Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
  • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
  • G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
  • G09G3/30—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels
  • G09G3/32—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED]
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
  • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
  • G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
  • G09G3/30—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels
  • G09G3/32—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • G09G3/3208—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] organic, e.g. using organic light-emitting diodes [OLED]
  • G09G3/3225—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] organic, e.g. using organic light-emitting diodes [OLED] using an active matrix
  • G09G3/3233—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] organic, e.g. using organic light-emitting diodes [OLED] using an active matrix with pixel circuitry controlling the current through the light-emitting element
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
  • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
  • G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
  • G09G3/30—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
  • H05B33/02—Details
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
  • G09G2300/08—Active matrix structure, i.e. with use of active elements, inclusive of non-linear two terminal elements, in the pixels together with light emitting or modulating elements
  • G09G2300/0809—Several active elements per pixel in active matrix panels
  • G09G2300/0819—Several active elements per pixel in active matrix panels used for counteracting undesired variations, e.g. feedback or autozeroing
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G2310/00—Command of the display device
  • G09G2310/02—Addressing, scanning or driving the display screen or processing steps related thereto
  • G09G2310/0264—Details of driving circuits
  • G09G2310/0297—Special arrangements with multiplexing or demultiplexing of display data in the drivers for data electrodes, in a pre-processing circuitry delivering display data to said drivers or in the matrix panel, e.g. multiplexing plural data signals to one D/A converter or demultiplexing the D/A converter output to multiple columns
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
  • G09G2320/02—Improving the quality of display appearance
  • G09G2320/0233—Improving the luminance or brightness uniformity across the screen
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
  • G09G2320/02—Improving the quality of display appearance
  • G09G2320/029—Improving the quality of display appearance by monitoring one or more pixels in the display panel, e.g. by monitoring a fixed reference pixel
  • G09G2320/0295—Improving the quality of display appearance by monitoring one or more pixels in the display panel, e.g. by monitoring a fixed reference pixel by monitoring each display pixel
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
  • G09G2320/04—Maintaining the quality of display appearance
  • G09G2320/043—Preventing or counteracting the effects of ageing
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
  • G09G2320/04—Maintaining the quality of display appearance
  • G09G2320/043—Preventing or counteracting the effects of ageing
  • G09G2320/045—Compensation of drifts in the characteristics of light emitting or modulating elements
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
  • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
  • G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
  • G09G2320/06—Adjustment of display parameters
  • G09G2320/0693—Calibration of display systems

Definitions

• the present invention relates to solid-state electroluminescent flat- panel displays and more particularly to such displays having ways to compensate for efficiency loss of the electroluminescent display components.
• Electroluminescent (EL) devices have been known for some years and have been recently used in commercial display devices. Such devices employ both active-matrix and passive-matrix control schemes and can employ a plurality of subpixels. Each subpixel contains an EL emitter and a drive transistor for driving current through the EL emitter. The subpixels are typically arranged in two-dimensional arrays with a row and a column address for each subpixel, and having a data value associated with the subpixel. Subpixels of different colors, such as red, green, blue, and white are grouped to form pixels. EL displays can be made from various emitter technologies, including coatable-inorganic light- emitting diode, quantum-dot, and organic light-emitting diode (OLED).
• OLED organic light-emitting diode
• Solid-state OLED displays are of great interest as a superior flat- panel display technology. These displays utilize current passing through thin films of organic material to generate light. The color of light emitted and the efficiency of the energy conversion from current to light are determined by the composition of the organic thin-film material. Different organic materials emit different colors of light. However, as the display is used, the organic materials in the display age and become less efficient at emitting light. This reduces the lifetime of the display. The differing organic materials can age at different rates, causing differential color aging and a display whose white point varies as the display is used. In addition, each individual pixel can age at a rate different from other pixels, resulting in display nonuniformity.
• the rate at which the materials age is related to the amount of current that passes through the display and, hence, the amount of light that has been emitted from the display.
• One technique to compensate for this aging effect in polymer light-emitting diodes is described in US Patent No. 6,456,016 by Sundahl et al. This approach relies on a controlled reduction of current provided at an early stage of use followed by a second stage in which the display output is gradually decreased.
• This solution requires that a timer within the controller, which then provides a compensating amount of current, track the operating time of the display.
• the controller must remain associated with that display to avoid errors in display operating time.
• This technique has the disadvantage of not representing the performance of small- molecule organic light emitting diode displays well. Moreover, the time the display has been in use must be accumulated, requiring timing, calculation, and storage circuitry in the controller. Also, this technique does not accommodate differences in behavior of the display at varying levels of brightness and temperature and cannot accommodate differential aging rates of the different organic materials.
• US Patent No. 6,414,661 by Shen et al. describes a method and associated system to compensate for long-term variations in the light-emitting efficiency of individual OLED emitters in an OLED display by calculating and predicting the decay in light output efficiency of each pixel based on the accumulated drive current applied to the pixel. The method derives a correction coefficient that is applied to the next drive current for each pixel.
• This technique requires the measurement and accumulation of drive current applied to each pixel, requiring a stored memory that must be continuously updated as the display is used, and therefore requiring complex and extensive circuitry.
• a pulse width modulation driver for an OLED display comprises a voltage driver for providing a selected voltage to drive an organic light-emitting diode in a video display.
• the voltage driver can receive voltage information from a correction table that accounts for aging, column resistance, row resistance, and other diode characteristics.
• the correction tables are calculated prior to or during normal circuit operation.
• the correction scheme is based on sending a known current through the OLED diode for a duration sufficiently long to permit the transients to settle out, and then measuring the corresponding voltage with an analog-to-digital converter (A/D) residing on the column driver.
• a calibration current source and the A/D can be switched to any column through a switching matrix.
• this technique is only applicable to passive-matrix displays, not to the higher- performance active-matrix displays which are commonly employed. Further, this technique does not include any correction for changes in OLED emitters as they age, such as OLED efficiency loss.
• US Patent No. 6,504,565 by Narita et al. describes a light-emitting display which includes a light-emitting element array formed by arranging a plurality of light-emitting elements, a driving unit for driving the light-emitting element array to emit light from each of the light-emitting elements, a memory unit for storing the number of light emissions for each light-emitting element of the light-emitting element array, and a control unit for controlling the driving unit based on the information stored in the memory unit so that the amount of light emitted from each light-emitting element is held constant.
• An exposure display employing the light-emitting display, and an image-forming apparatus employing the exposure display are also disclosed. This design requires the use of a calculation unit responsive to each signal sent to each pixel to record usage, greatly increasing the complexity of the circuit design.
• JP 2002-278514 by Numao Koji describes a method in which a prescribed voltage is applied to organic EL elements by a current-measuring circuit, the current flows are measured, and a temperature measurement circuit estimates the temperature of the organic EL elements. A comparison is made with the voltage value applied to the elements, the flow of current values and the estimated temperature, the changes due to aging of similarly constituted elements determined beforehand, the changes due to aging in the current-luminance characteristics, and the temperature at the time of the characteristics measurements for estimating the current-luminance characteristics of the elements.
• a display panel driving device and driving method for providing high- quality images without irregular luminance even after long-time use.
• the light- emission drive current flowing is measured while each pixel successively and independently emits light. Then the luminance is corrected for each input pixel data based on the measured drive current values.
• the drive voltage is adjusted such that one drive current value becomes equal to a predetermined reference current.
• the current is measured while an offset current, corresponding to a leak current of the display panel, is added to the current output from the drive voltage generator circuit, and the resultant current is supplied to each of the pixel portions.
• the measurement techniques are iterative, and therefore slow.
• Arnold et al. in US Patent No. 6,995,519, teach a method of compensating for aging of an OLED device (emitter). This method relies on the drive transistor to drive current through the OLED emitter.
• drive transistors known in the art have non-idealities that are confounded with the OLED emitter aging in this method.
• Low-temperature polysilicon (LTPS) transistors can have nonuniform threshold voltages and mobilities across the surface of a display, and amorphous silicon (a-Si)transistors have a threshold voltage which changes with use. The method of Arnold et al. will therefore not provide complete compensation for OLED efficiency losses in circuits wherein transistors show such effects.
• a method of providing a drive signal to a gate electrode of a drive transistor in an electroluminescent (EL) subpixel comprising: a) providing the EL subpixel having the drive transistor, an EL emitter, and a readout transistor, wherein the drive transistor has a first electrode, a second electrode, and the gate electrode; b) providing a first voltage source and a first switch for selectively connecting the first voltage source to the first electrode of the drive transistor; c) connecting the EL emitter to the second electrode of the drive transistor; d) providing a second voltage source connected to the EL emitter; e) connecting the first electrode of the readout transistor to the second electrode of the drive transistor; f) providing a current source and a third switch for selectively connecting the current source to the second electrode of the readout transistor; g) providing a voltage measurement circuit connected to the second electrode of the readout transistor; h) opening the
• An advantage of this invention is an electroluminescent display, such as an OLED display, that compensates for the aging of the organic materials in the display wherein circuitry or transistor aging or nonuniformities are present, without requiring extensive or complex circuitry for accumulating a continuous measurement of light-emitting element use or time of operation. It is a further advantage of this invention that it uses simple voltage measurement circuitry. It is a further advantage of this invention that by making all measurements of voltage, it is more sensitive to changes than methods that measure current. It is a further advantage of this invention that a single select line can be used to enable data input and data readout. It is a further advantage of this invention that characterization and compensation of OLED changes are unique to the specific element and are not impacted by other elements that may be open-circuited or short-circuited. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between OLED efficiency, OLED age, and OLED drive current density
• FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of an electroluminescent (EL) display that can be used in the practice of the present invention
• FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of an EL subpixel and connected components that can be used in the practice of the present invention
• FIG. 4 A is a diagram illustrating the effect of aging of an OLED emitter on luminance efficiency
• FIG. 4B is a diagram illustrating the effect of aging of an OLED emitter or a drive transistor on emitter current
• FIG. 5 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the method of the present invention.
• FIG. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between OLED efficiency and the change in OLED voltage.
• EL display 10 comprises an array of a predetermined number of EL subpixels 60 arranged in rows and columns.
• EL display 10 includes a plurality of row select lines 20 wherein each row of EL subpixels 60 has a row select line 20.
• EL display 10 includes a plurality of readout lines 30 wherein each column of EL subpixels 60 has a readout line 30.
• Each readout line 30 is connected to a third switch 130, which selectively connects readout line 30 to current source 160 during the calibration process.
• each column of EL subpixels 60 also has a data line as is well- known in the art.
• the plurality of readout lines 30 is connected to one or more multiplexers 40, which permits parallel/sequential readout of signals from EL subpixels, as will become apparent.
• Multiplexer 40 can be a part of the same structure as EL display 10, or can be a separate construction that can be connected to or disconnected from EL display 10. Note that "row” and “column” do not imply any particular orientation of the panel.
• FIG. 3 there is shown a schematic diagram of one embodiment of an EL subpixel that can be used in the practice of the present invention.
• EL subpixel 60 includes EL emitter 50, drive transistor 70, capacitor 75, readout transistor 80, and select transistor 90. Each of the transistors has a first electrode, a second electrode, and a gate electrode.
• a first voltage source 140 is selectively connected to the first electrode of drive transistor 70 by first switch 110, which can be located on the EL display substrate or on a separate structure. By connected, it is meant that the elements are directly connected or connected via another component, e.g. a switch, a diode, or another transistor.
• the second electrode of drive transistor 70 is connected to EL emitter 50, and a second voltage source 150 can be selectively connected to EL emitter 50 by second switch 120, which can also be off the EL display substrate.
• the EL emitter 50 can also be connected directly to the second voltage source 150. At least one first switch 110 and second switch 120 are provided for the EL display. Additional first and second switches can be provided if the EL display has multiple powered subgroupings of pixels.
• the drive transistor 70 can be used as the first switch 110 by operating it in reverse bias so that substantially no current flows. Methods for operating transistors in reverse bias are known in the art. In normal display mode, the first and second switches are closed, and other switches (described below) are open.
• the gate electrode of drive transistor 70 is connected to select transistor 90 to selectively provide data from data line 35 to drive transistor 70 as is well known in the art.
• Each of the plurality of row select lines 20 is connected to the gate electrodes of the select transistors 90 in the corresponding row of EL subpixels 60.
• the gate electrode of select transistor 90 is connected to the gate electrode of readout transistor 80.
• the first electrode of readout transistor 80 is connected to the second electrode of drive transistor 70 and to EL emitter 50.
• Each of the plurality of readout lines 30 is connected to the second electrodes of the readout transistors 80 in the corresponding column of EL subpixels 60.
• Readout line 30 is connected to third switch 130.
• a respective third switch 130 (S3) is provided for each column of EL subpixels 60. The third switch permits current source 160 to be selectively connected to the second electrode of readout transistor 80.
• Current source 160 when connected by the third switch, permits a predetermined constant current to flow into EL subpixel 60.
• Third switch 130 and current source 160 can be provided located on or off the EL display substrate.
• the current source 160 can be used as the third switch 130 by setting it to a high-impedance (Hi-Z) mode so that substantially no current flows. Methods for setting current sources to high- impedance modes are known in the art.
• the second electrode of readout transistor 80 is also connected to voltage measurement circuit 170, which measures voltages to provide signals representative of characteristics of EL subpixel 60.
• Voltage measurement circuit 170 includes analog-to-digital converter 185 for converting voltage measurements into digital signals, and processor 190. The signal from analog-to-digital converter 185 is sent to processor 190.
• Voltage measurement circuit 170 can also include memory 195 for storing voltage measurements, and a low-pass filter 180.
• Voltage measurement circuit 170 is connected through multiplexer output line 45 and multiplexer 40 to a plurality of readout lines 30 and readout transistors 80 for sequentially reading out the voltages from a predetermined number of EL subpixels 60.
• each can have its own multiplexer output line 45. Thus, a predetermined number of EL subpixels can be driven simultaneously.
• the plurality of multiplexers permits parallel reading out of the voltages from the various multiplexers 40, and each multiplexer permits sequential reading out of the readout lines 30 attached to it. This will be referred to herein as a parallel/sequential process.
• Processor 190 can also be connected to data line 35 by way of control line 95 and source driver 155. Thus, processor 190 can provide predetermined data values to data line 35 during the measurement process to be described herein.
• Processor 190 can also accept display data via input signal 85 and provide compensation for changes as will be described herein, thus providing compensated data to data line 35 using source driver 155 during the display process.
• Source driver 155 can comprise a digital-to-analog converter or programmable voltage source, a programmable current source, or a pulse-width modulated voltage (“digital drive”) or current driver, or another type of source driver known in the art.
• the embodiment shown in FIG. 3 is a non-inverted, NMOS subpixel.
• the EL emitter 50 can be an OLED emitter or other emitter types known in the art.
• the EL subpixel 60 is an OLED subpixel.
• the drive transistor 70, and the other transistors (80, 90) can be low-temperature polysilicon (LTPS), zinc oxide (ZnO), or amorphous silicon (a-Si) transistors, or transistors of another type known in the art.
• Each transistor (70, 80, 90) can be N-channel or P-channel, and the EL emitter 50 can be connected to the drive transistor 70 in an inverted or non- inverted arrangement, hi an inverted configuration as known in the art, the polarities of the first and second power supplies are reversed, and the EL emitter 50 conducts current towards the drive transistor rather than away from it.
• Current source 160 of the present invention must therefore source a negative current, that is, behave as a current sink, to draw current through the EL emitter 50.
• an EL emitter 50 e.g. an OLED emitter
• its luminous efficiency often expressed in cd/A, can decrease and its resistance can increase.
• Both of these effects can cause the amount of light emitted by an EL emitter to decrease over time.
• the amount of such decrease will depend upon the use of the EL emitter. Therefore, the decrease can be different for different EL emitters in a display, which effect is herein termed spatial variations in characteristics of EL emitters 50.
• Such spatial variations can include differences in brightness and color balance in different parts of the display, and image "burn-in" wherein an oft- displayed image (e.g. a network logo) can cause a ghost of itself to always show on the active display. It is desirable to compensate for such changes in the threshold voltage to prevent such problems.
• FIG. 4A there is shown a diagram illustrating the effect of aging of an OLED emitter on luminance efficiency as current is passed through the OLED emitters.
• the three curves represent typical performance of different light emitters emitting differently colored light (e.g. R,G,B representing red, green, and blue light emitters, respectively) as represented by luminance output over time or cumulative current.
• the decay in luminance between the differently colored light emitters can be different.
• the differences can be due to different aging characteristics of materials used in the differently colored light emitters, or due to different usages of the differently colored light emitters.
• the display can become less bright and the color of the display — in particular the white point — can shift.
• FIG. 4B there is shown a diagram illustrating the effect of aging of an OLED emitter or a drive transistor, or both, on emitter current.
• the abscissa of FIG. 4B represents the gate voltage at drive transistor 70, and the ordinate represents the base- 10 logarithm of the current through the drive transistor at that gate voltage.
• Unaged curve 230 shows a subpixel before aging. As the subpixel ages, a greater voltage is required to obtain a desired current; that is, the curve moves by an amount ⁇ V to aged curve 240.
• ⁇ V is the sum of the change in threshold voltage ( ⁇ V th , 210) and the change in OLED voltage resulting from a change in OLED emitter resistance ( ⁇ V OL E D , 220), as shown. This change results in reduced performance. A greater gate voltage is required to obtain a desired current.
• the relationship between the OLED current (which is also the drain-source current through the drive transistor), OLED voltage, and threshold voltage at saturation is: _ WJlC 0 I Y 2 _ K_ly _ ⁇ _ v Y (E JV
• V g the gate voltage
• V g3 voltage difference between gate and source of the drive transistor.
• FIG. 5 a block diagram of one embodiment of the method of the present invention.
• first switch 110 is opened, and second switch 120 and third switch 130 are closed (Step 340).
• Select line 20 is made active for a selected row to turn on readout transistor 80 (Step 345).
• a current, I te s t s u thus flows from current source 160 through EL emitter 50 to second voltage source 150.
• the value of current through current source 160 is selected to be less than the maximum current possible through EL emitter 50; a typical value will be in the range of 1 to 5 microamps and will be constant for all measurements during the lifetime of the EL subpixel. More than one measurement value can be used in this process, e.g. measurement can be performed at 1, 2, and 3 microamps.
• Voltage measurement circuit 170 is used to measure the voltage on readout line 30 (Step 350). This voltage is the voltage V out at the second electrode of readout transistor 80 and can be used to provide a first emitter- voltage signal V 2 that is representative of characteristics of EL emitter 50, including the resistance and thus efficiency of EL emitter 50.
• the voltages of the components in the subpixel are related by:
• V 2 CV + VOLED + V 1 ⁇ a (Eq. 2)
• V out the voltage at the second electrode of readout transistor 80 (V out ) to adjust to fulfill Eq. 2.
• CV is a set value and V 1 ⁇ a can be assumed to be constant as the current through the readout transistor is low and does not vary significantly over time.
• VOLED will be controlled by the value of current set by current source 160 and the current- voltage characteristics of EL emitter 50.
• VOLED can change with age-related changes in EL emitter 50.
• two separate test measurements are performed at different times.
• the first measurement is performed at a first time, e.g. when EL emitter 50 is not degraded by aging. This can be any time before EL subpixel 60 is used for display purposes.
• the value of the voltage V 2 for the first measurement is the first emitter-voltage signal (hereinafter V 2a ), and is measured and stored.
• V 2a the first emitter-voltage signal
• the measurement is repeated and a second emitter-voltage signal (hereinafter V 2b ) is stored.
• multiplexer 40 connected to a plurality of readout lines 30 is used to permit voltage measurement circuit 170 to sequentially measure each of a predetermined number of EL subpixels, e.g. every subpixel in the row (decision step 355), and provide a corresponding first and second emitter- voltage signal for each subpixel. If the display is sufficiently large, it can require a plurality of multiplexers wherein the first and second emitter-voltage signals are provided in a parallel/sequential process. If there are additional rows of subpixels to be measured in EL display 10, Steps 345 to 355 are repeated for each row (decision step 360).
• each of the predetermined number of EL subpixels can be driven simultaneously so that any settling time will have elapsed when the measurement is taken.
• Changes in EL emitter 50 can cause changes to VOLED to maintain the test current I testsu - These VOLED changes will be reflected in changes to V 2 .
• the above method requires that the corresponding first emitter- voltage signal for each subpixel be stored in memory for later comparison.
• V 2b the second emitter-voltage signal
• V 2b the second emitter-voltage signal
• the subpixel with the minimum V OLED shift that is, the minimum measured V 2b
• This target signal serves as the first emitter-voltage signal (V 2a , t g t ) for all subpixels.
• the aging signals ⁇ V 2 for each of the plurality of subpixels can then be expressed as:
• the aging signal for an EL subpixel 60 can then be used to compensate for changes in characteristics of that EL subpixel.
• FIG. 6 shows this relationship at a variety of fade current densities, listed in the legend. As shown, the relationship has been experimentally determined to be approximately independent of fade current density.
• a change in corrected signal necessary to cause the EL emitter 50 to output a nominal luminance can be determined. This measurement can be done on a model system and thereafter stored in a lookup table or used as an algorithm. This modeling can be performed at a variety of fade current densities for more accurate results, or at a single fade current density to reduce cost, using the determination shown in FIG. 6 that the relationship between OLED voltage rise and OLED efficiency loss is approximately independent of fade current density.
• an input signal Vja ta is received (Step 375).
• the aging signals and the input signal can then be used to produce a compensated drive signal (Step 380).
• An equation of the following form can be used:
• ⁇ V data is an offset voltage on the gate electrode of drive transistor 70 necessary to maintain the desired luminance
• f 2 ( ⁇ V 2 ) is a correction for the change in EL resistance
• f 3 ( ⁇ V 2 ) is a correction for the change in EL efficiency.
• the compensated drive signal V comp is:
• V com p V ⁇ + ⁇ V data (Eq. 7)
• the compensated drive signal V comp is provided to the gate electrode of the drive transistor (Step 385) using source driver 155 to compensate for changes in voltage and efficiency of the EL emitter.
• each subpixel is measured to provide a plurality of corresponding first and second emitter- voltage signals, and a plurality of corresponding aging signals is provided, as described above.
• a corresponding input signal for each subpixel is received, and a corresponding compensated drive signal calculated as above using the corresponding aging signals.
• the compensated drive signal corresponding to each subpixel in the plurality of subpixels is provided to the gate electrode of that subpixel using source driver 155 as is known in the art.
• the EL display can include a controller, which can include a lookup table or algorithm to compute an offset voltage for each EL emitter.
• the offset voltage is computed to provide corrections for changes in current due to changes in the threshold voltage of drive transistor 70 and aging of EL emitter 50, as well as providing a current increase to compensate for efficiency loss due to aging of EL emitter 50, thus providing a complete EL aging compensation solution.
• These changes are applied by the controller to correct the light output to the nominal luminance value desired.
• an EL emitter with a constant luminance output and increased lifetime at a given luminance is achieved. Because this method provides a correction for each EL emitter in a display, it will compensate for spatial variations in the characteristics of the plurality of EL subpixels, and specifically for changes in efficiency of each EL emitter.
• OLED emitters can exhibit variations in OLED efficiency due to drive level, expressed as current, current density, or any other value which maps bijectively to current density for a given OLED emitter. This relationship can be combined with that expressed in Eq. 5, above, for a more accurate model of where the OLED luminance for a given current:
• ⁇ V data f 2 ( ⁇ V 2 ) + f 3 ( ⁇ V 2 , U) (Eq.
• ⁇ V d ata is an offset voltage on the gate electrode of drive transistor 70 necessary to maintain the desired luminance
• f 2 ( ⁇ V 2 ) is a correction for the change in EL resistance
• f 3 ( ⁇ V 2 , I ds ) is a correction for the change in EL efficiency at commanded current I ds -
• f 3 can be a fit of curves such as those shown in FIG. 1.
• any drive level value may be used in the second term of Eq. 9.
• the value of ⁇ V data from Eq. 9 can then be used in Eq. 7 to provide a compensated drive signal. This can provide a more accurate compensation solution.
• the invention is employed in a display that includes Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs), which are composed of small molecule or polymeric OLEDs as disclosed in but not limited to US Patent No. 4,769,292, by Tang et al., and US Patent No. 5,061,569, by VanSlyke et al. Many combinations and variations of organic light emitting displays can be used to fabricate such a display.
• OLEDs Organic Light Emitting Diodes

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