Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
  • C10L1/026—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
  • C11C3/00—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom
  • C11C3/003—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom by esterification of fatty acids with alcohols
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
  • C12M21/00—Bioreactors or fermenters specially adapted for specific uses
  • C12M21/02—Photobioreactors
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
  • C12M33/00—Means for introduction, transport, positioning, extraction, harvesting, peeling or sampling of biological material in or from the apparatus
  • C12M33/10—Means for introduction, transport, positioning, extraction, harvesting, peeling or sampling of biological material in or from the apparatus by centrifugation ; Cyclones
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
  • C12M33/00—Means for introduction, transport, positioning, extraction, harvesting, peeling or sampling of biological material in or from the apparatus
  • C12M33/14—Means for introduction, transport, positioning, extraction, harvesting, peeling or sampling of biological material in or from the apparatus with filters, sieves or membranes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
  • C12M43/00—Combinations of bioreactors or fermenters with other apparatus
  • C12M43/02—Bioreactors or fermenters combined with devices for liquid fuel extraction; Biorefineries
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
  • C12M43/00—Combinations of bioreactors or fermenters with other apparatus
  • C12M43/04—Bioreactors or fermenters combined with combustion devices or plants, e.g. for carbon dioxide removal
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
  • C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
  • C10G2300/1011—Biomass
  • C10G2300/1014—Biomass of vegetal origin
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
  • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
  • Y02P30/20—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry using bio-feedstock
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
  • Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft
  • Y02T50/678—Aviation using fuels of non-fossil origin

Definitions

• the invention relates to a fuel distribution system (device) for vehicles bound to harbors.
• vehicles are, for example, helicopters and other general aviation aircrafts based on heliports or airports.
• the invention relates to a method for operating a fuel distribution system.
• crude oil is produced, for example in Arabian countries, in Russia, in Africa and in the North Sea.
• crude oil is shipped with tankers via the Suez Canal and the Mediterranean Sea or- in case of larger tankers - even around Africa to Rotterdam or similar larger European oil harbors. From this oil harbors, the crude oil is transported, for example via crude oil pipelines, via barges or via railway, to refineries which are distributed across Europe.
• fuel is produced from the crude oil.
• the crude oil is converted by distillation in several fuel products such as gasoline, diesel and kerosene (e.g. JET - A1).
• the kerosene is then transported, normally via trucks or railway, to the airport.
• At the airport there are large fuel tanks feeding the local fuel distribution system at the airport.
• Some airports only have fueling vehicles which commute between the airport fuel tanks and the vehicles parked on the airport.
• Larger airports usually have an underground fuel pipe distribution network with fuel pipes underneath the airport surface for conducting fuel from the fuel tanks to the parking positions.
• the fueling vehicle for fueling the aircraft just has a pump, a measuring unit and connecting devices for connecting the underground fuel pipe terminal to the fueling inlet of the aircraft.
• the existing fueling distribution system for aircraft vehicles consist of oil extraction equipment for extraction of crude oil, crude oil transportation means including crude oil tankers and pipelines, a network of refineries including a lot of refineries distributed across the region where the fuel is to be distributed, normally near to the harbors to be delivered with fuel, fuel transportation means for transporting the fuel from the refinery to the harbors, fuel tanks at the harbors and local fuel distribution systems at the harbors itself.
• An object of the invention is to provide a less complicated fuel distribution system for vehicles bound to harbors which avoids or decreases the drawbacks of the existing fuel distribution systems.
• a preferred advantageous operation method of a fuelling distribution system is subject matter of the further independent claim.
• the invention provides a fuel distribution system for vehicles which are bound to harbors including a net of harbors spread over a territory, each of the harbors is having a fuel generation system to fuel ve- hides, wherein the fuel generation system comprises
• the harbors are separated from each other by a distance which is equivalent to 40% to 100% of the operational range of the vehicle operated from the harbor.
• distances lie in the range of 240 km to 1800 km for airports and in the range between 120 km and 720 km for heliports.
• the reactor breaks in a chemical process the oil's carbon chain and adds methanol yields oil.
• the reactor uses hydro treatment to yield fuel.
• the CO 2 is feeded to the photo bio- reactor by liquid CO 2 which is liquefied from plant emissions.
• the vehicle is a helicopter with an operational range between 300 and 750 km.
• the vehicle is an aircraft with an operational range between 600 and 1800 km.
• the fuel distribution system has a net of harbors comprising airports and heliports.
• the harbors comprise fueling devices for fueling the vehicles bound to the harbors.
• the fueling devices comprise fuel tanks for feeding a local distribution system at the harbor.
• the local distribution system comprises fueling vehicles for transporting fuel from the fuel tanks to the vehicles to be fueled.
• the local distribution system could also comprise an underground fuel pipe distribution network for conducting fuel from the fuel tanks (50) to parking positions of the vehicles to be fueled.
• Special fueling vehicles can be provided for connecting the underground pipe distribution network to the vehicle to be fueled.
• Such fueling vehicles preferably comprise at least one pump and at least one measuring unit.
• the invention provides a fuel distribution method for providing fuel to fuel vehicles which are bound to harbors, comprising the step of generating fuel at harbors of a net of harbors spread over a territory, whereas the fuel generation step comprises the steps of: generating micro algae from CO ⁇ , water and sunlight and extracting oil from the micro algae (59) and converting the oil into fuel.
• the CO 2 is provided in form of an exhaust gas from a plant.
• a preferred embodiment of the method comprises the steps of: providing CO 2 from exhaust gases of a plant, liquidizing of the CO 2 transporting the liquefied CO 2 to the harbor to generate the micro algae there from,
• Fig. 1 is a schematical illustration of the fuel distribution system
• Fig. 2 shows the fuel generation and distribution cycle at one of the airports being part of the fuel distribution system of Fig. 1 ;
• Fig. 3 shows a schematic diagram describing the process of the fuel generation and distribution which takes place at one of the harbors of Fig. 1 ;
• Fig. 4 shows the CO ⁇ -feeding of the fuel generation system of Fig. 2;
• Fig. 5 shows a summary of the steps taken in Fig. 4.
• Fig. 1 shows a schematic illustration of fuel distribution system 10.
• nine harbors 12 are part of fuel distribution system 10 with four airports 14 being harbors 12 for also aircrafts 16 as well as helicopters 18 as vehicles 19 and four heliports 20 being harbors 12 only for helicopters 18 as vehicles 19.
• the harbors 12 are distributed over a territory, in the following the embodiment of a fuel distribution network is explained by way of example choosing West and Central Europe as the territory over which the fuel is to be distributed.
• airports 14 are located near cities such as Paris 22, Frankfurt/Main 24, Kunststoff 26 and Rome 27 and the heliports 20 are located near further cities such as Stralsund 28, Ahlen 30, Bautzen 32, Herzogenaurach 34 and Friedrichshafen 36.
• the names of the cities are just examples, generally locations are chosen for harbors 12 which may be interesting as flight destinations and/or intermediary stops.
• the distances between harbors 12 are in the range of 40% to 100% of the operational range of vehicles 19 bound to harbors 12.
• FGDS 38 fuel generation and distribution system 38, with which fuel 40 to refuel aircrafts 16 and/or helicopters 18 is generated and guided to aircraft 16 and/or helicopter 18 to be refueled.
• the FGDS 38 is described in more detail in Fig. 2.
• the average operational range of aircraft 16 lies between 600 and 1800 km and the average operational range of helicopter 18 lies between 300 and 750 km. If a pilot (not shown) of helicopter 18 wants to fly from Paris 22 to Stralsund 28, he has to stop to refuel helicopter 18 as the distance between the two locations is around 1150 km and thus larger than the average operational range of helicopter 18. In this exemplary case the pilot of helicopter 18 can stop in Ahlen 30 for refueling helicopter 18. If the helicopter pilot wants then to continue the travel from Stralsund 28 to Kunststoff 26 there is the possibility to stop for refueling at Herzogenau- rach 34. At the travel back from Munich 26 to Paris 22 the distance of the two locations is longer than the operational range of helicopter 18, but there is the possibility to refuel either in Frankfurt/Main 24 or in Friedrichshafen 36,
• FIG. 2 shows a schematic illustration of FGDS 38, FGDS 38 comprises a fuel generation system 41a and a fueling device 41 b.
• the fuel generation system 41a comprises an algae bioreactor 42, a harvesting station 44, and a fuel reactor 45 with an extraction station 46, a conditioning device 48 and a device for hydro treatment 49.
• the fueling device 41b comprises fuel tanks 50, a pipe distribution network 51a as distribution system 51 underground of the harbors 12 and a plurality of service sta- tions 52.
• the algae bioreactor 42 comprises a plate photo reactor 54 and a substrate basin 56.
• the plate photo reactor 54 is filled with an algae substrate 58 comprising algae 59 in a culture medium 60.
• the plate photo reactor 54 further comprises one or a plurality of injectors 62 for injection of CO 2 and a photo plate 64 to provide light to the algae substrate 58 in a biological optimum intensity range.
• the substrate basin 56 is filled with algae substrate 58 in culture medium 60 and provided with a circulating pump 66.
• the substrate basin 56 is connected to a plurality of plate photo reactors 54 via first connecting pipes 68.
• the substrate basin 56 is further connected to harvesting station 44 via a second connecting pipe 70.
• the harvesting station 44 comprises a centrifuge 72 and/or a filter 74 to separate algae substrate 58 from culture medium 60.
• the harvesting station 44 further comprises a regeneration system (not shown) for regenerating and recycling culture medium 60 to substrate basin 56.
• the harvesting station 44 is connected to extraction station 46 of fuel reactor 45 via a third connecting pipe 76.
• the fuel reactor 45 additionally comprises conditioning device 48 being connected to extraction station 46 via a fourth connecting pipe 78 and hydro treatment device 49 being connected to conditioning device 48 via a fifth connecting pipe 80.
• algae 59 are cultivated in culture medium 60, There is a plurality of algae species being suitable for the use in FGDS 38, in particular micro algae as Chlorella, Botryococcus braunii, Spirulina etc., but also other algae species can be used in FGDS 38.
• Algae 59 are photo autotrophic and carry out photosynthesis by using CO 2 and light energy.
• algae bioreactor 42 is provided with injectors 62 to supply CO 2 to culture medium 60.
• Further culture medium 60 with algae substrate 58 is guided via the first connecting pipe 68 from substrate basin 56 where algae 59 are grown to a plurality of plate photo reactors 54.
• the photosynthesis carried out by algae 59 proceeds in an optimum range if a certain light density is provided.
• plate photo reactor 54 comprises a photo plate 64 which provides the optimum light density for on the one hand avoiding rank growth of Chlorophyll and thus the reduction of the penetration depth of the light into the culture medium 60 and on the other hand for providing enough light to guarantee an effective photosynthesis yield and thus growth of algae 59.
• algae 59 Via circulating pump 66 culture medium 60 containing algae substrate 58 is circulated between plate photo reactors 54 and substrate basin 56. Due to the photosynthesis process algae 59 produce glucose being the base for producing bio mass in form of oil which forms a high percentage of the bio mass of algae 59 used in the FGDS 38.
• the culture medium 60 with algae 59 grown therein having a high percentage of oil is guided to harvesting station 44.
• a filtration process using filter 74 or a centrifugation process using centrifuge 72 or both are carried out to separate algae 59 from culture medium 60.
• the culture medium 60 is recycled and guided back to algae bioreactor 42.
• the algae yield is guided via the third connecting pipe 76 to extraction station 46.
• the oil is extracted from the algae 59 by e.g. squeezing or an extraction using solvents, but also other methods can be used.
• conditioning device 48 an esterifi- cation process of the oil attained from algae 59 is carried out using foe example methanol and yielding fuel 40. Further in conditioning device 48 the thus attained fuel 40 is separated from the reactands and the by-products. The reactands are recycled for being reused in the fuel generation process.
• the thus attained fuel 40 can be identified as kerosene 100.
• the kerosene 100 is supplied to pipe distribution network 51a and thus guided to the plurality of service stations 52 being present at each of harbors 12 from Fig. 1.
• a sink 104 At each service station 52 there is a sink 104 to which a fueling vehicle 106 having a pump 108 can be connected.
• the pump 108 is used to pump kerosene 100 into helicopter 18 (or aircraft 16, not shown).
• the pumping process is controlled by a measuring unit 110.
• fuel distribution system 10 it is possible to provide a self-sustaining system for providing fuel to helicopters 18 or aircrafts 16 without the need of complicated and expensive transport systems of crude oil from oil drilling stations to refineries and then to the consuming stations as for example harbors 12.
• the above described fuel distribution system 10 is suitable for vehicles 19 bound to harbors 12.
• Such vehicles 19 are helicopters 18 and other general aviation aircrafts 16 based on heli- or airports 14, 20.
• Today's fuel distribution system for these vehicles 19 are based on a largely woven net of fuel refineries feeded by crude oil shipped over large distances.
• Algae 59 can be found almost everywhere - oceans, ponds, swimming-pools, and common goldfish bowls. And while not truly plants, these single-celled organisms have the same photosynthetic ability to convert sunshine into chemical energy. For some species of algae 59, this chemical energy is in the form of oils very similar to common vegetable oil. These oils can be processed and used to produce bio- diesel.
• Algae production does not compete with agriculture. Algae production facilities are closed and do not require soil for growth, use 99% less water than conventional agriculture, and can be located on non-agricultural land far from water. Since the whole organism converts sunlight into oil, algae 59 can produce more oil in an area the size of a two-car garage than an entire football field of soybeans. If it were easy, most of the world's biodiesel would already be made from micro algae 59 grown on non-agricultural land, close to coal-fired power plants. Success comes from the selection of right algae species, create an optimal photobiological formula for each species and build a cost-effective photobioreactor that can pre- cisely deliver the formula to each individual algae cell, no matter the size of the facility or its geographical location.
• the right naturally occurring algae species can, under just the right conditions, produce oil at near-theoretical limits. Their small size (less than 30 ⁇ m) and aquatic nature makes them ideal for a large-scale, highly automated, close production system called a photobioreactor, or PBR.
• Algae 59 thrive on a high concentration of carbon dioxide. And nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), a pollutant of power plants, is a nutrient for the algae 59, Algae production facilities can thus be fed exhaust gases from fossil fuel powerplants, to significantly increase productivity and clean up the air.
• NO 2 nitrogen dioxide
• the carbon hydrides remaining after the oil has been extracted from the algae 59, can be used to make animal feed, ethanol and potentionally sequester carbon.
• Emission allowances for any plant operator subject to the EU ETS are given out for a sequence of several years at once. Each such sequence of years is called a trading period. Since January 2008, the second trading period is on the way which will last until December 2012.
• the installations get allowances for free from the EU member states governments. Besides receiving this initial location on a plant-by-plant basis, an operator may purchase EU allowances from others (installations, traders, the government). If an installation has received more free allowances that it needs, it may sell them to anybody. It becomes obvious that a plant operator who is operating a supplementary fuel distribution system 10 according to the invention can trade with shares.
• Fig. 4 shows the feeding of fuel generation system 41a with CO 2 being an exhaust gas from a plant 112.
• CO 2 emitted by plant 112 is liquified by any suitable method and then stored in a CO 2 -tank 114.
• the plant 112 can be located near by harbors 12 but it can also be located at a long way off harbors 12.
• the stored CO 2 is transferred to a CO 2 -truck 116 being capable to transport liquified gases.
• the CO 2 -truck 116 transports the liquified CO 2 to fuel generation system 41a being located at harbors 12.
• CO 2 is then fed into algae bioreactor 42 via injector 62 to provide algae 59 with precursor material for producing glucose and thus bio mass for growing. Water is added to provide the biotope for algae 59.
• the liquid algae fuel is collected in a collecting vessel 118 and subsequently refined to attain kerosene 100.
• the thus produced bio-fuel is transferred into fuel tanks 50.
• Helicopter 18 can be refueled by being connected to fuel tanks 50.
• Fig. 5 shows a short summary of the process described in Fig. 4.
• Plant 112 produces CO 2 as an exhaust gas.
• the exhaust gas is transferred to algae 59 and serves as precursor for the production of glucose in algae 59 and thus for their growth.
• algae 59 After processing algae 59 the products oil and oxygen are attained.
• all CO 2 being produced by plant 112 is metabolized into non-polluting products or products capable to be used in energy consuming applications.
• the operator of plant 112 does not exercise the option to use allowances and is thus able to sell them to anybody.
• a fuel distribution system (10) for vehicles (19) bound to harbors (12), particularly aviation aircrafts (16) has been described with reference to the figures.
• oil capable for the production of biodiesel is obtained in a photobioreactor (54) from specific algae (59) storing the energy attained from photosynthesis in the form of oil.
• algae (59) need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and nitrogen dioxide for their growth they can be fed by exhaust gases being generated in fossil fuel power plants (112).
• fifth location for example Stralsund
• sixth location for example Ahlen

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• 2009
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