WO2009148837A2 - Compositions d'huile pour engrenages, leurs procédés de fabrication et leur utilisation - Google Patents

Compositions d'huile pour engrenages, leurs procédés de fabrication et leur utilisation Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009148837A2
WO2009148837A2 PCT/US2009/044772 US2009044772W WO2009148837A2 WO 2009148837 A2 WO2009148837 A2 WO 2009148837A2 US 2009044772 W US2009044772 W US 2009044772W WO 2009148837 A2 WO2009148837 A2 WO 2009148837A2
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Prior art keywords
base oil
less
composition
gear oil
per
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PCT/US2009/044772
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English (en)
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WO2009148837A3 (fr
Inventor
Katty S. Hoste
Yves A. Peremans
Ravindra R. Shah
Marissa B. Ferrer
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Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
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Priority to CN2009801198144A priority Critical patent/CN102046763A/zh
Priority to MX2010012391A priority patent/MX2010012391A/es
Priority to BRPI0912510A priority patent/BRPI0912510A2/pt
Priority to EP09758998A priority patent/EP2285942A4/fr
Priority to CA2723292A priority patent/CA2723292A1/fr
Priority to JP2011511724A priority patent/JP2011522089A/ja
Publication of WO2009148837A2 publication Critical patent/WO2009148837A2/fr
Publication of WO2009148837A3 publication Critical patent/WO2009148837A3/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M107/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound
    • C10M107/02—Hydrocarbon polymers; Hydrocarbon polymers modified by oxidation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
    • C10M2203/102—Aliphatic fractions
    • C10M2203/1025—Aliphatic fractions used as base material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
    • C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
    • C10M2205/0285—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms used as base material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/28—Esters
    • C10M2207/282—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic oolycarboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
    • C10N2020/02—Viscosity; Viscosity index
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
    • C10N2020/065—Saturated Compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
    • C10N2020/067—Unsaturated Compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
    • C10N2020/071—Branched chain compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/02—Pour-point; Viscosity index
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/10—Inhibition of oxidation, e.g. anti-oxidants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/12—Inhibition of corrosion, e.g. anti-rust agents or anti-corrosives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/36—Seal compatibility, e.g. with rubber
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/74—Noack Volatility
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives

Definitions

  • the invention relates generally to compositions suitable for use as lubricants, particularly for use as gear oils.
  • Gear oil is used in industrial applications as well moving equipment such as automobiles, tractors, and the like (collectively referred to as "equipment'). When in use in some applications, the gear oil is present as an oil film between the moving parts, e.g., traction drives.
  • equipment' moving equipment
  • the gear oil is present as an oil film between the moving parts, e.g., traction drives.
  • a Fischer Tropsch base oil is produced from a process in which the feed is a waxy feed recovered from a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.
  • the process comprises a complete or partial hydroisomerization dewaxing step, using a dual-functional catalyst or a catalyst that can isomerize paraffins selectively.
  • Hydroisomerization dewaxing is achieved by contacting the waxy feed with a hydroisomerization catalyst in an isomerization zone under hydroisomerizing conditions.
  • Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products can be obtained by well-known processes such as, for example, the commercial SASOL® Slurry Phase Fischer-Tropsch technology, the commercial SHELL® Middle Distillate Synthesis (SMDS) Process, or by the non-commercial EXXON® Advanced Gas
  • Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product usually comprises hydrocarbons having 1 to 100, or even more than 100 carbon atoms, and typically includes paraffins, olefins and oxygenated products. Fischer Tropsch is a viable process to generate clean alternative hydrocarbon products.
  • the invention relates to a gear oil composition
  • a gear oil composition comprising: a) a base oil containing a synergistic mixture of at least an isomerized base oil having consecutive numbers of carbon atoms and less than 10 wt% naphthenic carbon by n-d-M, and a polyalphaolefin base stock having a kinematic viscosity of 3 to 120 mm 2 /s at 100 °C.
  • the isomerized base oil is present in a sufficient amount for the gear oil composition to have an average volume change in a rubber seal between -10 and +10, and a change in shore A hardness between -7 and +10 when tested with SRE NBR28 at 10O°C, 168 hours per DIN53521 and DM53505.
  • the gear oil composition further has a viscosity increase of less than 3% per US Steel S-200 oxidation stability test, a precipitation of less than 1% per US Steel S-200 oxidation stability test, and a Timken OK Load of greater than 60 Ib.
  • the invention relates to a method for improving the oxidative stability and seal compatibility properties of a gear oil composition, the method comprises adding to a base oil matrix comprising a polyalphaolefin from 20 to 75 wt. % (based on the total weight of the gear oil composition) of an isomerized base oil, for the gear oil composition to have an average volume change in a rubber seal between -10 and +10, a change in shore A hardness between -7 and +10 when tested with SRE NBR28 at 100°C, 168 hours per DIN53521 and DIN53505, and a viscosity increase of less than 3% per US Steel S-200 oxidation stability test.
  • a base oil matrix comprising a polyalphaolefin from 20 to 75 wt. % (based on the total weight of the gear oil composition) of an isomerized base oil
  • Fischer-Tropsch derived means that the product, fraction, or feed originates from or is produced at some stage by a Fischer-Tropsch process.
  • Fischer-Tropsch base oil may be used interchangeably with “FT base oil,” “FTBO,” “GTL base oil” (GTL: gas-to-liquid), or “Fischer-Tropsch derived base oil.”
  • isomerized base oil refers to a base oil made by isomerization of a waxy feed.
  • a "waxy feed" comprises at least 40 wt% n-paraffins. In one embodiment, the waxy feed comprises greater than 50 wt% n-paraffins. hi another embodiment, greater than 75 wt% n-paraffins. In one embodiment, the waxy feed also has very low levels of nitrogen and sulphur, e.g., less than 25 ppm total combined nitrogen and sulfur, or in other embodiments less than 20 ppm.
  • waxy feeds examples include slack waxes, deoiled slack waxes, refined foots oils, waxy lubricant raffinates, n-paraffin waxes, NAO waxes, waxes produced in chemical plant processes, deoiled petroleum derived waxes, microcrystalline waxes, Fischer-Tropsch waxes, and mixtures thereof.
  • the waxy feeds have a pour point of greater than 5O°C. In another embodiment, greater than 60°C.
  • Kinematic viscosity is a measurement in mm 2 /s of the resistance to flow of a fluid under gravity, determined by ASTM D445-06.
  • Viscosity index (VI) is an empirical, unit-less number indicating the effect of temperature change on the kinematic viscosity of the oil. The higher the VI of an oil, the lower its tendency to change viscosity with temperature. Viscosity index is measured according to ASTM D 2270-04.
  • CCS VIS Cold-cranking simulator apparent viscosity
  • Noack volatility is defined as the mass of oil, expressed in weight %, which is lost when the oil is heated at 25O°C. with a constant flow of air drawn through it for 60 min., measured according to ASTM D5800-05, Procedure B.
  • Brookfield viscosity is used to determine the internal fluid-friction of a lubricant during cold temperature operation, which can be measured by ASTM D 2983-04.
  • Pul point is a measurement of the temperature at which a sample of base oil will begin to flow under certain carefully controlled conditions, which can be determined as described in ASTM D 5950-02.
  • consecutive numbers of carbon atoms means that the base oil has a distribution of hydrocarbon molecules over a range of carbon numbers, with every number of carbon numbers in-between.
  • the base oil may have hydrocarbon molecules ranging from C22 to C36 or from C30 to C60 with every carbon number in-between.
  • the hydrocarbon molecules of the base oil differ from each other by consecutive numbers of carbon atoms, as a consequence of the waxy feed also having consecutive numbers of carbon atoms. For example, in the Fischer-
  • Microlecules with cycloparaffinic functionality mean any molecule that is, or contains as one or more substituents, a monocyclic or a fused multicyclic saturated hydrocarbon group.
  • Microlecules with monocycloparaf ⁇ nic functionality mean any molecule that is a monocyclic saturated hydrocarbon group of three to seven ring carbons or any molecule that is substituted with a single monocyclic saturated hydrocarbon group of three to seven ring carbons.
  • Molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality mean any molecule that is a fused multicyclic saturated hydrocarbon ring group of two or more fused rings, any molecule that is substituted with one or more fused multicyclic saturated hydrocarbon ring groups of two or more fused rings, or any molecule that is substituted with more than one monocyclic saturated hydrocarbon group of three to seven ring carbons.
  • Oxidator BN measures the response of a lubricating oil in a simulated application. High values, or long times to adsorb one liter of oxygen, indicate good stability. Oxidator BN can be measured via a Dornte-type oxygen absorption apparatus (R. W. Dornte "Oxidation of White Oils," Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 28, page 26, 1936), under 1 atmosphere of pure oxygen at 34O 0 F.,
  • Molecular characterizations can be performed by methods known in the art, including Field Ionization Mass Spectroscopy (FIMS) and n-d-M analysis (ASTM D 3238-95 (Re-approved 2005) with normalization).
  • FIMS Field Ionization Mass Spectroscopy
  • ASTM D 3238-95 Re-approved 2005
  • the base oil is characterized as alkanes and molecules with different numbers of unsaturations.
  • the molecules with different numbers of unsaturations may be comprised of cycloparaffins, olefins, and aromatics. If aromatics are present in significant amount, they would be identified as 4-unsaturations. When olefins are present in significant amounts, they would be identified as 1 -unsaturations.
  • the total of the 1 -unsaturations, 2-unsaturations, 3-unsaturations, 4-unsaturations, 5-unsaturations, and 6-unsaturations from the FIMS analysis, minus the wt % olefins by proton NMR, and minus the wt % aromatics by HPLC-UV is the total weight percent of molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality. If the aromatics content was not measured, it was assumed to be less than 0.1 wt % and not included in the calculation for total weight percent of molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality.
  • the total weight percent of molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality is the sum of the weight percent of molecules with monocyclopraffinic functionality and the weight percent of molecules with multicycloparaf ⁇ inic functionality.
  • Molecular weights are determined by ASTM D2503-92(Reapproved 2002). The method uses thermoelectric measurement of vapour pressure (VPO). In circumstances where there is insufficient sample volume, an alternative method of ASTM D2502-04 may be used; and where this has been used it is indicated.
  • VPO vapour pressure
  • Density is determined by ASTM D4052-96 (Reapproved 2002). The sample is introduced into an oscillating sample tube and the change in oscillating frequency caused by the change in the mass of the tube is used in conjunction with calibration data to determine the density of the sample.
  • Weight percent olefins can be determined by proton-NMR according to the steps specified herein. In most tests, the olefins are conventional olefins, i.e. a distributed mixture of those olefin types having hydrogens attached to the double
  • the instrument used to acquire the spectrum and reference the chemical shift has sufficient gain range to acquire a signal without overloading the receiver/ADC, with a minimum signal digitization dynamic range of at least 65,000 when a 30 degree pulse is applied.
  • the intensities of the proton signals in the region of 0.5-1.9 ppm (methyl, methylene and methine groups), 1.9-2.2 ppm (allylic) and between 6.0-4.5 ppm (olefin) are measured.
  • the average molecular weight (estimated by vapor pressure osmometry by ASTM D 2503-92[re-approved 2002]) of each distillate range paraffin feed, the following can be calculated: (1) the average molecular formula of the saturated hydrocarbons; (2) the average molecular formula of the olefins; (3) the total integral intensity (i.e. the sum of all the integral intensities); (4) the integral intensity per sample hydrogen (i.e. the total integral intensity divided by the number of hydrogens in the formula; (5) the number of olefin hydrogens (i.e. the olefin integral divided by the integral per hydrogen); (6) the number of double bonds (i.e.
  • Weight percent aromatics in one embodiment can be measured by HPLC-UV.
  • the test is conducted using a Hewlett Packard 1050 Series Quaternary Gradient High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system, coupled with a HP 1050 Diode- Array UV- Vis detector interfaced to an HPLC-UV.
  • HPLC Hewlett Packard 1050 Series Quaternary Gradient High Performance Liquid Chromatography
  • Quantification of the ehiting aromatic compounds can be made by integrating chromatograms made from wavelengths optimized for each general class of compounds over the appropriate retention time window for mat aromatic.
  • Retention time window limits for each aromatic class can be determined by manually evaluating the individual absorbance spectra of eluting compounds at different times and assigning them to the appropriate aromatic class based on their qualitative similarity to model compound absorption spectra.
  • Weight percent aromatic carbon (“Ca”), weight percent naphthenic carbon (“Cn”) and weight percent paraffinic carbon (“Cp”) in one embodiment can be measured by ASTM D3238-95 (Reapproved 2005) with normalization.
  • ASTM D3238-95 (Reapproved 2005) is the Standard Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-M Method. This method is for "olefin free" feedstocks, i.e., having an olefin content of 2 wt% or less.
  • the normalization process consists of the following: A) If the Ca value is less than zero, Ca is set to zero, and Cn and Cp are increased proportionally so that the sum is 100%.
  • HPLC-UV Calibration can be used for identifying classes of aromatic compounds even at very low levels, e.g., multi-ring aromatics typically absorb 10 to 200 times more strongly than single-ring aromatics. Alkyl-substitution affects absorption by 20%, Integration limits for the co-eluting 1 - ring and 2-ring aromatics at 212am. can be made by the perpendicular drop method. Wavelength dependent response factors for each general aromatic class can be first determined by constructing Beer's Law plots from pure model compound mixtures
  • Weight percent concentrations of aromatics can be calculated by assuming that the average molecular weight for each aromatic class was approximately equal to the average molecular weight for the whole base oil sample.
  • NMR analysis In one embodiment, the weight percent of all molecules with at least one aromatic function in the purified mono-aromatic standard can be confirmed via long-duration carbon 13 NMR analysis. The NMR results can be translated from % aromatic carbon to % aromatic molecules (to be consistent with HPLC-UV and D 2007) knowing that 95-99% of the aromatics in highly saturated base oils are single-ring aromatics.
  • the standard D 5292-99 (Reapproved 2004) method can be modified to give a minimum carbon sensitivity of 500: 1 (by ASTM standard practice E 386) with a 15-hour duration run on a 400-500 MHz NMR with a 10-12 mm Nalorac probe.
  • Acorn PC integration software can be used to define the shape of the baseline and consistently integrate.
  • Extent of branching refers to the number of alkyl branches in hydrocarbons.
  • Branching and branching position can be determined using carbon- 13 ( 13 C) NMR according to the following nine-step process: 1) Identify the CH branch centers and the CH 3 branch termination points using the DEPT Pulse sequence (Doddrell, D.T.; D. T. Pegg; M.R. Bendall, Journal of Magnetic Resonance 1982, 48, 323ff.)- 2) Verify the absence of carbons initiating multiple branches (quaternary carbons) using the APT pulse sequence (Part, SX. ; J. N. Shoolery, Journal of Magnetic Resonance 1982, 46, 535ff.).
  • the average carbon number is determined by dividing the molecular weight of the sample by 14 (the formula weight OfCH 2 ). 6) The number of branches per molecule is the sum of the branches found in step 4. 7) The number of alkyl branches per 100 carbon atoms is calculated from the number of branches per molecule (step 6) times 100 / average carbon number.
  • the spectral width for the 13 C NMR studies can be limited to the saturated carbon region, 0-80 ppm vs. TMS (tetramethylsilane). Solutions of 25-50 wt. % in chloroform-dl are excited by 30 degrees pulses followed by a 1.3 seconds (sec.) acquisition time. In order to minimize non-uniform intensity data, the broadband proton inverse-gated decoupling is used during a 6 sec. delay prior to the excitation pulse and on during acquisition.
  • Samples are doped with 0.03 to 0.05 M Cr (acac) 3 (tris (acetylacetonato ⁇ chromium (UI)) as a relaxation agent to ensure full intensities are observed.
  • the DEPT and APT sequences can be carried out according to literature descriptions with minor deviations described in the Varian or Bruker operating manuals.
  • DEPT is Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer.
  • the DEPT 45 sequence gives a signal all carbons bonded to protons.
  • DEPT 90 shows CH carbons only.
  • DEPT 135 shows CH and CH 3 up and CH2 180 degrees out of phase (down).
  • APT is attached proton test, known in the art It allows all carbons to be seen, but if CH and CH 3 are up, then quaternaries and CH 2 are down.
  • the branching properties of the sample can be determined by 13 C NMR using the assumption in the calculations that the entire sample was iso-paraffinic.
  • the unsaturates content may be measured using Field Ionization Mass Spec
  • the gear oil composition comprises 0.001 to 30 wt.% of optional additives in a base oil matrix.
  • the base oil matrix is a blend of two components, an isomerized base oil component A and a base component B, comprising at least a polyalphaolefin base oil, with the amount of the isomerized base oil being sufficient for the gear oil composition to have the desired load carrying capacity, high oxidative stability, and seal compatibility properties.
  • Component A - Isomerized Base Oil In one embodiment, component
  • a of the base oil matrix comprises at least an isomerized base oil (or blends of isomerized base oils) which the product itself, its fraction, or feed originates from or is produced at some stage by isomerization of a waxy feed from a Fischer-Tropsch process ("Fischer-Tropsch derived base oils").
  • the base oil comprises at least an isomerized base oil made from a substantially paraffinic wax feed ("waxy feed”).
  • the isomerized base oil comprises mixtures of products made from a substantially paraffinic wax feed as well as products made from a waxy feed from a Fischer-Tropsch process.
  • Fischer-Tropsch derived base oils are disclosed in a number of patent publications, including for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 6080301, 6090989, and 6165949, and US Patent Publication No. US2OO4/O079678A1, US20050133409, US20060289337.
  • the Fischer-Tropsch process is a catalyzed chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide and hydrogen are converted into liquid hydrocarbons of various forms including a light reaction product and a waxy reaction product, with both being substantially parafSnic.
  • the isomerized base oil has consecutive numbers of carbon atoms and has less than 25 wt% naphthenic carbon by n-d-M with normalization. In another embodiment, the amount of naphthenic carbon is less than 10 wt. %. hi yet another embodiment the isomerized base oil made from a waxy feed has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C between 1.5 and 3.5 mm 2 /s.
  • the isomerized base oil is made by a process in which the hydroisomerization dewaxing is performed at conditions sufficient for the base oil to have: a) a weight percent of all molecules with at least one aromatic functionality less than 0.30; b) a weight percent of all molecules with at least one cycloparafBnic functionality greater than 10; c) a ratio of weight percent molecules with monocycloparaffinic functionality to weight percent molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality greater than 20 and d) a viscosity index greater than 28 x Ln (Kinematic viscosity at 100°C.) + 80.
  • the isomerized base oil is made from a process in which the highly paraffinic wax is hydroisomerized using a shape selective intermediate pore size molecular sieve comprising a noble metal hydrogenation component, and under conditions of 600 - 75O 0 F. (315 - 399°C.) In the process, the conditions for hydroisomerization are controlled such that the conversion of the compounds boiling above 700 0 F (371°C.) in the wax feed to compounds boiling below 700 0 F (371°C.) is maintained between 10 wt % and 50 wt%.
  • a resulting isomerized base oil has a kinematic viscosity of between 1.0 and 3.5 mm 2 /s at 10O°C. and a Noack volatility of less than 50 weight %.
  • the base oil comprises greater than 3 weight % molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality and less than 0.30 weight percent aromatics.
  • the isomerized base oil has a Noack volatility less than an amount calculated by the following equation: 1000 x (Kinematic Viscosity at 100°C,) -2 7 .
  • the isomerized base oil has a Noack volatility less than an amount calculated by the following equation: 900 x (Kinematic Viscosity at 100°C.) -28 .
  • the isomerized base oil has a Kinematic Viscosity at 100°C.
  • the isomerized base oil has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C. of less man 4.0 mm 2 /s, and a wt% Noack volatility between 0 and 100.
  • the isomerized base oil has a kinematic viscosity between 1.5 and 4.0 mm 2 /s and a Noack volatility less than the Noack volatility calculated by the following equation: 160 - 40 (Kinematic Viscosity at 100°C). [043] hi one embodiment, the isomerized base oil has a kinematic viscosity at
  • the isomerized base oil is made from a process in which the highly paraffinic wax is hydroisomerized under conditions for the base oil to have a kinematic viscosity at 100°C. of 3.6 to 4.2 HUn 2 Zs 1 a viscosity index of greater than 130, a wt% Noack volatility less than 12, a pour point of less than -9 0 C.
  • the isomerized base oil has an aniline point, in degrees F, greater than 200 and less than or equal to an amount defined by the equation: 36 x Ln(Kinematic Viscosity at 100"C, in mm 2 /s) + 200.
  • the isomerized base oil has an auto-ignition temperature (AIT) greater than the ATT defined by the equation: AIT in °C. - 1.6 x (Kinematic Viscosity at 4O°C, in mm2/s) + 300.
  • AIT auto-ignition temperature
  • the base oil as an AIT of greater than 329 0 C. and a viscosity index greater than 28 x Ln (Kinematic Viscosity at 100 0 C, in mm 2 /s) + 100.
  • the isomerized base oil has a traction coefficient of less than 0.023 (or less than 0.021) when measured at a kinematic viscosity of 15 mmVs and at a slide to roll ratio of 40%.
  • the isomerized base oil has a traction coefficient of less than 0.017 when measured at a kinematic viscosity of 15 mm 2 /s and at a slide to roll ratio of 40%. In another embodiment the isomerized base oil has a viscosity index greater than 150 and a traction coefficient less than 0.015 when measured at a kinematic viscosity of 15 mm 2 /s and at a slide to roll ratio of 40 percent.
  • the isomerized base oil having low traction coefficients also displays a higher kinematic viscosity and higher boiling points.
  • the base oil has a traction coefficient less than 0.015, and a 50 wt% boiling point greater than 565°C (1050 0 F).
  • the base oil has a traction coefficient less than 0.011 and a 50 wt% boiling point by ASTM D 6352-04 greater than 582 0 C, (1080 0 F).
  • the isomerized base oil having low traction coefficients also displays unique branching properties by NMR, including a branching index less than or equal to 23.4, a branching proximity greater than or equal to 22.0, and a Free Carbon Index between 9 and 30.
  • the base oil has at least 4 wt% naphthenic carbon, in another embodiment, at least 5 wt% naphthenic carbon by n-d-M analysis by ASTM D 3238-95 (Reapproved 2005) with normalization.
  • the isomerized base oil is produced in a process wherein the intermediate oil isomerate comprises paraf ⁇ inic hydrocarbon components, and in which the extent of branching is less than 7 alkyl branches per 100 carbons, and wherein the base oil comprises paraffinic hydrocarbon components in which the extent of branching is less than 8 alkyl branches per 100 carbons and less than 20 wt % of the alkyl branches are at the 2 position.
  • the base oil comprises greater than 10 wt. % and less than 70 wt. % total molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality, and a ratio of weight percent molecules with monocycloparaffinic functionality to weight percent molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality greater than 15.
  • the isomerized base oil has an average molecular weight between 600 and 1100, and an average degree of branching in the molecules between 6.5 and 10 alkyl branches per 100 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, the isomerized base oil has a kinematic viscosity between about 8 and about 25 ⁇ W/s and an average degree of branching in the molecules between 6.5 and 10 alkyl branches per 100 carbon atoms.
  • the isomerized base oil is obtained from a process in which the highly paraffinic wax is hydroisomerized at a hydrogen to feed ratio from 712.4 to 3562 liter Hb/liter oil, for the base oil to have a total weight percent of molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality of greater than 10, and a ratio of weight percent molecules with monocycloparaffinic functionality to weight percent molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality of greater than 15.
  • the base oil has a viscosity index greater than an amount defined by the equation: 28 * Ln (Kinematic viscosity at 100°C.) + 95.
  • the base oil comprises a weight percent aromatics less than 0.30; a weight percent of molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality greater man 10; a ratio of weight percent of molecules with monocycloparaffinic functionality to weight percent of molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality greater than 20; and a viscosity index greater than 28 x Ln (Kinematic Viscosity at 100°C.) + 110.
  • the base oil further has a kinematic viscosity at 100°C. greater than 6 mm 2 /s.
  • the base oil has a weight percent aromatics less than 0.05 and a viscosity index greater than 28 x Ln (Kinematic Viscosity at 100°C.) + 95.
  • the base oil has a weight percent aromatics less than 0.30, a weight percent molecules with cycloparaffinic functionality greater than the kinematic viscosity at 100°C, in mm 2 /s, multiplied by three, and a ratio of molecules with monocycloparaffinic functionality to molecules with multicycloparaffinic functionality greater than 15.
  • the isomerized base oil contains between 2 and 10 wt% naphthenic carbon as measured by n-d-M.
  • the base oil has a kinematic viscosity of 1.5 - 3.0 mm 2 /s at 100°C. and 2-3 wt% naphthenic carbon.
  • a kinematic viscosity of 1.8 - 3.5 mm 2 /s at 100°C. and 2.5- 4 wt% naphthenic carbon In another embodiment, a kinematic viscosity of 3 - 6 mm 2 /s at 100°C. and 2.7 - 5 wt% naphthenic carbon. In a fourth embodiment, a kinematic viscosity of 10 - 30 mm 2 /s at 100°C. and between greater than 5.2 % and less than 25 wt% naphthenic carbon.
  • the isomerized base oil has an average molecular weight greater than 475; a viscosity index greater than 140, and a weight percent olefins less than 10.
  • the base oil improves the air release and low foaming characteristics of the mixture when incorporated into the gear oil composition.
  • the isomerized base oil is a white oil as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,214,307 and US Patent Publication US20060016724.
  • Component B - Group IV Polvalphaolefins (“PAOs" 1 ): Component B of the base oil matrix is a Group IV base oil or a mixture of different Group IV base oils.
  • Group IV base stocks consist of polyalphaolefins (“PAOs”), offering superior volatility, thermal stability, oxidative stability and pour point characteristics compared to those of the Group II and III oils, with less reliance on additives.
  • PAOs comprise a class of hydrocarbons manufactured by the catalytic oligomerization (polymerization to low-molecular-weight products) of linear ⁇ -olefins typically ranging from 1-octene to 1 -dodecene, although polymers of lower olefins such as ethylene and propylene can also be used, including copolymers of ethylene with higher olefins.
  • High viscosity PAOs may be conveniently made by the polymerization of an ⁇ -olefin in the presence of a polymerization catalyst such as the Friedel-Crafts catalysts including, for example, aluminum trichloride, boron trifluoride or complexes of boron trifluoride with water, alcohols such as ethanol, propanol or butanol, carboxylic acids or esters such as ethyl acetate or ethyl propionate.
  • a polymerization catalyst such as the Friedel-Crafts catalysts including, for example, aluminum trichloride, boron trifluoride or complexes of boron trifluoride with water, alcohols such as ethanol, propanol or butanol, carboxylic acids or esters such as ethyl acetate or ethyl propionate.
  • the PAO used is predominantly ⁇ -olefin, that is, linear terminal olefin. By predominantly is meant that the PAO contains over about 50 mole percent of ⁇ -olefins.
  • the PAO is a high viscosity PAO, comprising hydrogenated polymers or oligomers of ⁇ -olefins.
  • the ⁇ -olefins include, but are not limited to, C 2 to about C 32 ⁇ -olefins, e.g., 1-octene, 1-decene, 1- dodecene and the like.
  • the PAO is a ⁇ -olefins selected from the group of poly- 1-octene, poly- 1-decene, and poly- 1 -dodecene.
  • the PAO products for use in the composition can have a wide range of viscosities, varying from highly mobile fluids of low-viscosity, about 2 mmVs., at 100 °C to higher molecular weight, viscous materials which have viscosities exceeding 1000 mm 2 /s (cSt.) at 100 °C.
  • the PAO base stock for use in the composition can have a wide range of viscosities, varying from highly mobile fluids of low- viscosity, about 2 mm 2 /s., at 100 °C to higher molecular weight, viscous materials which have viscosities exceeding 1000 mm 2 /s (cSt) at 100 °C.
  • the PAO base stock has a kinematic viscosity ranging from 2 to 100 mm 2 /s (cSt.) at 100 °C.
  • the PAO products have a viscosity ranging from 40 to 1250 mm 2 /s (cSt.) at 40 °C.
  • the PAO has a viscosity of greater than or equal to about SO mm 2 /s at 40 °C and less than or equal to about 20 mm 2 /s at 100 °C.
  • the PAO base stock has a kinematic viscosity @40 °C. in the range of 80-110 mm 2 /s. and a kinematic viscosity @100 °C. of 10-16 mm 2 /s. and a viscosity index of 140-160.
  • the PAO base stock is a blend of different PAOs, one having a viscosity of ranging from 30 - 60 mm 2 /s at 40 °C, and the other having a viscosity of 300 - 600 mm 2 /s at 40 °C, for a PAO blend having a viscosity of 100 mm 2 /s at 40 °C.
  • the gear oil composition is characterized as having a sufficient amount of isomerized base oil for the composition to have the desired seal compatibility, oxidative stability, and load carrying capability.
  • this sufficient amount of isomerized base oil (component A) ranges from 20 to 75 wt. % (based on the total weight of the gear oil composition).
  • the sufficient amount of isomerized base oil ranges from 30 to 60 wt. %.
  • the sufficient amount of isomerized base oil ranges from 40 - 50 wt. %.
  • the gear oil composition comprises a blend of 30 to 40 wt.
  • the gear oil composition comprises a blend of 40 to 80 wt. % (based on the total weight of the gear oil composition) of an isomerized base oil having a kinematic viscosity at 100°C.
  • the gear oil composition comprises 0.01 to 30 wt. % of one or more additives selected from dispersants, viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, antifoaming agents, antioxidants, rust inhibitors, metal passivators, extreme pressure agents, friction modifiers, etc., in order to satisfy diversified characteristics, e.g., those related to friction, oxidation stability, cleanness and defoaming, etc.
  • dispersants include those based on polybutenyl succinic acid imide, polybutenyl succinic acid amide, benzylamine, succinic acid ester, succinic acid ester-amide and a boron derivative thereof.
  • ashless dispersants are typically employed in an amount of 0.05 to 7 wt. %.
  • the dispersant are selected from the products of reaction of a polyethylene polyamine, e.g. triethylene tetraamine pentaamine, with a hydrocarbon- substituted anhydride made by the reaction of a polyolefin, having a molecular weight of about 700-1400 with an unsaturated polyearboxylic acid or anhydride, e.g. maleic anhydride.
  • Examples of metallic detergent include those containing a sulfonate, phenate, salicylate of calcium, magnesium, barium or the like. Metallic detergents when used, are typically incorporated in an amount of 0.05 to 5 wt. %.
  • antioxidants include but are not limited to amine-based ones, e.g., alkylated diphenylamine, phenyl- ⁇ -naphrylamine and alkylated phenyl-x- naphtylamine; phenol-based ones, e.g., 2,6-di-t-butyl phenol, 4,4'-methylenebis-(2,6- di-t-butyl phenol) and isooctyl-S-tSjS-di-t-butyM-hydroxyphenylJpropionate; sulfur- based ones, e.g., dilauryl-3,3'-thiodipropionate; and zinc dithiophosphate. When used, antioxidants are incorporated in an amount from 0.05 to 5wt.%.
  • Defoaming agents can be optionally incorporated in an amount of 10- 100 ppm.
  • defoaming agents include but are not limited to dimethyl polysiloxane, polyacrylate and a fluorine derivative thereof, and poerfluoropolyether.
  • Rust inhibitors can be used in an amount from 0 to 30 wt. %. Examples include a fatty acid, alkenylsuccinic acid half ester, fatty acid soap, alkylsulfonate, polyhydric alcohol/fatty acid ester, fatty acid amine, oxidized paraffin and alkylpolyoxyethylene ether.
  • Friction modifiers can be incorporated in an amount from 0.05 to 5 wt. %.
  • examples include but are not limited to organomolybdenum-based compounds, fatty acids, higher alcohols, fatty acid esters, sulfided esters, phosphoric acid ester, acid phosphoric acid esters, acid phosphorous acid esters and amine salt of phosphoric acid ester.
  • traction reducers Small amounts of traction reducers, e.g., from 0.5 to 10 wt. %, can be incorporated in the gear oil composition.
  • traction reducers include ExxonMobil's NorparTM fluids (comprising normal paraffins), IsoparTMfluids (comprising isoparaffins), ExxsolTM fluids (comprising dearomatized hydrocarbon fluids), VarsolTM fluids (comprising aliphatic hydrocarbon fluids), and mixtures thereof.
  • Anti-wear and / or extreme pressure agents can be incorporated in an amount from 0.1 to 10 wt. %.
  • anti-wear and / or extreme pressure agents include metal-free sulfur containing species including sulfurized olefins, dialkyl polysulfides, diarylpolysulfides, sulfurized fats and oils, sulfurized fatty acid esters, trithiones, sulfurized oligomers of C2-C8 monoolefins, thiophosphoric acid compounds, sulfurized terpenes, thiocarbamate compounds, thiocarbonate compounds, sulfoxides, thiol sulfinates, and the like.
  • metal-free sulfur containing species including sulfurized olefins, dialkyl polysulfides, diarylpolysulfides, sulfurized fats and oils, sulfurized fatty acid esters, trithiones, sulfurized oligomers of C2-C8 monoolefins, thiophosphoric acid compounds, sulfurized terpenes, thiocarbamate compounds, thiocarbonate compounds, sulfoxides, thiol s
  • the composition comprises an acid phosphate as an anti-wear agent, with the agent having the formula RiO(RaO)P(O)OH, where Rj is hydrogen or hydrocarbyl and R 2 is hydrocarbyl.
  • Pour point depressant can be incorporated in an amount ranging from 0.05 to 10 wt. %.
  • Examples include but are not limited to ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, condensate of chlorinated paraffin and naphthalene, condensate of chlorinated paraffin and phenol, polymethaciylate, polyalkyl styrene, chlorinated wax- naphthalene condensate, vinyl acetate-fumarate ester copolymer, and the like.
  • the composition further comprises at least one of a polyoxyalkylene glycol, polyoxyalkylene glycol ether, and an ester as a solubilizing agent in an amount from 10 to 25 wt. %.
  • esters of a dibasic acid e.g., phthalic, succinic, alkylsuccinic, alkenylsuccinic, maleic, azelaic, suberic, sebacic, fumaric or adipic acid, or linolic acid dimmer
  • alcohol e.g., butyl, hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, dodecyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether or propylene glycol
  • esters of a monocarboxylic acid of 5 to 18 carbon atoms and polyol e.g., neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipent
  • the composition further comprises at least a metal passivator, and sometimes specifically a copper passivator.
  • thiazoles include thiazoles, triazoles, and thiadizoles.
  • Specific examples of the thiazoles and thiadiazoles include 2-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2-mercapto-5-hydrocarbylthio- 1,3,4-thiadiazoles, 2-mercapto-5-hydrocarbyldithio-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, 2,5-bis- (hydrocarbylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles. and 2,5-bis-(hydrocarbyldithio)- 1,3,4- thiadiazoles.
  • Other suitable inhibitors of copper corrosion include imidazolines, described above, and the like.
  • the composition further comprises at least a viscosity modifier in an amount of 0.50 to 10 wt. %.
  • viscosity modifiers include but are not limited to the group of polymethacrylate type polymers, ethylene-propylene copolymers, styrene-isoprene copolymers, hydrated styrene-isoprene copolymers, polyisobutylene, and mixtures thereof.
  • the viscosity modifier is a blend of a polymethacryalte having a weight average molecular weight of 25,000 to 150,000 and a shear stability index less than 5 and a polymethacryate having a weight average molecular weight of 500,000 to 1,000,000 and a shear stability index of 25 to 60.
  • the gear oil composition optionally comprises a sufficient amount of pour point depressant to cause the pour point of the hydraulic fluid to be at least 3°C. below the pour point of a blend that does not have the pour point depressant.
  • Pour point depressants are known in the art and include, but are not limited to esters of maleic anhydride-styrene copolymers, polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyacrylamides, condensation products of haloparaffin waxes and aromatic compounds, vinyl carboxylate polymers, and terpolymers of dialkylfumarates, vinyl esters of fatty acids, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, alkyl phenol formaldehyde condensation resins, alkyl vinyl ethers, olefin copolymers, and mixtures thereof.
  • the gear oil composition is characterized as being very stable for use with a wide range of temperatures with a viscosity index (VI) of at least 140 (with less than 0.5 wt.% or even no VI improver).
  • the gear oil composition has a VI of at least 150.
  • a VI of at least 160 has a VI of at least 150.
  • a typical test for oxidation stability is US Steel S-200, which is used to measure the ability of gear lubricants to resist oxidation and the formation of deposits when subjected to high operating temperatures.
  • the viscosity is checked for change (maximum of five percent increase), the test utensils are inspected for sludge or residue and the lubricant color is checked for evidence of change (darkening).
  • the gear oil is characterized as having a high oxidation stability when tested per US Steel S-200, with a viscosity increase in one embodiment of less than 3%.
  • a viscosity increase of less than 2% In a third embodiment, of less than 1 %.
  • the amount of precipitation under this test is less than 1% in one embodiment, less than 0.05% in a second embodiment, and less than 0.03% in a third embodiment.
  • the gear oil composition is characterized as having a Timken OK Load of greater than 60 Ib.
  • Li a third embodiment, greater than 90 Ib.
  • the gear oil composition is characterized as resulting in an average volume change (swell increase) in a rubber seal between -10 and -1-10, and a change in shore A hardness between -7 and +10 when tested with SRE NBR28 at 100°C, 168 hours (per DIN53521 and DIN53505).
  • the average volume change is between -5 and +5, and a change in shore A hardness between -5 and +5 when tested per DIN53521 and DIN53505.
  • the gear oil composition is characterized as having low foaming tendency and excellent air release properties. The foaming tendency of the can be measured using the ASTM D892-E2007 foam test.
  • the gear oil composition shows a sequence II foam tendency foam height of less than 75 mL. In yet another embodiment, the gear oil composition shows a sequence II foam height of less than 40 mL. In a third embodiment, a sequence II foam height of less than 30 mL. In a fifth embodiment, the sequence II foam height is less than 20 mL. In a sixth embodiment, none can be measured (0 mL).
  • Air release properties can be measured using the ASTM D 3427 (2006) method for gas bubble separation time of petroleum oil to measure the ability of a fluid to separate entrained gas.
  • the gear oil composition has an air release time at 50 °C. of less than 10 minutes, hi a second embodiment, an air release time of less than 8 minutes. In a third embodiment, less than 7 minutes.
  • Additives used in formulating the gear oil composition can be blended into base oil blends individually or in various sub- combinations. In one embodiment, all of the components are blended concurrently using an additive concentrate (i.e., additives plus a diluent, such as a hydrocarbon solvent). The use of an additive concentrate takes advantage of the mutual compatibility afforded by the combination of ingredients when in the form of an additive concentrate.
  • the composition is prepared by mixing the base oil and the additive(s) at an appropriate temperature, e.g., 60 °C, until homogeneous.
  • the composition is useful in any system that include elements or parts containing gears of any kind and rolling element bearings.
  • the composition is used as a gear oil for lubricating industrial gears, e.g., spur and bevel, helical and spiral bevel, hypoid, worm, and the like.
  • the composition is used in automotive / mobile equipment applications and parts, including aircraft propulsion systems, aircraft transmissions, wind turbine gears, automotive drive trains, transmissions, transfer cases, and differentials in automobiles, trucks, and other machinery.
  • the composition is used in wind turbines, plastic extruder gear boxes, and highly loaded gearboxes used in electricity generating systems, or paper, steel, oil, textile, lumber, cement industries, and the like.
  • EXAMPLES The examples are given as non-limitative illustrations of aspects of the invention. Properties of the isomerized base oils used in the examples are shown in Table 3. [087] Examples 1-2: Two gear oil compositions were formulated according to the amounts in Table 1 and tested for seal compatibility. Test Methods DIN 53521 and DIN 53505 were used for SRE NBR-28 nitrile butadiene rubber and 75 FPM 585 fluoroelastomer. The components in the examples are as follows:
  • FTBO-L (WOW ⁇ 898) is an isomerized base oil from Chevron Corporation of San Ramon, CA. The properties of FTBO-L are shown in Table 5. [089] PAO-4 and PAO-40 are polyalpha olefin ("PAO") base oils having viscosities of 4 cSt @ 100°C. and 40 cSt @ 100°C, respectively.
  • PAO polyalpha olefin
  • Additive 1 ⁇ $ffl0g% ⁇ ffi) is a hindered ester additive.
  • Additive 2 CLwbeSz ⁇ I #058) is a gear oil additive package from Lubrizol.
  • Additive 3 (fS!iig$j ⁇ is a commercially available additive package for gear oil.
  • the gear oil example comprising at least an isomerized based oil shows a smaller decrease in the mechanical resistance of nitrile and fluoropolymer rubbers (change in max elongation and tensile strength at break), less swelling (volume increase) and less weakening (decrease in hardness) of the fluoropolymer rubber.
  • Examples 3 -6 In these examples, gear oil lubricants meeting ISO 150 viscosity grade were formulated according to amounts in Table 2 to compare embodiments of the invention with gear oil composition containing POA base oils only, e.g., Timken OK load, oxidative stability, air release properties, demulsibility, compatibility with various seals, rust and corrosion protection.
  • the components used in the examples are as follows:
  • PAO-6 and PAO-100 are polyalpha olefin ("PAO") base oils having viscosities of 6 cSt @ 100°C. and 100 cSt @ 100 ⁇ C, respectively.
  • HFTBO (&&& ⁇ &) is an isomerized base oil from Chevron Corporation of San Ramon, CA.
  • Additive 4 pssSeiex A£i) is an adipate ester solubility additive.
  • Additive S (Mokbe 3970) is a hindered ester additive.
  • Additive 6 (L ⁇ riz ⁇ ! 5058) is a gear oil additive package from Lubrizol.
  • Additive 7 (InfHaeum G-361) is another gear oil additive package, from Infineum International Ltd.
  • Additive 8 is a commercially available foam inhibitor additive. Table 2
  • gear oil compositions containing a mixture of isomerized base oils and PAO result in better lubrication, better load carrying capacity as shown by Timken OK Load, better oxidative property (as suggested by less increase in viscosity as shown by S-200 US Steel test), better load carrying capability as shown by Four Ball EP test, higher weld load, higher LW Index

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Abstract

L'invention porte sur une composition d'huile pour engrenages. La composition comprend une quantité suffisante d'une matrice d'huile de base isomérisée comprenant au moins une polyalphaoléfine pour que la composition d'huile pour engrenages présente une variation moyenne de volume d'un joint en caoutchouc comprise entre -10 et +10, un changement de dureté shore A compris entre -7 et +10 quand elle est testée avec SRE. NBR28 à 100°C pendant 168 heures selon DIN53521 et DIN53505, une augmentation de viscosité inférieure à 3 % dans l'essai de stabilité à l'oxydation US Steel S-200, une précipitation inférieure à 1 % dans l'essai de stabilité à l'oxydation US Steel S-200, et une charge Timken OK supérieure à 60 livres. L'huile de base isomérisée a des nombres consécutifs d'atomes de carbone et moins de 10 % en poids de carbone naphténique par la méthode n-d-M. Dans un mode de réalisation, la quantité suffisante d'huile de base isomérisée est comprise dans la plage entre 20 et 75 % en poids par rapport au poids total de la composition d'huile pour engrenages.
PCT/US2009/044772 2008-05-29 2009-05-21 Compositions d'huile pour engrenages, leurs procédés de fabrication et leur utilisation WO2009148837A2 (fr)

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CN2009801198144A CN102046763A (zh) 2008-05-29 2009-05-21 齿轮油组合物，其制备方法和应用
MX2010012391A MX2010012391A (es) 2008-05-29 2009-05-21 Composiciones de aceite para engranaje, metodos de fabricacion y de uso de las mismas.
BRPI0912510A BRPI0912510A2 (pt) 2008-05-29 2009-05-21 composição de óleo de engrenagem, e, método para melhorar as propriedades de estabilidade oxidativa e compatibilidade de vedação de uma composição de óleo de engrenagem
EP09758998A EP2285942A4 (fr) 2008-05-29 2009-05-21 Compositions d'huile pour engrenages, leurs procédés de fabrication et leur utilisation
CA2723292A CA2723292A1 (fr) 2008-05-29 2009-05-21 Compositions d'huile pour engrenages, leurs procedes de fabrication et leur utilisation
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WO2009148837A3 (fr) 2010-03-04
BRPI0912510A2 (pt) 2015-10-13
CN102046763A (zh) 2011-05-04
US20090298732A1 (en) 2009-12-03
EP2285942A4 (fr) 2012-09-19
EP2285942A2 (fr) 2011-02-23
CA2723292A1 (fr) 2009-12-10
MX2010012391A (es) 2010-12-02
JP2011522089A (ja) 2011-07-28

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