points at different locations, the spatially variable speed of sound can be carried out in the form of a sound velocity profile.
- non-invasive, non-referential determination of the speed of sound in liquids and solids containing point reflectors or scattering particles can be carried out by means of ultrasound to produce a sound velocity profile for representing the variable velocity of sound, - That a better position determination can be achieved by the knowledge of the simultaneously measured speed of sound as well as
- a central receiving element receiving the reflected ultrasonic waves can be present in the inner element present there transmits generated electrical reception signals to the amplification unit,
- the transmit signal generator focus solely by electronic focusing or in conjunction with the recording unit by a synthetic focusing the resulting ultrasonic focus gradually along the axis of the ultrasonic transducer to individual focus points Fj,
- a calibration unit can be present which either by simulation calculation or by measurement with the aid of the recording unit the reflected sound on the central receiving element for the ultrasonic transducer used in the following measurements with the corresponding element arrangement for a calibration medium W with the calibration wall as a reflector at a distance for the different Focusing points F J W determines, as a function of the electronic focusing, determines the electronic focus adjustment for the maximum Fok and by varying the distance a 2 w. a 3 w, eUw, ⁇ • ⁇ the interface and repetition of the process provides calibration curves for the different layer thicknesses of the calibration medium in front of the calibration wall, and
- the recording unit to measure the sound transit time between the front interface and the rear interface of the layer to be examined and upon displacement of the focal point Fj along the axis for the respective focus point, the reflected Register signal on the central receiving element, from which the sound pressure amplitude for the central receiving element for each focal point determined and the sound pressure amplitudes determined as a function of focusing in the form of sound pressure amplitude curves are shown, and wherein the evaluation of the determined by measuring the sound pressure amplitude curve, the local maxima and From this, the equivalent distance of the reflecting boundary surface with respect to the calibration medium W is determined from the calibration curve, from the sound propagation time measured by the recording unit with respect to the rear boundary surface of the medium to be examined and the determined equivalent layer thickness d w with respect to the calibration medium W determines the speed of sound c Me d in the layer of the medium to be examined and its layer thickness d MeC ⁇ .
- the central receiving element for detecting the reflected ultrasound is provided, wherein the dimensions - diameter, side length - of the central receiving element in the order of magnitude of an ultrasonic wavelength ⁇ with respect to the medium.
- the central receiver element With the insertion of the central receiver element can be dispensed with a transceiver switch. From the central receiving element can be performed directly to the amplification unit, a signal line.
- the change of the focus points can be effected alone or in addition by mechanical displacement of the ultrasound transducer in the axial direction, wherein the ultrasound transducer with a displacement device which shifts the ultrasonic transducer along the axis to move the focus point.
- the calibration unit can either by simulation calculations for the ultrasonic transducer used or by measurements using the recording unit, the reflected signal on the central receiving element for the calibration medium W with a fixed calibration wall as a reflector at a distance aiw for different focus points F-iw, F 2W , F 3W ....
- the distance a w of the calibration wall from the ultrasound transducer corresponds in the case of the calibration medium to the layer thickness d w of the calibration medium when there is direct contact between the calibration medium and the element (s) of the ultrasound transducer.
- the ultrasonic transducer may be in the form of a ring element arrangement in which at least one annular element is optionally additionally subdivided into sectors to detect an inclination of the ultrasonic transducer with respect to the interface so as to be adjusted.
- a measuring principle for the simultaneous determination of the speed of sound c Med and the layer thickness d M ⁇ d in at least one medium by means of ultrasound can therefore be obtained by detecting two independent measured variables:
- the transmit signal generator focused solely by electronic focusing or in conjunction with the recording unit by a synthetic focusing the resulting ultrasonic focus gradually along the axis of the ultrasonic transducer to individual focus points Fi, which are located either before, on and behind the rear interface of the layer to be examined.
- the evaluation can be determined either by simulation calculation or by measuring the reflected sound from a calibration wall, which is generated by the transducers used for the following measurements on the central receiving element for different focus points F 1 , represented as a function of electronic focusing and electronic focus adjustment can be determined for the maximum, whereby by varying the calibration wall distance and by repeating the process calibration curves for the different medium layer thicknesses can be created in front of the calibration wall.
- a recording unit measures the sound propagation time between the front interface and the rear interface of the layer to be examined with an unknown layer thickness and with an unknown speed of sound.
- the stepwise displacement of the electronic focus point along the axis of the ultrasonic transducer is for the respective focus point registers the reflected signal on the central receiving element. From this, the sound pressure amplitude for the central receiving element is determined for each focal point and the sound pressure amplitude curve thus determined for the central receiving element is displayed as a function of the focusing.
- An evaluation unit determines the local maxima and minima in the determined sound pressure amplitude curve and determines therefrom the electronic focus adjustment for the maximum. From the determined focusing, the equivalent distance a w of the reflecting boundary surface with respect to the medium to be examined is determined with the aid of the calibration curve, wherein the measured sound transit time t between the front boundary surface and the rear boundary surface of the layer to be investigated and the determined equivalent layer thickness d w with respect to the calibration medium W, the speed of sound C M « ! be determined in the layer to be examined and their layer thickness d Med .
- Said calibration wall can be a solid wall.
- the following media can be measured: layered solids with a determination of the layer thicknesses d Me and sound velocities c Med in the individual layers, in particular layer thicknesses in the interior of a medium and of hidden layers,
- FIG. 1 shows a first arrangement according to the invention for the combined determination of sound velocities and distances in media by means of ultrasound, wherein FIG. 1a is a schematic representation of the entire arrangement in a single-layered medium, FIG. 1b is an enlarged medium-ultrasound transducer arrangement according to FIG.
- Fig. 1c is a schematic representation of the arrangement for calibration in the calibration medium W and Fig. 1d is a schematic representation of the arrangement of FIG. 1a at
- V -4.3mm in Plexiglas
- V -5,4mm in Plexiglas
- V -5.6mm in Plexiglas
- FIG. 7 a shows the course of the normalized amplitude of the echo signal, averaged over 500 seconds, as a function of time over the
- Fig. 8 shows a modified second arrangement according to the invention for the combined determination of sound velocities and distances, in particular layer thicknesses in media by means of ultrasound, wherein
- FIG. 8a is a schematic representation of the arrangement with a central receiving element
- Fig. 8b is an enlarged view of the ultrasonic transducer medium
- Arrangement with the central receiving element according to Fig. 8a, Fig. 8c is a schematic representation of the arrangement with a central receiving element for calibration and
- FIG. 8d shows an enlarged schematic representation of the arrangement with a central receiving element for calibration according to FIG. 8c, FIG.
- Fig. 9 sound pressure amplitudes as a function of the electronic focus point
- FIG. 10 shows sound pressure amplitudes as a function of the electronic focus point for multilayer media for a large ultrasound transducer
- FIG. 3a showing the reflected amplitude from the rear boundary surface of a tissue layer with a layer thickness of 5 mm after a water feed of 5 mm
- FIG. 10 shows sound pressure amplitudes as a function of the electronic focus point for multilayer media for a large ultrasound transducer
- FIG. 3b shows the reflected amplitude from the rear boundary surface of a fabric layer with a layer thickness of 8 mm after a water flow of 5 mm and.
- Fig. 3c shows the reflected amplitude from the rear interface of a Plexiglas layer with a layer thickness of 5mm after a water advance of 5mm.
- FIG. 1 a shows a schematic representation of a first arrangement 10 for the combined determination of sound velocities and distances in a medium 4 containing point reflectors 5 by means of ultrasound, the arrangement 10 consisting of
- a transmission signal generator 1 which generates electrical transmission signals on three channels 14,
- An ultrasonic transducer 3 with three elements 31, 32, 33, which receives the electrical transmission signals from the transmission signal generator 1 via the transmitting-receiving switch 2, wherein the driven elements 31, 32, 33 of the ultrasonic transducer 3, an ultrasonic wave in the medium to be examined. 4 after switching the transmitting / receiving switch 2, the ultrasonic wave reflected by the point reflectors 5 contained in the medium 4 is received by the elements 31, 32, 33 of the ultrasonic transducer 3, and - An amplification unit 6, which receives and amplifies the electrical received signals from the individual elements 31, 32, 33 of the ultrasonic transducer 3 via the transceiver 2, and
- An evaluation unit 8 which receives the forwarded from the recording unit 7 digital signals for evaluation.
- the transmission signal generator 1 focuses in the form of electronic focusing or in cooperation with the recording unit 7 and the evaluation unit 9 in the form of synthetic focusing the generated ultrasound stepwise along the Schallkopfachse 12 of the ultrasonic transducer 3 to individual focus points F 1 , F 2 , F 3 occurs the reception of the received signal either by the inner element 31 alone, any other element 32, 33 alone or by combining several elements 31, 32, 33 by means of synthetic focusing in the form of a time-delayed superposition of the on the individual elements 31, 32, 33 itself resulting echo signals, a calibration unit 9 is provided, which when creating the calibration data either by simulation calculation or by measuring with the aid of the recording unit 7 for a in a calibration medium W (Fig.
- the evaluation unit 8 determines the focusing regime V ma ⁇ (a Mj ) at which the amplitude of the reflected ultrasound becomes maximal for a point reflector 5 located in the medium 4, and the distance T of the point reflector 5 from the table T provided by the calibration unit of the calibration medium W, determined from the determined sound propagation time and the determined reflector distance with respect to the calibration medium
- the time delay regimes may be assigned to the electronic focusing regime and provide predetermined n-tuples At 1 , Li 2 , -. , At n from times, so that the individual elements 31, 32, 33 of the ultrasonic transducer 3 in comparison to the inner element 31 can be controlled delayed and / or superimposed time-delayed.
- the aforementioned point reflectors 5 may be inhomogeneities and / or randomly distributed scattering particles / particles in the medium 4, the inhomogeneities and / or scattering particles / particles having an extent of the order of magnitude and less of an ultrasonic wavelength ⁇ or less and at which the ultrasound is scattered.
- the simultaneous determination of the speed of sound and the distance of the spherical point reflector 5 from the transmitting elements / receiving elements 31, 32, 33 of the ultrasonic transducer 3 is based on the measurement of the sound propagation time t and the distance of the respective focal point F; F 1 , F 2 , F 3 of the ultrasonic transducer.
- FIG. 2a shows the longitudinal section of the sound field for an unfocussed ultrasound transducer 3 in a solid state after a water feed VL.
- extended sensitive zone eg 6-dB zone
- the distance z of the natural focus point depends on the size of the ultrasonic transducer 3, the ultrasonic frequency and the medium 4, and may be for a disc-shaped planar ultrasonic transducer 3 according to the equation (I) for the near-field length N
- the focus point can be drawn closer to the ultrasound transducer 3 and the surface of the sensitive zone can be substantially reduced.
- the position of the sound field maximum or the focal point results from the position of the natural focal point and the curvature of the lens or the electronically adjusted focusing.
- the exact position and extent of the sensitive zone for the resulting focus point can be determined with the aid of simulation calculations.
- the sound fields in the media water and Plexiglas are each compared with the same ultrasonic transducer 3 and the same electronic focusing.
- FIG. 3 shows the normalized maximum p for the sound field, including its position in x, y, z coordinates.
- the x, y, z coordinate system is attached to the ultrasonic transducer 3, so that in the coordinate z of the focal point distance, in this case, the distance of the focal point to the ultrasonic transducer 3, is specified. 3 makes it clear that the position of the maximum changes greatly depending on the material parameters of the medium 4, in particular the speed of sound, and that the evaluation of the focal point distance brings additional information at runtime.
- the spherical point reflector 51 or the ultrasonic transducer 3 is moved along a line 13 radially to the Schallkopfachse 12 to the outside.
- the maximum in the reflected signal results when the point reflector 51 is at the focus point F 2 as shown in FIG. 1b.
- This fact can be exploited inversely, to determine the réellereflektorort F 2 by a shift of the focal point F.
- the locations of the focus points can only be changed by changing the position of the ultrasound transducer 3 with respect to the medium 4 to be examined, z. B. with a water supply VL, set in the array transducer also by systematic change of the focusing regime by means of a time-delayed control of the elements or a time-delayed superposition of the echo signals.
- the point reflector 51 is positioned on the Schallkopfachse 12 at different distances a Wj , and it is determined the electronic focus, in which the reflected Signal has a maximum.
- the first layer 41 is water.
- the speed of sound and the distance of the point reflector 5 from an interface 11 should be determined.
- an ultrasonic transducer 3 with annular elements 31, 32, 33 is used, as is also shown in FIG. 1d.
- the focusing can be done directly by a time-delayed control of the transmitting elements with delay times corresponding to the respective focusing regime or by sending all transmitting elements 31, 32, 33 individually one after the other, the individual signals from the receiving elements 31, 32, 33 are registered and the Signals for the individual transmitting elements 31, 32, 33 are out of phase superimposed according to the respective focusing regime.
- table 2 is available for a single-layered medium.
- the speed of sound in the second layer 42 and the distance a M i of the spherical point reflector 5 are determined by the ultrasound transducer 3.
- the signal propagation time t j which characterizes the distance a M i of the point reflector 5, is first measured, as indicated in Tab. 2, column 2.
- the focus point F - F 1 , F 2 , F 3 - is then moved systematically along the Schallkopfachse 12 and measured the amplitude for each electronic focus point.
- FIG. 6 shows the ascertained amplitude curves for the ultrasound transducer 3 for the measurement situation described above, wherein the evaluation of the inner receiving element 31 with appropriate calibration is also possible.
- the electronic focus point is determined at which the reflected signal has a maximum, as indicated in Tab. 2, column 3.
- Tab. 2 shows, for different point reflector locations, characterized by different transit times tj in column 2, the determined electronic focusing, in which the maximum occurs in column 3, and the value for the point reflector distance a w , determined by interpolation of the values in Table 1 Water in column 4.
- the sound velocity in the second medium 42 is calculated according to column 5, where t in this case is the simple sound transit time in the medium 42 up to the considered point reflector.
- the sound velocity for the first medium 41 is equal to the sound velocity Cw of the calibration medium W - water -.
- the distance a Med of the spherical point reflector 5 according to column 6 is then determined.
- the distance used in the first column of Table 2 is the spherical point reflector 5 used by the interface 11 and the actual speed of sound.
- Deviation dv between the determined focus positions from sound field calculation and with the help of the approximation formula - Difference around 0.1mm Error at focusing
- Tab. 4 Focus point positions determined from the sound field (longitudinal section) and associated sound propagation times
- a liquid mixture e.g. with a variable mass density
- the comparison of the determined sound velocities for two point reflectors 51, 52 lying one behind the other, together with the associated sound propagation time provides the change in the average sound velocity between the point reflectors 51, 52.
- the medium 4 to be examined is a liquid mixture which is provided with different point reflectors 5, 51, 52, sound velocity differences occur, whereby a determination of the distance of the point reflector 51 of ultrasonic transducers 51 located on the transom axis 12 closest to the ultrasound transducer 3 3 and the average sound velocity c Med between the point reflector 5 and the ultrasonic transducer 3 with the equations (V) and (VI)
- C Ued takes place, where aw is the distance of the point reflector 5 from the ultrasound transducer 3 with respect to the calibration medium W, and wherein the distance aw is determined by the focussing regime V ma ⁇ (a w ), and t is the simple sound transit time between ultrasound transducers 3 and is the respective point reflector 5, and wherein Cw is the speed of sound of the calibration medium W, and a repetition of the process for farther point reflectors 5 and thus a determination of the average sound velocity between the ultrasonic transducer 3 and point reflector location for each point reflector location is carried out, wherein the average sound velocity q , j + i between two (j, j + 1) point reflectors 51, 52 lying on the acoustic transom axis 12 via the equation (VII)
- the investigating medium 4 represents a liquid mixture which is provided with randomly distributed scattering particles which are stored, flow or diffuse, and thus has sufficient scattering particles in time at all locations in the medium 4, the echo signal amplitude averaged over various transmission pulses provides the Focus point in the middle scattering particles for the selected focusing regime, the runtime proportional to the display position of the respective and thus the sound propagation time from the ultrasonic transducer 3 to the focus point F; Fi, F 2 , F 3 in the medium 4, wherein a determination of the average sound velocity c M ed to the focal point F and the distance a Med between the ultrasonic transducer 3 and the focal point F with the equations (V) and (VI)
- t j + 1 -t j is the simple sound transit time between the two focus points F
- awj + 1-awj is the distance between the two focus points F relative to the calibration medium W, whereby a sound velocity profile can be established.
- a liquid other than water can also be used.
- FIG. 7 shows that the location of the sound pressure maximum in flowing or diffusing liquids can be determined by averaging the echo signal amplitudes.
- FIG. 7 c shows a schematic diagram of the focusing ultrasound lens 17 used in the ultrasound transducer 3.
- the echo signal amplitude averaged over different transmission pulses from each focal point F; F 1 , F 2 , F 3 are determined and passed to the evaluation unit 8, wherein the evaluation unit 8, the so for the focus points F; Fi, F 2 , F 3 determined echo signal amplitudes with the of the calibration unit 9 for the different focus points F; F 1 , F 2 , F 3 compares or calculates echo signal amplitudes and uses them to calculate the ultrasound attenuation of the medium 4 between two focus points F, eg Fi - F 2 , F 2 - F 3 , in order to increase the accuracy of the sound velocity measurements and / or to determine the properties of the fluid or tissue.
- the echo signal amplitudes averaged over different transmission pulses are sent to the evaluation unit 8, wherein the evaluation unit 8 calculates an echo signal amplitude curve dependent on the sound propagation time from the echo signals for fixed focus averaged over different transmission pulses, and from the echo signal amplitude curve thus calculated the attenuation in the vicinity of the focal point F;
- F 1 , F 2 , F 3 is determined to, after optional repetition of the method steps for different focus points F; Fi, F 2 , F 3 to increase the accuracy of the sound velocity measurements and / or to determine the properties of the liquid or tissue.
- the specified method is a non-invasive method without consideration of interfaces and provides a sound velocity profile (spatially resolved sound velocity) in fluid and solid media 4 with scattering inhomogeneities and / or particles as point reflectors 5, in particular the scattering particles before the initiation of the process in the Medium 4 can also be introduced.
- Figs. 8a, 8b, 8c and 8d are considered together.
- a second arrangement 20 for the combined determination of sound velocities and distances, in particular of layer thicknesses in the medium 4 with the layers 41, 42 by means of ultrasound, is shown schematically in FIGS. 8 a and 8 b, wherein the second arrangement 20, largely similar to the first arrangement 10 and modified, at least out
- a transmission signal generator 1 which generates electrical transmission signals on three channels 14,
- an amplification unit 6 which receives and amplifies the electrical received signals
- a recording unit 7 which supplies the amplified received signals of an analog-to-digital conversion to form digital signals, as well as
- An evaluation unit 8 which includes the digital signals from the recording unit 7 in the evaluation consists.
- a central receiving element 15 which receives the reflected ultrasonic waves, preferably central to the inner element 31, which forwards the electrical received signals generated in it to the amplification unit 6, wherein the transmitted signal generator 1 is controlled solely by a electronic focusing or, in conjunction with the recording unit 7, focusing the resulting ultrasonic focus stepwise along the transducer head 12 of the ultrasound transducer 3 onto individual focal points Fi, F 2 , F 3 by means of a synthetic focusing, wherein a calibration unit 9 is present, either by simulation calculation or by measurement with the aid of the recording unit 7, the reflected ultrasound on the central receiving element 15 for the ultrasonic transducer used in the following measurements 3 with predetermined element arrangement for a calibration medium W with a fixed calibration wall 16 as a reflector in Distance a w for the different electronic focus points Fw, as shown in FIGS.
- the central receiving element 15 is provided for determining the sound pressure amplitude curve, the dimensions - diameter dz, side length - of the central receiving element 15 in the range of an ultrasonic wavelength ⁇ with respect to the medium 4.
- d Me d42 The simultaneous measurement of the speed of sound c Me d4i, c Me d42 and layer thickness d Med 4i. d Me d42 is based on the determination of the sound propagation time Wi, U2 and the sound pressure amplitude curves determined by varying the focus points Fi, F 2 , F 3 .
- a point-shaped reflector results in variation of the focus points Fj a maximum in the reflected signal when the point-shaped reflector is in the focal point, which is given by the maximum sound pressure.
- the reflection in an extended boundary surface results in the maximum in the reflected signal only if the focal point Fj is placed at a distance of a few millimeters after the boundary surface.
- the distance of the reflecting interface can be determined by measurement with a small receiver in the form of the central receiving element 15 introduced according to the invention.
- focal maxima and minima which can be used to determine the layer thickness d Med, can be determined near the reflective boundary surface (FIGS. 9, 10).
- the recorded sound pressure amplitude curves may also depend on the geometry and the frequency of the transmitting elements 31, 32, 33.
- the calibration unit 9 indicated in FIG. 8c may include a calculation unit 91 for calculating the calibration curves and / or a measuring unit 92 for determining the calibration curves.
- a recording unit 7 measures e.g. in the case of the layer 41 to be examined, the sound transit time tu between the front boundary surface G1 and the rear boundary surface G2 of FIG
- An evaluation unit 8 determines the local maxima and minima in the determined sound pressure amplitude curve and determines therefrom with the aid of the calibration curves the equivalent distance a w of the reflecting interface 16 with respect to the calibration medium W and from the measured sound transit time t between the front boundary surface G1 and the rear boundary surface G2 of the layer 41 to be examined and the determined equivalent layer thickness d w with respect to the calibration medium W the sound velocity c Me d4i be determined in the layer 41 to be examined and their layer thickness d M ecwi.
- an ultrasonic transducer 3 with a ring element is used for the simultaneous determination of the layer thickness diued and the speed of sound CMe d.
- ment arrangement used.
- calibration curves are first calculated as shown in FIG. In the calculation, it is assumed that in a water bath at a defined distance parallel to the transmitting elements 31, 32, 33 is a thick plate 16 as a calibration, in which no reflection from the plate back wall arrives at the receiving elements in the observation period.
- the focal point F 1 , F 2 , F 3 is placed in front of, on and behind the front reflecting surface of the plate 16 along the transducer axis 12 and a sound pressure amplitude curve with respect to the central receiver element 15 - a small central receiver. gers in the range of the Schallkopfachse 12 - determined.
- the electronic focusing is performed directly by a time-delayed control of the elements with delay times corresponding to the respective time delay regime.
- synthetic focusing with all transmitting elements 31, 32, 33 transmitting one after the other, the individual reflected signals are registered by the central receiving element 15 and the individual signals for the individual transmitting elements 31, 32, 33 are superimposed in phase according to the respective time delay regime. The process is repeated for different distances of the plate 16 from the transmitting elements 31, 32, 33.
- the two sound pressure amplitude curves in FIG. 9 result for a wall distance a w of 10 mm and 13 mm, the wall distance a w being equal to the layer thickness d w of the calibration medium W when the layer of the calibration medium W is immediately adjacent to the ultrasound transducer 3 ,
- the comparison of Figures 9a and 9b shows the dependence of the curve on the geometry of the transmitting / receiving elements - 31 (inner element), 32 (middle element), 33 (outer element) - the ultrasonic transducer 3.
- the in Fig. 9a and 9b recorded calibration curves show before and behind the reflecting wall 16, a local minimum.
- d w distance of wall 16 from ultrasonic transducer 3 for calibration medium water W.
- the distance aw at the same time represents the layer thickness d w of the calibration medium W.
- a layer 42 of another medium with the layer thickness d Me d42 to be determined and the sound velocity c Med42 to be determined are focused stepwise and a sound pressure amplitude curve is recorded as a function of the electronic focus, a similar sound pressure amplitude curve results as in water. Again, local maxima and minima occur. If the focus is read at the local maximum and with the calibration curves for water In comparison, the calibration curve for water can be selected at which a local maximum occurs in water at the same focusing and same time delay regime.
- the layer 42 to be examined is assigned an equivalent water layer thickness dw. This is related to the determined layer thickness d Med ⁇ of the layer 42 via the equation (X):
- d stands for the distance or the layer thickness
- c for the speed of sound and the index W for the calibration medium are water and Med for the medium to be examined in the layer 42.
- tMed is the measured single sonic transit time in the layer 42 to be examined.
- Equations (X) and (Xl) can be used to determine the layer thickness d Med42 and the speed of sound CMed42 of the layer 42.
- Equations (X) and (Xl) are converted into equations (XII) and (XIII) for a two-layer system 41, 42
- VL stands for the layer thickness of the flow.
- equation (XIII) is used in equation (XII)
- equation (XIV) results for calculating the speed of sound c Med of the medium 4 in the respective layer 41 and 42 to be examined
- the sound pressure on the central receiving element 15 as a function of the electronic focusing is shown in Fig. 10a.
- the method with the central receiving element 15 is used for the combined determination of sound velocities and layer thicknesses from the measurement of distances in a layer, even in multilayer liquid mixtures.
- interfaces must be present, scattering particles can be dispensed with.
- the echo signals of the interfaces are used with which an exact size and position determination of interfaces is possible after evaluation, resulting in a significant improvement of the imaging process. It can e.g. be used to determine layer thicknesses in and of unknown materials and at the same time provides the associated material parameters. In addition, the material parameters and the structure of unknown layer systems can be determined non-destructively.
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Abstract
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DE112010002450.2T DE112010002450B4 (de) | 2009-06-12 | 2010-06-11 | Anordnung und Verfahren zur kombinierten Bestimmung von Schallgeschwindigkeiten und Abständen in Medien mittels Ultraschall |
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DE102009025463.3 | 2009-06-12 | ||
DE200910025463 DE102009025463A1 (de) | 2009-06-12 | 2009-06-12 | Anordnung und Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Schichtdicken und Schallgeschwindigkeiten in Medien mit Hilfe von Ultraschall |
DE102009025464A DE102009025464A1 (de) | 2009-06-12 | 2009-06-12 | Anordnung und Verfahren zur kombinierten Bestimmung von Schallgeschwindigkeiten und Abständen in flüssigen und festen Medien mittels Ultraschall |
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Cited By (4)
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CN109444860A (zh) * | 2018-10-30 | 2019-03-08 | 泰州市计量测试院 | 多波束测深仪模拟校准装置 |
CN110392553A (zh) * | 2017-03-10 | 2019-10-29 | 皇家飞利浦有限公司 | 用于定位声学传感器的定位设备和系统 |
WO2019234163A1 (de) * | 2018-06-06 | 2019-12-12 | Kardion Gmbh | Verfahren und system zum ermitteln der schallgeschwindigkeit in einem fluid im bereich eines implantierten, vaskulären unterstützungssystems |
CN114080187A (zh) * | 2019-06-24 | 2022-02-22 | 朝日英达科株式会社 | 导管、导管套件、医疗装置以及超声波测定方法 |
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CN110392553A (zh) * | 2017-03-10 | 2019-10-29 | 皇家飞利浦有限公司 | 用于定位声学传感器的定位设备和系统 |
WO2019234163A1 (de) * | 2018-06-06 | 2019-12-12 | Kardion Gmbh | Verfahren und system zum ermitteln der schallgeschwindigkeit in einem fluid im bereich eines implantierten, vaskulären unterstützungssystems |
CN112533543A (zh) * | 2018-06-06 | 2021-03-19 | 开迪恩有限公司 | 用于确定植入式血管支持系统的区域中的流体中的声速的方法和系统 |
CN109444860A (zh) * | 2018-10-30 | 2019-03-08 | 泰州市计量测试院 | 多波束测深仪模拟校准装置 |
CN114080187A (zh) * | 2019-06-24 | 2022-02-22 | 朝日英达科株式会社 | 导管、导管套件、医疗装置以及超声波测定方法 |
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DE112010002450A5 (de) | 2012-09-13 |
DE112010002450B4 (de) | 2017-12-07 |
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