WO2010119084A1 - System for detecting the instant of transfer from reference positions along a path - Google Patents

System for detecting the instant of transfer from reference positions along a path Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010119084A1
WO2010119084A1 PCT/EP2010/054929 EP2010054929W WO2010119084A1 WO 2010119084 A1 WO2010119084 A1 WO 2010119084A1 EP 2010054929 W EP2010054929 W EP 2010054929W WO 2010119084 A1 WO2010119084 A1 WO 2010119084A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
instant
transfer
detecting
reference positions
positions along
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2010/054929
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Diego Osvaldo Parigi
Giuseppe Ravaglia
Original Assignee
Liski S.R.L.
Fg Microdesign S.R.L.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Liski S.R.L., Fg Microdesign S.R.L. filed Critical Liski S.R.L.
Publication of WO2010119084A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010119084A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • G07C1/00—Registering, indicating or recording the time of events or elapsed time, e.g. time-recorders for work people
    • G07C1/22—Registering, indicating or recording the time of events or elapsed time, e.g. time-recorders for work people in connection with sports or games
    • G07C1/24—Race time-recorders

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a system for detecting and monitoring events over time, applicable to various sectors and in particular in winter sports for controlling the athlete performance .
  • Systems for detecting the athlete performance are already used in competitions, which in the practice consist of a few sensors, for example photocells, placed at the starting point, at the arrival point and at one or more intermediate points of the trail. Such systems are limited to producing a final time and optionally one or more intermediate times for each performance of each athlete .
  • Such systems exhibit poor functionality and little usage flexibility as they can only detect the time occurrence of an event.
  • the technical aim of the present invention is to provide a system for detecting and monitoring events over time which overcomes the drawbacks of the prior art.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a system for detecting and monitoring events over time which, besides temporally detecting the occurrence of an event, has the capability of qualifying it, differentiating it not just temporally from previously or subsequently detected events.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a system for detecting and monitoring events over time which may be used in a convenient and simple manner and which is relatively simple and inexpensive to setup and install.
  • the system ensures the exact determination of the instant of transfer from the reference positions, also with information and identification data relating to the passage executor.
  • the reference positions spatially distributed along the path, are capable of determining in real time the event occurrence instant and can transfer the data detected in real or deferred time to the storage and processing centre.
  • the system is simple and inexpensive to set up and install, both in the case of intrinsic system installation on dedicated elements/parts, typical of the event to be monitored, and as separate accessory system, that is, mounted/installed at a later time and/or separately.
  • each reference position 1, 2, 3 is provided with sensor means for detecting the instant of transfer of the person executing said path 4, and transmission means of data containing a specific identity code and the instant of transfer detected to at least one data transmitting and receiving centre 12, comprising a logical processing unit and a satellite receiver for the time synchronization of data and the proper identification over time of all the information received from the reference positions 1, 2, 3.
  • the system further has a storage and analysis centre 8 for data coming from the transmitting and receiving centre 12. Also the storage and analysis centre 8 has a satellite received for data time synchronization. At least one transmitting and receiving centre 12, and preferably all those provided, have a wireless reception section and a wireless transmission section. Moreover, also the transmission means provided in at least one of the reference positions 1, 2, 3, and preferably in all those provided, are of the wireless type.
  • the sensor means provided in at least one of the reference positions 1 , 2 , 3 comprise a knock sensor or accelerometer.
  • the system further comprises a portable element 5 associable to the executor 6 of path 4 and having a wireless unit for the transmission of an electromagnetic signal 7 at least encoding the identity of executor 6.
  • At least one reference position 1, 2, 3, and preferably each position 1, 2, 3, has wireless data reception means cooperating with means for analysing electromagnetic signals for determining the identity of executor 6.
  • the instant of transfer is directly detected from the analysis of the electromagnetic signal 7 transmitted by the wireless unit of the portable element 5 or from the analysis of a different signal generated by a sensor (mechanical, electrical, electronic, electromagnetic or however generated ⁇ built in the reference position 1, 2, 3 or placed in the proximity of the same.
  • the electromagnetic signal 7 is in radiofrequency.
  • the portable element 5 also has a wireless unit for receiving data in radiofrequency and an electronic controller.
  • the analysis means comprise a decoder of a binary code identifying executor 6 with which the received radio carrier is encoded, a sensor ⁇ mechanical, electrical, electronic, electromagnetic or of another nature) , and a logical processing unit.
  • the analysis means associate the instant of occurrence of the signal generated by the sensor to the instant of transfer from the reference position 1,2,3.
  • the analysis means comprise a detector of the time amplitude variation of the radio signal received and suitable straightened, and in this case they associate the instant of occurrence of the peak value of the signal amplitude to the instant of transfer from the position.
  • the analysis means comprise an analyzer of the Doppler effect of a radio signal emitted by a radio signal generator provided in the reference position and reflected by executor 6 of path 4.
  • the reference positions 1, 2 and 3 are directly or indirectly in communication with each other. More precisely, the system comprises an initial reference position 1 positionable into path 4, a final reference position 3 positionable at the end of path 4 and multiple intermediate reference positions 2, all provided with a respective electronic controller and with respective data transmission and/or reception means.
  • the data transmission and/or receiving means of each reference position 1, 2 and 3 preferably consist of transmitting and receiving radios. As said and illustrated in the annexed drawing, the system may be applied for assessing the performance of a skier.
  • the path is the skiing trail
  • the portable element is associated to the skier, for example worn or integrated in his/her clothing, ski boots or ski
  • the initial reference position 1 is associated to the starting line 9 of the trail
  • the final reference position 3 is associated to the arrival line 10 of the trail
  • any intermediate reference position 2 is associated to a respective trail demarcation pole 11.
  • the sensor means provided at the initial reference position 1 detect the instant at which the skier crosses the starting line 9
  • the sensor means provided at each intermediate position 2 detect the instant of transfer of the skier at pole 11
  • the sensor means provided at the final position 3 detect the instant at which the skier crosses the arrival line 10.
  • the initial reference position 1 therefore has the function of detecting the instant of crossing of the starting line 9 and make it available for the real time or deferred transmission, for subsequent processing.
  • Each intermediate reference position 2 has the function of detecting the skier's instant of transfer at pole 11 and make it available for real time or deferred transmission, for subsequent processing.
  • the final reference position 3 finally, has the function of detecting the instant of crossing of the arrival line 10 and make it available for real time or deferred transmission, for subsequent processing.
  • the sensor means provided therein for detecting the instant at which the skier crosses the starting line 9 preferably comprise a mechanical or electromechanical or optical or electronic device (for example a microswitch, or an accelerometer, or an optical or magnetic sensor) , connected to bar 12 of the starting gate.
  • a mechanical or electromechanical or optical or electronic device for example a microswitch, or an accelerometer, or an optical or magnetic sensor
  • the transmitting and receiving radio there is preferably provided also a numerical keyboard provided with validation keys, or a barcode reader of an RF transponder reader. Cable connectors are also preferably provided for data input and output.
  • Its electronic controller comprises an electronic board whereto the sensor means, the receiving and transmitting radio, a microprocessor, one or more memory units, a display, and a timer with display for countdown are connected.
  • a GPS receiver and relevant antenna may be provided for using the information and synchronisms thereof.
  • the sensor means provided therein for detecting the time of transfer at pole 11 preferably comprise an accelerometer or a knock sensor built in pole 11, which uses the sudden movement pole 11 is subject to per by the effect of the skier's knock.
  • Its electronic controller comprises an electronic board whereto the sensor means, the receiving and transmitting radio, a microprocessor, one or more memory units. All the energy required for its operation is provided by an adequate battery, rechargeable either through the mains or by a system with solar panel, where provided.
  • the sensor means provided therein comprise a mechanical or electromechanical or optical or electronic device capable of detecting the passage of the skier on the arrival line 10, for example a photocell positioned on the arrival line 10.
  • Its electronic controller comprises an electronic board whereto the sensor means, the receiving and transmitting radio, a microprocessor and one or more memory units are connected.
  • it is provided with a GPS receiver and relevant antenna for using the information and synchronisms thereof. All the energy required for its operation is provided by an adequate battery, rechargeable either through the mains or by a solar panel, where provided. It determines the arrival instant and provides the information for real time or deferred transmission.
  • the basic system operation is as follows.
  • the skier activates the accelerometer which, via radio, communicates in real time or with a known delay the instant of the knock to the receiving and transmitting centre 12 which processes and fixes such transfer at the pole of the skier in time, for each transfer at the pole it prepares a string containing the pole identification code and the instant of transfer at the pole, or referred to a descent start zero time, and sends such string to the storage centre 8.
  • the storage centre 8 collects the data coming from all the reference stations 1, 2 and 3 from the receiving and transmitting centres 12 for the further processing thereof.
  • reference positions 1, 2 and 3 are capable of transmitting data to the storage centre 8 also differing from those relating to the skier' s identity and to his/her transfer times at the trail poles, with or without the interposition of the above receiving and transmitting centres 12.
  • the system may collect data coining from other similar systems it is in communication with for processing comparative analyses of performance of different athletes on different trails.
  • the principle of the invention being understood, the manufacturing details and the embodiments may widely vary compared to what described and illustrated by way of a non-limiting example only, without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the annexed claims.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Small-Scale Networks (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Velocity Or Position Using Acoustic Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
  • Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

In the system for detecting the instant of transfer from reference positions along a path, each reference position is provided with sensor means for detecting the instant of transfer of the person executing said path, and transmission means of data containing a specific identity code and the instant of transfer detected to at least one data transmitting and receiving centre, comprising a satellite receiver for the time synchronization of data, there being further provided a storing and analysis centre for data coming from the transmitting and receiving centre, having also a satellite receiver for time synchronization of data.

Description

SYSTEM FOR DETECTING THE INSTANT OF TRANSFER FROM REFERENCE POSITIONS ALONG A PATH
DESCRIPTION
The present invention relates to a system for detecting and monitoring events over time, applicable to various sectors and in particular in winter sports for controlling the athlete performance .
Systems for detecting the athlete performance are already used in competitions, which in the practice consist of a few sensors, for example photocells, placed at the starting point, at the arrival point and at one or more intermediate points of the trail. Such systems are limited to producing a final time and optionally one or more intermediate times for each performance of each athlete .
Such systems exhibit poor functionality and little usage flexibility as they can only detect the time occurrence of an event.
The technical aim of the present invention is to provide a system for detecting and monitoring events over time which overcomes the drawbacks of the prior art. Within the scope of this technical aim, an object of the present invention is to provide a system for detecting and monitoring events over time which, besides temporally detecting the occurrence of an event, has the capability of qualifying it, differentiating it not just temporally from previously or subsequently detected events. Another object of the present invention is to provide a system for detecting and monitoring events over time which may be used in a convenient and simple manner and which is relatively simple and inexpensive to setup and install. These and other objects are achieved according to the invention by a system for detecting and monitoring events over time according to claim 1. The system allows accurately detecting, monitoring and transferring the information received from all the reference positions along the path to a storage and processing centre by the most suitable means.
The system ensures the exact determination of the instant of transfer from the reference positions, also with information and identification data relating to the passage executor. The reference positions, spatially distributed along the path, are capable of determining in real time the event occurrence instant and can transfer the data detected in real or deferred time to the storage and processing centre. The system is simple and inexpensive to set up and install, both in the case of intrinsic system installation on dedicated elements/parts, typical of the event to be monitored, and as separate accessory system, that is, mounted/installed at a later time and/or separately.
Further features and advantages of the system according to the invention will appear from the following detailed description, made by way of a non-limiting example with reference to figure 1 and to the case of detecting the instant of transfer from the poles of a special slalom trail. In the system for detecting the instant of transfer from reference positions 1, 2, 3 along a path 4, each reference position 1, 2, 3 is provided with sensor means for detecting the instant of transfer of the person executing said path 4, and transmission means of data containing a specific identity code and the instant of transfer detected to at least one data transmitting and receiving centre 12, comprising a logical processing unit and a satellite receiver for the time synchronization of data and the proper identification over time of all the information received from the reference positions 1, 2, 3. The system further has a storage and analysis centre 8 for data coming from the transmitting and receiving centre 12. Also the storage and analysis centre 8 has a satellite received for data time synchronization. At least one transmitting and receiving centre 12, and preferably all those provided, have a wireless reception section and a wireless transmission section. Moreover, also the transmission means provided in at least one of the reference positions 1, 2, 3, and preferably in all those provided, are of the wireless type. The sensor means provided in at least one of the reference positions 1 , 2 , 3 comprise a knock sensor or accelerometer.
The system further comprises a portable element 5 associable to the executor 6 of path 4 and having a wireless unit for the transmission of an electromagnetic signal 7 at least encoding the identity of executor 6. At least one reference position 1, 2, 3, and preferably each position 1, 2, 3, has wireless data reception means cooperating with means for analysing electromagnetic signals for determining the identity of executor 6. The instant of transfer is directly detected from the analysis of the electromagnetic signal 7 transmitted by the wireless unit of the portable element 5 or from the analysis of a different signal generated by a sensor (mechanical, electrical, electronic, electromagnetic or however generated} built in the reference position 1, 2, 3 or placed in the proximity of the same.
Preferably, the electromagnetic signal 7 is in radiofrequency. Advantageously, the portable element 5 also has a wireless unit for receiving data in radiofrequency and an electronic controller.
In a preferred embodiment, the analysis means comprise a decoder of a binary code identifying executor 6 with which the received radio carrier is encoded, a sensor {mechanical, electrical, electronic, electromagnetic or of another nature) , and a logical processing unit. The analysis means associate the instant of occurrence of the signal generated by the sensor to the instant of transfer from the reference position 1,2,3.
As an alternative, the analysis means comprise a detector of the time amplitude variation of the radio signal received and suitable straightened, and in this case they associate the instant of occurrence of the peak value of the signal amplitude to the instant of transfer from the position. As an alternative, the analysis means comprise an analyzer of the Doppler effect of a radio signal emitted by a radio signal generator provided in the reference position and reflected by executor 6 of path 4.
The reference positions 1, 2 and 3 are directly or indirectly in communication with each other. More precisely, the system comprises an initial reference position 1 positionable into path 4, a final reference position 3 positionable at the end of path 4 and multiple intermediate reference positions 2, all provided with a respective electronic controller and with respective data transmission and/or reception means. The data transmission and/or receiving means of each reference position 1, 2 and 3 preferably consist of transmitting and receiving radios. As said and illustrated in the annexed drawing, the system may be applied for assessing the performance of a skier. In this case, the path is the skiing trail, the portable element is associated to the skier, for example worn or integrated in his/her clothing, ski boots or ski, the initial reference position 1 is associated to the starting line 9 of the trail, the final reference position 3 is associated to the arrival line 10 of the trail, and any intermediate reference position 2 is associated to a respective trail demarcation pole 11. In this case, the sensor means provided at the initial reference position 1 detect the instant at which the skier crosses the starting line 9, the sensor means provided at each intermediate position 2 detect the instant of transfer of the skier at pole 11, and the sensor means provided at the final position 3 detect the instant at which the skier crosses the arrival line 10.
The initial reference position 1 therefore has the function of detecting the instant of crossing of the starting line 9 and make it available for the real time or deferred transmission, for subsequent processing.
Each intermediate reference position 2 has the function of detecting the skier's instant of transfer at pole 11 and make it available for real time or deferred transmission, for subsequent processing.
The final reference position 3, finally, has the function of detecting the instant of crossing of the arrival line 10 and make it available for real time or deferred transmission, for subsequent processing.
Let's now refer in particular to the initial reference position 1.
The sensor means provided therein for detecting the instant at which the skier crosses the starting line 9 preferably comprise a mechanical or electromechanical or optical or electronic device (for example a microswitch, or an accelerometer, or an optical or magnetic sensor) , connected to bar 12 of the starting gate. In addition to the transmitting and receiving radio there is preferably provided also a numerical keyboard provided with validation keys, or a barcode reader of an RF transponder reader. Cable connectors are also preferably provided for data input and output. Its electronic controller comprises an electronic board whereto the sensor means, the receiving and transmitting radio, a microprocessor, one or more memory units, a display, and a timer with display for countdown are connected. A GPS receiver and relevant antenna may be provided for using the information and synchronisms thereof. All the energy required for its operation is provided by an adequate battery, rechargeable either through the mains or by a solar panel, where provided. It therefore identified the skier, authorizes the start thereof, detects the exact instant of his/her start and provides the data for real time or deferred transmission.
Let's now refer in particular to an intermediate reference position 2.
The sensor means provided therein for detecting the time of transfer at pole 11 preferably comprise an accelerometer or a knock sensor built in pole 11, which uses the sudden movement pole 11 is subject to per by the effect of the skier's knock. Its electronic controller comprises an electronic board whereto the sensor means, the receiving and transmitting radio, a microprocessor, one or more memory units. All the energy required for its operation is provided by an adequate battery, rechargeable either through the mains or by a system with solar panel, where provided. It accurately detects the instant of transfer of pole 11 by the skier, through a signal generated by the knock of pole 11 by the same skier, and in the case of failure to knock pole 11, at least by the radiofrequency signal emitted by the portable element 5, examining as said the amplitude of the radio carrier transmitted by the portable element 5 worn by the skier. Once the transfer instant has been determined, the information is provided for real time or deferred transmission. Finally, let's refer to the final reference position 3. The sensor means provided therein comprise a mechanical or electromechanical or optical or electronic device capable of detecting the passage of the skier on the arrival line 10, for example a photocell positioned on the arrival line 10. Its electronic controller comprises an electronic board whereto the sensor means, the receiving and transmitting radio, a microprocessor and one or more memory units are connected. Preferably, it is provided with a GPS receiver and relevant antenna for using the information and synchronisms thereof. All the energy required for its operation is provided by an adequate battery, rechargeable either through the mains or by a solar panel, where provided. It determines the arrival instant and provides the information for real time or deferred transmission.
The basic system operation is as follows. By knocking on pole 2, the skier activates the accelerometer which, via radio, communicates in real time or with a known delay the instant of the knock to the receiving and transmitting centre 12 which processes and fixes such transfer at the pole of the skier in time, for each transfer at the pole it prepares a string containing the pole identification code and the instant of transfer at the pole, or referred to a descent start zero time, and sends such string to the storage centre 8.
The storage centre 8 collects the data coming from all the reference stations 1, 2 and 3 from the receiving and transmitting centres 12 for the further processing thereof.
It should be noted that the reference positions 1, 2 and 3 are capable of transmitting data to the storage centre 8 also differing from those relating to the skier' s identity and to his/her transfer times at the trail poles, with or without the interposition of the above receiving and transmitting centres 12.
Moreover, the system may collect data coining from other similar systems it is in communication with for processing comparative analyses of performance of different athletes on different trails. Of course, the principle of the invention being understood, the manufacturing details and the embodiments may widely vary compared to what described and illustrated by way of a non-limiting example only, without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the annexed claims.

Claims

1. A system for detecting the instant of transfer from reference positions along a path, characterized in that each of said reference positions is provided with sensor means for detecting the instant of transfer of the person executing said path, and with transmission means of data containing a specific identity code, wherein said instant of transfer is detected to at least one data transmitting and receiving centre, comprising a satellite receiver for the time synchronization of data, and in that a storing and analysis centre for data coming from said at least one transmitting and receiving centre is provided, having also a satellite receiver for time synchronization of data.
2. The system for detecting the instant of transfer from reference positions along a path according to claim 1, characterized in that said at least one transmitting and receiving centre has a wireless receiving section and a wireless transmission section.
3. The system for detecting the instant of transfer from reference positions along a path according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that said transmission means present in at least one of said reference positions is of a wireless type.
4. The system for detecting the instant of transfer from reference positions along a path according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that said sensor means present in at least one of said reference positions comprises an accelerometer or a knock sensor.
5. The system for detecting the instant of transfer from reference positions along a path according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises a portable element which can be related the person who executes said path, and having a wireless unit for the transmission of an electromagnetic signal, in order to codify at least the identity of said person and in that at least one of said reference positions has wireless means for receiving data cooperating with analysis means from electromagnetic signals to determine the identity of said person, wherein the transfer instant from said at least one reference position can be directly derived from the analysis of said electromagnetic signal, transmitted by said wireless unit of said portable element or from the analysis of a further electromagnetic signal or of a different kind.
6. The system for detecting the instant of transfer from reference positions along a path according to the preceding claim, characterized in that said electromagnetic signal is a radio-frequency signal .
7. The system for detecting the instant of transfer from reference positions along a path according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that said portable element has a data wireless receiving unit in radio-frequency and an electronic controller.
8. The system for detecting the instant of transfer from reference positions along a path according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that said analysis means comprise a detector of the time amplitude variation of said signal and a decoder of a binary code to identify said person, which is codified in said signal.
9. The system for detecting the instant of transfer from reference positions along a path according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that with the instant of occurrence of the peak value of the amplitude of said signal said transfer instant is associated, from said at least one reference position.
10. The system for detecting the instant of transfer from reference positions along a path according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that said analysis means comprises a detector of the Doppler effect in a radio signal, emitted from a radio-signal generator integrated in said at least one reference position and reflected by said person who executes said path.
11. The system for detecting the instant of transfer from reference positions along a path according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that it has an initial reference position which can be positioned at the beginning of said path, a final reference position which can be positioned at the end of said path and a number of intermediate reference positions, each provided with a respective electronic controller and respective transmitting and/or receiving means, by means of which they are mutually linked on the network, in a mono-directional or bi-directional mode.
12. The system for detecting the instant of transfer from reference positions along a path according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that said respective transmitting and/or receiving means is provided with transmitting and receiving radios.
13. The system for detecting the instant of transfer from reference positions along a path according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that said path is a ski-trail, wherein said portable element is associated with a skier, said initial reference position being associated with the starting line of said trail, said final reference position being associated with the . arrival line of said trail, and said intermediate reference positions being associated with demarcation poles of said trail.
14. The system for detecting the instant of transfer from reference positions along a path according to one or more preceding claims, characterized in that said accelerometer is incorporated with the starting gate of said ski trail and said accelerometer is integrated in each demarcation poles of said ski trail.
PCT/EP2010/054929 2009-04-16 2010-04-15 System for detecting the instant of transfer from reference positions along a path WO2010119084A1 (en)

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IT000627A ITMI20090627A1 (en) 2009-04-16 2009-04-16 SYSTEM FOR DETECTION OF THE STATE OF PASSAGE FROM REFERENCE STATIONS ALONG A ROUTE
ITMI2009A000627 2009-04-16

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CN103877718A (en) * 2012-12-19 2014-06-25 瑞士时序有限公司 Method for measuring time in a sporting contest using a transponder module, and transponder module for implementing same
CN104784914A (en) * 2015-04-13 2015-07-22 宁波浙鼎教育科技有限公司 Testing device for dribbling basketball around poles
CN104784915A (en) * 2015-04-13 2015-07-22 宁波浙鼎教育科技有限公司 Device for testing dribbling and stick swerving of soccer
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US10979993B2 (en) 2016-05-25 2021-04-13 Ge Aviation Systems Limited Aircraft time synchronization system
WO2022003612A1 (en) * 2020-07-01 2022-01-06 Luigi Grassia Method, device and system for controlling the training of a user on a track

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EP1139299A1 (en) * 2000-03-20 2001-10-04 Radiocoms Systèmes Timing device with radio transmission
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WO2022003612A1 (en) * 2020-07-01 2022-01-06 Luigi Grassia Method, device and system for controlling the training of a user on a track

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