WO2010078251A1

WO2010078251A1 - Amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane adhesives for improved metal adhesion and metal adhesion retention to cured rubber

Info

Publication number: WO2010078251A1
Application number: PCT/US2009/069587
Authority: WO
Inventors: William L. Hergenrother; Walter Tomaszewski; Ashley S. Hilton; Michael W. Hayes; James H. Pawlow; Terrence E. Hogan; Zhong-Ren Chen
Original assignee: Bridgestone Corporation
Priority date: 2008-12-31
Filing date: 2009-12-28
Publication date: 2010-07-08
Also published as: RU2516199C2; US9365700B2; EP2373754B1; CN102341471A; EP2373754A1; EP2373754A4; US20090165913A1; US20150152249A1; CN102341471B; JP5775821B2; BRPI0923866B1; RU2014103312A; CN104072815A; JP2012514116A; US8794282B2; BRPI0923866A2; RU2648113C2; RU2011128075A; CN104072815B

Abstract

Amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxanes (amino AMS), and/or amino co-AMS compounds that also comprise a mercaptosilane or a blocked mercaptosilane, are excellent adhesives for coating plated or unplated metal wire for adherence of the wire to a rubber stock. The amino AMS and/or the amino/mercaptan co-AMS adhesives can be used with all types of rubber and there is no requirement for the use of special adhesive additives to the rubber vulcanizates, such as, but not limited to, cobalt, resins and high sulfur levels. In particular, the use of amino AMS and/or amino/mercaptan co-AMS compounds as adhesives for bonding wire to rubber also improves the adherence performance of the reinforcements to obtain sufficient bonding that is resistant to degradation over the course of time, especially resistance to thermal aging and/or thermo-oxidizing aging, in particular corrosion in the presence of water. Vulcanized rubber compositions that contain an amino AMS and/or amino/mercaptan co-AMS compound also have improved adhesion to embedded uncoated steel after humidity aging compared with vulcanized rubber compositions not containing the amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane.

Description

AMINO ALKOXY-MODIFIED SILSESQUIOXANE ADHESIVES FOR IMPROVED METAL ADHESION AND METAL ADHESION RETENTION TO

CURED RUBBER

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed toward improving the adhesion and adhesion retention between a rubber composition and metallic reinforcement cord, such as steel wire and cable which is embedded in the rubber stock. Flat sheets or strips of such stocks, reinforced with metal or fibers, are utilized as plies or other components in the manufacture of tires, repair stocks for retreading tires, conveyor belts, hoses and the like and are referred to in the art as rubber skim stocks. Skim refers to a relatively thin layer or coating of the rubber over the reinforcement filaments or cords. Greater thicknesses of rubber can also be bonded to metal in other instances such as motor mounts and golf club shafts.

In the manufacture of the foregoing rubber articles, particularly steel-belted bias and radial tires, it has become common to reinforce the rubber skim stock material with steel wire or cable. One of the more important uses for a metallic reinforced rubber is as a belt where one or more of these belts are substantially circumferential Iy oriented beneath the tread stock to maintain the integrity and shape of the tire during inflation and subsequent load. Other areas where metal reinforced rubber skim stock may be utilized is in the body ply, bead or chafer of a tire.

There are known methods for promoting adhesion between vulcanizable rubber and steel reinforcement cords. A variety of metallic salts or complexes or other additives have been employed as coalings to the metal or as an ingredient in a rubber composition. For example, steel reinforcement cords are commonly plated with metals, such as brass, zinc or bronze, that are designed to promote and maintain adhesion to sulfur- vulcanized rubber. It is also common to incorporate adhesion promoters into the rubber compounds themselves. For example, such adhesion promoters can include cobalt salt additives, HRH systems (hexamethylene tetramine, resorcinol and hydrated silica), silanes, and the like. In particular, the adhesion of wire to rubber skim stock has been accomplished for years in the tire industry by the use of brass plated steel wire, and a specially formulated rubber containing high sulfur, resin and a cobalt salt. However, incorporation of adhesion promoters into the rubber or as a coating for wire, can modify the working properties and performance of lhe vulcanized compositions, in particular the resistance to thermal and thermo-oxidizing aging can be substantially altered. Furthermore, the incorporating of these compounds in the compositions is costly and the metals of these compounds may at times be scarce. In these systems, the adherence performance of the reinforcements obtained are at times insufficient and the bonding obtained can exhibit degradation over the course of time, poor resistance to thermal aging and/or thermo-oxidizing aging, in particular corrosion in the presence of water.

In a continuing effort to improve both the initial and, most importantly, the aged adhesion, alkoxy organosiloxane chemistry has been shown to be promising. Recently, we have discovered lhat incorporation of a compound comprising an aminosilane, a mercaptosilane, or a mixture of these, into the rubber composition prior to curing, improves metal adhesion and metal adhesion retention properties between a vulcanizable rubber composition and plated or unplated (e.g., bright) steel, and also improves thermal and humidity ageing. (See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 7,201 ,944.)

However, other techniques, such as applying a mixture of alkoxy organosiloxanes in an alcoholic solution to metal plated wire cords, followed by heat setting of the film, is problematic in that the adhesive solution has a limited lifetime with respect to moisture curing. The film itself is insoluble in water and environmental problems are caused by the evolution of the alcohol solvent as a volatile organic compound (VOC).

Therefore, there is still a need to provide a method of treating wire to give a coating that will promole adhesion of a rubber slock to the wire during cure. There is also a need to provide such an adhesive coaling to wire that is either unplated or metal plated. Further, there is also a need to provide an adhesion promoter that can be used with all types of rubber and does nol require the use of special adhesive additives to the rubber vulcanizates, such as, but not limited to, cobalt, resins and high sulfur levels. In particular, there is a need to improve the adherence performance of the reinforcements to obtain sufficient bonding that is resistant to degradation over the course of time, especially resistance to thermal aging and/or thermo-oxidizing aging, in particular corrosion in the presence of water. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In our U.S. Patent Application, Serial No. 1 1/387,569, filed March 23, 2006, entitled "Compounding Silica- Reinforced Rubber With Low Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission," the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, we described the preparation of alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane (AMS) compounds and co-alkoxy- modified silsesquioxane (co-AMS) compounds that generate less alcohol than conventional alkoxysilane-containing silica-coupling and/or silica dispersing agents used in rubber compounding. In addition to improved environmental conditions in the plant, the decreased amount of alcohol produced when using the AMS and co-AMS compounds results in vulcanized rubber compounds having one or more improved properties such as, but not limited to, enhanced rubber reinforcement, increased polymer-filler interaction and lower compound viscosity, providing for tires having improved wet and snow traction, lower rolling resistance, increased rebound and decreased hysteresis.

It has now been discovered unexpectedly that amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxanes (amino AMS), and/or amino co-AMS compounds that also can comprise a mercaptosilane and/or a blocked mercaptosilane, are excellent adhesives for coating plated or unplated metal wire for adherence of the wire to a rubber stock. Moreover, it has also been unexpectedly discovered that vulcanized rubber compositions comprising the amino co-AMS compounds have improved adhesion to uncoated steel after humidity aging, compared with vulcanized rubber compositions not containing the amino co-AMS.

In a very suitable arrangement, the amino AMS comprises an amino/mercaptan co- AMS. As employed in this description, the term "amino/mercaptan co-AMS" is meant to include the amino/blocked mercaptan co-AMS, unless otherwise designated. The term "amino AMS" also meant to encompass an amino co-AMS that can comprise other molecules, especially, but not limited to, those having groups that can react with rubber. Such groups include, but are not limited to, acrylates, methacrylates, amino, vinyl, mercapto, sulfur and sulfide groups, and the like..

It has further been discovered that amino AMS and/or amino/mercaptan co-AMS adhesives can be used with all types of rubber and there is no requirement for the use of special adhesive additives to the rubber vulcanizates, such as, but not limited to, cobalt, resins and high sulfur levels. In particular, it was discovered unexpectedly that the use of amino AMS and/or amino co-AMS compounds as adhesives for bonding wire to rubber also improves the adherence performance of the reinforcements to obtain sufficient bonding that is resistant to degradation over the course of time, especially resistance to thermal aging and/or thermo-oxidizing aging, in particular corrosion in the presence of water.

The invention provides a method for preparing an adhesive and/or an adhesive solution containing an amino AMS compound and/or an amino co-AMS compound, and the adhesives themselves. The invention further provides a rubber composite comprising steel embedded in a vulcanizable rubber stock and comprising a coating of an adhesive thai comprises an amino AMS and/or an amino co-AMS compound. Further provided is a structural component for a pneumatic tire comprising the vulcanized rubber composite and having improved metal adhesion and metal adhesion retention properties, and a pneumatic tire comprising the structural component.

The invention also provides a vulcanized rubber composition comprising uncoated steel embedded therein, and also comprising an amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane. In particular, the vulcanized rubber composition has improved adhesion to the steel after humidity aging compared with a vulcanized rubber composition not containing the amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane. The invention further provides a pneumatic tire comprising a structural component that comprises the vulcanized rubber composition and steel, such as, but not limited to, steel cords.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The adhesive for coating steel to promote adhesion of rubber to the steel during cure, comprises an amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane (AMS) comprising one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of an amino AMS, an amino/mercaptan co- AMS, an amino/blocked mercaptan co-AMS, and a weak acid -neutralized solid or aqueous solution thereof, and mixtures thereof, and having the formula

wherein w, x, y and z represent mole fractions, z does not equal zero, at least one of w, x or y must also be present, and w +x + y +z = 1 ,00; wherein at least one of R , R , R and R⁴must be present and selected from the group consisting of R Z, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting Of NH₂, HNR⁷ and NR⁷ ₂; and the remaining R , R , R³ or R"¹ are the same or different and selected from the group consisting of (i) H or an alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, (ii) cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iϋ) alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iv) R X, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, SH, S₃R⁷, NR⁷ ₂, OR⁷, CO₂H, SCOR⁷, CO₂R⁷, OH, olefins, epoxides, amino groups, vinyl groups, acrylates and methacrylates, wherein a = 1 to about 8, and (v) R⁶YR⁸X, wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NH and NR⁷; wherein R⁶ and R⁸ are selected from the group consisting of alkylene groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkylene groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and a single bond; and R and R are selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms.

The mixture of amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxanes that comprises the adhesive consists essentially of amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxanes having an open cage structure or ladder-like structure with a reactive alkoxysilyl group and essentially free of closed caged polyhedral organosilsesquioxanes. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that at least one of the R¹ silane atoms, R² silane atoms and R³ silane atoms in every molecule is attached to a silane that has an alkoxy (OR) group. In contrast to the amino AMS structures in the adhesive according to the invention, a closed caged structure such as a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) or the like, contains substantially no Si-OR (alkoxysilane) bonds, but only Si-O-Si bonds. At least one of the R¹, R², R³ and R^A groups of the amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane adhesive comprises a group that can bind to an elastomer. Such groups include, but are not limited to, acrylates, methacrylates, amino, vinyl, mercapto, sulfur and sulfide groups, and the like. In one arrangement, the at least one of the R¹, R , R and R groups of the adhesive amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane can be, but is not limited to, a mercaptoalkyl group, a blocked mercaptoalkyl group, and an organo group containing a chain of about 2 to about 8 sulfur atoms, and the like. In a particularly suitable arrangement for use as an adhesive for coating steel wire to promote adhesion of rubber to the steel during cure, the amino AMS comprises an amino/mercaptan co-AMS.

In suitable arrangement of the adhesive according to the invention, the amino alkoxy- modified silsesquioxane is in an aqueous solution that has been neutralized by a weak acid, and has a pH of about 6.5 to about 4,0, typically about 6.0 to about 5.0. Suitable weak acids can have a pK_a of about 3.5 to about 6.5. For example, the weak acid can comprise, but is not limited to, a weak carboxylic acid such as, but not limited to, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, itaconic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, naphthoic acid, benzoic acid, o-toluic acid, m-toluic acid,/7-toluic acid, and the like, and mixtures thereof. The adhesive can also comprise a solution of the amino AMS that comprises a solvent for the amino AMS such as, but not limited to, water, an alcohol, a hydrocarbon, a chlorocarbon, an ester, an ether, and mixtures of these, and the solution comprises about 0.01% to about 98% of the amino AMS. As a non limiting example, the solvent can independently comprise water, ethanol, hexane, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, 1 ,4-dioxane, 1,3- dioxolane, acetone, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, and mixtures of these.

A method of making the above-described adhesive for coating steel to promote adhesion of rubber to the steel during cure, can comprise the steps of (a) combining as a reaction mixture; (i) water, (ii) a solvent for the water, (iii) a hydrolysis and condensation catalyst, (iv) an optional weak acid, (v) an aminotrialkoxysilane, and (vi) an optional selection from the group consisting of a mercaptoalkyl trial koxy si lane, a blocked mercaptoalkyltrialkoxysilane, and mixtures of these; (b) allowing the reaction mixture to react for about 0.5 hours to about 200 hours to form an amino alkoxysilane-modified silsesquioxane; (c) recovering the amino alkoxysilane-modified silsesquioxane from the reaction mixture; and (d) forming an adhesive solution of the amino AMS in a solvent, wherein the solution comprises about 0.01% to about 98% of the amino AMS.

The solvent for the adhesive amino AMS can include, but is not limited to, water, an alcohol, a hydrocarbon, a chlorocarbon, an ester, an ether, and mixtures of these. For example, suitable solvents can include, but are not limited to water, ethanol, hexane, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, 1 ,4-dioxane, 1 ,3-dioxolane, acetone, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, and mixtures of these. Suitably, the adhesive solution can comprise about 0.01% to about 98% of the amino AMS, about 0.02% to about 50%, about 0.02% to about 20%, about 0.5% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 2%, or about 0.2% to about 1% of the amino AMS.

Examples of methods for making suitable amino AMS and amino/mercaptan co-AMS compounds for use as adhesive solutions are described in our U.S. Provisional Patent Applications Serial Nos. 61/017,932 and 61/018,213, filed December 31, 2007, and in the examples below. However, these examples are not intended to be limiting. From the teachings of this disclosure, other methods for making the compound(s) will become apparent to those skilled in the art.

Briefly, in a general but non-limiting example, the adhesives according to the invention can be made from an amino AMS that has been made by subjecting an aminotrialkoxysilane to hydrolysis and condensation in an aqueous alcohol solution in the presence of a hydrolysis and condensation catalyst. The reaction is continued for a period of time sufficient for substantial total conversion of the reactants to the amino AMS or amino co-AMS compounds. The rate of conversion of the reactants to the final product can be controlled by the concentration of the reactants. The greater the concentration of the reactants, the shorter the reaction time, The temperature at which the reaction takes place is not critical except that it be less than the boiling point of the solvent, although the use of a pressure vessel for the reaction will allow higher temperatures to be used. For example, almost identical yields of amino AMS product can be obtained from ambient temperature (about 25°C) to about 60⁰C to about 100⁰C. The amino AMS product is then removed from the reaction mixture by distillation of solvent after first neutralizing the amine and the catalyst. Solvent replacement with water will give a stable aqueous concentrated solution.

The period of time for total conversion of the reactants to the amino AMS product depends on the original concentration of the reactants and the optional addition of reactants and/or applied heat during the process. However, if no additional reactants are used, the time can range from about 0.5 hours to about 200 hours, often about 0.75 hours to about 120 hours, or about one hour to about 72 hours.

The hydrolysis and condensation catalyst can be a strong acid, a strong base, a strong organic acid, a strong organic base, a solid strong cationic resin, and mixtures of these. Suitable hydrolysis and condensation catalysts for use in making the amino AMS compounds for use as adhesives are known and include, but are not limited to, strong acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, toluenesulfonic acid, and the like; sirong bases such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and the like; and strong organic acids and bases, such as DBU (l ,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0] undec-7-ene), DBN (l,5-diazabicylo-[4.3.0] non-5-ene), imidazoles, guanidines and the like; and mixtures of these. The hydrolysis and condensation catalysi is also suitably a solid strong catiom^'c resin such as, but not limited to, those particularly described in methods for making amino AMS compounds using such resins as disclosed in our U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 61/017,932 filed December 31, 2007.

When a strong acid, a strong organic acid or a solid strong cationic resin are used as the hydrolysis and condensation catalyst, it is advantageous to add a weak acid buffer to the reaction mixture. The weak acid buffer in the reaction mixture is used to neutralize the amine functionality during the preparation of the amino AMS so that the sirong acid can function as the hydrolysis and condensation catalyst. The weak acid buffer (which is not an AMS catalyst) can also act as a stabilizer so that the amine salt in water will not further condense to give an insoluble gelled structure. The weak acid buffer can comprises a weak acid having a pK_a of about 3,5 to about 6.5, For example, a suitable weak acid buffer can comprise, but are not limited to, weak carboxylic acids such as, but not limited to, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, itaconic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, naphthilic acid, benzoic acid, o- toluic acid, m-toluic acid, /7-toluic acid, or mixtures of any of these, and the like. The amount of the weak acid buffer in the reaction mixture can range from about 0.5 to about 2 molar equivalents of acid to the amine.

Further, the use of an aqueous solution of an amino/mercapto functional co-AMS prepared with hydrochloric acid has shown good adhesion for steel cord to rubber, but certain side reactions can be observed that possibly could prevent long term usage. The first side reaction is a slow gel formation when the adhesive is diluted with distilled water to a pH of 6.2 or higher. To overcome this problem, the use of the weak acid buffer, such as an acetate and the like described above, can be used to prevent the increase in pH upon dilution and aging. A second side reaction that is sometimes observed is the formation of a slightly cloudy AMS when a strong base or strong organic base, such as an amine or the like, as described above, is used as the catalyst in place of an acid. The cloudy solution that may be produced can be eliminated by the addition of a small amount of sodium borohydride to the base catalyzed co-AMS product. As a result, a clear aqueous stable solution of the amino/mercapto co-AMS can be formed. However, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the use of sodium borohydride, as other suitable reducing agents that can act to cleave S-S single bonds to form SH bonds are known to those skilled in the art and would be suitable in the present method.

In one example illustrated below, the hydrolysis and condensation catalyst comprises a solid strong cationic hydrolysis and condensation catalyst. In this method of making the amino AMS compound, the weak acid buffer is used in the reaction mixture to neutralize the amine functionality during the preparation of the amino AMS adhesive so that the solid strong cationic resin can function as the hydrolysis and condensation catalyst. The weak acid buffer (which is not an AMS catalyst) can also act as a stabilizer so that the amine salt in water will not further condense to give an insoluble gelled structure. In this method, the solid strong cationic catalyst can easily be recovered from the reaction mixture as a precipitate, such as by filtration and the like, providing for its reuse in subsequent reactions. An advantage to the use of this method is that the recovered amino AMS adhesive products are free of, or substantially free of, residual strong acid catalyst. The method can further comprise the step of recovering the solid strong cationic catalyst from the reaction mixture for recycling the catalyst.

Suitable solid strong cationic hydrolysis and condensation catalysts for use in making the amino AMS are commercially available and include, but are not limited to, cationic ion exchange resins that have sulfonic acid groups attached to an insoluble polymeric matrix. For example, these solid resins contain a H⁺ counter ion that is a strong cation exchanger due to its very low pKa (<1.0). As a non-limiting example, such cationic ion exchange resins can be prepared by sulfonating (by treating with sulfuric acid) a polystyrene that has been crosslinked with about 1 percent to about 8 percent divinylbenzene. Examples of suitable commercially available strong cationic exchange resins include, but are not limited to, the H⁺ ionic form of Amberlite IR-120, Amberlyst A-15, Purolite C-IOO, and any of the Dowex^® 50WX series resins. Such resins are typically gel beads having particle sizes of about 400 mesh to about 50 mesh. The particle size is not crucial in the methods of the invention. Other types of solid supports for the strong cationic ions have been described, such as, but not limited to, polymer strips, polymer membranes, and the like, and are within the scope of the invention. Suitably, the solid strong cationic catalysts are in a physical form that, after the amino AMS adhesives or amino co-AMS adhesives are extracted, will precipitate (or sink) to the bottom of the reaction chamber for simple separation from the reaction mixture, such as by filtration or the like. In general, a suitable adhesive comprising an amino co-AMS compound can be manufactured by the co-hydrolysis and co-condensation of an aminotrialkoxysilane with, for example, a mercaptoalkyl trial koxysilane to introduce a mercaptoalkyl functionality, or with a blocked mercaptoalkyltrialkoxysilane to introduce a blocked mercaptoalkyl functionality. In another arrangement, a blocking agent can be bonded to an amino AMS adhesive containing an SH group subsequent to the condensation reaction, as described in the above-referenced U.S. Patent Application 1 1/387,569.

Examples of suitable aminotrialkoxysilane reactants include, but are not limited to, 3- [N-(tπmelhoxysilyl)-propyl]-elhylenediamine, 3 -[N -(triethoxysilyl)-propyl] -ethylene- diamine, 3-aminoproρyltriethoxysilane, and the like. Examples of suitable sulfur-containing trialkoxy si lanes include, but are not limited to mercaptoalkyltrialkoxysilanes, blocked mercaptoalkyl trialkoxysi lanes, 3 -mercaptopropyl trialkoxy si lane, 3-thioacylρropyltrialkoxy- silane, 3-thiooctanoyl-propyltrialkoxysilane, and the like.

In this description the use of the term "blocked mercaptoalkyltrialkoxysilane" is defined as a mercaptosilane silica coupling agent that comprises a blocking moiety that blocks the mercapto part of the molecule (i.e. the mercapto hydrogen atom is replaced by another group, hereafter referred to as "blocking group") while not affecting the silica- reactive mercaptosilane moiety. Suitable blocked mercaplosilanes can include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,127,468; 6,204,339; 6,528,673; 6,635,700; 6,649,684; 6,683,135; the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference with respect to the examples described. For purposes of this disclosure, the silica-reactive "mercaptosilane moiety" is defined as the molecular weight equivalent to the molecular weight of 3 -mercaptopropyl triethoxysilane. A deblocking agent can be added during or after rubber compounding (e.g., later in the manufacturing process, such as during cure), after the silica-sitane reaction has occurred, Io allow the sulfur atom of the mercaptosilane to bond rapidly with the rubber. The deblocking agent can be added at any time during the compounding process as a single component during any mixing stage in which deblocking is desired. Examples of deblocking agents are well known to those skilled in the art.

In the adhesive according to the invention, the amino AMS and/or the amino/mercaptan co-AMS may also be combined with any AMS and/or co-AMS, such as those described in our U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 1 1/387,569, filed March 23, 2006.

A feature of each of the amino AMS or amino co-AMS adhesives is that the reactive alkoxysilyl group is present at such a low level that only a small amount of alcohol can be liberated by hydrolysis of the product. That is, the z alkoxysilyl group generates only about 0.05% to about 10% by weight alcohol when the product is treated by substantially total acid hydrolysis. Suitably, the amount of generated alcohol is about 0.5% to about 8% by weight and, more suitably, the amount of generated alcohol is about 1% to about 6% by weight.

The amount of residual reactive alkoxysilyl groups in each of the final amino AMS adhesive or amino co-AMS adhesive products can be measured by the amount of alcohol recoverable from the product, according to the method published in Rubber Chemistry & Technology 75, 215 (2001). Briefly, a sample of the product is treated by total acid hydrolysis using a siloxane hydrolysis reagent (0.2 N toluenesulfonic acid/0.24 N water/15% n-butanol/85% toluene). This reagent quantitatively reacts with residual ethoxysilane

(EtOSi) or methoxysilane (MeOSi), freeing a substantially total amount of ethanol or methanol that is then measured by a headspace/gas chromatographic technique, and expressed as the percentage by weight in the sample.

The amino AMS and/or amino co-AMS products are particularly useful as adhesives for structural components having improved metal adhesion and metal adhesion retention to cured rubber. The invention includes a rubber composite comprising steel embedded in a vulcanizable rubber stock, wherein the steel comprises a coating of an adhesive that comprises an amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane (AMS) selected from the group consisting of an amino-AMS, an amino/mercaptan co-AMS, an amino/blocked mercaptan co- AMS, and mixtures thereof, prepared according to the method described above.

In another arrangement, the vulcanizable rubber stock can contain about 0.5 phr to about 20 phr of the amino AMS and/or amino co-AMS, added during compounding, especially in rubber stocks that are intended for, but not limited to, use as belt skim stocks.

Uncoated (no adhesive) steel can then be embedded in the stock. As illustrated in the Examples below, such rubber slocks have improved adhesion to the steel after humidity aging compared with a vulcanized rubber composition not containing the amino alkoxy- modified silsesquioxane.

Any conventional steel can be employed in practicing the present invention. Non- limiting examples include low, medium, and high-carbon grades of steel. Low carbon steel is particularly suitable. When steel wire cord is used in the rubber composite, the wire cord can include, but is not limited to, unplated steel cord, brass plated steel cord, zinc plated steel cord, bronze plated steel cord, plated steel cord at least a portion of which is bright steel, and combinations of these. The steel wire cord can be embedded in the vulcanizable rubber stock by common methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art of rubber manufacturing. In particular, it has been discovered that special additives that promote adhesion of the metal to the rubber are not necessary when using the present adhesives. Therefore, the rubber used for the composite can be substantially free of additives, metallic salts and complexes that promote adhesion to the steel and, optionally, is free of resorcinol. A suitable rubber for a pneumatic tire having metallic reinforcement embedded therein can be a rubber skim stock which is suitable for the preparation of such as tires. However, the invention is not limited to a skim stock. Both synthetic and natural rubber may be employed within the vulcanizable rubber compositions of the present invention. These rubbers, which may also be referred to as elastomers, include, without limitation, natural or synthetic poly(isoρrene) with natural polyisoprene being preferred, and elastomeric diene polymers including polybutadiene and copolymers of conjugated diene monomers with at least one monoolefϊn monomer. Suitable polybutadiene rubber is elastomeric and has a 1 ,2- vinyl content of about 1 to 3 percent and a cis-1,4 content of about 96 to 98 percent. Other butadiene rubbers, having up to about. 12 percent 1,2-content, may also be suitable with appropriate adjustments in the level of other components, and thus, substantially any high vinyl, elastomeric polybutadiene can be employed. The copolymers may be derived from conjugated dienes such as 1,3-buladiene, 2-methyl-l,3-butadiene-(isoprene), 2,3-dimethyl- 1 ,2-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiene, 1 ,3-hexadiene and the like, as well as mixtures of the foregoing dienes. The preferred conjugated diene is 1,3-butadiene. Regarding the monoolefinic monomers, there include vinyl aromatic monomers such as styrene, alpha-methyl styrene, vinyl naphthalene, vinyl pyridine and the like as well as mixtures of the foregoing. The copolymers may contain up to 50 percent by weight of the monoolefin based upon total weight of copolymer. The preferred copolymer is a copolymer of a conjugated diene, especially butadiene, and a vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon, especially styrene. Preferably, the rubber compound can comprise up to about 35 percent by weight styrene-butadiene random copolymer, preferably 15 to 25 percent by weight.

The above-described copolymers of conjugated dienes and their method of preparation are well known in the rubber and polymer arts. Many of the polymers and copolymers are commercially available. It is to be understood that practice of the present invention is not to be limited to any particular rubber included hereinabove or excluded. The rubber polymers used in practice of the present invention can comprise either 100 parts by weight of natural rubber, 100 parts by weight of a synthetic rubber or blends of synthetic rubber or blends of natural and synthetic rubber such as 75 parts by weight of natural rubber and 25 parts by weight of polybutadiene. Polymer type, however is not deemed to be a limitation to the practice of the instant invention. The vulcanizable composition, including the adhesive-coated wire cords, can then be processed according to ordinary tire manufacturing techniques. Likewise, the tires are ultimately fabricated by using standard rubber curing techniques. For further explanation of rubber compounding and the additives conventionally employed, one can refer to The Compounding and Vulcanization of Rubber, by Stevens in Rubber Technology, Second Edition (1973 Van Nostrand Reibold Company), which is incorporated herein by reference. The reinforced rubber compounds can be cured in a conventional manner with known vulcanizing agents at about 0.1 to 10 phr. For a general disclosure of suitable vulcanizing agents, one can refer to Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed., Wiley Interscience, N. Y. 1982, Vol. 20, pp. 365 to 468, particularly Vulcanization Agents and Auxiliary Materials, pp. 390 to 402, or Vulcanization by A. Y. Coran, Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Second Edition (1989 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.), both of which are incorporated herein by reference. Vulcanizing agents can be used alone or in combination, Preferably, the rubber compounds are sulfur- vulcanized. Cured or crosslinked polymers will be referred to as vulcanizales for purposes of this disclosure. The adhesive compositions of the present invention can be utilized to form structural components, including their use in treadstocks for tires. Pneumatic tires can be made according to the constructions disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,866,171 ; 5,876,527; 5,931,21 1 ; and 5,971 ,046, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The adhesive composition can also be used to form other etastomeric tire components such as subtreads, sidewalls, body ply skims, bead fillers sidewalls, apex, chafer, sidewall insert, wirecoat, inner liner, and the like, without limitation.

EXAMPLES

The following examples illustrate methods of preparation of representative amino AMS and amino co-AMS products, including amino AMS and amino co-AMS adhesives for improved metal adhesion and metal adhesion retention to cured rubber. However, the examples are not intended to be limiting, as other amino AMS and amino co-AMS products and adhesives, alone or in combination, can be prepared according to the described methods. Moreover, the methods are exemplary only and other methods for preparing the products employing other reactants can be determined by those skilled in the ait without departing from the scope of the invention herein disclosed and claimed.

Example 1

Preparation of 3-aminopropyl AMS hydrochloride

To a one liter flask was added 300 mL of absolute ethanol, 24.42 g of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysϋane (1 10 mmol), 21.6 mL of 12N hydrochloric acid (259 mmol acid and 900 mmol water) and 16.6 mL of water (920 mmol). The solution immediately became cloudy upon mixing and, after standing 3 days at ambient temperature, gave a viscous semi- crystalline mass. The solvent was decanted, purged with nitrogen to remove the remaining solvent, and vacuum dried to give 16.28 g of a white crystalline hydrochloride salt. The theoretical yield (TY) was 16.13 g. The solid was readily soluble in about 120 mL of distilled water to give 149.69 g of a clear solution, which contained about 10.8% total solids and a density of 1.035 g/mL. This solution had a calculated AMS concentration of 0.761 N in silicone. The pH was about 1.0. Titration with standard sodium hydroxide indicated the solution to be 0.0045 N in free hydrochloric acid, Example 2

Preparation of co-AMS containing 3 -mercapto propyl and 3-aminopropyl co- AMS hydrochloride in a 45:55 ratio

The procedure of Example 1 was followed, except that the alkoxysilane components were 23.35 g of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (105.2 mmol) and 16.27 g of 3- mercaptopropyl triethoxysilane (84.6 mmol). A cloudy solution was initially formed that remained unchanged after 18 hours. Heating this solution to 50⁰C to 60⁰C with a nitrogen purge removed most of the solvent to give a white waxy solid which did not change upon vacuum drying. The addition of about 100 mL of water gave a slightly cloudy solution and a small amount (0.56 g) of a solid that was removed. The 130.72 g of solution did not further change upon standing. This solution had a density of 1.061 g/mL and a calculated concentration of 1.44 N of co-AMS. This represented 19.4% total solids. Titration showed the presence of free hydrochloric acid to give a 0.800 N solution.

Example 3 Preparation of co-AMS containing 3-octanoylthio-l -propyl and 3-aminopropyl co-AMS hydrochloride in a ratio of 31:69

The procedure of Example 1 was followed, except that the alkoxysilane components were 28.6 g of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (129.2 mmol) and 21.44 g of 3-octanoylthio-l- propyltriethoxysilane (NXT^™) (58.8 mmol). A cloudy solution was initially formed and remained unchanged after 18 hours. Heating this solution to 50⁰C to 6O⁰C with a nitrogen purge removed most of the solvent to give a white waxy solid which, upon vacuum drying, gave 33.68 g of a white crystalline powder. The addition of about 200 mL of water was needed to give a mixture that could be stirred. A slightly cloudy fluid solution was obtained after overnight stirring. The 285.9 g of solution did not further change upon standing, had a density of 1.029 g/mL and a calculated concentration of 0.47 N of co-AMS. This represented 8.19% total solids based on the theoretical yield of product. Titration showed the presence of free hydrochloric acid to give a 0.022 N solution.

Example 4

Application of AMS and co-AMS compounds for wire adhesion to rubber A dip method was used to coat commercial brass-plated or zinc-plated steel wire cord with the AMS and co-AMS solutions prepared in Examples 1 and 2. A few 7-wire, 360 mm long wire cords at a time were placed in 10 mm diameter by 380 mm tall test tubes partially filled with the respective AMS or co-AMS solutions. A soaking lime of 5 minutes was targeted; however, with the amount of free hydrochloric acid present in the solutions described in Examples 1-3, the soaking time was reduced to less than 30 seconds because of the attack of the acid on the wire as evident by foaming and evolution of hydrogen. After this soaking, all wires cords were removed, excess solution was wiped off with a clean cloth, and the wires cords were placed in a clean aluminum tray. The trays containing the coated wire cords were then dried in a 100⁰C forced air oven for 20 minutes to remove any remaining moisture prior to test pad preparations.

The steel cord skim compound used in the test pad preparations was a test belt skim compound containing high sulfur, resin and cobalt, illustrated in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Test skim stock formulation

Resorcinol-formaldehyde resin Cobalt boro-neodecanoate Hexamethoxymethylmelamine It is to be understood that the foregoing skim stock formulation is presented solely to enable the evaluation of the practice of the invention. As such, the present invention is not limited Io this specific formulation. Moreover, as explained in fuller detail below, skim stocks that do not contain rubber bonding materials such as, but not limited to, cobalt, high sulfur and resin, are also useful according to the present invention.

The brass plated steel wire cords comprised a coating of 63% copper and 37% zinc. The zinc plated steel wire cords comprised a coating of 100% zinc. As stated above, the particular plated steel cord construction employed for the testing has two strands of wire wrapped by seven strands which is in turn wrapped by a single strand. This configuration or style is commonly referred to as 7/2+1 (7 over 2 plus 1) steel cord style. The style of the brass plated and/or zinc plated steel wire cords is not a limitation to the present invention and, therefore, other styles of brass- or zinc- plated steel cords are applicable.

The skim rubber compound was molded around the AMS-coated or co-AMS-coated brass plated wire cords (samples 3 and 5, respectively), or the AMS-coated or co-AMS- coated zinc plated wire cords (samples 4 and 6, respectively), or with non-treated (i.e., no AMS solution applied) controls of brass or zinc-plated wire cords (samples 1 and 2, respectively) and the test pads were then cured at 149°C for 40 minutes.

The test utilized T-adhesion pads prepared by a standard method, using a Clicker machine having a cavity dimension of 4.0 mm depth, 39 mm width and 200 mm length, The mold slot width was 1 or 1.5 mm. Test pads were built directly in the mold in which they were prepared. The mold was at room temperature during building of the pads. A piece of pre-cut mylar film 35 mm x 191 mm was placed in each cavity of the mold. A steel cord specimen was placed in each of 9 slots of the mold cavity. The specimen was pressed down between coils of the spring that was used to hold the wire in place, and pulled to insure that it lay straight on the bottom of the cavity. A polyethylene film was removed from one side of a pre-cut piece of the rubber skim compound prior to placing the piece of rubber in the cavity. The compound was lightly pressed into the cavity. The remaining plastic film was then removed. A sheet of backing fabric (square woven) cut to approximately 305 mm x 305 mm was placed over the pads, and pressed lightly onto the pads. The pads were cured within two hours after building. To cure the test pads, the top plate was placed on the mold and the assembly centered on the curing press plalen. After curing, the mylar film was peeled from each pad and the test pads were allowed to equilibrate at room temperature for at least 24 hours after removing from the mold. It is to be understood that the exemplified method of preparing the T- adhesion pads is not a limiting feature of the invention, as other known methods for preparing such pads can be used, without limitation.

Cord to rubber adhesion (CRA) was evaluated for each of the embedded wire cord samples. The pull-out force was measured by a Model 1 130 Instron Universal Tester at a crosshead speed of 25.4 cm/min and 1 10⁰C; the T-adhesion pads were preheated in the 1 10°C oven for 20 minutes prior to testing. The force necessary to pull or remove the metallic reinforcement from the vulcanized rubber skim stock is given in kg/cm, followed by the percent of rubber skim stock remaining on the surface of the metallic reinforcement. The amount of rubber skim stock remaining on the metallic reinforcement was determined by visual examination and is reported as % rubber coverage. In particular, the coverage of rubber remaining on each of three (3) wire cords after pull out was visually ranked according to the following coverage rankings:

The results of the testing are illustrated in Table 2. The cord to rubber adhesion (CRA) test results and observations show that the pull out force required for the AMS-treated or co-AMS -treated brass plated wire cords (samples 3 and 5) was about 50% to about 30% of that of the non-treated brass-plated wire cord (sample 1). This finding is not surprising since, without being bound by theory, it has been suggested that adhesion of the rubber to brass plated wire cords is in large part mechanical, as the formation of copper sulfide corrodes the wire to provide a roughened surface and the rubber flows into and penetrates the pits and valleys to form a physical bond with the cords. Again, without being bound by theory, it is possible that coating of the brass-plated wire with the AMS or the co-AMS adhesive could coat the surface with the AMS and inhibit the contact of the rubber to the cords and prevent the formation of the physical bond. Additionally the undiluted AMS solutions from Example 1-2 when dried left a visible thick coating of AMS between the individual wires of the cord that also prevented penetration and coating of the rubber skim stock around the wires during molding. The decrease in adhesion of the rubber to the brass plated wire cords was also reflected in the coverage ranking results, where the untreated brass plated controls showed the most residual rubber coverage on pull out.

In contrast to the untreated brass plated wire cords, untreated zinc plated (control) wire cords do not adhere well to rubber skim stocks because no corrosion pits and valleys are formed on the wire cord surface. As illustrated by the control sample 2, the pull out force required for the untreated zinc plated wire cords approached zero, with 0-25% (coverage ranking E) of rubber remaining adhered to the cord. Unexpectedly, however, the coating of the zinc plated wire cords with the AMS or the co-AMS adhesive solutions (samples 4 and 6, respectively) resulted in an increased pull out force of about 660% compared to the untreated zinc plated wire cords (sample 2).

TABLE 2

Example 5

Preparation of an amino/mercapto co-AMS with DBU as catalyst

The use of an aqueous solution of an amino/mercapto functional co-AMS prepared with hydrochloric acid has shown good adhesion for steel cord to rubber, but there are side reactions that prevent long term usage. The first side reaction is slow gel formation when diluted with distilled water to a pH of 6.2 or higher. To overcome this problem, an acetate buffer was used to prevent the increase in pH upon dilution and aging. A second side reaction was the formation of a slightly cloudy AMS when an amine was used as the catalyst in place of an acid. The cloudy solution that was produced was eliminated by the addition of a small amount of sodium borohydride to the amine catalyzed co-AMS product. As a result, a clear aqueous stable solution of the amino/mercapto co-AMS was formed. However, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the use of sodium borohydride, as other suitable reducing agents that can act to cleave S-S single bonds to form SH bonds are known to those skilled in the art and would be suitable in the present method

The present example (5) and Example 6 demonstrate the use of an acetate buffer and sodium borohydride.

To a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask was added 34,21 g (155 mmol) of 3-aminoproρyl triethoxysilane, 12.25 g (62 mmol) of 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane (28.8 mole%) and 241.65 g (308 mL) of absolute ethanol. To this mixture was then added 3.86 g (25 mmol) of l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) catalyst dissolved in 30.1 g (1.66 mol) of water. A clear solution was obtained thai became slightly cloudy within 30 minutes. No phase separation occurred during the next 24 hours, with only a slight increase in cloudiness. The theoretical yield of product was 24.97 g. About half of this co-AMS solution (sample A, 152.2 g) was added to 250 mL of a sodium acetate/acetic acid aqueous buffer prepared with 4.51 g sodium acetate and 4.1 g of acetic acid. The pH changed from about 3.0 to 9.0 upon the addition. Adjustment with 2.12 g of acetic acid gave a pH of 5.7. Further acetic acid addition of 0.72 g gave a final pH of 5.0, This solution was heated to about 80⁰C to remove the ethanol and reduce the final volume to 209 mL of a 5.9 wt% AMS in water. Similarly, the remaining about half of the co-AMS solution (sample B) was buffered with the same acetate buffer containing an additional 2.58 g of acetic acid to give a pH of 5.8. The cloudiness could not be filtered or reduced with sodium borohydride. Both samples A and B were diluted to as low as 0.75 wt% with distilled water (pH 7.2) without any significant change in pH. The dilute solution did not change in clarity or viscosity on standing. Example 6

Preparation of an amino/mercapto co-AMS with DBU as catalyst and added sodium borohydride

To a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask was added 32.98 g (149 mmol) of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, 12.73 g (65 mmol) of 3 -mercapto propyl trimethoxysilane (30.2 mole%) and 241.68 g (308 mL) of absolute ethanol. To this mixture was then added 3.79 g (25 mmol) of DBU catalyst dissolved in 32.15 g (1.77 mol) of water and 1.76 g (5.29 mmol) of a solution of 0.20 g of sodium borohydride in 10 g of water. The clear solution was stirred for 66 hours with no cloudiness appearing. The addition of about half this solution (165.9 g) to the sodium acetate/acetic acid buffer described in Example 5, containing 4.47 g of extra acetic acid, gave a clear solution that was concentrated by heating to remove the ethanol, as described in Example 5, to give 21.3 g of a 5.9wt%, pH 5.9, stable aqueous amino/mercapto co-AMS. The pH decreased during the concentration procedure to a value of 4.8 (sample C). The remainder was similarly treated to give a 6.6 wt% solution with a pH of 5.5 that, when reduced to 183.3 g, had a pH of 5.0 (sample D). Both samples C and D remained clear upon dilution with distilled water and gave no cloudiness or gel.

Example 7

Preparation of a 40.3% amino/mercapto co-AMS as an aqueous solution

The co-AMS was prepared by adding 5.3 g (23.9 mmol) of 3-[N-(trimethoxy-silyl> propyl]-ethylenediamine, 3.97 g (20.2 mmol) of 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane to 38 g of absolute ethanol, 5.74 g (315.7 mmol) of water and 0.40 g (2.60 mmol) of DBU catalyst in a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The clear solution was allowed to stand for 17 hours in ambient conditions before adding 59 g of water and 3.92 g (65.7 mmol) of acetic acid. The pH was measured as 6.2. The ethanol was removed by heating at 70⁰C to 80⁰C with a nitrogen purge for one hour. A total of 50.31 g of solution was obtained. Dilution with 54.56 g of water gave a 5.6% solution of amino/mercapto co-AMS with a pH of 6.2. The theoretical yield was 5.87 g of the co-AMS. This solution was used for adhesion studies by dilution to the indicated concentration with distilled water. Example 8

Testing of amino/mercapto co-AMS as an adhesive for rubber to zinc-plated steel wire cords with and without heat and humidity aging

A dip method (as described in Example 4) was used to coat zinc-plated wire cords with the amino/mercapto co-AMS prepared in Example 7 by placing a few 7-wire 360 mm long cords at a time in a partially filled 10 mm diameter by 380 mm tall test tube. After 5 minutes soaking all wire cords were removed and then air dried in a clean aluminum tray. The trays containing the amino/mercapto co-AMS-coated wire cords were then dried from 100⁰C to 160⁰C in a forced air oven for 20 minutes to remove any remaining moisture, to allow rearrangement of the co-AMS into lattices and to promote film formation.

The samples listed in Table 3 below were prepared according to the procedure of Example 7, and the volumes of distilled water used (if any) and the volume of the amino/mercapto co-AMS (AM-AMS) are also listed. Test pads were prepared using the production skim rubber compound according to Example 4, using amino/mercapto co-AMS- coated zinc-plated steel wire cords (Samples 7-12), uncoated zinc-coated control wire cords, and uncoated brass-plated control wire cords. The pads were cured at 149°C for 40 minutes. Some of the cured test pads were exposed for 14 days to a temperature of 45°C and 95% relative humidity in order to examine the effects of heat and moisture aging on the adherence of the amino/mercapto co-AMS coated wire cords to the rubber. The pull-out force and Coverage Ranking for each of three (3) wire cords for each category are listed in the Table 3.

The cord to rubber adhesion (CRA) test results and observations show that the pull out force for the un-aged (as molded) co-AMS coated zinc cords was from about 33 to about 46 times thai of the uncoated brass-plated wire cord for all solutions of 2.8% solids and lower. The most impressive pull out force was seen with the amino/mercapto co-AMS coated zinc cords after aging 14 days in 95% relative humidity and 45°C. For these dilutions, the average loss in adhesion was only 25%. In contrast, after the same 95% relative humidity for 14 days at 50⁰C, the uncoated brass-plated wire cord showed 63% loss of adhesion. Visual inspection of sample 7 (from the 5.6% solution) showed buildup of the adhesive layer between the cords, which prevented penetration of the skim stock during molding. TABLE 3

Relative Humidity

Example 9 Preparation of a 40.3% amino/mercapto co-AMS as an aqueous solution with organic carboxylic acid neutralization

The co-AMS was prepared by adding 5.3 g (23.9 mmol) of 3-[N-(trimethoxy-silyl)- propyl] -ethyl enediamine, 3.97 g (20.2 mmol) of 3-mercaptoρropyl trimethoxysilane (MPS) to 38 g of absolute ethanol, 5.74 g (315.7 mmol) of water and 0.40 g (2.60 mmol) of DBU in a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Analysis of the amount of liberated methanol in this preparation indicated that almost all of the latent alcohol in the starting siloxanes was liberated in the first 5 to 30 minutes of reaction. The clear solution was allowed to stand for 15 to 24 hours at ambient temperature before adding 59 g of water and an equivalent (65.7 mmol) of an organic carboxylic acid was added to each of 5 different samples (13 through 17), as indicated in Table 4 below. The pH was measured to be less than 6.5. The ethanol and byproduct methanol were removed by heating at 70⁰C to 8O⁰C with a nitrogen purge for an hour. A VOC-free solution was obtained which was diluted with water to give a 5.6% solution of amino/mercapto AMS with a pH < 6.5, The expected yield was 5,87 g of the amino/mercapto co-AMS was used to calculate the concentration of the solution prepared and for all further dilutions with distilled water to prepare subsequent dipping solutions that are used. These solutions were used for adhesion sludies (see Table 5) by dilution to the indicated concentration with distilled water,

Table 4 illustrates the sample number, type and weight of organic carboxylic acid used, as well as the solubility in the reaction mixture and the resulting 5.6% aqueous solution of the amino/mercapto co-AMS.

TABLE 4

Example 10 Testing of Arnino/Mercapto AMS as an adhesive for rubber to zinc-plated steel wire cords

A dip method, as described in Example 4, was used to coat zinc-plated wire cords with the amino/mercapto AMS prepared in Example 9 by placing a few (7 wire) 360 mm long cords at a time in a partially filled 10 mm diameter by 380 mm tall test tube. After 5 minutes soaking all wire cords were removed without wiping or blotting and then air dried in a clean aluminum tray. The trays containing the amino/mercapto AMS-coated wire cords were then dried from 100°C to 160⁰C in a forced air oven for 10 to 20 minutes to remove any remaining moisture, to rearrange the co-AMS and to promote film formation.

Test pads were prepared using the lest skim rubber compound according to Example 4, the amino/mercapto AMS-coated zinc-plated steel wire cords and uncoated brass-plated control wire cords. The pads were cured at 149°C for 40 minutes. Some of the prepared lest pads were exposed for 14 days to a temperature of 45°C and 95% relative humidity in order to examine the effects of heat and moisture aging on the adherence of the amino/mercapto co-AMS (AM-AMS) coated wire cords to the rubber.

Table 5 illustrates the CRA test results for each of five examples (18A,B - 22A,B) of amino/mercapto AMS-coated zinc-plated sleel wive cords that were embedded in the test pads, in which the amino/mercapto AMS treatment solution was pre-diluted with water to contain 1.4% solids (A) or 0.7% solids (B), respectively. The percentage amount of the mercaptopropyl moiety in the amino/mercapto AMS for each sample is also indicated, as well as the type of organic carboxylic acid used to neutralize the amino/mercapto AMS solution, and the pH of the resulting solution.

The CRA test results and observations indicate that the pull out force for the amino/mercapto AMS-coated zinc -plated wire cords was from about 33 to about 46 times that of the untreated zinc-plated wire cord for all solutions. As expected, the pull out force for the untreated zinc-plated wire cords was only about 6% of that of the untreated brass- plated wire cord control, taken at 100%. The most impressive pull out forces were observed with the amino/mercapto AMS-coated zinc-plated wire cords after aging 14 days in 95% humidity and 50°C. For the illustrated dilutions, the average pull out force increased by 25% and the force required was 56% greater than the aged untreated brass-plated wire cords. In contrast, the same aging conditions were deleterious for the untreated brass-plated cords, resulting in 60% loss of the pull out force compared to the un-aged brass-plated controls.

In all cases, the adhesion (pull out) forces of the aged AM-AMS-treated zinc-plated cords samples compared to the aged untreated zinc-plated control sample were 56% greater. Further, samples of products 19, 20 and 22 showed a significant improvement in the molded adhesion as the aqueous solution of the AM-AMS adhesive was more diluted. The coverage rankings for the treated samples, whether aged or not aged, bear out the pull out force observed, as described above.

Example 11

Preparation of an amino/mercapto co-AMS with organic carboxylic acid neutralization and a strong cationic resin catalyst. In particular, preparation of a co-AMS with 30 mol% of a niercaptopropyl silane, and using a Dowex 50WX2- 10OE strong cationic resin catalyst.

A strong cationic resin catalyst was used to prepare a co-AMS containing an aminoalkylene silane, a niercaptopropyl silane and a weak carboxylic acid. The co-AMS product was readily obtained in an alcohol water solution by filtration from the insoluble cationic resin. Dilute solutions in water were used for metal coaling and adhesive to rubber when the mercaptoalkylene silane was used as a co-AMS with the aminoalkylene silane. After the reaction, the recovered strong cationic resin catalyst was available for reuse for subsequent synthesis reactions. To a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask was added 15.76 g (71.0 mmol) of 3-[N-(trimethoxy- silyl)-ρropyl]-ethylenediamine, 5.97 g (30.4 mmol) of 3 -mercapto propyl trimethoxysilane, 77.95 g (101.9 mL) of absolute ethanol, 8.68 g. (65,1 mmol) of acetic acid (1.07 equivalents/amine) and 1 1.97 g (664 mmol) of distilled water. To this solution was added 1.75 g of water washed and dried Dowex 50WX2-100E (7.07 mmol of acid) strong cationic polystyrene resin (containing 15.9% water by TGA, crosslinked with 2% divinylbenzene, 100 mesh extracted particles).

TABLES

κ>

After stirring for 24 hours, the solution was still clear and the Dowex resin was separated by filtration through a medium sintered glass filter. The product as the acetate was recovered by evaporation of the solvent by heating and a nitrogen purge to give after drying 24.00 g (102% based on the salt) of a sticky viscous oil. The recovered Dowex resin weighed 1.89 g and contained 22.1% water, for total recovery of the resin. The latent alcohol concentration of the amino/mercapto co-AMS was determined to be about 3%.

A total of 50 mL of an aqueous solution was prepared to be 23.3 wt% of the co-AMS. This solution was clear and stable at an adjusted pH of 6.0. This preparation was used as a concentrate to prepare dilute solutions for casting an adhesive coating onto brass plated steel wire.

Example 12

Preparation of an amino/mercapto co-AMS with 33 mol% of a mercaptopropyl silane, and using a Dowex 50WX2-100E strong cationic resin catalyst.

To a 2 liter Erlenmeyer flask was added 1 16.08 g (522.0 mrnol) of 3-[N-(trimethoxy- silyl)-propyl]-ethylenediamine, 49 93 g (254.3 mmol) of 3 -mercapto propyl hϊmethoxysilane, 400.93 g (508.1 mL) of absolute ethanol, 129.64 g. (1.062 mol) of benzoic acid (1.02 equivalents/am ine) and 18.32 g (74.01 mmol of acid) of water washed and dried Dowex 50WX2-100E strong cationic polystyrene resin crosslinked with 2% divinyl benzene (as a 100 mesh particles).

To this suspension was added 1 18.09 g (6,55 mol) of distilled water and, after stirring for 24 hrs, the solution was clear with some cloudiness from the suspended catalyst. The Dowex resin was separated by filtration through a medium sintered glass filter. The product as the benzoic acid salt was recovered by evaporation of the solvent with heating to 7O⁰C to 85°C with a nitrogen purge, followed by vacuum drying at 60⁰C and 0,1 mm of Hg.

The weight of the glassy product was 245.15 g. The true yield of the benzoate salt was 239.8 g, indicating the presence of 1.3% excess benzoic acid and some trace water. The recovered Dowex resin weighed 20.56 g and contained 22.1% water, for a total recovery of the resin. This recovered catalyst was used in subsequent preparations. Latent alcohol was measured on the product and indicated 1.38% available ethanol. A 25 mL aqueous solution containing about 0.1 g of the product had a pH of 5.08. This preparation (EXI) was used as a compounding additive to prepare belt skim rubber stocks described in Examples 15 and 16.

Example 13

Preparation of a carbon black (CB) supported amino/mercapto co-AMS The amino/mercapto co-AMS was prepared as described in Example 12, except that after the filtration of the Dowex resin from the product, a suspension of 241.94 g of N326 carbon black in 400 mL of ethanol was added. The product was then dried as above to give an approximate 50% CB supported amino/mercapto co-AMS product. The pH was 5.82 and the latent ethanol was 1.42%.

This preparation (EX2) was used as a compounding additive to prepare belt skim rubber stocks described in Example 16.

Example 14

Preparation of an amino/blocked mercapto co-AMS

The amino/mercapto co-AMS was prepared as described in Example 12, except that 90.53 g (248.3 mmol) of S-(octanoyl) mercaptopropyl triethoxy silane (NXT™) was substituted for the 3 -mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane. A total of 729.49 g of a glassy product was obtained that had a pH as measured above of 6.03 and a latent elhanol content of 0.43%.

This preparation (EX3) was used as a compounding additive to prepare belt skim rubber stocks described in Example 16.

Example 15

Preparation and properties of rubber compounds for belt skim stocks employing amino/mercapto co-AMS as an additive and having embedded uncoated zinc- plated steel wire cords

Belt skim rubber compounds labeled EX4, EX5_} EX6 and EX7 were prepared as illustrated in Table 6 using the amino/mercapto co-AMS from Example 12, labeled EXl , as an additive in rubber compositions containing carbon black (30 phr) in combination with silica (8.0 phr or 6.0 phr) as reinforcing fillers. The silica employed was either Ciptane™ LP or organically modified silica (Agilon™ 400, PPG Industries, Pittsburgh, PA). The physical properties of the rubber stocks were measured by standard testing methods and are illustrated in Table 7.

The uncoated zinc-plated steel wire cords were embedded in test pads prepared from the belt skim stocks, as described in Example 4. Some of the prepared test pads were exposed for two days to a temperature of 167⁰F and 95% relative humidity in order to examine the effects of heat and moisture aging on the adherence of the untreated wire cords to the rubber containing the amino/mercapto co-AMS of Example 12.

The cured rubber adhesion (CRA) of the humidity aged test samples, EX5 and EX7, were compared to the CRA of the unaged control samples, EX4 and EX6, respectively. Surprisingly, the test samples, EX5 and EX7, have an improved CRA after two days of humidity aging. This is a surprising result since the CRA usually decreases after aging, as shown in EX4 and EX6, respectively, in belt skim rubbers not containing the aminomercapto co-AMS (EXl) of Example 12.

TABLE 6

TABLE 7

Example 16

Belt skim rubber compounds labeled EX8, EX9, EXlO and EXI l (control, no amino/mercapto co-AMS) were prepared as illustrated in Table 8 using the amino/mercapto co-AMS from Example 12 (EXl), Example 13 (EX2) and Example 14 (EX3), as additives in rubber compositions containing carbon black (30 phr) in combination with silica (8.0 phr) as reinforcing fillers. The physical properties of the rubber stocks were measured by standard testing methods and are illustrated in Table 9.

The uncoated zinc-plated steel wire cords were embedded in test pads prepared from the belt skim stocks, as described in Example 4. Some of the prepared test pads were exposed for two days to a temperature of 167°F and 95% relative humidity in order to examine the effects of heat and moisture aging on the adherence of the untreated wire cords to the rubber containing the amino/mercapto co-AMSs.

The cured rubber adhesion (CRA) of the humidity aged test samples were compared to the CRA of their corresponding unaged control samples. Examples EX8, EX9 and EXlO show a very mild decrease of adhesion after humidity aging. However, the average force of adhesion test of the control stock (EXl 1) is reduced to 25% of its original adhesion.

TABLE 8

TABLE 9

While the invention has been described herein with reference to the preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to the specific forms disclosed. On the contrary, it is intended that the invention cover all modifications and alternative forms falling within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

We claim:

1. An adhesive for coating steel to promote adhesion of rubber to the steel during cure, the adhesive comprising an amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane (AMS) comprising one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of an amino AMS, an amino/mercaptan co-AMS, an amino/blocked mercaptan co-AMS, and a weak acid- neutralized solid or aqueous solution thereof, and mixtures thereof, and having the formula

wherein w, x, y and z represent mole fractions, z does not equal zero, al least one of w, x or y must also be present, and w +x + y +z = 1.00; wherein at least one of R¹, R², R³and R⁴must be present and selected from the group consisting of R⁶Z, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of NH₂, HNR⁷ and NR⁷ ₂; and the remaining R¹, R², R³ or K⁴ are the same or different and selected from the group consisting of (i) H or an alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, (U) cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iii) alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iv) R⁶X, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, SH, S_aR⁷, NR⁷ ₂, OR⁷, CO₂H, SCOR⁷, CO₂R⁷, OH, olefins, epoxides, amino groups, vinyl groups, acrylates and methacrylates, wherein a = 1 to about 8, and (v) R⁶YR⁸X, wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NH and NR⁷; wherein R⁶ and R⁸ are selected from the group consisting of alkylene groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkylene groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and a single bond; and R⁵ and R⁷ are selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms.

2. The adhesive of claim 1 , wherein the adhesive is in a weak-acid neutralized aqueous solution, having a pH of about 6.5 to about 4.0.

3. The adhesive of claim 1 , wherein the amino AMS is in a solution that comprises a solvent for the amino AMS selected from the group consisting of water, an alcohol, a hydrocarbon, a chlorocarbon, an ester, an ether, and mixtures thereof, and the solution comprises about 0.01% to about 98% of the amino AMS.

4. A rubber composite comprising steel embedded in a viilcanizable rubber stock, wherein the steel comprises a coating of an adhesive that comprises a solution of an amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane (AMS) that comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of an amino-AMS, an amino/mercaptan co-AMS, an amino/blocked mercaptan co-AMS, and mixtures thereof, and having the formula

wherein w, x, y and z represent mole fractions, z does not equal zero, at least one of w, x or y must also be present, and w +x + y +z = 1.00; wherein at least one of R¹, R², R³and R⁴must be present and selected from the group consisting of R⁶Z, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting OfNH₂, HNR⁷ and NR⁷ ₂; and the remaining R¹, R³, R³ or R⁴ are the same or different and selected from the group consisting of (i) H or an alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, (ii) cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iii) alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iv) R⁶X, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br₁ SH, S₃R⁷, NR⁷ ₂, OR⁷, CO₂H, SCOR⁷, CO₂R⁷, OH, olefins, epoxides, amino groups, vinyl groups, acrylates and methacrylates, wherein a = 1 to about 8, and (v) R⁶YR⁸X, wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NH and NR⁷; wherein R⁶ and R⁸ are selected from the group consisting of alkylene groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkylene groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and a single bond; and R⁵ and R⁷ are selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms.

5. A structural component for a pneumatic tire comprising a vulcanized rubber composite comprising a steel wire cord and having improved metal adhesion and metal adhesion retention properties, wherein the improvement comprises an adhesive coating on the steel wire cord, wherein the adhesive comprises an amino alkoxy- modified silsesquioxane (AMS) selected from the group consisting of an amino AMS, an amino/mercaptan co-AMS, an amino/blocked mercaptan co-AMS, and mixtures thereof, and having the formula

wherein w, x, y and z represent mole fractions, z does not equal zero, at least one of w, x or y must also be present, and w +x + y +z = 1.00; wherein at least one of R¹, R², R³and R^must be present and selected from the group consisting OfR⁶Z, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting OfNH₂, HNR⁷ and NR⁷ ₂; and the remaining R¹, R², R³ or R⁴ are the same or different and selected from the group consisting of (i) H or an alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, (ii) cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iii) alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iv) R⁵X, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, SH, S_aR⁷, NR⁷ ₂, OR⁷, CO₂H, SCOR⁷, CO₂R⁷, OH, olefins, epoxides, amino groups, vinyl groups, acrylates and methacrylates, wherein a = 1 to about 8, and (v) R⁶YR⁸X, wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NH and NR⁷; wherein R⁶ and R⁸ are selected from the group consisting of alkylene groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkylene groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and a single bond; and R^s and R⁷ are selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms.

6. The structural component of claim 5, wherein the sleel wire cord is selected from the group consisting of an unplated steel cord, a brass plated steel cord, a zinc plated steel cord, a bronze plated steel cord, a plated steel cord at least a portion of which is bright steel, and combinations thereof.

7. A pneumatic tire comprising a structural component that comprises a vulcanized rubber composite comprising a steel wire cord and having improved metal adhesion and metal adhesion retention properties, wherein the improvement comprises an adhesive coating on the steel wire cord, wherein the adhesive comprises an amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane (AMS) selected from the group consisting of an amino AMS, an amino/mercaptan co-AMS, an amino/blocked mercaptan co-AMS, and mixtures thereof, and having the formula

wherein w, x, y and z represent mole fractions, z does not equal zero, at least one of w, x or y must also be present, and w +x + y +z = 1.00; wherein at least one of R¹, R², R³and R%ust be present and selected from the group consisting of R⁶Z, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of NH₂, HNR⁷ and NR⁷ ₂; and the remaining R¹, R², R³ or R⁴ are the same or different and selected from the group consisting of (i) H or an alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, (ii) cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iii) alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iv) R⁶X, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, SH, S_aR⁷, NR⁷ ₂, OR⁷, CO₂H, SCOR⁷, CO₂R⁷, OH, olefins, epoxides, amino groups, vinyl groups, acrylates and methacrylates, wherein a = 1 to about 8, and (v) R⁶YR⁸X, wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NH and NR⁷; wherein R⁶ and R⁸ are selected from the group consisting of alkylene groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkylene groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and a single bond; and R³ and R⁷ are selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms.

A method of making an adhesive for coating steel to promote adhesion of rubber to the steel during cure, the adhesive comprising an amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane (AMS) comprising one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of an amino AMS, an amino/mercaptan co-AMS, an amino/blocked mercaptan co-AMS, and mixtures thereof, wherein w, x, y and z represent mole fractions, z does not equal zero, at least one of w, x or y must also be present, and w +x + y +z = 1.00; wherein at least one of R¹, R², R³ and R* must be present and selected from the group consisting of R⁶Z, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting OfNH₂, HNR⁷ and NR⁷ ₂; and the remaining R¹ , R², R³ or R⁴ are the same or different and selected from the group consisting of (i) H or an alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, (ii) cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iii) alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iv) R⁶X, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, SH₁ S₃R⁷, NR⁷ ₂, OR⁷, CO₂H, SCOR⁷, CO₂R⁷, OH, olefins, epoxides, amino groups, vinyl groups, acrylates and methaciylates, wherein a = 1 to about 8, and (v) R⁶YR⁸X, wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NH and NR⁷; wherein R⁶ and R⁸ are selected from the group consisting of alkylene groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkylene groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and a single bond; and R⁵ and R⁷ are selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms, the method comprising the steps of: (a) combining as a reaction mixture: (i) water,

(ii) a solvent for the water, (iii) a hydrolysis and condensation catalyst, (iv) an optional weak acid, (v) an aminotrialkoxysilane, and (vi) an optional selection from the group consisting of a mercaptoalklytrialkoxysilane, a blocked mercaptoalkyl- trialkoxysilane, and mixtures thereof;

(b) allowing the reaction mixture to react for about 0.5 hours to about 200 hours to form an amino a lkoxy si lane-modified silsesquioxane;

(c) recovering the amino alkoxy si lane- modified silsesquioxane from the reaction mixture; and

(d) forming a solution of the amino AMS in a solvent, wherein the solution comprises about 0.01% to about 98% of the amino AMS.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the reaction mixture includes an aminotrialkoxysilane and a selection from the group consisting of a mercaptoalkyl- trialkoxysilane, a blocked mercaptoalkyltrialkoxysilane, and mixtures thereof.

10. The method of claim 22, wherein the hydrolysis and condensation catalyst is selected from the group consisting of a strong acid, a strong base, a strong organic acid, a strong organic base, a solid strong cationic resin, and mixtures thereof.

1 1. A vulcanized rubber composition comprising steel embedded therein, the composition also comprising an amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane (AMS) that comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of an amino- AMS, an amino/mercaptan co-AMS, an amino/blocked mercaptan co-AMS, and mixtures thereof, and having the formula

wherein w, x, y and z represent mole fractions, z does not equal zero, al least one of w, x or y must also be present, and w +x + y +z = 1.00; wherein at least one of R¹, R², R³and R⁴must be present and selected from the group consisting Of R⁶Z, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of NH₂, HNR⁷ and NR⁷ ₂; and the remaining R¹ , R², R³ or R^A are the same or different and selected from the group consisting of (i) H or an alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, (ii) cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iii) alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iv) R^ήX, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, SH, S_aR⁷, NR⁷ ₂₎ OR⁷, CO₂H, SCOR⁷, CO₂R⁷, OH, olefins, epoxides, amino groups, vinyl groups, acrylates and methacrylates, wherein a = 1 to about 8, and (v) R⁶YR⁸X, wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NH and NR ; wherein R and R³ are selected from the group consisting of alkylene groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkylene groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and a single bond; and R^s and R⁷ are selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon aloms, and alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms.

12. A pneumatic tire comprising a structural component that comprises a vulcanized rubber composition having uncoated steel embedded therein and having improved metal adhesion and metal adhesion retention properties after humidity aging, the vulcanized rubber composition comprising an amino alkoxy-modified silsesquioxane (AMS) selected from the group consisting of an amino AMS, an amino/mercaptan co- AMS, an amino/blocked mercaptan co-AMS, and mixtures thereof, and having the formula

wherein w, x, y and z represent mole fractions, z does not equal zero, at least one of w, x or y must also be present, and w +x + y +z = 1.00; wherein at leasl one of R¹, R², R³and R⁴must be present and selected from the group consisting Of R⁶Z, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of NH₂, HNR⁷ and NR⁷ ₂; and the remaining R¹, R², R³ or R^A are the same or different and selected from the group consisting of (i) H or an alkyl groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, (ii) cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iii) alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms, (iv) R⁶X, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, SH, S_aR⁷, NR⁷ ₂, OR⁷, CO₂H, SCOR⁷, CO₂R⁷, OH, olefins, epoxides, amino groups, vinyl groups, acrylates and methacrylates, wherein a = 1 to about 8, and (v) R⁶YR⁸X, wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, NH and NR ; wherein R and R are selected from the group consisting of alkylene groups having one to about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkylene groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and a single bond; and R⁵ and R⁷ are selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having one Io about 20 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl groups having 3 to about 20 carbon atoms, and alkylaryl groups having 7 to about 20 carbon atoms.