Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
  • C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
  • C08G18/74—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic
  • C08G18/75—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic cycloaliphatic
  • C08G18/751—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic cycloaliphatic containing only one cycloaliphatic ring
  • C08G18/752—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic cycloaliphatic containing only one cycloaliphatic ring containing at least one isocyanate or isothiocyanate group linked to the cycloaliphatic ring by means of an aliphatic group
  • C08G18/753—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic cycloaliphatic containing only one cycloaliphatic ring containing at least one isocyanate or isothiocyanate group linked to the cycloaliphatic ring by means of an aliphatic group containing one isocyanate or isothiocyanate group linked to the cycloaliphatic ring by means of an aliphatic group having a primary carbon atom next to the isocyanate or isothiocyanate group
  • C08G18/755—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic cycloaliphatic containing only one cycloaliphatic ring containing at least one isocyanate or isothiocyanate group linked to the cycloaliphatic ring by means of an aliphatic group containing one isocyanate or isothiocyanate group linked to the cycloaliphatic ring by means of an aliphatic group having a primary carbon atom next to the isocyanate or isothiocyanate group and at least one isocyanate or isothiocyanate group linked to a secondary carbon atom of the cycloaliphatic ring, e.g. isophorone diisocyanate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/08—Processes
  • C08G18/0804—Manufacture of polymers containing ionic or ionogenic groups
  • C08G18/0819—Manufacture of polymers containing ionic or ionogenic groups containing anionic or anionogenic groups
  • C08G18/0823—Manufacture of polymers containing ionic or ionogenic groups containing anionic or anionogenic groups containing carboxylate salt groups or groups forming them
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/08—Processes
  • C08G18/10—Prepolymer processes involving reaction of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen in a first reaction step
  • C08G18/12—Prepolymer processes involving reaction of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen in a first reaction step using two or more compounds having active hydrogen in the first polymerisation step
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/30—Low-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/32—Polyhydroxy compounds; Polyamines; Hydroxyamines
  • C08G18/3203—Polyhydroxy compounds
  • C08G18/3212—Polyhydroxy compounds containing cycloaliphatic groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/48—Polyethers
  • C08G18/4854—Polyethers containing oxyalkylene groups having four carbon atoms in the alkylene group
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/65—Low-molecular-weight compounds having active hydrogen with high-molecular-weight compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/66—Compounds of groups C08G18/42, C08G18/48, or C08G18/52
  • C08G18/6666—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52
  • C08G18/6692—Compounds of group C08G18/48 or C08G18/52 with compounds of group C08G18/34
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
  • C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
  • C08G18/74—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic
  • C08G18/76—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic
  • C08G18/7614—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic containing only one aromatic ring
  • C08G18/7628—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic containing only one aromatic ring containing at least one isocyanate or isothiocyanate group linked to the aromatic ring by means of an aliphatic group
  • C08G18/7642—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic containing only one aromatic ring containing at least one isocyanate or isothiocyanate group linked to the aromatic ring by means of an aliphatic group containing at least two isocyanate or isothiocyanate groups linked to the aromatic ring by means of an aliphatic group having a primary carbon atom next to the isocyanate or isothiocyanate groups, e.g. xylylene diisocyanate or homologues substituted on the aromatic ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D11/00—Inks
  • C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
  • C09D11/32—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents
  • C09D11/322—Pigment inks

Definitions

• This invention pertains to an inkjet ink, in particular to an aqueous inkjet ink comprising self-dispersible pigment and selected polyurethanes ink additives and to methods of using same.
• Pigments suitable for aqueous inkjet inks are in general well-known in the art. Traditionally, pigments were stabilized by dispersing agents, such as polymeric dispersants or surfactants, to produce a stable dispersion of the pigment in the vehicle. More recently “self-dispersible” or “self-dispersing” pigments (hereafter “SDP”) have been developed. SDPs are dispersible in water without dispersants. SDPs are often advantageous over traditional dispersant stabilized pigments due to greater stability and lower viscosity at the same pigment loading. This can provide greater formulation latitude in final ink.
• dispersing agents such as polymeric dispersants or surfactants
• Polyurethanes have been described as ink additives in US 7,176,248 and US20050176848. However, neither describes the combination of SDP and the urea terminated polyurethanes derived from alpha-omega diols and/or polyether diols.
• inks based on aqueous dispersions with polyurethane additives have provided improved ink jet inks for many aspects of ink jet printing
• the present invention satisfies this need by providing compositions having improved optical density, chroma, gloss, and distinctness of image (DOI) while maintaining other aspects of the ink, dispersion stability, long nozzle life and the like.
• An embodiment of the invention provides the addition of a urea terminated polyurethane derived from alpha-omega diols and/or polyether diols to an aqueous ink comprising SDP colorant to provide improved fastness of the printed image without compromising jetting performance.
• a further, embodiment provides improving the jetting performance of an ink comprising an SDP by the adding a urea terminated polyurethane derived from alpha-omega diols and/or polyether diols.
• urea terminated polyurethanes derived from alpha-omega diols and/or polyether diols, which comprises at least one compound of the general
• Ri is alkyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkyl/aryl from a diisocyanate
• R2 is alkyl, substituted/branched alkyl from a diol
• R 3 is alkyl, a non-isocyanate reactive substituted, or branched alkyl from the amine terminating group;
• R 4 is hydrogen, alkyl, a non-isocyanate reactive substituted, or branched alkyl from the amine terminating group; n is 2 to 30; and where R2 is Zi or Z 2 and at least one Zi and at least one Z 2 must be present in the polyurethane composition;
• R 5 Re each is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, and aryl; where the R 5 is the same or different for substituted methylene group where R 5 and R 5 or R 6 can be joined to form a cyclic structure;
• Z 2 is a diol substituted with an ionic group
• Ri is alkyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkyl/aryl from a diisocyanate
• R 2 is alkyl, substituted/branched alkyl from a diol
• R3 is alkyl, a non-isocyanate reactive substituted, or branched alkyl from the amine terminating group
• R 4 is hydrogen, alkyl, a non-isocyanate reactive substituted, or branched alkyl from the amine terminating group; n is 2 to 30; and where R 2 is Zi or Z 2 and at least one Zi and at least one Z 2 must be present in the polyurethane composition; wherein the urea content of the urea terminated polyurethanes ink additive is at least 2 wt % of the polyurethane resin.
• ink jet ink may optionally contain other additives and adjuvants well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• SDP colorant is a carbon black SDP colorant.
• an aqueous pigmented ink jet ink comprising an SDP with a polyurethane ink additive, having from about 0.05 to about 10 wt% polyurethane ink additive based on the total weight of the ink, having from about 0.1 to about 10 wt% pigment based on the total weight of the ink, a surface tension in the range of about 20 dyne/cm to about 70 dyne/cm at 25°C, and a viscosity of lower than about 30 cP at 25°C.
• an inkjet ink set for color printing comprising at least three differently colored inks (such as CMY), and preferably at least four differently colored inks (such as CMYK), wherein at least one of the inks is an aqueous inkjet ink.
• CMY differently colored inks
• CMYK differently colored inks
• Yet another embodiment provides the combination of self dispersed pigments and the selected polyurethane Ink additives to produce inks such that when images are printed, the images have optical densities which are improved over self dispersed pigments, and significantly improved gloss and distinctness of image, are also more smear resistant and more durable. These improvements enable the success of ink jet inks in making high color images, especially for photo printing.
• the ink sets in accordance with the present invention comprises at least three differently colored inks (such as CMY), and preferably at least four differently colored inks (such as CMYK), wherein at least one of the inks is an aqueous inkjet ink comprising:
• the ink set comprises at least 4 different colored inks (CMYK), wherein the black (K) ink comprises:
• the other inks of the ink set are preferably also aqueous inks, and may contain dyes, pigments or combinations thereof as the colorant.
• Such other inks are, in a general sense, well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• reference to enhanced or improved "print quality” means some aspect of optical density, gloss, and Distinctness of Image (DOI) of the printed images and fastness (resistance to ink removal from the printed image) is increased, including, for example, rub fastness (finger rub), water fastness (water drop) and smear fastness (highlighter pen stroke).
• DOI Distinctness of Image
• SDP means a self-dispersible” or “self-dispersing” pigments
• the term "dispersion” means a two phase system where one phase consists of finely divided particles (often in the colloidal size range) distributed throughout a bulk substance, the particles being the dispersed or internal phase and the bulk substance the continuous or external phase.
• the term "dispersant” means a surface active agent added to a suspending medium to promote uniform and maximum separation of extremely fine solid particles often of colloidal size.
• the dispersants are most often polymeric dispersants and usually the dispersants and pigments are combined using dispersing equipment.
• OD optical density
• Gloss means observation of reflected light from a printed surface, normally the printed substrate is glossy paper
• the term “Distinctness of Image (DOI)” means an aspect of gloss characterized by the sharpness of the image of objects produced by reflection as a surface, here a printed glossy paper.
• degree of functionalization refers to the amount of hydrophilic groups present on the surface of the SDP per unit surface area, measured in accordance with the method described further herein.
• aqueous vehicle refers to water or a mixture of water and at least one water-soluble organic solvent (co-solvent).
• ionizable groups means potentially ionic groups.
• Mn means number average molecular weight
• Mw weight average molecular weight
• Pd polydispersity which is the weight average molecular weight divided by the number average molecular weight.
• d50 means the particle size at which 50 % of the particles are smaller; “d95” means the particle size at which 95 % of the particles are smaller.
• cP means centipoise, a viscosity unit.
• pre-polymer means the polymer that is an intermediate in a polymerization process, and can be also be considered a polymer.
• AN acid number, mg KOH/gram of solid polymer.
• neutralizing agents means to embrace all types of agents that are useful for converting ionizable groups to the more hydrophilic ionic (salt) groups.
• PID means the polyurethanes dispersions described herein.
• BMEA bis (methoxyethyl) amine.
• DBTL means dibutyltin dilaurate.
• DMEA means dimethylethanolamine.
• DMIPA means dimethylisopropylamine.
• DMPA means dimethylol propionic acid.
• DMBA means dimethylol butyric acid.
• EDA means ethylenediamine.
• EDTA means ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
• HDI means 1 , 6-hexamethylene diisocyanate.
• GPC gel permeation chromatography.
• IPDI means isophorone diisocyanate.
• TMDI means thmethylhexamethylene diisocyanate.
• TMXDI means m-tetramethylene xylylene diisocyanate.
• ETEGMA//BZMA//MAA means the block copolymer of ethoxythethyleneglycol methacrylate, benzylmethacrylate and methacrylic acid.
• T650 means TERATHANE® 650; see below.
• PO3G means 1 , 3-propanediol.
• DMPA dimethylol propionic acid
• NMP n-Methyl pyrolidone
• TEA triethylamine
• TEOA triethanolamine
• TETA thethylenetetramine
• THF tetrahydrofuran
• Tetraglyme Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether
• TERATHANE 650 is a 650 molecular weight, polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG) from purchased from Invista, Wichita, KS.
• TERATHANE 250 is a 250 molecular weight, polytetramethylene ether glycol.
• the materials, methods, and examples herein are illustrative only and, except as explicitly stated, are not intended to be limiting. Colorant
• the pigment colorants of the present invention are specifically self-dispersing pigments.
• SDPs are surface modified with dispersibility imparting groups to allow stable dispersion without the need for a separate dispersant.
• the surface modification involves addition of hydrophilic groups, more specifically, ionizable hydrophilic groups.
• Methods of making SDPs are well known and can be found for example in US5554739 and US6852156.
• the SDP colorant can be further characterized according to its ionic character.
• Anionic SDP yields, in an aqueous medium, particles with anionic surface charge.
• cationic SDP yields, in an aqueous medium, particles with cationic surface charge.
• Particle surface charge can be imparted, for example, by attaching groups with anionic or cationic moieties to the particle surface.
• the SDP of the present invention are preferably, although not necessarily, anionic.
• Anionic moieties attached to the anionic SDP surface can be any suitable anionic moiety but are preferably compounds (A) or (B) as depicted below: -CO 2 Y (A) -SO 3 Y (B) where Y is selected from the group consisting of conjugate acids of organic bases; alkali metal ions; "onium” ions such as ammonium, phosphonium and sulfonium ions; and substituted "onium” ions such as tetraalkylammonium, tetraalkyl phosphonium and trialkyl sulfonium ions; or any other suitable cationic counterion.
• Useful anionic moieties also include phosphates and phosphonates.
• type A (“carboxylate”) anionic moieties which are described, for example, in US5571311 , US5609671 and US6852156;
• sulfonated (type B) SDPs may be used and have been described, for example, in US5571331 , US5928419 and EP-A-1146090.
• the particle size may generally be in the range of from about 0.005 microns to about 15 microns; more specifically, in the range of from about 0.005 to about 1 micron, more specifically from about 0.005 to about 0.5 micron, and more specifically, in the range of from about 0.01 to about 0.3 micron.
• the levels of SDPs employed in the inks instant invention are those levels needed to impart the desired optical density to the printed image. SDP levels may be in the range of about 0.01 to about 10% by weight of the ink.
• the SDPs may be black, such as those based on carbon black, or may be colored pigments such as those based on the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists Color Index pigments such as Pigment Blue PB15:3 and PB15:4 cyan, Pigment Red PR122 and PR123 magenta, and Pigment Yellow PY128 and PY74 yellow.
• the SDPs used in the present invention may be prepared, for example, by grafting a functional group or a molecule containing a functional group onto the surface of the pigment, or by physical treatment (such as vacuum plasma), or by chemical treatment (for example, by oxidation with ozone, hypochlorous acid or the like).
• a single type or a plurality of types of hydrophilic functional groups may be bonded to one pigment particle.
• the type and degree of functionalization may be properly determined by taking into consideration, for example, dispersion stability in ink, color density, and drying properties at the front end of an ink jet head.
• the hydrophilic functional group(s) on the SDP are primarily carboxyl groups, or a combination of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups; more specifically, the hydrophilic functional groups on the SDP are directly attached and are primarily carboxyl groups, or a combination of carboxyl and hydroxyl.
• Pigments having the hydrophilic functional group(s) directly attached may be produced, for example, according to methods disclosed in US6 852156 Carbon black treated by the method have a high surface-active hydrogen content which is base neutralized to provide stable dispersions in water.
• the preferred oxidant is ozone.
• the SDPs of the present invention may have a degree of functionalization wherein the density of anionic groups is less than about 3.5 ⁇ moles per square meter of pigment surface (3.5 ⁇ mol/m 2 ), and more specifically, less than about 3.0 ⁇ mol/m 2 . Degrees of functionalization of less than about 1.8 ⁇ mol/m 2 , and more specifically, less than about 1.5 ⁇ mol/m 2 , are also suitable and may be preferred for certain specific types of SDPs.
• the colorant in the ink of the present invention may comprises only SDP. If other pigment colorant is present as dispersant-stabilized pigment, the dispersant may be a structured or random polymer. Furthermore, when dispersant-stabilized pigment with structured polymer is present, the structured dispersant and the soluble structured polymer for the SDP are alternatively the same polymer.
• Aqueous Vehicle Selection of a suitable aqueous vehicle mixture depends on requirements of the specific application, such as desired surface tension and viscosity, the selected colorant, drying time of the ink, and the type of substrate onto which the ink will be printed. Representative examples of water-soluble organic solvents which may be utilized in the present invention are those that are disclosed in US5085698.
• the aqueous vehicle typically will contain about 30% to about 95% water with the balance (i.e., about 70% to about 5%) being the water-soluble solvent.
• Compositions of the present invention may contain about 60% to about 95% water, based on the total weight of the aqueous vehicle.
• the amount of aqueous vehicle in the ink is typically in the range of about 70% to about 99.8%, specifically about 80% to about 99.8%, based on total weight of the ink.
• the aqueous vehicle can be made to be fast penetrating (rapid drying) by including surfactants or penetrating agents such as glycol ethers and 1 ,2- alkanediols.
• surfactants include ethoxylated acetylene diols (e.g.
• the polyurethane ink additive are urea terminated polyurethanes of general Structure (I)
• Ri is alkyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkyl/aryl from a diisocyanate
• R2 is alkyl, substituted/branched alkyl from a diol
• R3 is alkyl, a non-isocyanate reactive substituted, or branched alkyl from the amine terminating group
• R 4 is hydrogen, alkyl, a non-isocyanate reactive substituted, or branched alkyl from the amine terminating group; n is 2 to 30; and where R2 is Z ⁇ or Z 2 and at least one Z ⁇ and at least one Z 2 must be present in the polyurethane composition;
• p is greater than or equal to 1 , when p is 1 , m is greater than or equal to 3 to about 30, when p is 2 or greater, m is greater than or equal to 3 to about 12;
• R 5 Re each is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, and aryl; where the R 5 is the same or different for substituted methylene group where the R 5 and R 5 or R 6 can be joined to form a cyclic structure;
• Z 2 is a diol substituted with an ionic group
• R 2 is alkyl, substituted/branched alkyl from a diol, R 3 is alkyl, a non-isocyanate reactive substituted, or branched alkyl from the amine terminating group; R 4 is hydrogen, alkyl, a non-isocyanate reactive substituted, or branched alkyl from the amine terminating group; n is 2 to 30; and where R2 is Zi or Z 2 and at least one Zi and at least one Z 2 must be present in the polyurethane composition; wherein the urea content of the urea terminated polyurethanes ink additive is at least 2 wt % of the polyurethane resin. wherein the urea content of the urea terminated polyurethanes ink additive is at least 2 wt% of the polyurethane resin. Structure (I) denotes the urea terminated polyurethanes ink additive and
• Structure (II) denotes the diol and polyether diol that is a building block for Structure (I).
• a diol is the primary isocyanate reactive group and when p is greater than one the diol is characterized as a polyether diol.
• the first step in the preparation is the preparation is the method of preparing an aqueous dispersion of an aqueous polyurethane composition of urea terminated polyurethanes comprising the steps:
• step (d) prior to, concurrently with or subsequent to step (c), chain-terminating the isocyanate-functional pre-polymer with a primary or secondary amine.
• the chain terminating amine is typically added prior to addition of water in an amount to react with substantially any remaining isocyanate functionality.
• the chain terminating amine is preferably a nonionic secondary amine.
• the hydrophilic reactant contains ionizable groups then, at the time of addition of water (step (c)), the ionizable groups may be ionized by adding acid or base (depending on the type of ionizable group) in an amount such that the polyurethane can be stably dispersed. This neutralization can occur at any convenient time during the preparation of the polyurethane. At some point during the reaction (generally after addition of water and after chain termination), the organic solvent is substantially removed under vacuum to produce an essentially solvent-free dispersion.
• the process used to prepare the polyurethane generally results in a urea-terminated polyurethane polymer of the above structure being present in the final product.
• the final product will typically be a mixture of products, of which a portion is the above urea terminated polyurethanes polymer, the other portion being a normal distribution of other polymer products and may contain varying ratios of unreacted monomers.
• the heterogeneity of the resultant polymer will depend on the reactants selected as well as reactant conditions chosen.
• the diol and polyether diol can be used separately or in mixtures.
• the amount of diol: polyether diol ranges from 0:100 to 100:0.
• the preferred number of methylene groups for the diol and polyetherdiol is at least 3 but less than about 25.
• the diol and/or polyether diol shown in Structure (II) may be blended with other oligomeric and/or polymer polyfunctional isocyanate-reactive compounds such as, for example, polyols, polyamines, polythiols, polythioamines, polyhydroxythiols and polyhydroxylamines.
• di- functional components such as, for example, polyether diols, polyester diols, polycarbonate diols, polyacrylate diols, polyolefin diols and silicone diols.
• the oligomers and polymers based on the polyether diol ⁇ where p is greater than 1 ⁇ shown in Structure (II), has from 2 to about 50 of the polyether diols shown in Structure (II), repeating unit, more specifically, about 5 to about 20 polyether diols shown in Structure (II).
• p denotes the number of repeating groups.
• R 5 and Re are hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl; where the R 5 is the same or different with each substituted methylene group and where R 5 and R 5 and R 6 can be joined to form a cyclic structure.
• the substituted alkyl preferably do not contain isocyanate reactive groups except as described below.
• the substituted alkyls are intended to be inert during the polyurethane preparation.
• lesser amounts of other units such as other polyalkylene ether repeating units derived from ethylene oxide and propylene oxide may be present.
• the amount of the ethylene glycols and 1.2- propylene glycols which are derived from epoxides such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, etc are limited to less than 10 % of the total polyether diol weight.
• a polyether diol may be derived from 1 , 3-propanediol,
• the employed PO3G may be obtained by any of the various well known chemical routes or by biochemical transformation routes.
• the 1 , 3-propanediol may be obtained biochemically from a renewable source ("biologically-derived" 1 , 3- propanediol).
• biologically-derived 1 , 3- propanediol
• the biochemically derived material described above may be 1 , 3-propanediol.
• the starting material for making the diol will depend on the desired polyether diol of Structure (II) (p is greater than 1 ), availability of starting materials, catalysts, equipment, etc., and comprises "1 , 3 to 1 , 12-diol reactant.”
• “1 , 3 to 1 , 12-diol reactant” means 1 , 3 to 1 , 12-diol, and oligomers and pre-polymers of 1 , 3 to 1 , 10- diol preferably having a degree of polymerization of 2 to 50, and mixtures thereof. In some instances, it may be desirable to use up to 10% or more of low molecular weight oligomers where they are available.
• the starting material comprises 1 , 3 to 1 , 10-diol and the dimer and trimer thereof.
• An particular embodiment of starting material is comprised of about 90% by weight or more 1 ,3 to 1 ,10-diol , and more specifically, 99% by weight or more 1 ,3 to 1 ,10-diol , based on the weight of the 1 ,3 to 1 ,10-diol reactant.
• the polyether diol shown in Structure (II) may contain lesser amounts of other polyalkylene ether repeating units in addition to the 3-12 methylene ether units.
• the monomers for use in preparing poly(3- 12)methylene ether glycol can, therefore, contain up to 50% by weight (specifically, about 20 wt% or less, more specifically, about 10 wt% or less, and still more specifically, about 2 wt% or less), of comonomer diols in addition to the 1 ,3-propanediol reactant.
• Comonomer diols that are suitable for use in the process include aliphatic diols, for example, ethylene glycol, 1 ,6-hexanediol, 1 ,8-octanediol,; cycloaliphatic diols, for example, 1 ,4-cyclohexanediol, 1 ,4-cyclohexanedimethanol; and polyhydroxy compounds, for example, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, and pentaerythritol.
• aliphatic diols for example, ethylene glycol, 1 ,6-hexanediol, 1 ,8-octanediol
• cycloaliphatic diols for example, 1 ,4-cyclohexanediol, 1 ,4-cyclohexanedimethanol
• polyhydroxy compounds for example, glycerol, trimethylolpropane
• the polyether diol shown in Structure (II) useful in practicing this invention can contain small amounts of other repeat units, for example, from aliphatic or aromatic diacids or diesters,
• This type of the polyether diol shown in Structure (II) can also be called a "random polymethylene ether ester", and can be prepared by polycondensation of 1 ,3 to 1 ,12-diol reactant and about 10 to about 0.1 mole% of aliphatic or aromatic diacid or esters thereof, such as terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, bibenzoic acid, naphthalic acid, 4,4'-sulfonyl dibenzoic acid, p-
• ком ⁇ онент (II) (p is greater than 1 ) is used for the diol of the invention a number average molecular weight (Mn) may be in the range of about 200 to about 5000, and more specifically from about 240 to about 3600. Blends of the polyether diol shown in Structure (II) can also be used.
• the polyether diol shown in Structure (II) can comprise a blend of a higher and a lower molecular weight, the polyether diol shown in Structure (II) where the higher molecular weight polyether diol shown in Structure (II) has a number average molecular weight of from about 1000 to about 5000, and the lower molecular weight polyether diol shown in Structure (II) has a number average molecular weight of from about 200 to about 750.
• the Mn of the blended polyether diol shown in Structure (II) may still be in the range of from about 250 to about 3600.
• the polyether diol shown in Structure (II) preferred for use herein are typically polydisperse polymers having a polydispersity (i.e.
• Mw/Mn preferably from about 1.0 to about 2.2, more specifically, from about 1.2 to about 2.2, and still more specifically, from about 1.5 to about 2.1.
• the polydispersity can be adjusted by using blends of the polyether diol shown in Structure (II).
• the polyether diol shown in Structure (II) for use in the present invention preferably has a color value of less than about 100 APHA, and more specifically, less than about 50 APHA.
• the polyether diol shown in Structure (II) may be blended with other polyfunctional isocyanate-reactive components, most notably oligomeric and/or polymeric polyols.
• Suitable other diols contain at least two hydroxyl groups, and have a molecular weight of from about 60 to about 6000.
• the polymeric other diols are best defined by the number average molecular weight, and can range from about 200 to about 6000, specifically, from about 400 to about 3000, and more specifically from about 600 to about 2500.
• the molecular weights can be determined by hydroxyl group analysis (OH number).
• polymeric polyols examples include polyesters, polyethers, polycarbonates, polyacetals, poly(meth)acrylates, polyester amides, polythioethers and mixed polymers such as a polyester-polycarbonates where both ester and carbonate linkages are found in the same polymer. A combination of these polymers can also be used.
• a polyester polyol and a poly (meth) acrylate polyol may be used in the same polyurethane synthesis.
• Suitable polyester polyols include reaction products of polyhydhc, specifically, dihydric alcohols to which trihydric alcohols may optionally be added, and polybasic (preferably dibasic) carboxylic acids.
• the polycarboxylic acids may be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic and/or heterocyclic or mixtures thereof and they may be substituted, for example, by halogen atoms, and/or unsaturated.
• Suitable polyether polyols that can be used in addition to the polyether diols of Structure (II) are obtained in a known manner by reacting the starting compounds that contain reactive hydrogen atoms with alkylene oxides such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, styrene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, epichlorohydhn or mixtures of these.
• alkylene oxides such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, styrene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, epichlorohydhn or mixtures of these.
• the polyethers may not contain more than about 10% by weight of ethylene oxide units. More preferably, polyethers obtained without the addition of ethylene oxide may be used.
• mono-functional and even small portions of trifunctional and higher functional components generally known in polyurethane chemistry such as thmethylolpropane or 4-isocyanantomethyl-1 ,8-octamethylene diisocyanate, may be used in cases in which branching of the NCO pre-polymer or polyurethane is desired.
• the NCO-functional pre-polymers should be substantially linear, and this may be achieved by maintaining the average functionality of the pre-polymer starting components at or below 2.1.
• Similar NCO reactive materials can be used as described for hydroxy containing compounds and polymers, but which contain other NCO reactive groups.
• Examples include dithiols, diamines, thioamines and even hydroxythiols and hydroxylamines. These can either be compounds or polymers with the molecular weights or number average molecular weights as described for the polyols.
• Suitable polyisocyanates are those that contain either aromatic, cycloaliphatic or aliphatic groups bound to the isocyanate groups. Mixtures of these compounds may also be used. Preferred are compounds with isocyanates bound to a cycloaliphatic or aliphatic moieties. If aromatic isocyanates are used, cycloaliphatic or aliphatic isocyanates are preferably present as well. Ri can be preferably substituted with aliphatic groups.
• Diisocyanates are preferred, and any diisocyanate useful in preparing polyurethanes and/or polyurethane-ureas from polyether glycols, diisocyanates and diols or amine can be used in this invention.
• suitable diisocyanates include, but are not limited to, 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI); 2,6-toluene diisocyanate; trimethyl hexamethylene diisocyanate (TMDI); 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI); 4,4'-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate (Hi 2 MDI); 3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-biphenyl diisocyanate (TODI); Dodecane diisocyanate (C12DI); m-tetramethylene xylylene diisocyanate (TMXDI); 1 ,4-benzene diisocyanate; trans-cycl
• monoisocyanates or polyisocyanates can be used in mixture with the diisocyanate.
• useful monoisocyanates include alkyl isocyanates such as octadecyl isocyanate and aryl isocyanates such as phenyl isocyanate.
• alkyl isocyanates such as octadecyl isocyanate
• aryl isocyanates such as phenyl isocyanate.
• Example of a polyisocyanate are triisocyanatotoluene HDI trimer (Desmodur 3300), and polymeric MDI (Mondur MR and MRS). Chain Termination Reactant for the Urea Terminated Polyurethanes Additive
• the terminating agent is a primary or secondary monoamine which is added to make the urea termination.
• the terminating agent is shown as R 3 (R 4 ) N- substituent on the polyurethane.
• the substitution for R 3 and R 4 include hydrogen, alkyl, a substituted/branched alkyl, isocyanate reactive where the substituent can be a isocyanate reactive group selected from hydroxyl, carboxyl, mercapto, amido and other ones which have less isocyanate reactivity than primary or secondary amine. At least one of the R 3 and R 4 must be other than hydrogen.
• R 3 and R 4 may be connected to form a cyclic compound.
• the cyclic compound may also have oxygen in a cyclic compound.
• the amount of chain terminator employed should be approximately equivalent to the unreacted isocyanate groups in the pre-polymer.
• the ratio of active hydrogens from amine in the chain terminator to isocyanate groups in the pre- polymer are in the range from about 1.0:1 to about 1.2:1 , more specifically, from about 1.0:1.1 to about 1.1 :1 , and still more specifically, from about 1.0:1.05 to about 1.1 :1 , on an equivalent basis.
• any isocyanate groups that are not terminated with an amine can react with other isocyanate reactive functional group and/or water the ratios of chain termination to isocyanate group is chosen to assure urea termination. Amine termination of the polyurethane is avoided by the choice and amount of chain terminating agent leading to an urea terminated polyurethane which has improved molecular weight control and improved properties as a particle dispersant.
• Aliphatic primary or secondary monoamines are preferred.
• Example of monoamines useful as chain terminators include, but are not restricted to, butylamine, hexylamine, 2-ethylhexyl amine, dodecyl amine, diisopropanol amine, stearyl amine, dibutyl amine, dinonyl amine, bis(2-ethylhexyl) amine, diethylamine, bis(methoxyethyl)amine, N- methylstearyl amine, diethanolamine and N-methyl aniline.
• Other non-ionic hydrophilic secondary amines include heterocyclic structures such as morpholine and similar secondary nitrogen heterocycles.
• a preferred isocyanate reactive chain terminator is bis (methoxyethyl) amine (BMEA).
• BMEA bis (methoxyethyl) amine
• the bis (methoxyethyl) amine is part of a preferred class of urea terminating reactant where the substituents are non reactive in the isocyanate chemistry, but are nonionic hydrophilic groups. This nonionic hydrophilic group provides the urea terminated polyether diol polyurethane with more water compatible.
• Any primary or secondary monoamines substituted with less isocyanate reactive groups may be used as chain terminators. Less isocyanate reactive groups could be hydroxyl, carboxyl, amide and mercapto.
• Example of monoamines useful as chain terminators include but are not restricted to monoethanolamine, 3-amino-1- propanol, isopropanolamine, N-ethylethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, 6- aminocaproic acid, 8-aminocaprylic acid, 3-aminoadipic acid, and lysine.
• Chain terminating agents may include those with two less isocyanate reactive groups such as glutamine.
• a preferred isocyanate reactive chain terminator is diethanolamine.
• the diethanolamine is part of a preferred class of urea terminating reactant where the substituents are hydroxyl functionalities which can provide improved pigment wetting.
• the relative reactivity of the amine versus the less isocyanate reactive group and the mole ratios of NCO and the chain terminating amine produce the urea terminated polyurethanes.
• the urea content of the urea terminated polyurethanes in weight percent of the polyurethane is determined by dividing the mass of chain terminator by the sum of the other polyurethane components including the chain terminating agent.
• the urea content is from about 2 wt % to about 14 wt %.
• the urea content is preferably from about 2.5. wt % to about 10.5 wt %.
• the 2 wt % occurs when the polyether diols used are large, for instance Mn is greater than about 4000 and/or the molecular weight of the isocyanate is high. Diol substituted with an ionic group
• the Diol substituted with an ionic group contains ionic and/or ionizable groups.
• these reactants will contain one or two, more preferably two, isocyanate reactive groups, as well as at least one ionic or ionizable group.
• the reactant containing the ionic group is designated as Z 2 .
• ionic dispersing groups include carboxylate groups (-COOM), phosphate groups (-OPO 3 M 2 ), phosphonate groups (-PO 3 M 2 ), sulfonate groups (- SO 3 M), quaternary ammonium groups (-NR 3 Y, wherein Y is a monovalent anion such as chlorine or hydroxyl), or any other effective ionic group.
• M is a cation such as a monovalent metal ion (e.g., Na + , K + , Li + , etc.), H + , NR 4 + , and each R can be independently an alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, or hydrogen.
• These ionic dispersing groups are typically located pendant from the polyurethane backbone.
• the ionizable groups in general correspond to the ionic groups, except they are in the acid (such as carboxyl -COOH) or base (such as primary, secondary or tertiary amine -NH 2 , -NRH, or -NR 2 ) form.
• the ionizable groups are such that they are readily converted to their ionic form during the dispersion/polymer preparation process as discussed below.
• the ionic or potentially ionic groups are chemically incorporated into the urea terminated polyurethanes in an amount to provide an ionic group content (with neutralization as needed) sufficient to render the polyurethane dispersible in the aqueous medium of the dispersion.
• Typical ionic group content will range from about 10 up to about 210 milliequivalents (meq), specifically, from about 20 to about 140 meq. per 100 g of polyurethane, and more specifically, less than about 90 meq per 100 g of urea terminated polyurethanes.
• Suitable compounds for incorporating these groups include (1 ) monoisocyanates or diisocyanates which contain ionic and/or ionizable groups, and (2) compounds which contain both isocyanate reactive groups and ionic and/or ionizable groups.
• isocyanate reactive groups is taken to include groups well known to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art to react with isocyanates, and preferably hydroxyl, primary amino and secondary amino groups.
• isocyanates that contain ionic or potentially ionic groups are sulfonated toluene diisocyanate and sulfonated diphenylmethanediisocyanate.
• the isocyanate reactive groups are typically amino and hydroxyl groups.
• the potentially ionic groups or their corresponding ionic groups may be cationic or anionic, although the anionic groups are preferred.
• anionic groups include carboxylate and sulfonate groups.
• cationic groups include quaternary ammonium groups and sulfonium groups.
• the groups can be carboxylic acid groups, carboxylate groups, sulphonic acid groups, sulphonate groups, phosphoric acid groups and phosphonate groups.
• the acid salts are formed by neutralizing the corresponding acid groups either prior to, during or after formation of the NCO pre- polymer, preferably after formation of the NCO pre-polymer.
• Preferred carboxylic group-containing compounds are the hydroxy-carboxylic acids corresponding to the structure (HO) j Q(COOH) k wherein Q represents a straight or branched, hydrocarbon radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, j is 1 or 2, preferably 2 and k is 1 to 3, preferably 1 or 2 and more preferably 1.
• hydroxy-carboxylic acids examples include citric acid, tartaric acid and hydroxypivalic acid.
• dihydroxy alkanoic acids are described in US3412054, Especially preferred dihydroxy alkanoic acids are the alpha, alpha- dimethylol alkanoic acids represented by the structural formula:
• a sufficient amount of the acid groups must be neutralized so that, the resulting polyurethane will remain stably dispersed in the aqueous medium.
• at least about 75%, preferably at least about 90%, of the acid groups are neutralized to the corresponding carboxylate salt groups.
• Suitable neutralizing agents for converting the acid groups to salt groups either before, during, or after their incorporation into the NCO pre-polymers include tertiary amines, alkali metal cations and ammonia.
• Preferred thalkyl substitiuted tertiary amines such as thethyl amine, tripropyl amine, dimethylcyclohexyl amine, and dimethylethyl amine.
• Neutralization may take place at any point in the process.
• a typical procedure includes at least some neutralization of the pre-polymer, which is then chain extended in water in the presence of additional neutralizing agent.
• the acid groups are incorporated in an amount sufficient to provide an acid group content for the urea-terminated polyurethane, known by those skilled in the art as acid number ⁇ AN ⁇ (mg KOH per gram solid polymer), of at least about 6, preferably at least about 10 milligrams KOH per 1.0 gram of polyurethane and even more preferred 20 milligrams KOH per 1.0 gram of polyurethane.
• the upper limit for the acid number (AN) is about 120, specifically, about 90, and even more specifically, 60.
• the urea terminated polyurethanes ink additive has a number average molecular weight of about 2000 to about 30,000. Preferably the molecular weight is about 3000 to 20000.
• These urea terminated polyurethanes can also function as polymeric dispersants. In fact, those that have formulations that when used as dispersants and produce a pigments dispersion which pass the salt stability test shown above, can be considered ISD dispersants.
• Combinations of two or more polyurethane additives of which one or more are crosslinked may also be utilized in the formulation of the ink.
• the polyurethane ink additive is generally stable aqueous dispersion of polyurethane particles having a solids content of up to about 60% by weight, specifically, about 15 to about 60% by weight and most specifically, about 30 to about 45% by weight. However, it is always possible to dilute the dispersions to any minimum solids content desired.
• ingredients may be formulated into the inkjet ink, to the extent that such other ingredients do not interfere with the stability and jetability of the ink, which may be readily determined by routine experimentation. Such other ingredients are in a general sense well known in the art.
• Biocides may be used to inhibit growth of microorganisms.
• sequestering (or chelating) agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), iminodiacetic acid (IDA), ethylenediamine- di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (EDDHA), nitrilothacetic acid (NTA), dihydroxyethylglycine (DHEG), trans-1 ,2- cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (CyDTA), dethylenetriamine-N,N,N',N", N"-pentaacetic acid (DTPA), and glycoletherdiamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (GEDTA), and salts thereof, may be advantageous, for example, to eliminate deleterious effects of heavy metal impurities.
• Ink Properties such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), iminodiacetic acid (IDA), ethylenediamine- di(o-hydroxypheny
• Pigmented ink jet inks typically have a surface tension in the range of about 20 dyne/cm to about 70 dyne/cm at 25°C. Viscosity can be as high as 30 cP at 25°C, but is typically somewhat lower.
• the ink has physical properties compatible with a wide range of ejecting conditions, i.e., driving frequency of the piezo element, or ejection conditions for a thermal head, for either a drop-on-demand device or a continuous device, and the shape and size of the nozzle.
• the inks should have excellent storage stability for long periods so as not to clog to a significant extent in an ink jet apparatus. Further, the ink should not corrode parts of the ink jet printing device it comes in contact with, and it should be essentially odorless and non-toxic.
• the inventive ink set is particularly suited to lower viscosity applications such as those required by thermal phntheads.
• the viscosity (at 25 0 C) of the inventive inks and fixer can be less than about 7 cP, is preferably less than about 5 cP, and most advantageously is less than about 3.5 cP.
• Thermal inkjet actuators rely on instantaneous heating/bubble formation to eject ink drops and this mechanism of drop formation generally requires inks of lower viscosity.
• the instant invention is particularly advantageous for printing on plain paper, such as common electrophotographic copier paper and photo paper, glossy paper and similar papers used in inkjet printers.
• the extent of polyurethane reaction was determined by detecting NCO% by dibutylamine titration, a common method in urethane chemistry. In this method, a sample of the NCO containing pre-polymer is reacted with a known amount of dibutylamine solution and the residual amine is back titrated with HCI. Particle Size Measurements
• the particle size for the polyurethane dispersions, pigments and the inks were determined by dynamic light scattering using a MICROTRAC UPA 150 analyzer from Honeywell/Microtrac (Montgomeryville PA).
• This technique is based on the relationship between the velocity distribution of the particles and the particle size.
• Laser generated light is scattered from each particle and is Doppler shifted by the particle Brownian motion.
• the frequency difference between the shifted light and the unshifted light is amplified, digitalized and analyzed to recover the particle size distribution.
• Solid content for the solvent free polyurethane dispersions was measured with a moisture analyzer, model MA50 from Sartohus.
• high boiling solvent such as NMP, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether
• the solid content was then determined by the weight differences before and after baking in 150 0 C oven for 180 minutes.
• MW characterization of the polvurethane additive All molecular weights were determined by GPC using poly (methyl methacrylate) standards with tetrahydrofuran as the elutent.
• the molecular weight of the polyurethane may be calculated or predicted based on the NCO/OH ratio and the molecular weight of the monomers Molecular weight is also a characteristic of the polyurethane that can be used to define a polyurethane.
• the molecular weight is routinely reported as number average molecular weight, Mw.
• Mw number average molecular weight
• the preferred molecular weight range is 2000 to 30000, or more preferable 3000 to 20000.
• the preferred molecular weight is more than 30,000 as Mn.
• the polyurethane additives are not limited to Gaussian distribution of molecular weight, but may have other distributions such as bimodal distributions.
• a 2L reactor was loaded with 70.9 1 , 6-hexane diol, 55.3 g tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and 21.5 g dimethylol prophonic acid. The mixture was heated to 110°C with N2 purge for 30 min. Then the reaction was cooled to 80°C, and 0.5 g dibutyl tin dilaurate was added. Over 30 minute's 185.8 g isophorone diisocyanate was added followed by 45.8 g tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether. The reaction was held at 85°C for 2 hours when the % NCO was below 2.1 %. Then, 20.3 g bis (2- methoxy ethyl) amine was added over 5 minutes.
• the polyurethane solution was inverted under high speed mixing by adding a mixture of 45% KOH (15.7 g) and 222 g water followed by additional 489 g water.
• the preparation was identical to Polyurethane Ink Additive Example 2 except that PO3G 500 was used instead of Terathane and the formulation was adjusted for molecular weight differences in order to maintain the same NCO/OH ratio.
• TXDI m-tetramethylene xylylene diisocyanate
• the urea content is 8.8 %.
• Feed I [tetrabutyl ammonium m-chlorobenzoate, 0.33 ml of a 1.0 M solution in acetonitrile and THF, 16.92 gm] was started and added over 185 minutes.
• Feed Il [thmethylsilyl methacrylate, 152.00 gm (0.962 moles)] was started at 0.0 minutes and added over 45 minutes.
• Feed III [benzyl methacrylate, 211.63 gm (1.20 moles) was started and added over 30 minutes.
• the Self Dispersed Pigment 1 was prepared by methods described in previously referred to US 6,852,156 Example 3.
• the Self Dispersed Pigment 2 was a Cabojet 300 from Cabot from the Cabot
• the printing of the test examples was done in the following manner unless otherwise indicated.
• the printing for the Self Dispersed Pigments inks was done on a piezo Epson 980 printer (Epson America Inc, Long Beach, Calif.) using the black phnthead which has a nominal resolution of 720 dots per inch for plain paper and 1440 dpi for the glossy paper.
• the printing was done in the software-selected standard print mode. Printing in the normal mode was assigned a 100 % coverage. For 80 % coverage prints the printer was set for 80 % coverage.
• the coverage that an inkjet printer puts down on a substrate is usually controlled by the printer software and can be set in the printer settings.
• a 100 % setting means that the inkjet printer fires enough dots to cover at least 100 % of an area. This usually means that the dots spread and overlap each other.
• an 80 % coverage is set in the controller likely 20 % fewer dots are put down by the printer in a given area. This can lead to parts of the substrate with no ink on it. OD, Gloss and Distinctness of Image are negatively impacted at 80 % coverage.
• Printing tests were also done with a thermal ink jet printer, an HP6122. The optical density and chroma were measured using a Greytag-Macbeth SpectoEye instrument (Greytag-Macbeth AG, Regensdorf, Switzerland).
• Plain paper Optical Density values are the average of readings from prints made on three different plain papers: Hammermill Copy Plus paper, Hewlett- Packard Office paper and Xerox 4024 paper.
• the glossy paper results are from prints made using Epson Glossy Photo Paper, SO41286. Also printed was SO41062 is Epson Photo Quality InkJet Paper (Matte Paper). Gloss was measured using a BYK-Gardner Micro-Th-Gloss gloss meter (Gardner Co., Pompano Beach, Florida). An angle of 60° was chosen to maximize the gloss reading.
• Inks prepared using the Self Dispersed Pigments were printed and the optical properties measured. DOI was measured on a BYK-Gardner Wave Scan DOI.
• inventive inks were made by adding the following components to the pigment dispersion in a manner similar to Comparative Ink Examples noted above except Polyurethane Ink Additives were added. All amounts shown are in weight percent. Water makes up the balance of the ink. Pigment 3 to 6 % Polyurethane additive 1 to 3 %
• SDP example 1 The print coverage for Table 2 is 100 % with three different papers: Hammermill CopyPlus(HCP), Xerox and Epson Glossy Photo Paper (EPGG). The gloss was measured at 60° Table 2 Inventive Inks: SDP plus Polyurethane Additives
• inventive inks with polyurethanes provide superior print properties when compared to SDPs with acrylic polymer additives, especially relative to the Gloss and Distinctness of Image.

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