WO2010122273A2

WO2010122273A2 - System for managing electric energy using inverters

Info

Publication number: WO2010122273A2
Application number: PCT/FR2010/050780
Authority: WO
Inventors: François BERNOT; Didier Dupont; Nidya Monroy Rodriguez; Alix Bernot; Charles Boutroue
Original assignee: Francecol Technology
Priority date: 2009-04-23
Filing date: 2010-04-23
Publication date: 2010-10-28
Also published as: FR2944924A1; WO2010122273A3

Abstract

The invention relates to a system for converting electric energy in which the electric energy user and supplier members are connected together by an alternating current link. Each member is connected to an independent inverter either called pilot or slave. The slave inverters (d17) are each connected to one or more independent energy transmission lines (d16) which are centralised on one or more pilot inverters (d19). The optimal inverter technology of the inverters is the power switch type, connected in series with a diode for the slave inverter, and of the power switch type connected in anti-parallel with a diode for the pilot inverter.

Description

ELECTRIC POWER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WITH AID

INVERTERS

The invention relates to an electrical energy management system provided by one or more energy sources to one or more users, this system integrating inverters.

The invention is more particularly described with respect to energy sources that are photovoltaic panels without being limited thereto.

The state of the art in the field of photovoltaic solar energy systems is presented in FIG. 1. The photovoltaic panels (ai), of often reduced unit voltage (for example 24V), are assembled in parallel and in series, by connecting their connections in a suitable manner, to form a positive line (a2) and a negative line (a3), which feed the corresponding input (a6) of a central drive (a5). Other energy sources, such as wind turbines (a4) can be connected at (a10) to the central drive (a5). At least one electrochemical battery or other electrical energy storage means (a9), such as a hydrogen cell for example, can be connected to the central drive (a5), as well as the continuous (a7) or alternative energy user systems. (aδ). The central dimmer (a5) may be electromechanical in nature, for example a combination of rotating electrical machines, but it may also be electronic in nature. The exact structure of this central drive (a5) has been the subject of numerous publications and patents. The defect of the configuration presented in FIG. 1 is to impose to electrically connect solar photovoltaic panels directly on their aerial support (roof of building or adapted support). A unit connection of each panel would be possible, but it would increase the cost of the connection and not solve all the problems that follow. Indeed, the strong non-linearity of the panels photovoltaic systems requires them to choose a voltage rating twice their nominal operating voltage.

In order to increase the efficiency of the solar conversion chain, high voltages UPV (a12) delivered by the photovoltaic panels are requested at the input (a6) of the central drive (a5). One standard offers 96V, but some installations offer up to 300V for this UPV voltage (a12). As a result, when the photovoltaic panels (ai) are illuminated and not loaded, a voltage (a12) supplied to the central drive (a5) is substantially twice the nominal value, ie 192V for a voltage system UPV (a12) whose nominal voltage is equal to 96V, and 600V for a UPV voltage system (a12) whose nominal voltage is equal to 300V. When the installer climbs onto a roof or other outdoor aerial for the electrical connection of the panels, he must take important safety precautions as he handles high DC voltages in a hostile environment (humidity, direct rain). ..). It is therefore necessary to use highly qualified personnel, who also take significant risks when the rain comes. It is strictly forbidden for an unqualified individual customer to install a high-voltage solar energy system alone. The other disadvantage of such a direct current assembly of the solar panels is that the panels must count a particular number of elementary modules (ai) to achieve the required voltage. Adding some modules is difficult, if not impossible. If a module is damaged or partially obscured by an obstacle, it then deteriorates the entire conversion chain.

Finally, the direct connection of the solar panels (ai) in the form of a DC line, makes all the wires placed outdoors form a loop which can be very large. The input (a6) of the central drive (a5) is therefore subject to very large electromagnetic disturbances, which can go to destruction in the event of a direct or indirect lightning strike (by currents induced in the earth). The destruction rate of the inverters (a5) in electronic technology is very important, for example close to 5%, even when protections are put in place and the installation is grounded (ai 1) by a suitable connection ( on the positive or negative line).

The description of the state of the art in terms of electrical energy conversion system highlights a significant gap in three essential points:

• the modularity of the systems (difficulty, for example, adding panels after installation) • security during installation or maintenance operation outdoors on photovoltaic panels

• resistance to strong electromagnetic attack (lightning shock) or normal (near transmission antennas ...)

The present invention aims to solve all these problems, while providing other benefits, which are listed in the following lines.

Let us mention the state of the art of electronic power variators, whose terms and notations are used in the description of the present invention. It is summarized in the following documents:

• [ref 1] Enabling memory to direct the research of François Bernot, presented at the UFR STGI in Belfort, France, January 19, 1999

• [ref 2] series of 20 articles written by Henry Foch on power electronics, articles No. D3150 to D3175, Encyclopedia of engineering techniques, 1989

• [ref 3] article E3958, electronic power - introduction, by François Bernot Encyclopedia of the Techniques of the Engineer, article E3958

• [ref. 4] study of the up-grading of a DC-AC-AC converter to a mixed structure, IPEMC97, Hangzou (China), 3-6 November 1997, vol. 2, pp. 838-843 This series of articles and scientific memoirs offers an exhaustive bibliography and especially precise lexicon admitted by those skilled in the art in the field of electronic power variator. This lexicon will be used in the description of the invention, in order to clarify the presentation. This series of articles shows for the wave inverters six main categories, which can each be presented in the form of half-bridge, push-pull, full bridge, polyphase multiple bridge. Note that the push-pull assembly for an inverter relates to a structure that integrates at least one transformer, which comprises at least one double winding midpoint, said winding being generally wound on the same magnetic core, to increase the coupling between each half-winding. The push-pull denomination also concerns the transformer alone which can then be used in a transmission for example in three-wire differential mode, with or without a screen. The following list shows different types of inverters, with their symbolic writing, as presented in [ref 1] on page 138 (the symbol i represents the number of phases on the AC side of the drive):

- inverters full wave current, ie including continuous side inductance smoothing

• inverter with only thyristors, written "IdcOsiDr" (in direct version) and "IdcOsiRr" (in resonant version)

• inverter comprising only dual diode thyristors, written "IdcOsiDa" (in direct version) and "IdcOsiRa" (in resonant version)

• mixed inverter with as many thyristors as thyristors dual diodes written "IdcOsiDar" (direct version) and "IdcOsiRar"

(in resonant version) full voltage wave inverters, ie including continuous side a smoothing capacitor • inverter with only diode thyristors, written "VdcOsiDr" (in direct version) and "VdcOsiRr" (in resonant version)

• inverter with only dual thyristors, written "VdcOsiDa" (in direct version) and "VdcOsiRa" (in resonant version)

• mixed inverter with as many diode thyristors as dual thyristors, written "VdcOsiDar" (direct version) and "VdcOsiRar" (in resonant version). Note that the state of the art mentioned uses the words thyristor or thyristor-dual diode for the series association of a diode with a power switch, as described in Figure 6. We will call in the following description these series diode switches, under the name "InterS". The state of the art mentioned uses the words thyristor-dual or thyristor-diode for the antiparallel combination of a diode with a power switch, as described in FIG. 7. In the rest of the description, we will call these series diode switches, under the name "InterP".

The class of inverters integrates the class of reversible rectifiers into energy. The DC bus word describes the two DC terminations, one positive and the other negative of a voltage inverter, at the DC filter element (inductor or capacitor). In contrast the AC bus is for AC outputs.

The management system of the invention is obtained according to claim 1.

Other features of the system are found in the dependent claims.

The present invention is now described with the aid of examples which are only illustrative and in no way limit the scope of the invention, and from the attached illustrations, in which: FIG. 2 illustrates examples of application of the electrical energy management system of the invention;

Figure 3 is a diagram of the general structure of the electrical energy management system of the invention from inverters; - Figures 4a and 4b respectively show two embodiments of the management system according to the type of energy generating system;

FIGS. 5a and 5b are sectional views, respectively from above and from the side of an exemplary transformer associated with an inverter; - Figures 6 and 7 respectively illustrate two types of power switches.

Figure 2 illustrates examples of application of the management system of the invention. The system makes it possible to create an AC link between energy sources, such as photovoltaic solar panels (b1), an electrochemical battery (b2), a wind turbine (b3), an energy injector in the electrical distribution network, or any other energy transfer device, via independent electrical energy transfer lines (b1 1). The delivered energy can be optionally used by users (b12) or (b13) needing a continuous supply (for example lighting, motors) or alternatively (reinjection on the network for example or autonomous power supply). 230V). It is interesting, but not obligatory, to use one line per photovoltaic solar panel. This allows among other things a complete modularity of the energy conversion chain. Each energy source (b1), (b2) and (b3) is connected to a respective slave electronic inverter (b4), (b7), and (b5) which may or may not be integrated into its chassis, and which supplies power to a respective transformer (b6), (bδ) connected to an electrical transmission line (b1 1), which may be single phase or multiphase. The transformer (b6) or (bδ) is preferably integrated into the power source support or photovoltaic panel chassis (b1), but it can also be integrated in the connection socket between the output of the electronic inverter (b4), (b5) or (b7) ) and the line (b1 1). The electrical transmission line (b1 1) connects each photovoltaic panel (b1) to one or more pilot electronic drives (b10), which are preferably located in a protected technical room, unlike the photovoltaic panels (b1), which are themselves placed outdoors, in order to receive the sun. The inputs (b14) of the pilot drive (s) are either directly connected to an electric transmission line (b1 1) or they use an additional galvanic isolation transformer (b9) which, like the transformer (b6), can , be located in the input connection socket of the pilot electronic dimmer (b10).

In another embodiment, it is possible to use a transmission at the frequency of the public power distribution network (50Hz in Europe, 60Hz in America) and in this case to eliminate the driver (b10). This is discussed in another paragraph. In another embodiment, it would be possible to use in place of each slave inverter (b4), (b5) or (b7) a DC / DC electronic converter, and to carry electrical energy in the lines (b1 1). in continuous mode. This solution has an additional unit cost in electronic drives, it complicates the grouping of panels before the pilot drive (s) (b10) and the management of energy reversibility leads to more complicated electronic structures when an isolation transformer is required. The pilot drive (s) (b10) supply, according to the requirements of the installation specifications, DC (b12) or alternating (b13) outputs. The advantage of AC power transmission, or continuous, by independent line (b1 1) is to eliminate the loop formed by the various DC electrical connections between photovoltaic solar panels (ai), as presented in the state of the art.

The idea of AC power transmission, or continuous, by independent line (b1 1) can be extended to other devices that includes a power conversion facility. For example, electrochemical batteries (b2) or other electrical energy storage means, direct or alternating current, are connected to an electronic variator (b7) of the DC / AC (inverter) or AC / AC type (rectifier connected to an inverter for example) and feed a transformer (b8), which is connected to an input of suitable size of the pilot drive (s) (b10) via a possible transformer (b9). In this way, the energy storage means (b2) can be realized with reduced unit voltage blocks, for example 48V, which eliminates the isolation constraint. Several storage means can also be connected directly to the pilot drives (b10), without resorting to an alternative link (b1 1). For example, it is possible to connect said storage means to the DC voltage bus of the pilot drive (b10), or a specific drive dedicated to users (b12) or (b13).

In the same way other sources of energy can be added, such as wind turbines (b3), or generators, or any other source of electrical power to direct or alternating current. If said generators produce AC electrical energy, they can be interfaced by a passive diode rectifier or active (controlled). They can be connected either directly to the drive dimmers (b10) or via an electronic dimmer (b5) with one or more transformers (b8) or (b9), all adapted to the nature of the current. They provide. It is advantageous that the structures of the electronic converters (b4), (b5) and (b7) are of the same topological nature, in order to simplify the design of the system, but this is not essential. Figure 3 shows the general structure of an electrical power transmission system or module of the invention from a source (d) to optional DC (c6) or alternative (c7) users. Said structure is composed of: • an electric power transmission line (c14) composed of at least two connecting wires (c15) and (c16) and an optional screen (c17), which screen can be connected to earth (c10) or to one or other of the midpoints of the transformers (c3) and / or (c4). The screen (c17) is not mandatory because it only serves to improve immunity to electromagnetic disturbances, the number of wires (c15) and (c16) can be increased, or by reinforcing the optional screen ( c17), or if the transformers (c3) and (c4) comprise more than one winding connected to the line (c14) (which is the case of a transmission in differential mode), or even if the transformers (c3) ) and (c4) are polyphase type with several magnetic cores receiving temporally out of phase fluxes or not

One or more slave modules (c12), each of which integrates at least one energy source or receiver (d), at least one inverter (c2), at least one transformer (c3) connected to at least one line of alternative energy transmission (c14) which comprises one or more optional screens (cδ) located between its primary and secondary windings and connected to the earth (c10) of the installation, the screen (cδ) not being mandatory because it only serves to improve immunity to electromagnetic disturbances

One or more pilot modules (c13), each of which integrates at least one electronic variator (c5), said driver, a transformer (c4) connected to at least one alternative energy transmission line (c14) and comprising a or several optional screens (c9) located between its primary and secondary windings and connected to the ground (c1 1) of the installation, the screen (c9) not being mandatory because it serves only to improve the immunity electromagnetic disturbances; each pilot module can be dedicated to a single or several users of DC (c6) or alternating current (c7) energy; the pilot modules can be connected by their DC voltage bus.

Said structure can be multiplied as shown in Figure 2, both at the slave modules (c12) and pilot modules (c13). It is possible for this purpose to connect several sources, photovoltaic solar panels (b1), generators (b3), energy storage means (b2) in parallel and / or in series at the input of the electronic variators (b4), (b5). ) or (b7), under the condition of compatibility between the voltages and the currents of the different elements. It is possible to connect in parallel and / or in series the outputs (b14) of the transformers (b6) or (b8) connected to the power transmission lines (b1 1). In the same way, it is possible to connect the inputs or the outputs of the transformers (b9) in parallel and / or in series. It is possible to use among the transformers (b6), (b8) or (b9) multiple primary or secondary windings, arranged judiciously according to the elements to be connected to it, whether they are located in slave modules (c12 ) or in pilot modules (c5). It is possible to use several pilot modules (c13). Their inputs connected to the energy transmission line (c14) are then connected either in parallel, or in series, or in series / parallel, the person skilled in the art reserving the best topology. The outputs of these pilot modules (c5), which feed the sources (c6) and (c7), can be connected also in parallel or in series, but it is particularly interesting to dedicate to each type of user (c6) or ( c7) a pilot module (c5). It is then advantageous to connect the pilot modules (c5) by a transformer (c4), which ensures the energy transfers, or to connect them by their DC voltage bus (if it exists).

It appears in the conversion chain proposed in Figure 2 and Figure 3 a multitude of electrical energy conversion stages, electronic drives, transformers and others. It is interesting to choose the best topology of electronic drives, in order to obtain a performance of conversion the best possible. The class of natural-wave full-wave inverters, as proposed by the state of the art in the references [ref 1], [ref 2], [ref 3], highlights that the constraints imposed in particular by the defects of the transmission line (c14) are integrated in the natural operation of electronic drives (c2) and (c5). The best structure of the electronic variator with respect to this important embodiment constraint is therefore that of the inverters of the full wave type, ie where the alternative waveform does not show over-cutting, that the wave is of rectangular, trapezoidal or sinusoidal type. The references [ref 1], [ref 2], [ref 3] and [ref 4] present the various combinations of realizations, between the half-bridge, push-pull, complete bridge, multiple polyphase bridge versions, which are recalled. in the state of the art. The ways of associating these different combinations with one another to a transformer, as well as the use of single-phase or multiphase versions give a multitude of combinations. The advantage of using an alternative electrical energy transmission lies in the possibility of connecting transformers (b6), (bδ) and (b9) to the transmission line (b1 1), the transformers comprising primary and secondary windings. wound on separate mandrels (as illustrated in Figures 5a and 5b by respectively (e6) and (e7), and described later). This configuration considerably reduces the coupling between the primary and the secondary and makes it possible to place between them, shields (cd) and (c9) very effective. This very interesting advantage is discussed in the subsequent commentary of Figures 5a and 5b.

With reference to FIG. 3, it is important to consider the connection of the inverters (c2) and (c5) by their respective alternating outputs, either directly or indirectly by interposing a suitable resonant element therein. This does not exclude the cycloconverter mounting of one or more dimmers (c2) or (c5). The main possible combinations between the driver structure (c5) and the slave (c2) are as follows: 1) is a direct association of the two AC voltage terminals of (c2) and (c5), ie without any intermediate resonant element connected to the common AC connection, and with one or more possible intermediate transformers, which in our case are (c3), (c4), and the driver (c5) and the slave (c2) being such that:

• the driver (c5) uses a dual thyristor inverter "VdcOsiDa" and the slave (c2) uses an "IdcOsiDr" thyristor inverter, or the driver (c5) uses an "IdcOsiDr" thyristor inverter and the slave ( c2) uses a dual thyristor inverter "VdcOsiDa", or the driver (c5) uses a mixed dual thyristor and diode thyristor inverter "VdcOsiDar" and the slave (c2) uses an "IdcOsiDr" thyristor inverter, or the slave (c2) uses a dual thyristor mixed inverter and thyristor diodes "VdcOsiDar" and the driver (c5) uses a thyristor inverter "IdcOsiDr", or the driver (c5) uses a thyristor inverter dual "VdcOsiDa" and the slave (c2) uses a mixed inverter with thyristors and thyristors dual diodes "IdcOsiDar"

Either the slave (c2) uses a dual thyristor UPS "VdcOsiDa" and the driver (c5) uses a mixed thyristor and thyristor dual diode "IdcOsiDar" inverter.

2) an indirect association of the two alternative terminations of (c2) and (c5), ie with intermediate resonant element connected to the common alternative connection, and with one or more possible intermediate transformers (which in our case are ( c3), (c4), and:

• the driver (c5) and the slave (c2) each use either a dual thyristor UPS "VdcOsiRa", or a dual thyristor mixed inverter and thyristor "VdcOsiRar", with a series resonant network resonant (inductor connected in series with a capacitor), or the driver (c5) and the slave (c2) each use either a diode thyristor inverter "VdcOsiRr" or a mixed inverter to dual thyristors and thyristors diode "VdcOsiRar", with a series resonant network of series type (inductance connected in series with a capacitor), or the driver (c5) and the slave (c2) each use either a thyristor inverter "IdcOsiRa" dual diodes, ie a mixed dual-diode thyristor inverter and "IdcVdcOsiRar" thyristors, with a parallel-type intermediate resonance network (inductance connected in parallel with a capacitor), or

• either the driver (c5) and the slave (c2) each use either an "IdcOsiRr" thyristor inverter or a mixed dual thyristor thyristor inverter and "IdcOsiRar" thyristors, with a parallel-type intermediate resonant network. (inductor connected in parallel with a capacitor).

These associations are independent of the number of phases, noted i, and the half-bridge configuration, push-pull, full bridge and other known forms, as described in reference [ref 3]. We can combine the structures, taking for example (c2) a half bridge and for (c5) a complete bridge. The resonant network may be placed in different places, either between (c2) and (c3), or between (c4) and (c5), or between (c3) and (c4) (on either side of the line (c14)).

The realization of the power conversion functions between the pilot and the users (c6) and (c7), can be done either by the connection on the continuous output of (c5) of suitable dimmers according to the state of the prior art ( inverters of any kind for AC outputs and choppers of any kind for DC outputs), or also by the use of modules (c2) or (c5), configured in cycloconverter mode, as described in [ref 1] and [ref 3]. From a general point of view, the choice of the best structure must take into account the multiplicity of elementary electronic variators (c2) and (c5). Indirect resonance solutions have the disadvantage of requiring precise frequency monitoring and also of generating surges or overcurrent, that it is possible to control, which makes them nevertheless interesting. An optimal solution, among others, lies in a direct structure, where one or more "VdcOsiDa" dual thyristor inverters perform the pilot function (c5) and "IdcOsiDr" thyristor inverters perform the slave functions (c2). Figures 4a and 4b show this solution in detail.

With reference to FIG. 4a, the reference (d1) corresponds to a system called "a quadrant of energy" (either it receives energy or it gives it). Thus (d1) corresponds to a DC power source, behaving like a generator, for example a photovoltaic solar panel, or an aerogenerator (connected to a rectifier if it generates alternating current), or else corresponds to a receiver, for example a lamp. This one-quadrant system is connected to a slave inverter at InterS (d17), preferably mounted in push-pull (denoted "IdcOsi Dr"), which injects its energy on the transmission line (d16), itself connected in downstream to the pilot inverter (d19). With reference to FIG. 4b, the reference (d4) corresponds to a so-called "double quadrant of energy" system (it is both a generator and an energy receiver), such as a battery.

Energy reversible users, such as an electrochemical battery (b2) (Figure 4b) are connected to two inverters (d17) and (d18) connected in parallel input (wires (d3) connected together and wires (d2) connected together). They can be connected on the terminating side connected to the line (d16) in two possible ways: either in a manner not illustrated by two independent lines (d16) each connected to a specific input of the pilot (d19), or as illustrated , directly parallel to the level (d25) of the secondary (d23) (in the latter case a single line (d16) is required). We then obtain a global assembly (d17) / (d18) which operates in cycloconverter mode.

According to the invention, each inverter at InterS (d17) and (d18) comprises two InterS (d7) power switches (thyristor connected in series with a diode) and mounted in push-pull on the transformer (d12) with a midpoint. The control of the transferred energy is done via the delay angle of InterS (d7) with respect to the voltage wave supplied by the pilot inverter (d19). A particularity of this arrangement is that the fault compensation of the line (d16) is performed via at least one capacitor (d1 1) of low value. It is also possible to perform this function, by arranging at least one capacitor (d26) at the output of the line (d16). This decoupling solution, which can be juxtaposed with the solution (d11), makes it possible to benefit from the switching protection of the InterS, provided by the transformer leakage inductance (d12). The two connection locations of a decoupling capacitor (d1 1) and (d26) are possible, with different values. The commutation obtained in (d17) and (d18) is called soft, ie with very little loss. The transmission line (d16) may consist of twisted wires or not, mounted in differential mode or not, with or without screen (c17). InterS (d7) slave inverters (d17) and (d18) are made with associations of transistors (d8) with a diode series (d9), as shown in Figure 6 for a single switch (d7). The diode (d10) is optional, it reinforces the protection of (d8). The choice of the technology depends on the specifications, for example for a module connected to a photovoltaic solar panel, the switch (d8) would be more interesting in MOSFET technology. For a high voltage module, it would be more interesting to choose for (d8) an IGBT transistor and even to use for the complete structure of (d17) or (d18) to a complete bridge, which will give an equivalent operation.

According to the invention, the InterP switches (d30) of the pilot inverter (d19) are each formed by the antiparallel combination of a diode f1 and a transistor f2. Figure 7 reproduces this type of InterP switch.

The technology of the switches (d8) can be of the P type or of the N type. In a reversible version of (c12), it is possible to perform the cycloconverter function obtained by the direct association previously mentioned d17) and (d18), using switches (d7) mounted antiparallel, and using the same technology N or P, or using two complementary technologies, one in N and the other in P. The man of the art will make the best choice, according to his technological constraints. The structure of the pilot inverter (d19) and that of the slave inverters (d17) and (d18) can use a different form than the one proposed. The slave inverters can for example be mounted as a complete bridge. Preferably, the pilot inverters are mounted in push-pull as shown in Figures 4a and 4b. Clipping devices may be integrated at the terminations of the line (d16), in order to block parasitic voltages and currents collected by the system. These devices can be incorporated either in the housings of the line terminating connectors (d16) or inside the modules (d17), (d18) or (d19). They can also integrate combinations of capacitors and parallel double winding inductors, used in line protection filters called EMC (electromagnetic compatibility) to block the common mode. All the techniques known to those skilled in the art in the field of information transmission line or energy protection, and of common mode rejection with respect to the differential mode, can be used in the present invention. Differential line architectures, with or without a screen, with or without an additional internal conductor, with or without an EMC filter, with or without a limiter, are particularly usable, the person skilled in the art choosing the best solution.

The pilot inverter (d19) with dual thyristors receives all the power of the system. Several inverters (d19) can be connected in parallel, either at their DC bus, or at their AC bus, for example by using an inverter by function or user (c6) or (c7). The level of power required by the pilots who centralize all the power, makes it possible to be advantageous to choose a complete bridge type structure. This Inverter generates a voltage wave on its AC output (d24), which is actually rendered trapezoidal by the protective capacitor (d20). We also find in this inverter a soft switch, according to the bibliography mentioned in the state of the art. The optimum overall operation of the dual thyristor inverter (d19) and thyristor inverter (d17) or (d18) array is given when the driver formed by (d19) provides a substantially half-cycle fixed-duty and half-cycle voltage waveform. (substantially higher alternation of the same duration as the lower half). When several drivers (d19) are used, it is possible to feed them using a same pilot signal, which signal is sent simultaneously to the appropriate switches of each driver (d19). Thyristor slave inverters (d17) and (d18) can be as numerous as possible. Each of them is synchronized to the alternating voltage wave they receive in (d25), by methods known to those skilled in the art and cited in the bibliography mentioned in the state of the art. The values and directions of energy transfer are managed by the relative phase shifts of the voltage and current waves in the different inverters (d17) and (d18). All the associations are authorized on the alternative (d24) or (d25) side, ie in series or in parallel of inputs and outputs on the transmission lines side (d16), since the inverters with thyristors (d17 and (d18) receive a fixed frequency voltage, on which they synchronize.

What is very interesting in this mode of transmission of energy is that each slave module can transmit energy only if it receives a pilot voltage wave in (d25) (FIGS. 4a and 4b). The consequence is that as long as the pilot inverter (d19) is inactive, no voltage appears on the transmission line (d16). The installation of a solar energy system no longer requires qualified personnel in high voltage. Moreover the simple disconnection of a line invalidates the operation of the associated module (d17). The on-going replacement of a photovoltaic panel, or another element then becomes possible. An interesting solution is to place a circuit breaker or fuse holder on each output (d24), as is done on electrical panels of domestic installations. When a panel is disconnected, shaded, or damaged, it does not interfere with the operation of others, since they are all independent.

Figures 5a and 5b show an embodiment of the transformer (d12). A ferromagnetic core or core (e4) of any shape receives on one side the primary winding (e3), which has the appropriate structure (push-pull or single) and on the other side a secondary winding (e5) of structure adequate (push-pull or simple). The choice of the push-pull structure is related to the connection mode of the line (d16) (single or differential, with the midpoint of the transformers connected or not to ground) and the structure of the inverter to which it is connected (full bridge, push-pull or other), the skilled person knowing choose the appropriate configuration. The electromagnetic screen is divided into two parts (e1) and (e2), each being formed of a metal strip, preferably of copper, which surrounds the winding which it protects, but without closing the turn thus formed, in order to do not create induced currents. This type of transformer has a large leakage inductance, which is not at all a problem for the energy conversion structure with thyristor inverter (d17) and (d18) and dual thyristor inverter (d19) connected in parallel. live on their alternate sides. On the contrary, this leakage inductance makes it possible to assist the switching of the thyristors (d7) in a natural way.

It may be advantageous, depending on the environmental constraints of the installed system (frequent lightning shocks, for example), to install on each input (d24) (FIGS. 4a and 4b) of the pilot inverter (d19) a transformer (c4), whose realization will be similar to that of (e7), but with a single winding primary if (d19) is full bridge type. By doubling in this way the galvanic isolation by (c3) and (c4) (with screens (c8) and (c9)), the electromagnetic immunity is greatly increased. The transmission line (d16) or (c14) can be made with a shield (c17), and also with a differential transmission, which requires three connecting wires for (d16) and transformers (c3) and (c4) which comprise push-pull windings on the side of each connection (d24) and (d25) to the transmission line. Those skilled in the art will be able to choose the configuration of transformer winding shapes according to the constraints of the specifications.

The transmission line (d16) or (c14) can carry a high voltage to reduce the transmitted current, and improve the overall efficiency. By reducing the current, the electromagnetic disturbances emitted by the line (d16) or (c14) decrease. Fine wire can be used, reducing the cost of installation. If the transformers (c3) and (c4) are located inside the body of the connection connectors of the line (c14) to the inverters concerned, respectively (c12) and (c13), and that the whole of the line forming cord (d16) or (c14) with its two connectors each including (c3) or (c4) (with a possible coding of the direction of connection) is molded tightly so as to make the live conductors inaccessible to the user, then he it is possible to use within the line (c14) a value of peak AC voltage such as for example 600V, which value is compatible with the qualities of the standard insulators. Those skilled in the art will choose the best voltage, depending on the technical and economic constraints of the installation.

The operating frequency of the assembly is in principle fixed. It can be chosen equal to the value of the power supply network (50Hz in Europe, 60Hz in the USA). In the latter case if the installation is connected to a power supply network, the inverter (d19) can be eliminated, each source (d1) or receiver (d4) then providing a voltage wave at the pilot frequency ( 50Hz in Europe, 60Hz in the USA). In this case, the transformers (d12) will be relatively bulky, but for the powers installed in a solar photovoltaic panel (a hundred of unit watts), they will fit seamlessly in the junction box with their electronic module.

Another solution is to use a high alternating operating frequency, for example twenty kilohertz, in order to be inaudible. Transformers then become very small, they have only a few turns and electromagnetic screens become very effective in blocking lightning strikes and electromagnetic disturbances. They can also be housed in line connectors (d16). The smooth switching of electronic drives makes the overall output excellent.

In order to guarantee an easy maintenance of the installation, to follow the supply of energy, to anticipate the load of the elements of energy storage according to the climatic conditions and thus to manage in an intelligent way the global installation, it It is possible to integrate in each slave module (d17) or (d18) and in the driver (d19) a transmission system, either by carrier currents, or by radio, or even by low-value sub-modulation of the control angles. internal slave modules (d17) or (d18) and driver (d19). In the case of sub-modulation transmitted by a slave module (d17) or (d18), the pilot inverter (d19) for example perceives this under-modulation through the corresponding position of the current received in (d24). A current sensor makes it possible, for example, to detect this under-modulation and to transform it into relevant information, which the driver (d19) will transmit to the system of supervision of the installation. The pilot inverter (d19) can use the same transmission technique, by sub-modulating, for example, its duty cycle, normally chosen at 50%. The slave module (d17) or (d18) can for example read this sub-modulation at the its synchronization circuit on the pilot voltage from the line (d16), which generates the control pulses of the switches (d7) with the appropriate delay. For example, a phase-locked device (PLL) may be used to detect this under-modulation. A transmission protocol must then be defined by those skilled in the art, if possible corresponding to a known transmission standard, in order to facilitate their implementation in the control processors. The pilot module (d19) can then interrogate each slave module (d17) or (d18) in turn, by sending on all lines (d16) frames incorporating an address and information to be transmitted. The slave modules (d17) or (d18) respond in the same way, indicating their address and the information to be transmitted. A connection to an external network, Internet, radio or other, is possible, in order to remote control the remote installation.

The system of the invention eliminates the connection loop between the generator elements, which in the case of photovoltaic solar systems is a very interesting advantage. This choice also makes it possible to obtain an excellent conversion efficiency, a compensation of the faults of the transmission lines by decoupling capacitors, a clipping of the transmission disturbances received by the line and a modularity of the installation, which makes it independent. the exact number of photovoltaic solar panels, power generators and energy storage elements to achieve the voltage required by the installation. The robustness of the overall system is significantly improved.

All of the elements that have been presented in this invention can be extended to non-solar energy management systems. The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described, but extends to any modification and variation obvious to a person skilled in the art, while remaining within the scope of the protection defined in the appended claims.

Claims

1. System for managing electrical energy between at least one electrical power source (b1, b2, b3, d, d1, d4) and at least one pilot inverter (b10, c5, d19) comprising at least one slave inverter (b4, b5, b7, c2, d17, d18) connected on the one hand to the energy source and on the other hand to at least said pilot inverter (b10, c5), and at least one transfer line of electrical energy (b1 1, c14, d16) between at least said slave inverter and said pilot inverter, the electric power transfer line (b1 1, c14, d16) between the slave inverter and the pilot inverter carrying current alternating at any frequency, characterized in that the slave inverter (b4, b5, b7, c2, d17, d18) comprises at least one reversible voltage switch (d7) called InterS which comprises a power switch connected in series with a diode, and the pilot inverter (b10, c5, d19) comprises at least one reversible current switch (d30), said InterP comprising an integer power switch connected in antiparallel with a diode.

2. Electrical energy management system according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises at least one transformer (d23) connected between the slave inverter and the energy transfer line, and in that the inverter (d17, d18) slave comprises at least two InterSwitches (d7) mounted in push-pull on the transformer (d23) on the side of its primary or secondary winding.

3. Electrical energy management system according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it comprises at least one transformer (b6, b8, c3, d12, d23) connected between the slave inverter and the transfer line d. energy, and / or at least one transformer (b9, c4) connected between the power transfer line and the pilot inverter.

4. Electrical energy management system according to claim 3, characterized in that each transformer is associated with a shield (c8, c9, e1, e2) against electromagnetic interference.

Electric power management system according to claim 3, characterized in that each transformer has a push-pull winding on the side of the energy transfer line, the mid-point being connectable to a protective screen against electromagnetic disturbances.

6. Electrical energy management system according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one of the slave and / or driver inverters comprises at least one protective capacitor (d1 1, d20, d26).

Electrical energy management system according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the pilot inverter generates a fixed frequency voltage wave controlling the slave inverter, preferably the voltage wave being connected. cyclic substantially equal to 50%.

8. electrical energy management system according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the slave inverter (s) consume a phase-shifted current of a controlled delay angle according to the energy to be transferred, and in that, in the case of several slave inverters, the delay angles of each slave are independent.

9. Electrical energy management system according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of pilot inverters which can be controlled by a common signal generator, each pilot inverter being dedicated to a separate user. .

10. Electrical energy management system according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of independent energy transfer lines (b1 1) and slave inverters (b4, b5, b7). ), each line connecting only one energy source (b1, b2, b3) via a slave inverter to a pilot inverter (b10).

11. Electrical energy management system according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the pilot inverter (s) and the slave inverter (s) comprise transmission means for communicate between them of the type by carrier currents or radio waves, or by low amplitude sub-modulation of the internal control angles of the slave and pilot inverters.

Electrical power management system according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one pilot inverter and at least one slave inverter communicate by means of a low amplitude sub-modulation of their internal control angle. , which under-modulation is detected via at least one current sensor in the pilot inverter and is detected via the synchronization device on the voltage wave received by the slave inverter such as by a phase lock device.

Electrical energy management system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that when the energy source (d4) is reversible, at least one slave inverter (d17) is associated with at least one other inverter. slave (d18), according to a parallel association, or according to an association as it uses for switches (d7) a four-quadrant assembly, made for example with two switches (d7) mounted in antiparallel.

14. Electrical energy management system according to claim 1, characterized in that the source of electrical energy is a source of voltage or current, such as solar photovoltaic panels, energy generators, wind turbine type. or electrogenerating rotating group, electrochemical batteries, energy reversible hydrogen cells, or any other means for storing voltage or electrical interface power, or any other kind of rotating or static voltage or current generator.