WO2010103237A1 - Procédé de dépôt de couche mince - Google Patents
Procédé de dépôt de couche mince Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010103237A1 WO2010103237A1 PCT/FR2010/050409 FR2010050409W WO2010103237A1 WO 2010103237 A1 WO2010103237 A1 WO 2010103237A1 FR 2010050409 W FR2010050409 W FR 2010050409W WO 2010103237 A1 WO2010103237 A1 WO 2010103237A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- substrate
- thin layer
- layer
- burner
- flaming
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C17/00—Surface treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by coating
- C03C17/001—General methods for coating; Devices therefor
- C03C17/002—General methods for coating; Devices therefor for flat glass, e.g. float glass
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/58—After-treatment
- C23C14/5806—Thermal treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2218/00—Methods for coating glass
- C03C2218/10—Deposition methods
- C03C2218/15—Deposition methods from the vapour phase
- C03C2218/154—Deposition methods from the vapour phase by sputtering
- C03C2218/156—Deposition methods from the vapour phase by sputtering by magnetron sputtering
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2218/00—Methods for coating glass
- C03C2218/30—Aspects of methods for coating glass not covered above
- C03C2218/32—After-treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2218/00—Methods for coating glass
- C03C2218/30—Aspects of methods for coating glass not covered above
- C03C2218/345—Surface crystallisation
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of inorganic thin films, in particular deposited on glass substrates. It relates more particularly to a method of at least partial crystallization of said thin layers and some products obtained using this method.
- thin layers are deposited on substrates, in particular flat or slightly curved glass, in order to give the obtained materials particular properties: optical properties, for example reflection or absorption of radiation of a wavelength range data, properties of particular electrical conduction, or properties related to the ease of cleaning or the possibility for the material to self-clean.
- optical properties for example reflection or absorption of radiation of a wavelength range data
- properties of particular electrical conduction or properties related to the ease of cleaning or the possibility for the material to self-clean.
- These thin layers are most often based on inorganic compounds: oxides, nitrides, or even metals. Their thickness generally varies from a few nanometers to a few hundred nanometers, hence their term "thin".
- ITO mixed oxides of tin and indium
- IZO mixed oxides of indium and zinc
- IC zinc oxide doped with aluminum oxide
- niobium doped titanium oxide based on cadmium stannate or zinc
- fluorine-doped tin oxide and / or antimony These different layers have the distinction of being transparent and nevertheless conductive or semiconducting layers, and are used in many systems where these two properties are necessary: liquid crystal displays (LCD), solar or photovoltaic sensors, electrochromic devices or EL ...
- LCD liquid crystal displays
- solar or photovoltaic sensors electrochromic devices or EL ...
- the various layers mentioned have the common feature of seeing some of their improved properties when they are in an at least partially crystallized state. It is generally sought to increase as much as possible the crystallization rate of these layers (the mass or volume proportion of crystallized material) and the size of the crystalline grains (or the size of coherent diffraction domains measured by X-ray diffraction methods), even in some cases to favor a particular crystallographic form.
- the above-mentioned transparent conductive layers in particular those based on doped zinc oxide or tin-doped indium oxide layers, have an electrical conductivity which increases as their degree of crystallization increases.
- a plasma is created under a high vacuum at neighborhood of a target comprising the chemical elements to be deposited.
- the active species of the plasma by bombarding the target, tear off said elements, which are deposited on the substrate forming the desired thin layer.
- This process is called “reactive" when the layer consists of a material resulting from a chemical reaction between the elements torn from the target and the gas contained in the plasma. It is thus known to deposit titanium oxide layers using a titanium metal target and an oxygen-based plasmagenic gas by means of a magnetron-type reactive method.
- the major advantage of this method lies in the ability to deposit on the same line a very complex stack of layers by successively scrolling the substrate under different targets, usually in a single device.
- the substrate remains at ambient temperature or is subjected to a moderate temperature rise (less than 80 ° C.), particularly when the running speed of the substrate is high (which is generally sought for economic reasons).
- a moderate temperature rise less than 80 ° C.
- the layers obtained according to this process are therefore predominantly even totally amorphous or nano-crystallized (the average size of the crystalline grains being less than a few nanometers), and thermal treatments are necessary to obtain the desired degree of crystallization or the desired grain size .
- Possible heat treatments consist in heating the substrate either during the deposition or at the end of the deposition, at the output of the magnetron line. Most generally, temperatures of at least 300 ° C. or 400 ° C. are required. Indeed, the crystallization is all the better and the size of the grains is greater as the temperature of the substrate is close to the melting temperature of the material constituting the thin film.
- the heating of the substrate in the industrial magnetron lines has, however, proved difficult to implement, especially for substrates of architectural size, having a dimension greater than 1 meter, in particular because heat transfer under vacuum, necessarily radiative in nature, are difficult to control and involve a high cost in the case of substrates of large size, several meters wide. In the case of thin glass substrates, this type of treatment often involves high risk of breakage.
- the heating of the coated substrate at the end of the deposition also has drawbacks because these various processes contribute to indiscriminate heating of the substrate and the thin layer.
- Heating the substrate at temperatures above 150 0 C is likely to generate breakages in the case of large substrates (several meters wide) because it is impossible to ensure an identical temperature over the entire width of the substrate.
- the heating of the substrates also slows down the entire process, since it is necessary to wait for their complete cooling before considering cutting or storage, which generally takes place by stacking the substrates on each other.
- a very controlled cooling is also essential to avoid the generation of constraints within the glass, and therefore the possibility of breakages.
- annealing is generally not sufficiently controlled to eliminate the thermal stresses within the glass, which generates an increased number of breaks in line. Annealing also has the disadvantage of making the cutting of the glass more difficult, the cracks having a less strong tendency to propagate linearly.
- the heating of the substrates takes place in the case where the panes are curved and / or tempered, since reheating of the glass beyond its softening temperature (generally above 600 ° C., or even 700 ° C. for a few minutes) is made. Tempering or bending thus makes it possible to obtain the desired result of crystallization of the thin layers. However, it would be costly to subject to such treatments all glazing for the sole purpose of improving the crystallization of the layers. In addition, tempered glazing can no longer be cut, and some stacks of layers thin do not withstand the high temperatures experienced when tempering glass.
- the patent application WO 2008/096089 filed by the applicant, describes a rapid annealing process which consists in providing the layer with an extremely high power per unit area.
- the layer is heated extremely rapidly, without the heat having time to diffuse within the substrate. It is thus possible to heat treat the thin layer without significantly heating the substrate and limiting the risk of breakage related to thermal shock. Flaming the glass, using a device located perpendicular to the direction of travel of the substrate, is among the proposed methods.
- the application US 2008/8829 also describes a process for flaming layered glasses.
- the glass sheet, which is lifted, is brought closer to, or even touched in places the flaming device, which can lead to breaks, and in any case an inhomogeneous treatment, since the parts of the sheet which is most raise (typically the central parts) experience higher temperatures.
- the product obtained, if it does not break, has heterogeneities of treatment, and therefore of structure.
- the bending is very problematic in the case where the substrate is supported by rollers and where the flaming device is located below the substrate. In this case, the convex portion of the substrate may strike rolls, causing breaks or even stopping scrolling. This phenomenon of transient bending is particularly accentuated for substrates of great width (more than 1, 1 meter wide, even more than 2 meters or more than 3 meters). Other things being equal, a larger width is accompanied by a larger transient bending.
- the aim of the invention is to propose a process for the rapid treatment by flaming of thin layers deposited on glass which does not have the abovementioned disadvantages.
- the subject of the invention is a method of thermal treatment by flaming at least one thin layer deposited on a moving glass substrate with respect to at least one flaming device comprising at least one burner, said treatment being able to increase the crystallization rate of said at least one thin layer and / or to increase the size of the crystallites in said at least one thin layer, said method being characterized in that the arrangement of the at least one burner is regulated and / or at least one additional means is provided so that the maximum transient bending "b" is less than 150 mm and satisfies the following condition: è ⁇ 0.9xd where the bending "b" corresponds to the distance, expressed in mm, between the plane of the substrate in the absence of heating and the point of the substrate closest to the plane passing through the nose of the burner and parallel to the plane of the substrate in the absence of heating,
- D is the distance between the plane of the substrate in the absence of heating and the nose of the burner, expressed in mm, the width of the substrate “L” in a direction perpendicular to the direction of travel being greater than or equal to 1 ,1 meter.
- the maximum transient bending "b" respects the following condition:
- burner nose means the end portion of the burner, through which the gases escape from the burner.
- the burner may be external combustion, in the sense that the mixture between the fuel and the oxidant is made at the nose of the burner or in the extension thereof. In this case, the substrate is subjected to the action of a flame.
- the burner may also be internal combustion, in the sense that the fuel and the oxidant are mixed inside the burner: the substrate is then subjected to the action of hot gases. All intermediate cases are of course possible, in the sense that only part of the combustion can take place inside the burner, and the other part outside.
- Some burners in particular air-to-air burners, that is to say using air as an oxidizer, have premix chambers in which all or part of the combustion takes place.
- the substrate may be subjected to the action of a flame and / or hot gases.
- Oxygen burner burners i.e. using pure oxygen, generally do not contain a premix chamber.
- the hot gases can also be produced using a plasma torch: the heating is not carried out by a combustion reaction, but by ionization between the electrodes of the torch.
- the maximum transient bending is preferably less than or equal to 100 mm, even 80 mm and even 60 mm or 40 mm.
- linear flame device is meant a device extending along a line, in general and preferably a straight line. The length of such a device is the distance, along said line, between the two end points of the device.
- This type of device makes it possible to subject to the heat treatment according to the invention an extended zone of the substrate.
- the linear devices are arranged on the same line is meant that the respective lines of each linear device coincide in one and the same line.
- the lines in which the linear devices extend do not form a single line.
- WO 2008/096089 describes the use of a flaming bench, and therefore of a single linear device, arranged perpendicularly to the running direction of the substrate, and whose length is at least equal to the width of the substrate.
- the inventors have demonstrated that by subdividing the number of flaming devices so as to be able to use devices of reduced length while continuing to process the entire surface of the substrate, it was possible to greatly reduce the bending.
- the length of the flaming devices is preferably less than or equal to 1.0 meter, or even 0.8 meter or 0.5 meter or 0.3 meter.
- each flaming device is less than or equal to one-third to one-quarter to even one-fifth of the width of the substrate.
- the flaming devices can be arranged in different ways: parallel to each other or not, perpendicular to the direction of travel or making with the latter an angle other than 90 °. As examples, they can be arranged staggered or in ears.
- the flaming devices can also be arranged perpendicular to the direction of travel in a V-shape.
- the flaming devices are at least 2 in number. Their number may be greater than or equal to 3, even 4, and even 5, or even 6, or 7 or even 8, depending on the width of the substrate.
- the flaming devices are preferably arranged in rows perpendicular to the running direction of the substrate.
- the number of rows is preferably at least 2 or even 3.
- the number of rows is not greater than 3 to limit the footprint of the flaming zone.
- the flaming devices or the rows are preferably spaced, in the direction of travel of the substrate, by a distance of at least greater than 90% of the length of the flaming devices. This distance is advantageously greater than 1, 5 times, in particular twice and even 3 times the length of the flaming devices.
- the flaming devices are preferably spaced at a distance at least equal to the length of the flaming devices, in particular at least 1, 5 times, or even 2 or even 3 times the length of the flaming devices.
- the flaming devices it is preferable to arrange the flaming devices so that there is overlap, ie some areas (low dimension, typically less than 10 cm) are treated at least twice.
- the distance between the points of contact of the flames with each face may be zero (in which case the burners are located exactly opposite one another) or less than or equal to 30 cm, in particular 20 cm and even 10 cm. In the case where this distance is very small, it is possible to orient the flaming devices so that the flames impact the substrate obliquely, that is to say not perpendicular to the plane of the substrate. This avoids excessive thermal radiation to the burner located on the other side of the substrate.
- the relative difference in average speed of the hot gases and / or the relative difference in temperature of the hot gases between the two flaming devices is less than or equal to 10%, especially 5%.
- This relative difference is preferably even zero.
- the substrate is cooled in an area immediately after the flame zone in the direction of travel of the substrate. The glass is thus cooled as soon as it leaves the flaming zone, which has the effect of greatly reducing the bending.
- Various cooling devices are usable, the preferred devices being devices for blowing gas, in particular air.
- the gas can be blown through nozzles towards the substrate.
- the temperature of the gas is preferably the ambient temperature and the blowing speed is adapted to obtain rapid cooling. Air blowing rates of 50 to 150 meters per second have been found to be appropriate.
- a substrate travel speed of between 2 and 15 meters per minute is preferably chosen. The speed must be adjusted according to the burner parameters, so that the target temperatures can be obtained at the level of the layer to be treated.
- the distance “d” between the substrate and the nose of the burner is generally between 5 and 150 mm, in particular between 5 and 50 mm. This distance is to be adapted according to the burner technology employed, in particular the temperature of the gases at the outlet of the burner, and the temperature to be reached at the substrate. It is preferable that the blue part of the flame, seat of the actual combustion reaction, is in contact with the layer to be treated, because it is the part of the flame where the temperature is the most stable, which is beneficial for the homogeneity of the treatment.
- the temperature of the hot gases is preferably between 1300 and 2200 0 C, especially between 1300 and 1700 0 C in the case of air burners.
- the speed of the hot gases is preferably between 5 and 100 meters per second.
- first embodiment may be combined with the second mode and / or the third mode.
- second embodiment can be combined with the first mode and / or the third mode.
- the flame is preferably such that each point of said at least one thin layer is carried at a temperature of at least 300 ° C. while maintaining a temperature of less than or equal to 150 ° C. at any point on the face of said opposite substrate. said first face, so as to increase the crystallization rate of said thin layer by maintaining continuous and without melting step of said thin layer.
- the term “continuous thin film” means that the layer covers substantially the entire substrate or, in the case of a stack, the entire underlying layer. It is important that the continuous character of the thin layer (and therefore its advantageous properties) is preserved by the treatment according to the invention.
- point of the layer is meant an area of the layer undergoing treatment at a given time. Preferably, the entire layer (and therefore each point) is brought to a temperature of at least 300 ° C., but each point of the layer is not necessarily treated simultaneously.
- the layer may be treated at the same time as a whole, each point of the layer being simultaneously heated to a temperature of at least 300 ° C.
- the layer may alternatively be treated in such a way that the different points of the layer or sets of points are successively brought to a temperature of at least 300 ° C, this second mode is more often used in the case of a continuous implementation on an industrial scale.
- the process according to the invention makes it possible to provide sufficient energy to promote the crystallization of the thin layer by a physicochemical mechanism of crystalline growth around seeds already present in the layer, remaining in the solid phase.
- the process according to the invention does not use a mechanism of crystallization by cooling from a molten material, on the one hand because it would require wearing the thin layer at extremely high temperatures to obtain its melting, and on the other hand because it would be likely to modify the thicknesses and / or the refractive indices of the layers, and therefore their properties. This would change their appearance in particular by generating detectable inhomogeneities to the eye.
- the method according to the invention has the advantage of heating only the thin layer (or the thin layers in the case of a stack), without significant heating of the entire substrate. It is thus not necessary to carry out a slow and controlled cooling of the substrate before cutting or storing the glass.
- This method also makes it possible to integrate a heating device on existing continuous production lines, more particularly in the space between the output of the vacuum deposition chamber of the magnetron line and the storage device of the magnetron line. glass by stacking. It is also possible in some cases to carry out the treatment according to the invention within the vacuum deposition chamber itself.
- Flaming makes it possible to generate an extremely high power per unit area, which can not, however, be absolutely quantified because it depends on many factors, including the nature and thickness of the thin layer.
- This high power per unit area makes it possible to reach the desired temperature at the level of the layer extremely rapidly (generally in a time of less than or equal to 1 second) and consequently to limit the duration of the treatment by the same amount, the heat generated then not having the time to diffuse within the substrate.
- Each point of the thin layer is subjected to the treatment according to the invention (that is to say raised to a temperature greater than or equal to 300 0 C) for a duration generally less than or equal to 2 seconds, especially 1 second, or even 0.5 seconds.
- the speed of travel of the substrate during the treatment is preferably at least 2 meters per minute.
- a temperature of less than or equal to 100 ° C. is preferably maintained throughout the treatment. , especially 50 ° C, at any point on the face of the substrate opposite to the face on which is deposited the thin layer.
- Another advantage of the invention lies in the fact that the process undergoes the equivalent of quenching the thin layer or the thin film stack. It happens that some stacks of thin layers see their optical properties (colorimetric coordinates, light transmission or energy) modified when the glass is tempered. The method according to the invention then makes it possible to obtain an unhardened glass (thus not having within it a stress profile specific to tempered glass, which makes it cutable) but having substantially the same optical properties as if it had been soaked.
- the degree of crystallization obtained using the process according to the invention is preferably greater than or equal to 20% or 50%, in particular 70% and even 90%.
- This crystallization rate defined as the mass of crystallized material on the total mass of material, can be evaluated by X-ray diffraction using the Rietveld method. Due to a crystallization mechanism by growth of crystalline grains from seeds or nuclei, the increase in the crystallization rate is generally accompanied by an increase in the size of the crystallized grains or diffraction-coherent diffraction domains. X-rays
- the substrate is preferably made of silico-soda-lime type glass. Other types of glass can be used, such as borosilicates, aluminosilicates or aluminoborosilicates.
- the substrate may be transparent, translucent, or opaque, colorless or colored (for example in blue, gray, bronze, green ).
- the glass substrate advantageously has at least one dimension (especially the width L) greater than or equal to 2 m and even 3 m.
- the thickness of the substrate "e” generally varies between 0.5 mm and 19 mm.
- the process according to the invention is implemented for glass substrates whose thickness is between 2 and 6 mm, in particular between 2 and 5 mm.
- the thin layer is preferably a layer of which at least one property is improved when the crystallization rate of said layer increases.
- the thin layer is preferably based on a metal, oxide, nitride, or mixture of oxides chosen from among silver, molybdenum, niobium, titanium oxide, mixed oxides of indium and zinc or tin, zinc oxide doped with aluminum or gallium, nitrides of titanium, aluminum or zirconium, niobium doped titanium oxide, cadmium and / or tin stannate, fluorine and / or antimony doped tin oxide. It is preferably even made of such a metal, oxide, nitride or mixture of oxides.
- the thickness of the thin layer is preferably between 2 and 500 nm.
- the aforementioned thin films have the particular feature of being generally transparent to UV-visible radiation (the absorption being less than 50% in the visible range). Their absorption spectrum being little different from that of the substrate (especially in the case where the latter is made of glass), it is all the more difficult to specifically heat the layer and not the substrate.
- the thin layer treated according to the invention may be the only thin layer deposited on the substrate. It may also be included in a stack of thin layers comprising thin layers, generally chosen from oxides, nitrides or metals. The thin layer can also be in itself a stack of thin layers. In the case where the treated thin layer is comprised in a stack of thin layers, the method according to the invention can improve the crystallization properties of one or more thin layers of the stack.
- the thin layer is a silver or silver-based layer, it is preferably included in a stack of layers, in particular to prevent its oxidation.
- the thin silver-based layer is generally arranged between two thin dielectric layers based on oxide or nitride.
- a very thin layer may also be arranged under the silver layer to promote wetting and nucleation of the silver (for example zinc oxide ZnO) and on the silver layer a very thin second layer (sacrificial, for example in titanium) intended to protect the silver layer in the case where the deposition of the subsequent layer is carried out in an oxidizing atmosphere or in the case of heat treatments leading to an oxygen migration within the stack.
- the stacks may also comprise several layers of silver, each of these layers being generally affected by the implementation of the method according to the invention.
- the treatment of the silver layer is also generally accompanied by an increase in the crystallization rate of the zinc oxide.
- the thin layer is a conductive transparent layer, for example based on zinc oxide doped with gallium and / or aluminum, it may be included in a stack of layers comprising at least one sub-layer acting as a barrier the migration of alkali and / or at least one overcoat serving as barrier to oxidation. This type of stack is for example described in application WO 2007/018951.
- the treatment according to the invention advantageously to overcome this type of undercoats or overlays, because the rapid heating generates very little migration of alkali or oxygen, compared to annealing or quenching.
- This is all the more advantageous in the case where the conductive layer must serve as an electrode and must therefore be in direct electrical contact with other functional layers (for example photovoltaic or OLED applications): in the case of a quenching or annealing, the protective overcoat against oxidation is necessary during the treatment and must then be eliminated.
- the method according to the invention it is possible to dispense with this overlayer.
- the titanium oxide layer is preferably a titanium oxide layer (optionally doped).
- the entire surface of this layer is preferably in contact with the outside so that the titanium oxide can fully play its self-cleaning function.
- an underlayer having the effect of promoting the crystal growth of titanium oxide, especially in anatase form. It may especially be a ZrO 2 sublayer, as described in application WO 02/40417, or an underlayer promoting the hetero-epitaxial growth of titanium oxide in anatase form, such as described for example in the application WO2005 / 040058, in particular a BaTiO 3 or SrTiO 3 layer.
- the thin layer before treatment according to the invention can be obtained by any type of process, in particular processes generating predominantly amorphous or nano-crystallized layers, such as the magnetron method, the plasma-assisted chemical vapor phase deposition method (PECVD), the vacuum evaporation process, or the sol-gel process. It is, however, preferably a "dry” layer, containing no aqueous or organic solvent, in contrast with a "wet” layer, for example obtained by the sol-gel process. It is even preferably obtained by sputtering, in particular assisted by magnetic field (magnetron process).
- precursors in solution are deposited on the substrate, the layer obtained then to be dried and annealed to remove any trace of solvent.
- the energy provided by the heating is then mainly used to eliminate this solvent, without necessarily affecting the crystallization properties of the layer, and it is therefore more difficult to improve the properties in a sufficiently short time not to also heat the substrate.
- the gas used for the flaming may be a mixture of an oxidizing gas, in particular chosen from air, oxygen or their mixtures, and a combustible gas, in particular chosen from natural gas, propane, butane, even acetylene or hydrogen, or mixtures thereof.
- Oxygen is preferred as an oxidizing gas, particularly in combination with natural gas (methane) or propane, on the one hand because it allows to reach higher temperatures and therefore shorten the treatment and avoid heating the substrate, and on the other hand because it avoids the creation of nitrogen oxides NO x .
- the coated substrate is generally positioned within the visible flame, particularly at the hottest zone of the flame, a part of the visible flame then extending around the treated area.
- Flaming is a commonly used technique for treating the surface of polymers to improve their wettability properties and to facilitate their coating by paints.
- the principle is to subject the surface to be treated to the action of radicals created by the combustion, without bringing said surface to a high temperature.
- US Application 2006/128563 discloses the use of this technique to activate titanium oxide layer surfaces to improve their hydrophilic properties.
- the treatments described, quite similar to those practiced on polymeric substrates, consist in scrolling a substrate at or slightly below (a few centimeters) of the tip of the visible flame. This type of treatment, which aims to create hydroxyl groups on the surface of the titanium oxide, is not however suitable for increasing the crystallization rate of the titanium oxide, because the temperatures at the tip of the the visible flame are insufficient.
- a preferred embodiment of the invention consists in bringing said thin layer to a temperature of between 300 and 800 ° C., preferably between 400 and 600 0 C, so that said thin layer comprises titanium oxide in anatase form.
- a substrate containing alkaline ions for example a glass of the soda-lime-calcium type
- said ions have a tendency to diffuse into the titanium oxide layer by substantially decreasing or even canceling its properties photocatalytic.
- the process according to the invention therefore makes it possible to obtain soda-lime glass substrates coated directly with a thin layer of titanium oxide (for example of the order of 10 nanometers thick) and nevertheless having a very strong photocatalytic activity.
- the said thin film is preferably carried at a temperature of between 300 and 600 ° C., preferably between 350 and 550 ° C.
- the invention also for object a method for obtaining a material comprising a substrate and at least one thin layer, in which said at least one thin layer is deposited on said substrate and then said at least one thin layer is subjected to the heat treatment process according to the invention.
- the at least one thin layer is deposited by cathode sputtering, in particular assisted by a magnetic field. All the details given above concerning the nature of the thin layer and the stacks in which it can be found are obviously equally applicable to this process.
- the substrates obtained according to the invention can be used in single, multiple or laminated glass, mirrors, glass wall coverings.
- a multiple glazing unit comprising at least two glass sheets separated by a gas strip
- the substrates obtained according to the invention can also be used in glazings or photovoltaic cells or solar panels, the thin layer treated according to the invention being for example a ZnO: Al or Ga based electrode in stacks based on chalcopyrites (in particular of the CIS - CuInSe 2 type ) or based on amorphous and / or polycrystalline silicon, or based on CdTe.
- the substrate according to the invention is preferably the front-face substrate. It is generally oriented such that the transparent electrode coating is located below a main surface facing the photovoltaic material. This electrode coating is in electrical contact with the photovoltaic material disposed below when it is considered that the main direction of arrival of the incident radiation is from above.
- This front face electrode coating is thus, in general, the negative terminal (or collecting the holes) of the solar cell.
- the solar cell also has on the backside substrate an electrode coating which then constitutes the positive (or collecting the electrons) terminal of the solar cell, but in general, the electrode coating of the backside substrate is not transparent.
- the substrates obtained according to the invention can also be used in display screens of the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) type, OLED
- the thin film treated according to the invention being for example an electroconductive layer made of ITO. They can also be used in electrochromic glazings, the thin layer treated according to the invention being, for example, a higher transparent electroconductive layer, as taught in application FR-A-2 833 107.
- Figure 1 is a schematic sectional view illustrating the phenomenon of transient bending.
- Figures 2-1 to 2-3 and 3-1 to 3-4 illustrate in top view various embodiments of the invention.
- Figure 2-4 illustrates a comparison mode, excluding the invention.
- Figure 4 is a vertical sectional view of another embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 5 is a vertical sectional view of another embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 6 is a vertical sectional view of another embodiment of the invention.
- the substrate 1, of thickness e is moving in the direction 5 under a flaming device comprising a burner 2.
- the heat released by the flame 4 has the effect of crystallizing the thin layer (not shown) present on the substrate.
- This heat also creates a transient bending b.
- the distance b corresponds to the distance between the plane of the substrate in the absence of heating Pi and the point 3 of the substrate which is closest to the plane P 2 passing through the nose 6 of the burner 2 and parallel to the plane of the substrate. No heating P.
- the distance d corresponds to the distance between the plane of the substrate in the absence of heating Pi and the nose 6 of the burner 2.
- the maximum bending is generally not in the axis of the burner 2, but a bit off.
- Linear devices are not arranged on the same line, unlike what is described in Figure 2-4, which illustrates a mode outside the invention.
- the linear devices are arranged on the same line, since each line in the direction in which each device extends coincides to form a single line.
- This comparative mode does not prevent the occurrence of a large bending, because it is equivalent to a mode using only one linear device extending over the entire width of the substrate.
- the different lines, in the direction in which the linear devices extend are distinct and do not form a single line.
- the length of each device does not exceed 1, 2 meter.
- the devices are 5, 6 or 9, but any number greater than or equal to 2 is possible.
- the devices 7 can be arranged in rows, perpendicular to the direction of travel 5 of the substrate 1 ( Figures 2-1, 2-2, 3-1 and 3-3) or obliquely ( Figures 2-3, 3-2, 3-4).
- the number of rows can be 2 or 3, but any other number is possible.
- a flame treatment device comprising a burner 2 a or 2 b with respect to each of the faces, respectively 8a and 8b of the substrate 1.
- the contact points 9A and 9B flames 4 and 4b with each face 8 a and 8 b are spaced at most 30 cm in the running direction 5.
- the burners 2a and 2b are arranged obliquely with respect to a direction perpendicular to the substrate 1. in this way the distance between the contact points 9A and 9B can be zero or almost zero without the radiation due to flames 4 does not damage the burners 2 arranged opposite the opposite face.
- the substrate 1 is cooled in an area immediately after the flaming zone in the direction of travel of the substrate 1.
- a cooling device 10 is arranged after the cooling device. flaming comprising the burner 2.
- the cooling device 10 is here a device for blowing fresh air. The air is blown towards the substrate (represented by the dashed lines 11). This blowing has the effect of considerably reducing the bending b.
- the thus coated substrate is brought into scrolling with respect to a linear flame device extending over the entire width of the substrate.
- the device consists essentially of a linear burner using natural gas as fuel and oxygen as the oxidizer.
- the distance Between the nose of the burner and the plane of the substrate in the absence of treatment is about 50 mm, such that the blue part of the flame is in contact with the titanium oxide layer.
- the layer to be treated is thus placed at the level of the hottest zone of the flame.
- the scrolling speed is of the order of 5 meters per minute. A large bending is observed during the flaming, to the point that the substrate touches the nose of the burner, causing breakages.
- the photocatalytic activity of the layer before treatment and following the treatment is estimated by measuring the rate of degradation of methylene blue in the presence of ultraviolet radiation.
- An aqueous solution of methylene blue is placed in contact in a sealed cell with the coated substrate (the latter forming the bottom of the cell). After exposure to ultraviolet radiation for 30 minutes, the concentration of methylene blue is evaluated by a light transmission measurement.
- the value of photocatalytic activity (denoted Kb and expressed in gl -1 .min -1 ) corresponds to the decrease in the concentration of methylene blue per unit of exposure time.
- the photocatalytic activity before flame treatment is less than 7 gr 1 x min "1. After processing, it appears that the photocatalytic activity is greatly increased (about 20 on average) but is not homogeneous throughout Some areas have a photocatalytic activity of about 30, while others have an activity of about 10.
- This stack comprises in order (from the substrate to the outer surface) the following oxide, metal or nitride layers, the geometrical thicknesses being indicated in parentheses:
- the flaming treatment is carried out using 6 flaming devices 80 cm long arranged as shown in Figure 3-2.
- the speed of travel of the substrate is 7 meters per minute, and the burners are fed with air and butane.
- the distance between the substrate and the nose of the burner is 40 mm.
- transitional bending is very small, of the order of 30 mm. No breakage is observed.
- Table 1 below indicates the variation following the treatment of the following properties: the illuminant transmission under illuminant D65, calculated from an experimental spectrum, with reference to the standard illuminant D65 and the reference observer CIE 1964
- illuminant transmission under illuminant D65 calculated from an experimental spectrum, with reference to the standard illuminant D65 and the reference observer CIE 1964
- TL transmission denoted "TL” and expressed in percent
- R 0 square resistance
- R 0 the normal emissivity at the temperature of 283 K calculated according to the standard
- Comparative Example 4 differs from Example 3 in that a single flaming device is used whose width is greater than or equal to the width of the substrate.
- the transient bending is such that the substrate breaks by touching the nose of the burner.
- the properties of light transmission, normal emissivity and square resistance are significantly improved by the heat treatment, but are not homogeneous over the entire surface of the glass.
- Example 2 a coated substrate identical to that of Example 1, thus coated with a stack comprising a titanium oxide layer, is used.
- Two flaming devices whose length is of the order of the width of the substrate are arranged on either side of the substrate, and oriented as shown in FIG. 5, so that the points of contact of the flames with each face are spaced a zero distance in the scrolling direction.
- the speed of the gases and their temperature is identical for each of the flaming devices, so that each face is subjected to identical treatment. In this way, the bending is almost zero, as shown schematically in Figure 5.
- the photocatalytic activity obtained which shows crystallization in anatase, is particularly homogeneous over the entire surface of the substrate.
- a 700 nm thick aluminum-doped zinc oxide conductive transparent layer is deposited on a glass substrate by a magnetron method.
- the substrate has a width of 2.2 m for a thickness of 2.9 mm.
- the processing uses a linear flame device arranged perpendicular to the direction of travel of the substrate.
- the scroll speed is 8 meters per minute and the device is powered by natural gas and oxygen.
- a nozzle for blowing air at room temperature.
- the transitional bending obtained is less than 35 mm in case of blowing. On the other hand, it is greater than 130 mm in the absence of blowing.
- Table 2 below shows the values of square resistance and light transmission before and after treatment.
- This stack comprises in order (from the substrate to the outer surface) the following oxide, metal or nitride layers, the geometrical thicknesses being indicated in parentheses:
- Two flaming devices whose length is of the order of the width of the substrate are arranged on either side of the substrate as shown in FIG. 4, so that the points of contact of the flames with each face are spaced apart from each other. a small distance in the scrolling direction.
- the speed of the gases and their temperature is identical for each of the flaming devices, so that each face is subjected to a identical treatment. In this way, the bending is very small, as shown schematically in Figure 4.
- a substrate coated on one side with a self-cleaning layer based on crystalline titanium oxide in anatase form and on the other side with a low-emissive stack is obtained in one step.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Surface Treatment Of Glass (AREA)
- Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP10715315A EP2406196A1 (fr) | 2009-03-11 | 2010-03-10 | Procédé de dépôt de couche mince |
JP2011553495A JP5711159B2 (ja) | 2009-03-11 | 2010-03-10 | 薄膜堆積方法 |
CN201080011627.7A CN102348659B (zh) | 2009-03-11 | 2010-03-10 | 薄膜沉积方法 |
US13/148,826 US8815340B2 (en) | 2009-03-11 | 2010-03-10 | Thin film deposition method |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR0951525 | 2009-03-11 | ||
FR0951525A FR2943050A1 (fr) | 2009-03-11 | 2009-03-11 | Procede de depot de couche mince. |
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WO2010103237A1 true WO2010103237A1 (fr) | 2010-09-16 |
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PCT/FR2010/050409 WO2010103237A1 (fr) | 2009-03-11 | 2010-03-10 | Procédé de dépôt de couche mince |
Country Status (6)
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US (1) | US8815340B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2406196A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP5711159B2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN102348659B (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2943050A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2010103237A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2950878B1 (fr) | 2009-10-01 | 2011-10-21 | Saint Gobain | Procede de depot de couche mince |
CN104220630B (zh) | 2012-02-23 | 2017-03-08 | 特来德斯通技术公司 | 耐腐蚀且导电的金属表面 |
US20140048013A1 (en) * | 2012-08-17 | 2014-02-20 | Intermolecular, Inc. | SEED LAYER FOR ZnO AND DOPED-ZnO THIN FILM NUCLEATION AND METHODS OF SEED LAYER DEPOSITION |
FR3009833B1 (fr) * | 2013-08-20 | 2015-10-16 | Saint Gobain | Procede d'obtention d'un substrat muni d'un revetement comprenant une couche mince metallique discontinue |
CN107207328A (zh) * | 2014-10-21 | 2017-09-26 | 帝斯曼知识产权资产管理有限公司 | 涂布基材的方法 |
JP7035562B2 (ja) * | 2018-01-26 | 2022-03-15 | 日本製鉄株式会社 | フレーム処理装置、塗装金属板の製造装置、および塗装金属板の製造方法 |
CN108545955B (zh) * | 2018-06-29 | 2020-12-29 | 中国航发北京航空材料研究院 | 一种用于曲面玻璃真空柔性加热的方法 |
CN109136845B (zh) * | 2018-07-11 | 2020-10-20 | 中国航发北京航空材料研究院 | 一种曲面玻璃上透明导电薄膜的梯度晶化方法 |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2892409A1 (fr) * | 2005-10-25 | 2007-04-27 | Saint Gobain | Procede de traitement d'un substrat |
US20080008829A1 (en) * | 2006-07-07 | 2008-01-10 | Guardian Industries Corp. | Method of making coated article using rapid heating for reducing emissivity and/or sheet resistance, and corresponding product |
FR2911130A1 (fr) * | 2007-01-05 | 2008-07-11 | Saint Gobain | Procede de depot de couche mince et produit obtenu |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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FR2584392B1 (fr) * | 1985-07-03 | 1992-02-14 | Saint Gobain Vitrage | Traitement de couches minces d'oxyde metallique ou de metal en vue de modifier leurs caracteristiques |
US5093207A (en) * | 1988-04-23 | 1992-03-03 | Glyco Aktiengesellschaft | Laminate material or laminate workpiece with a functional layer, especially a friction bearing layer, disposed on a backing layer |
WO2001002622A2 (fr) * | 1999-07-02 | 2001-01-11 | Microcoating Technologies, Inc. | Procede ccvd de revetement de ceramiques |
JP4453693B2 (ja) * | 2005-11-14 | 2010-04-21 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 半導体装置の製造方法及び電子機器の製造方法 |
-
2009
- 2009-03-11 FR FR0951525A patent/FR2943050A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
-
2010
- 2010-03-10 EP EP10715315A patent/EP2406196A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-03-10 CN CN201080011627.7A patent/CN102348659B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-03-10 US US13/148,826 patent/US8815340B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-03-10 WO PCT/FR2010/050409 patent/WO2010103237A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2010-03-10 JP JP2011553495A patent/JP5711159B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2892409A1 (fr) * | 2005-10-25 | 2007-04-27 | Saint Gobain | Procede de traitement d'un substrat |
US20080008829A1 (en) * | 2006-07-07 | 2008-01-10 | Guardian Industries Corp. | Method of making coated article using rapid heating for reducing emissivity and/or sheet resistance, and corresponding product |
FR2911130A1 (fr) * | 2007-01-05 | 2008-07-11 | Saint Gobain | Procede de depot de couche mince et produit obtenu |
Also Published As
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US8815340B2 (en) | 2014-08-26 |
EP2406196A1 (fr) | 2012-01-18 |
FR2943050A1 (fr) | 2010-09-17 |
JP2012520229A (ja) | 2012-09-06 |
CN102348659A (zh) | 2012-02-08 |
US20110311732A1 (en) | 2011-12-22 |
JP5711159B2 (ja) | 2015-04-30 |
CN102348659B (zh) | 2014-11-05 |
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