WO2010012704A1 - Anti-wear layer arrangement and component comprising an anti-wear layer arrangement - Google Patents

Anti-wear layer arrangement and component comprising an anti-wear layer arrangement Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010012704A1
WO2010012704A1 PCT/EP2009/059700 EP2009059700W WO2010012704A1 WO 2010012704 A1 WO2010012704 A1 WO 2010012704A1 EP 2009059700 W EP2009059700 W EP 2009059700W WO 2010012704 A1 WO2010012704 A1 WO 2010012704A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
layer
adhesion promoter
wear protection
component
tungsten carbide
Prior art date
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PCT/EP2009/059700
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Kurt Burger
Ronald Neidhardt
Klaus Burghoff
Rainer Feuerfeil
Guenter Schneider
Ulrich May
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch Gmbh
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Publication of WO2010012704A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010012704A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
    • C23C14/024—Deposition of sublayers, e.g. to promote adhesion of the coating
    • C23C14/025—Metallic sublayers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
    • C23C14/027—Graded interfaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
    • C23C14/0605—Carbon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/04—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material
    • C23C28/044—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material coatings specially adapted for cutting tools or wear applications
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/04—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material
    • C23C28/048—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings of inorganic non-metallic material with layers graded in composition or physical properties
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C30/00—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M61/00—Fuel-injectors not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00
    • F02M61/16—Details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M61/02 - F02M61/14
    • F02M61/166—Selection of particular materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M2200/00—Details of fuel-injection apparatus, not otherwise provided for
    • F02M2200/02—Fuel-injection apparatus having means for reducing wear
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M2200/00—Details of fuel-injection apparatus, not otherwise provided for
    • F02M2200/90—Selection of particular materials
    • F02M2200/9038—Coatings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M2200/00—Details of fuel-injection apparatus, not otherwise provided for
    • F02M2200/90—Selection of particular materials
    • F02M2200/9046—Multi-layered materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M2200/00—Details of fuel-injection apparatus, not otherwise provided for
    • F02M2200/90—Selection of particular materials
    • F02M2200/9053—Metals
    • F02M2200/9076—Non-ferrous metals

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a Verschlenfinstoff für tress- tion, especially for high pressures and temperatures exposed components of a fuel injection system according to the preamble of claim 1 and a device according to claim 9.
  • a metal-free, amorphous, hydrogen-containing carbon layer (a-C: H layer) is used by the applicant since about 1997 as a wear protection layer to reduce friction and wear as standard.
  • the thickness of the carbon layer applied to the device surface by plasma-technological processes is between 1 ⁇ m and 3 ⁇ m.
  • ta-C layer tetragonal amorphous, hydrogen-free carbon layers
  • H layers aC: H layers.
  • the ta-C layer is provided as part of a wear protection layer arrangement which, in addition to the ta-C layer, has an adhesion promoter layer of plasma supported on deposited titanium.
  • the known wear protection layer arrangement has proven itself. However, there are, especially with regard to To increase the adhesive strength of ta-C coatings on component surfaces in the injection technology ever increasing pressure efforts.
  • DE 10 2005 062 204 A1 discloses a wear protection coating for printing machine elements which are exposed to lower pressures than injection system components.
  • This comprises a protective layer of tetragonal bonded amorphous carbon, wherein a chromium layer is arranged as adhesion promoter layer between the surface of a substrate to be coated and the carbon protective layer.
  • the known protective layer arrangement is not suitable for the harsh ambient parameters occurring in fuel injection systems of pressures above 2000 bar and temperatures around 400 ° C.
  • the object of the invention is to propose an adhesion resistance-optimized wear protection layer arrangement.
  • the wear protection layer arrangement should preferably be temperature-resistant, in particular at temperatures around 400 ° C. More preferably, the wear protection layer arrangement should additionally or alternatively be insensitive to an oxidizing gas atmosphere.
  • the object is to propose a coated with such a wear protection layer assembly component, preferably a Kraftstoffeinspitzsystems.
  • the invention is based on the idea of providing, in addition to a chromium-containing or chromium-comprising first adhesion promoter layer, a second adhesion promoter layer preferably having a tungsten carbide portion or consisting of tungsten carbide, preferably applied directly to the first adhesion promoter layer.
  • a second adhesion promoter layer preferably having a tungsten carbide portion or consisting of tungsten carbide, preferably applied directly to the first adhesion promoter layer.
  • good adhesion at temperatures around 400 ° C. could also be demonstrated under an oxidizing gas atmosphere.
  • the first and / or the second adhesion promoter layer is / are deposited by means of PVD (physical vapor deposition) in a vacuum.
  • the deposition is carried out by sputtering, wherein a Chromtargetmaterial is atomized by ion bombardment, in particular argon ion bombardment and transferred into the gas phase.
  • the protective layer is a hydrogen-free tetragonal bonded, amorphous carbon layer. This is preferably applied by means of PVD, in particular by arc vapor deposition (Arc-PVD).
  • the second adhesion promoter layer is a mixed layer of chromium and tungsten carbide. It is particularly preferred if the mixed layer is formed as a so-called gradient layer with, preferably with increasing layer thickness, changing chromium / tungsten carbide ratio.
  • the tungsten carbide fraction increases in the direction of the protective layer, preferably in the form of a cover layer, of tetragonal bonded amorphous, preferably hydrogen-free, carbon. It is further preferred if the first adhesion promoter layer is gradually transferred into the chromium tungsten carbide mixture layer by suitable process control.
  • the deposition of the tungsten carbide or the admixture with the chromium preferably takes place by a PVD process, preferably by sputtering a tungsten carbide target.
  • a third bonding agent layer of tungsten carbide ie a pure tungsten carbide layer is arranged, which preferably passes from the chromium / tungsten carbide layer (second adhesion promoter layer) by a mixing ratio change ,
  • a fourth adhesion promoter layer is provided, wherein the fourth adhesion promoter layer is preferably formed as tungsten carbide-containing carbon layer.
  • CVD Chemical Vapor Deposition
  • acetylene gas ethyne
  • primer layers first to fourth primer layers
  • first to fourth primer layers may be used in any order. It is also conceivable to omit individual adhesion promoter layers (except for the first and the second adhesion promoter layer), ie, for example, to arrange the fourth adhesion promoter layer directly on the first or second adhesion promoter layer.
  • first adhesion promoter layer first adhesion promoter layer
  • second adhesion promoter layer second adhesion promoter layer
  • protective layer the thickness of the sum of the first and second adhesion promoter layers is preferably about 200 nm to about 700 nm.
  • the layer sequence is preferably as follows: first adhesion promoter layer, second adhesion promoter layer, third adhesion promoter layer, protective layer, in which case preferred typical layer thicknesses are between 100 nm and 350 nm.
  • the layer sequence is as follows: first adhesion promoter layer, second adhesion promoter layer, third adhesion promoter layer, fourth adhesion promoter layer, protective layer, in which case the layer thicknesses are preferred. se are selected from a value range between about 50nm and 300nm.
  • the invention also leads to a component, in particular a component of a fuel injection system, such as a nozzle needle or a valve seat of a fuel Inj ector or a pump blade or a valve seat of a high-pressure fuel pump for supplying a fuel high-pressure accumulator with fuel under high pressure.
  • a component in particular a component of a fuel injection system, such as a nozzle needle or a valve seat of a fuel Inj ector or a pump blade or a valve seat of a high-pressure fuel pump for supplying a fuel high-pressure accumulator with fuel under high pressure.
  • the component is characterized in that it is equipped on a component surface with a wear protection layer arrangement described above. It is very particularly preferred if the component surface bearing the wear protection layer arrangement is formed of steel, at least in the coating area.
  • FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of a component with a three-layer wear protection layer arrangement
  • FIG. 2 shows an alternative exemplary embodiment of a component with a four-layer wear protection layer arrangement and 3 shows a further alternative exemplary embodiment of a component with a five-layer wear protection layer arrangement.
  • a component B of a fuel injection system is shown.
  • the component B is, for example, a nozzle needle or a valve seat of a fuel injector.
  • the formed of steel component B has a surface O, on which a wear protection layer assembly 1 is arranged. Immediate contact with the surface O of the component B has a first primer layer 2 of pure chromium.
  • the first primer layer was applied by a PVD process (sputtering).
  • a second adhesion promoter layer 3 is formed as a chromium / tungsten carbide mixed layer. The proportion of tungsten carbide in the mixed layer formed as a gradient layer increases starting from the boundary of the first adhesion promoter layer 2 in the direction of an outer protective layer 4 serving as a cover layer.
  • the second primer layer 3 is applied by a double PVD coating process in which both chromium and tungsten carbide are deposited by sputtering.
  • the protective layer 4 serving as a cover layer is a layer of tetragonal amorphous, hydrogen-free carbon.
  • the layer thickness of the second adhesion promoter layer 3 is selected from a value range between 200 nm and 700 nm.
  • FIG. 2 shows an alternative exemplary embodiment of a coated component B.
  • a wear protection layer arrangement 1 is located on a surface O of the component B.
  • the wear protection layer arrangement 1 comprises a first adhesion promoter layer 2 of pure chromium, to which a second adhesion promoter layer 3 as a mixed layer comprises Chromium and tungsten carbide, analogous to the embodiment of FIG. 1 adjacent.
  • a third adhesion promoter layer 5 made of pure tungsten carbide.
  • the protective layer 4 serving as a cover layer of tetragonal bonded, amorphous, hydrogen-free carbon.
  • FIG. 3 shows a further alternative exemplary embodiment of a component B, on whose surface O a wear protection layer arrangement 1 is provided.
  • This comprises, in addition to the first adhesion promoter layer 2 made of chromium, the second adhesion promoter layer 3 of a chromium / tungsten carbide mixture and a third adhesion promoter layer 5 of pure tungsten carbide, a fourth adhesion promoter layer 6 formed of tungsten carbide-containing carbon layer, to which the protective layer 4 of tetragonal bonded, amorphous , Hydrogen-free carbon connects.
  • the fourth primer layer 6 is applied by a combined PVD / CVD process, wherein during application to the component B, a voltage is applied to conduct the ions to the surface.

Abstract

The invention relates to an anti-wear layer arrangement, especially for components (B) of a fuel injection system, which are exposed to high pressures and temperatures. Said arrangement comprises a protective layer (4) formed from an amorphous tetragonally bound carbon or comprising a part of amorphous tetragonally bound carbon, and at least one first adhesive layer (2) formed from chromium or comprising a chromium part. According to the invention, at least one second adhesive layer (3) comprising a tungsten carbide part and/or consisting of a tungsten carbide layer is provided, preferably adjacent to the first adhesive layer (2). The invention also relates to a component (B).

Description

Beschreibungdescription
Titeltitle
Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung sowie Bauelement mit einer VerschleißschützschichtanordnungWear protection layer arrangement and component with a wear protection layer arrangement
Stand der TechnikState of the art
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Verschleißschutzschichtanord- nung, insbesondere für hohen Drücke und Temperaturen ausgesetzte Bauelemente eines Kraftstoffeinspritzsystems gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 sowie ein Bauelement gemäß Anspruch 9.The invention relates to a Verschleißschutzschichtanord- tion, especially for high pressures and temperatures exposed components of a fuel injection system according to the preamble of claim 1 and a device according to claim 9.
Bei Bauelementen in der Dieseleinspritztechnik wird serienmäßig von der Anmelderin seit etwa 1997 eine metallfreie, amorphe, wasserstoffhaltige Kohlenstoffschicht (a-C:H- Schicht) als Verschleißschutzschicht zur Minderung von Reibung und Verschleiß eingesetzt. Die Dicke der durch plasma- technische Verfahren auf der Bauelementoberfläche aufgetragenen Kohlenstoffschicht beträgt zwischen lμm und 3μm.In components in the diesel injection technology, a metal-free, amorphous, hydrogen-containing carbon layer (a-C: H layer) is used by the applicant since about 1997 as a wear protection layer to reduce friction and wear as standard. The thickness of the carbon layer applied to the device surface by plasma-technological processes is between 1 μm and 3 μm.
Seit September 2006 werden auf Bauelementen von Dieseleinspritzsystemen tetragonal amorphe, wasserstofffreie Kohlen- stoffschichten (ta-C-Schicht) eingesetzt, die sich gegenüber den a-C : H-Schichten durch verbesserte Eigenschaften auszeichnen. Um die ta-C-Schicht haftfest auf das Bauelement aufbringen zu können, wird die ta-C-Schicht als Bestandteil einer Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung vorgese- hen, die zusätzlich zu der ta-C-Schicht eine Haftvermittlerschicht aus Plasma unterstützt abgeschiedenem Titan aufweist. Die bekannte Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung hat sich bewährt. Es bestehen jedoch, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die in der Einspritztechnologie immer weiter steigenden Drücke Bestrebungen die Haftfestigkeit von ta-C-Schichten auf Bauelementoberflächen zu verbessern.Since September 2006, components of diesel injection systems have been using tetragonal amorphous, hydrogen-free carbon layers (ta-C layer), which have improved properties compared to the aC: H layers. In order to be able to firmly adhere the ta-C layer to the component, the ta-C layer is provided as part of a wear protection layer arrangement which, in addition to the ta-C layer, has an adhesion promoter layer of plasma supported on deposited titanium. The known wear protection layer arrangement has proven itself. However, there are, especially with regard to To increase the adhesive strength of ta-C coatings on component surfaces in the injection technology ever increasing pressure efforts.
Aus der DE 10 2005 062 204 Al ist eine Verschleißschutzbe- schichtung für im Vergleich zu Einspritzsystembauelementen geringeren Drücken ausgesetzten Druckmaschinenelemente bekannt. Diese umfasst eine Schutzschicht aus tetragonal gebundenem amorphem Kohlenstoff, wobei zwischen der Oberflä- che eines zu beschichtenden Substrates und der Kohlenstoff- Schutzschicht eine Chromschicht als Haftvermittlerschicht angeordnet ist. Die bekannte Schutzschichtanordnung ist nicht für die rauen, in Kraftstoffeinspritzsystemen auftretenden Umgebungsparametern von Drücken über 2000 bar und Temperaturen um 4000C geeignet.DE 10 2005 062 204 A1 discloses a wear protection coating for printing machine elements which are exposed to lower pressures than injection system components. This comprises a protective layer of tetragonal bonded amorphous carbon, wherein a chromium layer is arranged as adhesion promoter layer between the surface of a substrate to be coated and the carbon protective layer. The known protective layer arrangement is not suitable for the harsh ambient parameters occurring in fuel injection systems of pressures above 2000 bar and temperatures around 400 ° C.
Offenbarung der Erfindung Technische AufgabeDISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION Technical Problem
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine haftfestig- keitsoptimierte Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung vorzuschlagen. Bevorzugt sollte die Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung temperaturfest sein, insbesondere bei Temperaturen um 4000C. Weiter bevorzugt sollte die Verschleißschutz- Schichtanordnung zusätzlich oder alternativ unempfindlich sein gegenüber einer oxidierenden Gasatmosphäre. Ferner besteht die Aufgabe darin, ein mit einer derartigen Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung beschichtetes Bauelement, vorzugsweise eines Kraftstoffeinspitzsystems, vorzuschla- gen. Technische LösungThe object of the invention is to propose an adhesion resistance-optimized wear protection layer arrangement. The wear protection layer arrangement should preferably be temperature-resistant, in particular at temperatures around 400 ° C. More preferably, the wear protection layer arrangement should additionally or alternatively be insensitive to an oxidizing gas atmosphere. Furthermore, the object is to propose a coated with such a wear protection layer assembly component, preferably a Kraftstoffeinspitzsystems. Technical solution
Diese Aufgabe wird hinsichtlich der Verschleißschutz- Schichtanordnung mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 und hinsichtlich des Bauelementes mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 9 gelöst. Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen der Erfindung sind in den Unteransprüchen angegeben. In den Rahmen der Erfindung fallen sämtliche Kombinationen aus zumindest zwei von in der Beschreibung, den Ansprüchen und/oder den Figuren offenbarten Merkmalen.This object is achieved with regard to the wear protection layer arrangement with the features of claim 1 and with regard to the component with the features of claim 9. Advantageous developments of the invention are specified in the subclaims. All combinations of at least two features disclosed in the description, the claims and / or the figures fall within the scope of the invention.
Der Erfindung liegt der Gedanke zugrunde, zusätzlich zu einer chromhaltigen oder aus Chrom bestehenden ersten Haft- Vermittlerschicht eine, vorzugsweise unmittelbar auf die erste Haftvermittlerschicht aufgebrachte zweite Haftvermittlerschicht vorzusehen, die einen Wolframkarbidanteil aufweist oder die aus Wolframkarbid besteht. Durch den Einsatz der zusätzlichen zweiten Haftvermittlerschicht konnte eine gute Haftung bei Temperaturen um 4000C auch unter einer oxidierenden Gasatmosphäre nachgewiesen werden. Bevorzugt werden/wird die erste und/oder die zweite Haftvermittlerschicht mittels PVD (physikalische Gasphasenabscheidung) im Vakuum abgeschieden. Ganz besonders bevorzugt erfolgt das Abscheiden durch Sputtern, wobei ein Chromtargetmaterial durch Ionenbeschuss, insbesondere Argonionenbeschuss zerstäubt und in die Gasphase überführt wird. Ganz besonders bevorzugt ist es, wenn es sich bei der Schutzschicht um eine Wasserstofffreie tetragonal gebundene, amorphe Koh- lenstoffSchicht handelt. Diese wird bevorzugt mittels PVD, ganz besonders mittels Lichtbogenverdampfen (Arc-PVD) aufgebracht . Ganz besonders bevorzugt handelt es sich bei der zweiten Haftvermittlerschicht um eine Mischschicht aus Chrom und Wolframkarbid. Dabei ist es besonders bevorzugt, wenn die Mischschicht als sogenannte Gradientenschicht mit sich, vorzugsweise mit zunehmender Schichtdicke, änderndem Chrom/Wolframkarbid-Verhältnis ausgebildet ist. Ganz besonders bevorzugt ist es, wenn der Wolframkarbidanteil in Richtung der, vorzugsweise als Deckschicht ausgebildeten, Schutzschicht, aus tetragonal gebundenem amorphem, vorzugs- weise Wasserstofffreiem, Kohlenstoff zunimmt. Weiter bevorzugt ist es, wenn die erste Haftvermittlerschicht durch eine geeignete Prozessführung graduell in die Chrom- Wolframkarbidmischschicht überführt wird. Bevorzugt erfolgt das Abscheiden des Wolframkarbids bzw. die Beimischung zum Chrom durch ein PVD-Verfahren, vorzugsweise durch Sputtern eines Wolframkarbidtargets .The invention is based on the idea of providing, in addition to a chromium-containing or chromium-comprising first adhesion promoter layer, a second adhesion promoter layer preferably having a tungsten carbide portion or consisting of tungsten carbide, preferably applied directly to the first adhesion promoter layer. By using the additional second adhesion promoter layer, good adhesion at temperatures around 400 ° C. could also be demonstrated under an oxidizing gas atmosphere. Preferably, the first and / or the second adhesion promoter layer is / are deposited by means of PVD (physical vapor deposition) in a vacuum. Most preferably, the deposition is carried out by sputtering, wherein a Chromtargetmaterial is atomized by ion bombardment, in particular argon ion bombardment and transferred into the gas phase. It is very particularly preferred if the protective layer is a hydrogen-free tetragonal bonded, amorphous carbon layer. This is preferably applied by means of PVD, in particular by arc vapor deposition (Arc-PVD). Most preferably, the second adhesion promoter layer is a mixed layer of chromium and tungsten carbide. It is particularly preferred if the mixed layer is formed as a so-called gradient layer with, preferably with increasing layer thickness, changing chromium / tungsten carbide ratio. It is very particularly preferred if the tungsten carbide fraction increases in the direction of the protective layer, preferably in the form of a cover layer, of tetragonal bonded amorphous, preferably hydrogen-free, carbon. It is further preferred if the first adhesion promoter layer is gradually transferred into the chromium tungsten carbide mixture layer by suitable process control. The deposition of the tungsten carbide or the admixture with the chromium preferably takes place by a PVD process, preferably by sputtering a tungsten carbide target.
In Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist mit Vorteil vorgesehen, dass, vorzugsweise unmittelbar auf der zweiten Haftvermitt- lerschicht, eine dritte Haftvermittlerschicht aus Wolframkarbid, also eine reine Wolframkarbidschicht angeordnet ist, die vorzugsweise durch eine Mischungsverhältnisänderung aus der Chrom/Wolframkarbid-Schicht (zweite Haftvermittlerschicht) übergeht.In a development of the invention, it is advantageously provided that, preferably directly on the second adhesion promoter layer, a third bonding agent layer of tungsten carbide, ie a pure tungsten carbide layer is arranged, which preferably passes from the chromium / tungsten carbide layer (second adhesion promoter layer) by a mixing ratio change ,
Besonders bevorzugt ist es, wenn, vorzugsweise auf der dritten Haftschicht, eine vierte Haftvermittlerschicht vorgesehen ist, wobei die vierte Haftvermittlerschicht bevorzugt als wolframkarbidhaltige KohlenstoffSchicht ausgebil- det ist. Die wolframkarbidhaltige KohlenstoffSchicht wird vorzugsweise durch ein PVD/CVD-Mischverfahren aufgebracht (CVD = chemische Gasphasenabscheidung) . Hierzu wird vorzugsweise zusätzlich zu den Argonionen zum Sputtern des Wolframkarbidtargets Acetylengas (Ethin) zugeführt, um in der Folge eine Wolframkarbid/Kohlenstoff-Mischschicht als vierte Haftvermittlerschicht zu erzeugen.It is particularly preferred if, preferably on the third adhesive layer, a fourth adhesion promoter layer is provided, wherein the fourth adhesion promoter layer is preferably formed as tungsten carbide-containing carbon layer. The tungsten carbide-containing carbon layer is preferably applied by a PVD / CVD mixing method (CVD = Chemical Vapor Deposition). For this purpose, in addition to the argon ions for sputtering of the Tungsten carbide targets acetylene gas (ethyne) to subsequently produce a tungsten carbide / carbon mixed layer as the fourth adhesive layer.
Die zuvor erwähnten Haftvermittlerschichten (erste bis vierte Haftvermittlerschicht) können in beliebiger Reihenfolge eingesetzt werden. Es ist auch denkbar einzelne Haftvermittlerschichten (bis auf die erste und die zweite Haftvermittlerschicht) wegzulassen, also beispielsweise die vierte Haftvermittlerschicht unmittelbar auf der ersten oder zweiten Haftvermittlerschicht anzuordnen.The aforementioned primer layers (first to fourth primer layers) may be used in any order. It is also conceivable to omit individual adhesion promoter layers (except for the first and the second adhesion promoter layer), ie, for example, to arrange the fourth adhesion promoter layer directly on the first or second adhesion promoter layer.
Ganz besonders bevorzugt ist jedoch eine Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung mit folgender Schichtreihenfolge ausgehend von einer Bauelementoberfläche: erste Haftvermittlerschicht, zweite Haftvermittlerschicht, Schutzschicht. Bei dieser Ausführungsform beträgt die Dicke der Summe aus erster und zweiter Haftvermittlerschicht vorzugsweise etwa 200nm bis etwa 700nm.However, a wear protection layer arrangement with the following layer sequence starting from a component surface is very particularly preferred: first adhesion promoter layer, second adhesion promoter layer, protective layer. In this embodiment, the thickness of the sum of the first and second adhesion promoter layers is preferably about 200 nm to about 700 nm.
Bei einer alternativen Ausführungsform ist die Schichtreihenfolge vorzugsweise wie folgt: erste Haftvermittlerschicht, zweite Haftvermittlerschicht, dritte Haftvermittlerschicht, Schutzschicht, wobei in diesem Fall bevorzugt typische Schichtdicken jeweils zwischen lOOnm und 350nm betragen .In an alternative embodiment, the layer sequence is preferably as follows: first adhesion promoter layer, second adhesion promoter layer, third adhesion promoter layer, protective layer, in which case preferred typical layer thicknesses are between 100 nm and 350 nm.
In Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist mit Vorteil vorgesehen, dass die Schichtreihenfolge wie folgt ist: erste Haftver- mittlerschicht, zweite Haftvermittlerschicht, dritte Haftvermittlerschicht, vierte Haftvermittlerschicht, Schutzschicht, wobei in diesem Fall die Schichtdicken vorzugswei- se aus einem Wertebereich zwischen etwa 50nm und 300nm gewählt sind.In a development of the invention, it is advantageously provided that the layer sequence is as follows: first adhesion promoter layer, second adhesion promoter layer, third adhesion promoter layer, fourth adhesion promoter layer, protective layer, in which case the layer thicknesses are preferred. se are selected from a value range between about 50nm and 300nm.
Die Erfindung führt auch auf ein Bauelement, insbesondere ein Bauelement eines Kraftstoffeinspritzsystems, wie beispielsweise eine Düsennadel oder ein Ventilsitz eines Kraftstoff-Inj ektors oder ein Pumpenflügel oder ein Ventilsitz einer Kraftstoff-Hochdruckpumpe zum Versorgen eines Kraftstoff-Hochdruckspeichers mit unter Hochdruck stehendem Kraftstoff. Das Bauelement zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass dieses auf einer Bauelementoberfläche mit einer zuvor beschriebenen Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung ausgestattet ist. Ganz besonders bevorzugt ist es, wenn die die Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung tragende Bauelementoberflä- che, zumindest im Beschichtungsbereich, aus Stahl ausgebildet ist.The invention also leads to a component, in particular a component of a fuel injection system, such as a nozzle needle or a valve seat of a fuel Inj ector or a pump blade or a valve seat of a high-pressure fuel pump for supplying a fuel high-pressure accumulator with fuel under high pressure. The component is characterized in that it is equipped on a component surface with a wear protection layer arrangement described above. It is very particularly preferred if the component surface bearing the wear protection layer arrangement is formed of steel, at least in the coating area.
Kurze Beschreibung der ZeichnungenBrief description of the drawings
Weitere Vorteile, Merkmale und Einzelheiten der Erfindung ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung bevorzugter Ausführungsbeispiel sowie anhand der Zeichnungen. Diese zeigen in:Further advantages, features and details of the invention will become apparent from the following description of preferred embodiment and from the drawings. These show in:
Fig. 1: ein erstes Ausführungsbeispiel eines Bauelementes mit einer dreischichtigen Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung,1 shows a first embodiment of a component with a three-layer wear protection layer arrangement,
Fig. 2: ein alternatives Ausführungsbeispiel eines Bau- elementes mit einer vierschichtigen Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung und Fig. 3: ein weiteres alternatives Ausführungsbeispiel eines Bauelementes mit einer fünfschichtigen Verschleißschützschichtanordnung .2 shows an alternative exemplary embodiment of a component with a four-layer wear protection layer arrangement and 3 shows a further alternative exemplary embodiment of a component with a five-layer wear protection layer arrangement.
Ausführungsformen der ErfindungEmbodiments of the invention
In den Figuren sind gleiche Elemente und Elemente mit der gleichen Funktion mit den gleichen Bezugszeichen gekennzeichnet .In the figures, like elements and elements having the same function are denoted by the same reference numerals.
In Fig. 1 ist ein Bauelement B eines Kraftstoff- Einspritzsystems gezeigt. Bei dem Bauelement B handelt es sich beispielsweise um eine Düsennadel oder einen Ventilsitz eines Kraftstoff-Injektors.In Fig. 1, a component B of a fuel injection system is shown. The component B is, for example, a nozzle needle or a valve seat of a fuel injector.
Das aus Stahl ausgebildete Bauelement B weist eine Oberfläche O auf, auf der eine Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung 1 angeordnet ist. Unmittelbaren Kontakt zur Oberfläche O des Bauelementes B hat eine erste Haftvermittlerschicht 2 aus reinem Chrom. Die erste Haftvermittlerschicht wurde mittels eines PVD-Verfahrens (Sputtern) aufgebracht. Unmittelbar auf der ersten Haftvermittlerschicht 2 befindet sich eine zweite Haftvermittlerschicht 3, die als Chrom/Wolfram- karbidmischschicht ausgebildet ist. Der Anteil an Wolfram- karbid in der als Gradientenschicht ausgebildeten Mischschicht nimmt dabei ausgehend von der Grenze der ersten Haftvermittlerschicht 2 in Richtung zu einer äußeren, als Deckschicht dienenden Schutzschicht 4, zu. Die zweite Haftvermittlerschicht 3 wird durch einen Doppel-PVD- Beschichtungsprozess, bei dem sowohl Chrom als auch Wolframkarbid durch Sputtern abgeschieden werden, aufgebracht. Bei der als Deckschicht dienenden Schutzschicht 4 handelt es sich um eine Schicht aus tetragonalem amorphen, wasserstofffreien Kohlenstoff. Die Schichtdicke der zweiten Haftvermittlerschicht 3 (Gradientenschicht) ist aus einem Wer- tebereich zwischen 200nm und 700nm gewählt.The formed of steel component B has a surface O, on which a wear protection layer assembly 1 is arranged. Immediate contact with the surface O of the component B has a first primer layer 2 of pure chromium. The first primer layer was applied by a PVD process (sputtering). Immediately on the first adhesion promoter layer 2 is a second adhesion promoter layer 3, which is formed as a chromium / tungsten carbide mixed layer. The proportion of tungsten carbide in the mixed layer formed as a gradient layer increases starting from the boundary of the first adhesion promoter layer 2 in the direction of an outer protective layer 4 serving as a cover layer. The second primer layer 3 is applied by a double PVD coating process in which both chromium and tungsten carbide are deposited by sputtering. The protective layer 4 serving as a cover layer is a layer of tetragonal amorphous, hydrogen-free carbon. The layer thickness of the second adhesion promoter layer 3 (gradient layer) is selected from a value range between 200 nm and 700 nm.
Fig. 2 zeigt ein alternatives Ausführungsbeispiel eines beschichteten Bauelementes B. Auf einer Oberfläche O des Bauelementes B befindet sich hierzu eine Verschleißschutz- Schichtanordnung 1. Die Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung 1 umfasst eine erste Haftvermittlerschicht 2 aus reinem Chrom, an die eine zweite Haftvermittlerschicht 3 als Mischschicht, umfassend Chrom und Wolframkarbid, analog zu dem Ausführungsbeispiel gemäß Fig. 1 angrenzt. Unmittelbar auf der zweiten Haftvermittlerschicht 3 befindet sich eine dritte Haftvermittlerschicht 5 aus reinem Wolframkarbid. Unmittelbar auf der dritten Haftvermittlerschicht 5 befindet sich die als Deckschicht dienende Schutzschicht 4 aus tetragonal gebundenem, amorphen, Wasserstofffreien Kohlen- stoff.FIG. 2 shows an alternative exemplary embodiment of a coated component B. A wear protection layer arrangement 1 is located on a surface O of the component B. The wear protection layer arrangement 1 comprises a first adhesion promoter layer 2 of pure chromium, to which a second adhesion promoter layer 3 as a mixed layer comprises Chromium and tungsten carbide, analogous to the embodiment of FIG. 1 adjacent. Immediately on the second adhesion promoter layer 3 is a third adhesion promoter layer 5 made of pure tungsten carbide. Immediately on the third bonding agent layer 5 is the protective layer 4 serving as a cover layer of tetragonal bonded, amorphous, hydrogen-free carbon.
In Fig. 3 ist ein weiteres alternatives Ausführungsbeispiel eines Bauelementes B gezeigt, auf dessen Oberfläche O eine Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung 1 vorgesehen ist. Diese umfasst neben der ersten Haftvermittlerschicht 2 aus Chrom, der zweiten Haftvermittlerschicht 3 aus einem Chrom/Wolframkarbidgemisch und einer dritten Haftvermittlerschicht 5 aus reinem Wolframkarbid eine wolframkarbid- haltige KohlenstoffSchicht ausgebildete vierte Haftvermitt- lerschicht 6, an die wiederum die Schutzschicht 4 aus tetragonal gebundenem, amorphen, Wasserstofffreien Kohlenstoff anschließt. Die vierte Haftvermittlerschicht 6 wird durch einen kombinierten PVD/CVD-Prozess aufgebracht, wobei während des Aufbringens an das Bauteil B eine Spannung angelegt wird, um die Ionen an die Oberfläche zu leiten. FIG. 3 shows a further alternative exemplary embodiment of a component B, on whose surface O a wear protection layer arrangement 1 is provided. This comprises, in addition to the first adhesion promoter layer 2 made of chromium, the second adhesion promoter layer 3 of a chromium / tungsten carbide mixture and a third adhesion promoter layer 5 of pure tungsten carbide, a fourth adhesion promoter layer 6 formed of tungsten carbide-containing carbon layer, to which the protective layer 4 of tetragonal bonded, amorphous , Hydrogen-free carbon connects. The fourth primer layer 6 is applied by a combined PVD / CVD process, wherein during application to the component B, a voltage is applied to conduct the ions to the surface.

Claims

Ansprüche claims
1. Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung, insbesondere für hohen Drücken und Temperaturen ausgesetzten Bauelemente (B) eines Kraftstoffeinspritzsystems, mit einer aus tetragonal gebundenem amorphen Kohlenstoff gebildeten oder einen Anteil an tetragonal gebundenem amorphen Kohlenstoff aufweisenden Schutzschicht, und mit mindestens einer aus Chrom gebildeten oder einen Chroman- teil aufweisenden ersten Haftvermittlerschicht (2)1. Wear protection layer arrangement, in particular for components exposed to high pressures and temperatures (B) of a fuel injection system, with a protective layer formed from tetragonal bonded amorphous carbon or containing a proportion of tetragonal bonded amorphous carbon, and having at least one chromium or chromium part first adhesion promoter layer (2)
gekennzeichnet durch,marked by,
mindestens eine, einen Wolframkarbidanteil aufweisende und/oder aus Wolframkarbidschicht bestehende, vorzugsweise an die erste Haftvermittlerschicht (2) angrenzende, zweite Haftvermittlerschicht (3) .at least one, a tungsten carbide having and / or consisting of tungsten carbide layer, preferably adjacent to the first adhesion promoter layer (2), second adhesive layer (3).
2. Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zweite Haftvermittlerschicht (3) als eine, einen Anteil Chrom aufweisende Mischschicht ausgebildet ist.2. Wear protection layer arrangement according to claim 1, characterized in that the second adhesion promoter layer (3) is formed as a, a proportion of chromium-containing mixed layer.
3. Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Mischschicht als Gradientenschicht mit sich, vorzugsweise mit zunehmender Schichtdicke, änderndem Chrom/Wolframkrabid-Gradienten ausgebildet ist. 3. wear protection layer arrangement according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the mixed layer is formed as a gradient layer with, preferably with increasing layer thickness, changing chromium / tungsten killing gradient.
4. Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, gekennzeichnet durch eine aus Wolframkarbid gebildete dritte Haftvermittlerschicht (5) .4. Wear protection layer arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by a third adhesion promoter layer (5) formed from tungsten carbide.
5. Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüchen, gekennzeichnet durch eine, einen Kohlenstoffanteil aufweisende vierte Haftvermittlerschicht (6).5. wear protection layer arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by a, a carbon content having fourth adhesion promoter layer (6).
6. Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zweite Haftvermittlerschicht (3) als eine, einen Anteil Wolframkarbid aufweisende Mischschicht ausgebildet ist.6. Wear protection layer arrangement according to claim 5, characterized in that the second adhesion promoter layer (3) is formed as a, a proportion of tungsten carbide having mixed layer.
7. Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, gekennzeichnet durch eine Schichtreihenfolge: erste Haftvermittlerschicht (2), zweite Haftvermittlerschicht (3), Schutzschicht (4).7. Wear protection layer arrangement according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by a layer sequence: first adhesion promoter layer (2), second adhesion promoter layer (3), protective layer (4).
8. Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, gekennzeichnet durch eine Schichtreihenfolge: erste Haftvermittlerschicht (2), zweite Haftvermittlerschicht (3), dritte Haftvermittlerschicht (5), Schutzschicht (4). 8. Wear protection layer arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized by a layer sequence: first adhesion promoter layer (2), second adhesion promoter layer (3), third adhesion promoter layer (5), protective layer (4).
9. Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, gekennzeichnet durch eine Schichtreihenfolge: erste Haftvermittlerschicht (2), zweite Haftvermittlerschicht (3), dritte Haftvermittlerschicht (5), vierte Haftvermittlerschicht (6), Schutzschicht (4) .9. Wear protection layer arrangement according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized by a layer sequence: first adhesion promoter layer (2), second adhesion promoter layer (3), third adhesion promoter layer (5), fourth adhesion promoter layer (6), protective layer (4).
10. Bauelement, insbesondere eines Kraftstoffeinspritzsys- tems, vorzugsweise aus Stahl, mit einer Verschleißschutzschichtanordnung (1) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche.10. Component, in particular a Kraftstoffeinspritzsys- system, preferably made of steel, with a wear protection layer assembly (1) according to any one of the preceding claims.
11. Bauelement nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Bauelement (B) ein Bestandteil eines Kraftstoff-Injektors, insbesondere eine Düsennadel, oder ein Bestandteil einer Kraftstoff-Hochdruckpumpe, insbesondere Flügelrad, ist. 11. The component according to claim 10, characterized in that the component (B) is a component of a fuel injector, in particular a nozzle needle, or a component of a high-pressure fuel pump, in particular impeller.
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US11753728B2 (en) 2018-02-26 2023-09-12 Robert Bosch Gmbh Antiwear-coated metal component, in particular for a ball valve, and method for applying a multi-layer antiwear coating in order to produce a component of this type

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