WO2009139443A1 - Agent and method for control of composting - Google Patents

Agent and method for control of composting Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009139443A1
WO2009139443A1 PCT/JP2009/058999 JP2009058999W WO2009139443A1 WO 2009139443 A1 WO2009139443 A1 WO 2009139443A1 JP 2009058999 W JP2009058999 W JP 2009058999W WO 2009139443 A1 WO2009139443 A1 WO 2009139443A1
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composting
polysaccharide
gum
raw material
degrading enzyme
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PCT/JP2009/058999
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French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
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浩 亦野
稔正 杉江
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株式会社 メニコン
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/20—Bacteria; Culture media therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/10—Addition or removal of substances other than water or air to or from the material during the treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/20—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation using specific microorganisms or substances, e.g. enzymes, for activating or stimulating the treatment
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/141—Feedstock
    • Y02P20/145—Feedstock the feedstock being materials of biological origin
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a composting regulator used by mixing with compost raw material when composting the compost raw material, and a method for adjusting composting of the compost raw material using the composting regulator.
  • Biomass such as livestock excrement, sewage surplus sludge and food waste is known as an organic resource derived from living organisms. Sewage surplus sludge is sludge obtained by biologically treating organic waste containing nitrogen discharged as sewage. Biomass is attracting attention because it contains elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium necessary for plant growth and can be reused as compost. However, most biomass cannot be used as compost as it is, and requires treatment for removing odorous components such as ammonia and reducing the water content. Such treatment can be performed, for example, by decomposing and fermenting microorganisms that are unevenly distributed in nature by leaving the biomass resources in the natural environment. However, in that case, there is a problem that a bad odor is generated due to the generation of fatty acid, amine, or the like, and it takes a long time to complete the treatment.
  • water content of the compost raw materials is generally reduced by mixing water-absorbing natural fiber materials such as bark, sawdust and rice husks with the compost raw materials.
  • the amount of fiber material that needs to be mixed to sufficiently reduce the moisture content of the compost material can be several times the amount of compost material, in which case the compost material and fiber material mixture The bulk will increase greatly. This causes a long time for composting.
  • Patent Documents 1 to 3 describe improved methods for composting high water content compost materials. Specifically, Patent Document 1 discloses mixing sawdust and a sodium polyacrylate cross-linked product that is a highly water-absorbent resin into livestock excrement when composting livestock excrement. Patent Document 2 discloses a composting aid composed of poly- ⁇ -glutamic acid, which is a superabsorbent polymer. Patent Document 3 discloses a composting aid comprising a crosslinked product of an oxidized polysaccharide (for example, cellulose). The composting aids disclosed in Patent Documents 2 and 3 are applied to compost raw materials in order to gel or solidify the compost raw materials.
  • Patent Document 1 discloses mixing sawdust and a sodium polyacrylate cross-linked product that is a highly water-absorbent resin into livestock excrement when composting livestock excrement.
  • Patent Document 2 discloses a composting aid composed of poly- ⁇ -glutamic acid, which is a superabsorbent polymer.
  • Patent Document 3 discloses
  • the product is harder to be decomposed by polysaccharide-degrading bacteria than polysaccharides, and the optimal temperature for growth of polysaccharide-degrading bacteria is lower than the high temperature of the composting material during fermentation, so composting of the composting material is completed In addition, there is a problem in that the degradation of the cross-linked product of the oxidized polysaccharide is not completed.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide a composting adjusting agent and a composting adjusting method capable of solving the problems of the conventional techniques as described above.
  • the present inventors have found the usefulness of a specific naturally-occurring thickening polysaccharide in composting a compost raw material, and have completed the present invention. That is, in order to achieve the above object, in the first aspect of the present invention, the naturally-derived thickening polysaccharide and aerobic that are at least one selected from guar gum, xanthan gum, gum arabic, locust bean gum, tara gum and gati gum A composting regulator containing microorganisms is provided.
  • the thickening polysaccharide contained in the composting regulator is preferably biodegradable.
  • the aerobic microorganism contained in the composting regulator is preferably an aerobic thermophilic bacterium.
  • the composting modifier may further contain a water-absorbing fiber material.
  • the water-absorbing fiber material is a plant organic material, more specifically, pulp, cotton rita, bark, sawdust, rice husk, rice straw, corn straw, bagasse, soybean meal, bran, rapeseed meal, coffee cake, tea It is preferably at least one selected from rice bran, rice bran, and okara.
  • the composting regulator may further contain a polysaccharide-degrading enzyme.
  • the polysaccharide-degrading enzyme is preferably active at least under basic conditions.
  • the polysaccharide degrading enzyme is, for example, at least one selected from cellulose degrading enzymes and hemicellulose degrading enzymes.
  • a composting adjustment method comprising a step of mixing the composting adjustment agent according to the first aspect with compost raw materials.
  • the compost raw material mixed with the composting regulator is, for example, hydrous biomass.
  • the composting regulator according to the present embodiment contains a specific naturally-derived thickening polysaccharide and an aerobic microorganism.
  • the composting adjusting agent is used by mixing with compost raw material when composting the compost raw material.
  • the compost raw material is composted by high-temperature decomposition treatment with aerobic microorganisms after mixing with a composting regulator.
  • the compost raw material used is, for example, hydrous biomass.
  • Specific examples of compost raw materials include excrement (feces and urine) of livestock such as cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, and chickens, sewage treatment sludge, and food waste such as food waste. Things. It is also possible to use a highly water-containing compost raw material that has conventionally been required to mix a large amount of water-absorbing natural fiber materials such as sawdust.
  • the thickening polysaccharide contained in the composting regulator is at least one selected from guar gum, xanthan gum, gum arabic, locust bean gum, tara gum and gati gum.
  • the thickening polysaccharide serves to gel or solidify the compost raw material, that is, to increase the viscosity of the compost raw material. Guar gum and locust bean gum are preferred in that they have a particularly strong function of increasing the viscosity of the compost raw material.
  • the thickening polysaccharide is preferably biodegradable. In this case, even if the thickening polysaccharide remains in the compost obtained by composting the compost raw material, the thickening polysaccharide is finally biodegraded.
  • the aerobic microorganisms contained in the composting regulator act to actively ferment the compost raw material and compost the compost raw material.
  • the aerobic microorganism is, for example, at least one selected from aerobic thermophilic bacteria and aerobic mesophilic bacteria, preferably aerobic thermophilic bacteria. It is preferable that the aerobic mesophilic bacterium can grow at least in a temperature range from room temperature (about 20 ° C) to about 55 ° C.
  • the aerobic mesophilic bacterium can raise the temperature during fermentation of the compost raw material to, for example, an intermediate temperature range of about 45 ° C. to about 55 ° C.
  • the aerobic thermophile is preferably capable of growing at a temperature of at least about 55 ° C or higher.
  • the aerobic thermophilic bacterium can raise the temperature during fermentation of the compost raw material to a high temperature range of about 60 ° C. to about 95 ° C., for example.
  • aerobic mesophilic bacterium and the aerobic thermophilic bacterium include, for example, Bacillus ⁇ alvei, Bacillus amylolyticus, Bacillus azotofixans, Bacillus circulatory ( Bacillus circulans), Bacillus glucanolyticus, Bacillus larvae, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentimorbus, Bacillus ⁇ macerans, Bacillus macerans Encis (Bacillus macquariensis), Bacillus bulpabuli, Bacillus polymyxa, Bacillus popilliae, Bacillus opsychrosaccharolyticus, Bacillus ⁇ ⁇ psychrosaccharolyticus Bacillus pulvifaciens, Bacillus thiaminolyticus, Bacillus validus, Bacillus usalcalophilus, Bacillus ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ Caroterum (Bacillus carotarum), Bacillus firmus
  • Mixing of aerobic microorganisms into the composting regulator may be performed by blending seed material containing aerobic microorganisms with the composting regulator, or composting containing aerobic microorganisms as a composting regulator. It may be carried out by blending, i.e. back composting.
  • the composting regulator may be prepared by using an inoculum material containing aerobic microorganisms or compost.
  • the compost used in the return compost may be a commercially available compost or a compost obtained by composting the compost raw material after the composting adjusting agent is mixed.
  • the inoculum material for example, a trade name Thermomaster manufactured by Menicon Corporation can be used.
  • the composting regulator may further contain a water-absorbing fiber material.
  • the water-absorbing fiber material is preferably a vegetable natural organic material because it is readily available and biodegradable. Specific examples of the water-absorbing fiber material include, for example, pulp, cotton rita, bark, sawdust, rice husk, rice straw, corn koji, bagasse, soybean koji, bran, rapeseed koji, coffee koji, tea koji, rice koji, and Okara is mentioned. These organic fiber materials not only serve to reduce the moisture content of the compost raw material, but also serve to promote the growth of aerobic microorganisms as feed for aerobic microorganisms.
  • the composting regulator may contain a combination of two or more water-absorbing fiber materials.
  • the water-absorbing fiber material is preferably subjected in advance to a treatment such as drying for reducing the moisture content in order to enhance the function of reducing the moisture content of the compost raw material.
  • the composting regulator may further contain a polysaccharide-degrading enzyme.
  • the polysaccharide-degrading enzyme serves to catalyze the decomposition of the thickening polysaccharide in the composting regulator mixed with the compost raw material and the polysaccharide contained in the compost raw material.
  • Specific examples of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes include cellulase (cellulose-degrading enzyme) that hydrolyzes cellulose or its derivatives, hemicellulase (hemicellulose-degrading enzyme) that hydrolyzes hemicellulose or its derivatives, and pectin or its derivatives. Examples include pectinase (pectin-degrading enzyme) that degrades.
  • the polysaccharide-degrading enzyme is preferably at least one selected from cellulase and hemicellulase. Composting of the compost raw material is promoted by decomposing the polysaccharide in the compost raw material by the action of the polysaccharide-degrading enzyme.
  • the polysaccharide degrading enzyme either an exo type such as cellobiohydrolase or an end type such as endoglucanase may be used.
  • an exo-type degrading enzyme is preferable because it can prevent the polysaccharide thickener from being excessively decomposed during the composting treatment. If the thickening polysaccharide is excessively decomposed during the composting process, the water content of the compost raw material may increase during the composting process.
  • the composting treatment is usually performed under basic conditions due to the presence of a basic substance such as ammonia contained in the compost raw material. Therefore, it is preferable that the polysaccharide degrading enzyme has activity at least under basic conditions.
  • the amount of thickening polysaccharide, water-absorbing fiber material, and polysaccharide-degrading enzyme contained in the composting regulator is appropriately determined according to, for example, the types of these compounds, the enzyme titer, and the compost raw material components and moisture content.
  • the water content of the compost raw material after the composting modifier is mixed in other words, the water content of the mixture of the compost raw material and the composting modifier is not particularly limited, but is preferably 40 to 95% by mass, more preferably 60%. ⁇ 90% by mass.
  • the water content is 40% by mass or more, it is suitable for the growth of aerobic microorganisms such as aerobic mesophilic bacteria.
  • the composting modifier may further contain other organic waste such as buckwheat or a porous mineral such as perlite in order to improve the air permeability of the compost raw material.
  • a method for adjusting composting of compost raw materials using a composting adjusting agent will be described. For example, when aerobic microorganisms are mixed with compost materials such as livestock excreta together with guar gum, sawdust and cellulase, that is, a composting regulator containing guar gum, aerobic microorganisms, sawdust and cellulase is mixed with compost materials. In this case, composting of the compost raw material proceeds as follows.
  • the compost raw material By mixing the composting regulator with the compost raw material, the compost raw material is gelled or solidified by the function of guar gum, and the moisture content of the compost raw material is decreased by the function of sawdust. Thereby, the compost raw material after the composting adjusting agent is mixed ensures good air permeability suitable for aerobic fermentation.
  • cellulose in compost raw material is first reduced in molecular weight by cellulase. As a result, microorganisms that feed on low molecular weight cellulose such as cellooligosaccharides or glucose grow. Due to the metabolic heat of the microorganisms, the temperature of the compost raw material rises to a range of about 50 ° C. to about 85 ° C. within about 2 or 3 days.
  • aerobic fermentation is induced by actively supplying air to the mixture of compost raw material and composting regulator, for example, by stirring or using a blower.
  • This supply of air is preferably continued until composting is complete.
  • the vaporization of moisture in the compost raw material, the lowering of organic substances such as polymer fibers and proteins in the compost raw material, and the decomposition of odorous compounds such as amines proceed, while anaerobic fermentation that leads to the generation of methane gas is Will be suppressed.
  • pathogenic bacteria such as coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus and plant seeds derived from compost raw materials are killed.
  • Composting composting for example, depends on the air supply, temperature, and moisture content of the composting material, but is usually completed in 2 to 3 months, at most about 6 months.
  • the compost obtained in this way has less offensive odor and low moisture content compared to the compost raw material.
  • the guar gum and sawdust mixed with the compost raw material are biodegraded during the composting process or after the composting process and finally disappear.
  • the composting adjustment agent containing a specific natural origin thickening polysaccharide and an aerobic microorganism is used. Even when the moisture content of compost raw material is relatively high, the thickening polysaccharides improve the breathability of the compost raw material, so a large amount of water-absorbing fiber material is composted to reduce the moisture content of the compost raw material. It is not necessary to mix it with the raw material. This is advantageous in that the increase in bulk caused by mixing the water-absorbing fiber material with the compost raw material can be suppressed.
  • the thickening polysaccharide contained in the composting modifier is biodegradable, the thickening polysaccharide is finally biodegraded during or after the composting treatment and disappears. This is advantageous in that it can prevent adverse effects caused by the thickening polysaccharide remaining in the compost.
  • the aerobic microorganism contained in the composting regulator is an aerobic thermophile
  • the aerobic fermentation is preferably continued even if the temperature of the compost raw material rises during the composting treatment. This is advantageous for shortening the time required for composting treatment.
  • the composting regulator can be easily prepared by using an inoculum material containing aerobic microorganisms or return compost.
  • the composting adjusting agent further contains a plant natural organic material as the water-absorbing fiber material, the water-absorbing fiber material undergoes biodegradation during or after the composting treatment and eventually disappears. This is advantageous in that adverse effects caused by remaining water-absorbing fiber material in the compost can be prevented.
  • the composting regulator further contains a polysaccharide-degrading enzyme
  • the degradation of the polysaccharide contained in the compost raw material is catalyzed by the polysaccharide-degrading enzyme, which is advantageous for shortening the time required for composting treatment. is there.
  • the polysaccharide-degrading enzyme is also useful for decomposing the thickening polysaccharide in the composting regulator mixed with the compost raw material.
  • Composting using a composting modifier is performed using decomposition and fermentation by microorganisms, and is composting using physical or chemical methods such as combustion, purification, and adsorption. It does not require the complex equipment or large amounts of water needed. It is also advantageous that no by-products that require further processing are generated and that the use of fossil fuels is reduced with less energy consumption.
  • the above embodiment may be modified as follows.
  • the water-absorbing fiber material and the polysaccharide-degrading enzyme are not limited to being used in a composting regulator, and may be used by mixing with a compost raw material separately from the composting regulator.
  • organic wastes such as buckwheat and porous minerals such as perlite are not limited to being used in composting modifiers, but should be mixed with composting materials separately from composting modifiers. It may be.
  • the composting regulator may be used in advance for treating the biomass so as not to adversely affect the environment when the biomass such as livestock excrement or sewage treatment sludge is disposed of.
  • Compost obtained by composting a compost raw material using a composting regulator may be applied to livestock bedding as back compost.
  • the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples and comparative examples.
  • Tables 1 and 2 show the results of measuring the maximum temperature of the compost raw material during the composting process and the presence or absence of the thickening polysaccharide remaining at the end of the composting process for each of the examples and comparative examples. It also shows. Moreover, FIG.1 and FIG.2 shows the graph of the result of having measured the time change of the temperature of the part of depth 25cm from the surface layer of the compost raw material in the composting process.
  • Examples 1 to 6 it was confirmed that the compost raw material after mixing with the composting modifier was sufficiently or reasonably hard and good air permeability was ensured. .
  • the maximum temperature reached during composting was 53.9 to 68.9 ° C.
  • no thickening polysaccharide remained at the end of the composting treatment. From the above, it was found that the composting regulators of Examples 1 to 6 are useful for suitably performing the composting treatment.
  • Comparative Examples 2 to 4 the hardness of the compost raw material after mixing the composting modifier was insufficient. In Comparative Examples 1 to 3, 5, and 6, the maximum temperature reached during composting was lower than that of Examples 1 to 6.

Abstract

Disclosed is a composting control agent comprising: at least one polysaccharide thickener which is derived from a natural material and is selected from guar gum, xanthan gum, gum arabic, locust bean gum, tara gum and ghatti gum; and an aerobic bacterium.  The composting control agent may additionally comprise a water-absorbable fibrous material (e.g., sawdust) or a polysaccharide-degrading enzyme (e.g., a cellulose-degrading enzyme).  The composting control agent can be mixed with a compost raw material (e.g., a wet biomass) upon use for the purpose of controlling the composting of the compost raw material.

Description

堆肥化調整剤及び堆肥化調整方法Composting adjusting agent and composting adjusting method
　本発明は、堆肥原料を堆肥化するに際して堆肥原料に混合して使用される堆肥化調整剤、及びその堆肥化調整剤を使用して堆肥原料の堆肥化を調整する方法に関する。 The present invention relates to a composting regulator used by mixing with compost raw material when composting the compost raw material, and a method for adjusting composting of the compost raw material using the composting regulator.
　生物由来の有機資源として、家畜排泄物、下水余剰汚泥、食品廃棄物などのバイオマスが知られている。下水余剰汚泥とは、下水として排出される窒素を含有した有機性廃棄物を生物処理することにより得られる汚泥のことである。バイオマスは、植物の生長に必要な窒素、リン、カリウムなどの元素を含有することから、特に堆肥として再利用が可能である点で注目されている。しかしながら、バイオマスの多くは、そのままで堆肥として利用することができず、アンモニアなどの臭気成分を除去したり含水率を低減したりするための処理を必要とする。そのような処理は、例えば、自然環境下にバイオマス資源を放置して自然界に偏在する微生物による分解及び発酵によって行うことが可能である。しかしながら、その場合には、脂肪酸やアミンなどが生成することにより悪臭が発生したり、処理の完了までに長大な時間を要したりといった問題がある。 Biomass such as livestock excrement, sewage surplus sludge and food waste is known as an organic resource derived from living organisms. Sewage surplus sludge is sludge obtained by biologically treating organic waste containing nitrogen discharged as sewage. Biomass is attracting attention because it contains elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium necessary for plant growth and can be reused as compost. However, most biomass cannot be used as compost as it is, and requires treatment for removing odorous components such as ammonia and reducing the water content. Such treatment can be performed, for example, by decomposing and fermenting microorganisms that are unevenly distributed in nature by leaving the biomass resources in the natural environment. However, in that case, there is a problem that a bad odor is generated due to the generation of fatty acid, amine, or the like, and it takes a long time to complete the treatment.
　高含水の堆肥原料を堆肥化するに際しては一般に、バーク、オガ屑、もみ殻などの吸水性の天然繊維材料を堆肥原料に混合して堆肥原料の含水率を低下させることが行われる。しかしながら、堆肥原料の含水率を十分に低下させるのに混合することが必要な繊維材料の量は堆肥原料の量の数倍にまでのぼることがあり、その場合、堆肥原料と繊維材料の混合物の嵩は大きく増大することになる。このことは、堆肥化に要する時間を長大化する原因となる。 When composting high-moisture compost raw materials, water content of the compost raw materials is generally reduced by mixing water-absorbing natural fiber materials such as bark, sawdust and rice husks with the compost raw materials. However, the amount of fiber material that needs to be mixed to sufficiently reduce the moisture content of the compost material can be several times the amount of compost material, in which case the compost material and fiber material mixture The bulk will increase greatly. This causes a long time for composting.
　特許文献１～３には、高含水の堆肥原料を堆肥化するための改良された方法が記載されている。具体的には、特許文献１には、家畜排泄物の堆肥化に際してオガ屑と高吸水性樹脂であるポリアクリル酸ソーダ架橋物とを家畜排泄物に混合することが開示されている。特許文献２には、高吸水性ポリマーであるポリ－γ－グルタミン酸からなる堆肥化助剤が開示されている。特許文献３には、酸化処理された多糖類（例えばセルロース）の架橋物からなる堆肥化助剤が開示されている。特許文献２，３に開示の堆肥化助剤は、堆肥原料をゲル化又は固化するために堆肥原料に施用される。 Patent Documents 1 to 3 describe improved methods for composting high water content compost materials. Specifically, Patent Document 1 discloses mixing sawdust and a sodium polyacrylate cross-linked product that is a highly water-absorbent resin into livestock excrement when composting livestock excrement. Patent Document 2 discloses a composting aid composed of poly-γ-glutamic acid, which is a superabsorbent polymer. Patent Document 3 discloses a composting aid comprising a crosslinked product of an oxidized polysaccharide (for example, cellulose). The composting aids disclosed in Patent Documents 2 and 3 are applied to compost raw materials in order to gel or solidify the compost raw materials.
　しかしながら、特許文献１に記載の方法の場合、ポリアクリル酸ソーダ架橋物が難分解性であるために、家畜排泄物の堆肥化によって得られる堆肥中にポリアクリル酸ソーダ架橋物が不純物として残留するという問題がある。特許文献２に記載の方法の場合は、堆肥原料の堆肥化中に微生物が産出するプロテアーゼによってポリ－γ－グルタミン酸が容易に分解されるために、堆肥化の途中において堆肥原料の含水率の増大が起こりうるという問題がある。特許文献３に記載の方法の場合は、酸化処理された多糖類の架橋物は、セルロース分解菌などの多糖類分解菌によって主に分解されることになるが、酸化処理された多糖類の架橋物は多糖類に比べて多糖類分解菌によって分解されにくいこと及び多糖類分解菌の生育至適温度が発酵時の堆肥原料の高温度よりも低いことから、堆肥原料の堆肥化が完了するまでに、酸化処理された多糖類の架橋物の分解が完了しないという問題がある。 However, in the case of the method described in Patent Document 1, since the cross-linked polyacrylic acid soda is hardly decomposable, the cross-linked sodium polyacrylate remains as an impurity in the compost obtained by composting livestock excreta. There is a problem. In the case of the method described in Patent Document 2, poly-γ-glutamic acid is easily decomposed by a protease produced by microorganisms during composting of the compost raw material, so that the water content of the compost raw material is increased during composting. There is a problem that can occur. In the case of the method described in Patent Document 3, the crosslinked product of oxidized polysaccharide is mainly decomposed by polysaccharide-degrading bacteria such as cellulose-degrading bacteria. The product is harder to be decomposed by polysaccharide-degrading bacteria than polysaccharides, and the optimal temperature for growth of polysaccharide-degrading bacteria is lower than the high temperature of the composting material during fermentation, so composting of the composting material is completed In addition, there is a problem in that the degradation of the cross-linked product of the oxidized polysaccharide is not completed.
特開平８－２０８３６２号公報JP-A-8-208362 特開２００１－２６１４７５号公報JP 2001-261475 A 特開２００３－３４２０９３号公報JP 2003-342093 A
　そこで、本発明の目的は、上記したような従来技術の課題を解決することが可能な堆肥化調整剤及び堆肥化調整方法を提供することにある。 Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a composting adjusting agent and a composting adjusting method capable of solving the problems of the conventional techniques as described above.
　本発明者らは、堆肥原料を堆肥化するうえでの天然由来の特定の増粘多糖類の有用性を見出し、本発明を完成するに至った。
　すなわち、上記の目的を達成するために、本発明の第１の態様では、グァーガム、キサンタンガム、アラビアガム、ローカストビーンガム、タラガム及びガティガムから選ばれる少なくとも一種である天然由来の増粘多糖と好気性微生物とを含有する堆肥化調整剤が提供される。 The present inventors have found the usefulness of a specific naturally-occurring thickening polysaccharide in composting a compost raw material, and have completed the present invention.
That is, in order to achieve the above object, in the first aspect of the present invention, the naturally-derived thickening polysaccharide and aerobic that are at least one selected from guar gum, xanthan gum, gum arabic, locust bean gum, tara gum and gati gum A composting regulator containing microorganisms is provided.
　堆肥化調整剤に含まれる増粘多糖は生分解性を有することが好ましい。
　堆肥化調整剤に含まれる好気性微生物は好気性好熱菌であることが好ましい。
　堆肥化調整剤は吸水性繊維材料を更に含有してもよい。吸水性繊維材料は植物性有機材料であること、さらに言えば、パルプ、コットンリタ、バーク、オガ屑、もみ殻、稲わら、コーン粕、バガス、大豆粕、フスマ、菜種粕、コーヒー粕、茶粕、米糠、及びおからから選ばれる少なくとも一種であることが好ましい。 The thickening polysaccharide contained in the composting regulator is preferably biodegradable.
The aerobic microorganism contained in the composting regulator is preferably an aerobic thermophilic bacterium.
The composting modifier may further contain a water-absorbing fiber material. The water-absorbing fiber material is a plant organic material, more specifically, pulp, cotton rita, bark, sawdust, rice husk, rice straw, corn straw, bagasse, soybean meal, bran, rapeseed meal, coffee cake, tea It is preferably at least one selected from rice bran, rice bran, and okara.
　堆肥化調整剤は多糖類分解酵素を更に含有してもよい。多糖類分解酵素は少なくとも塩基性条件下で活性を有することが好ましい。多糖類分解酵素は、例えば、セルロース分解酵素及びヘミセルロース分解酵素から選ばれる少なくとも一種である。 The composting regulator may further contain a polysaccharide-degrading enzyme. The polysaccharide-degrading enzyme is preferably active at least under basic conditions. The polysaccharide degrading enzyme is, for example, at least one selected from cellulose degrading enzymes and hemicellulose degrading enzymes.
　本発明の第２の態様では、前記第１の態様に係る堆肥化調整剤を堆肥原料に混合する工程を備える堆肥化調整方法が提供される。堆肥化調整剤が混合される堆肥原料は例えば含水バイオマスである。 In the second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a composting adjustment method comprising a step of mixing the composting adjustment agent according to the first aspect with compost raw materials. The compost raw material mixed with the composting regulator is, for example, hydrous biomass.
実施例１～５及び比較例１～３，５における堆肥化処理中の堆肥原料の温度の時間変化を測定した結果のグラフ。The graph of the result of having measured the time change of the temperature of the compost raw material in the composting process in Examples 1-5 and Comparative Examples 1-3, 5. 実施例６及び比較例６における堆肥化処理中の堆肥原料の温度の時間変化を測定した結果のグラフ。The graph of the result of having measured the time change of the temperature of the compost raw material in the composting process in Example 6 and Comparative Example 6. FIG.
　以下、本発明の一実施形態を説明する。
　本実施形態に係る堆肥化調整剤は、特定の天然由来の増粘多糖と好気性微生物とを含有する。堆肥化調整剤は、堆肥原料を堆肥化するに際して堆肥原料に混合して使用される。堆肥原料は、堆肥化調整剤が混合された後、好気性微生物による高温分解処理によって堆肥化される。 Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described.
The composting regulator according to the present embodiment contains a specific naturally-derived thickening polysaccharide and an aerobic microorganism. The composting adjusting agent is used by mixing with compost raw material when composting the compost raw material. The compost raw material is composted by high-temperature decomposition treatment with aerobic microorganisms after mixing with a composting regulator.
　使用される堆肥原料は例えば含水バイオマスであり、堆肥原料の具体例としては、牛、豚、羊、馬、鶏などの家畜の排泄物（糞尿）、下水処理汚泥、及び生ごみなどの食品廃棄物が挙げられる。オガ屑などの吸水性の天然繊維材料を大量に混合することが従来必要であった高含水の堆肥原料も使用可能である。 The compost raw material used is, for example, hydrous biomass. Specific examples of compost raw materials include excrement (feces and urine) of livestock such as cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, and chickens, sewage treatment sludge, and food waste such as food waste. Things. It is also possible to use a highly water-containing compost raw material that has conventionally been required to mix a large amount of water-absorbing natural fiber materials such as sawdust.
　堆肥化調整剤に含まれる増粘多糖は、グァーガム、キサンタンガム、アラビアガム、ローカストビーンガム、タラガム及びガティガムから選ばれる少なくとも一種である。増粘多糖は、堆肥原料をゲル化又は固化する働き、すなわち堆肥原料の粘度を増大する働きをする。グァーガム及びローカストビーンガムは、堆肥原料の粘度を増大する働きが特に強い点で好ましい。増粘多糖は生分解性を有することが好ましい。この場合、堆肥原料を堆肥化して得られる堆肥に増粘多糖が残存したとしても最終的にその増粘多糖は生分解される。 The thickening polysaccharide contained in the composting regulator is at least one selected from guar gum, xanthan gum, gum arabic, locust bean gum, tara gum and gati gum. The thickening polysaccharide serves to gel or solidify the compost raw material, that is, to increase the viscosity of the compost raw material. Guar gum and locust bean gum are preferred in that they have a particularly strong function of increasing the viscosity of the compost raw material. The thickening polysaccharide is preferably biodegradable. In this case, even if the thickening polysaccharide remains in the compost obtained by composting the compost raw material, the thickening polysaccharide is finally biodegraded.
　堆肥化調整剤に含まれる好気性微生物は、堆肥原料の発酵を積極的に誘導して堆肥原料を堆肥化する働きをする。好気性微生物は、例えば好気性好熱菌及び好気性中温菌から選ばれる少なくとも一種、好ましくは好気性好熱菌である。好気性中温菌は、少なくとも常温（約２０℃）～約５５℃の温度範囲で増殖可能であることが好ましい。好気性中温菌は、堆肥原料の発酵時の温度を例えば約４５℃～約５５℃の中温域にまで上昇させることができる。好気性好熱菌は、少なくとも約５５℃以上の温度で増殖可能であることが好ましい。好気性好熱菌は、堆肥原料の発酵時の温度を例えば約６０℃～約９５℃の高温域にまで上昇させることができる。 The aerobic microorganisms contained in the composting regulator act to actively ferment the compost raw material and compost the compost raw material. The aerobic microorganism is, for example, at least one selected from aerobic thermophilic bacteria and aerobic mesophilic bacteria, preferably aerobic thermophilic bacteria. It is preferable that the aerobic mesophilic bacterium can grow at least in a temperature range from room temperature (about 20 ° C) to about 55 ° C. The aerobic mesophilic bacterium can raise the temperature during fermentation of the compost raw material to, for example, an intermediate temperature range of about 45 ° C. to about 55 ° C. The aerobic thermophile is preferably capable of growing at a temperature of at least about 55 ° C or higher. The aerobic thermophilic bacterium can raise the temperature during fermentation of the compost raw material to a high temperature range of about 60 ° C. to about 95 ° C., for example.
　好気性中温菌及び好気性好熱菌の具体例としては、例えば、バチルス・アルヴェイ（Bacillus alvei）、バチルス・アミロリチカス（Bacillus amylolyticus）、バチルス・アゾトフィクサンス（Bacillus azotofixans）、バチルス・サーキュランス（Bacillus circulans）、バチルス・グルカノリチカス（Bacillus glucanolyticus）、バチルス・ラーベー（Bacillus larvae）、バチルス・ロータス（Bacillus lautus）、バチルス・レンチモーバス（Bacillus lentimorbus）、バチルス・マセランス（Bacillus macerans）、バチルス・マッククオリエンシス（Bacillus macquariensis）、バチルス・パバリ（Bacillus pabuli）、バチルス・ポリミキサ（Bacillus polymyxa）、バチルス・ポピリエー（Bacillus popilliae）、バチルス・シクロサッカロリチカス（Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus）、バチルス・パルヴィフェイシェンス（Bacillus pulvifaciens）、バチルス・チアミノリチカス（Bacillus thiaminolyticus）、バチルス・ヴァリダス（Bacillus validus）、バチルス・アルカロフィラス（Bacillus alcalophilus）、バチルス・アミロリカフェイシャンス（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）、バチルス・アトロフェーアス（Bacillus atrophaeus）、バチルス・カロテーラム（Bacillus carotarum）、バチルス・ファーモス（Bacillus firmus）、バチルス・フレクサス（Bacillus flexus）、バチルス・ラテロスポラス（Bacillus laterosporus）、バチルス・レンタス（Bacillus lentus）、バチルス・リケニフォミス（Bacillus licheniformis）、バチルス・メガテリウム（Bacillus megaterium）、バチルス・ミコイデス（Bacillus mycoides）、バチルス・ニアシニ（Bacillus niacini）、バチルス・パントテニチカス（Bacillus pantothenticus）、バチルス・パミラス（Bacillus pumilus）、バチルス・シンプレックス（Bacillus simplex）、バチルス・サブチリス（Bacillus subtilis）、バチルス・サリンジェンシス（Bacillus thuringiensis）、バチルス・スフェリカス（Bacillus sphaericus）、ジオバチルス・サーモデニトリフィカンス（Geobacillus thermodenitrificans）、ジオバチルス・ステアロサーモフィルス（Geobacillus stearothermophilus）、ジオバチルス・コーストフィルス（Geobacillus kaustophilus）、ジオバチルス・サブテルラネンス（Geobacillus subterranens）、ジオバチルス・サーモルーボランス（Geobacillus thermoleovorans）、及びジオバチルス・カルドキシルオシリチカス（Geobacillus caldoxylosilyticas）が挙げられる。 Specific examples of the aerobic mesophilic bacterium and the aerobic thermophilic bacterium include, for example, Bacillus 、 alvei, Bacillus amylolyticus, Bacillus azotofixans, Bacillus circulatory ( Bacillus circulans), Bacillus glucanolyticus, Bacillus larvae, Bacillus lautus, Bacillus lentimorbus, Bacillus マ macerans, Bacillus macerans Encis (Bacillus macquariensis), Bacillus bulpabuli, Bacillus polymyxa, Bacillus popilliae, Bacillus opsychrosaccharolyticus, Bacillus ヴ ィ psychrosaccharolyticus Bacillus pulvifaciens, Bacillus thiaminolyticus, Bacillus validus, Bacillus usalcalophilus, Bacillus フ ェ フ ェ フ ェ フ ェ・ Caroterum (Bacillus carotarum), Bacillus firmus (Bacillus flexus), Bacillus laterosporus, Bacillus lentus (Bacillus ケ lentus), Bacillus リ(Bacillus megaterium), Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus niacini, Bacillus pantothenticus (Bacillus pantothenticus) Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus simplex, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus sphaericus, Geobacillus thermos (Geobacillus thermodenitrificans), Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Geobacillus kaustophilus, Geobacillus subterranens, Geobacillus therterracilens, Geovorcillus thertherbolus Chicas (Geobacillus caldoxylosilyticas).
　堆肥化調整剤への好気性微生物の配合は、好気性微生物を含有した種菌資材を堆肥化調整剤に配合することにより行われてもよいし、好気性微生物を含有した堆肥を堆肥化調整剤に配合すること、すなわち戻し堆肥により行われてもよい。換言すれば、堆肥化調整剤は、好気性微生物を含有した種菌資材又は堆肥を利用して調製されてもよい。戻し堆肥で使用される堆肥は、市販の堆肥であってもよいし、堆肥化調整剤が混合された後の堆肥原料を堆肥化して得られる堆肥であってもよい。種菌資材は、例えば、メニコン社製の商品名サーモマスターを使用することができる。 Mixing of aerobic microorganisms into the composting regulator may be performed by blending seed material containing aerobic microorganisms with the composting regulator, or composting containing aerobic microorganisms as a composting regulator. It may be carried out by blending, i.e. back composting. In other words, the composting regulator may be prepared by using an inoculum material containing aerobic microorganisms or compost. The compost used in the return compost may be a commercially available compost or a compost obtained by composting the compost raw material after the composting adjusting agent is mixed. As the inoculum material, for example, a trade name Thermomaster manufactured by Menicon Corporation can be used.
　堆肥化調整剤は吸水性繊維材料を更に含有してもよい。吸水性繊維材料は、入手が容易で且つ生分解性を有することから、植物性の天然有機材料であることが好ましい。吸水性繊維材料の具体例としては、例えば、パルプ、コットンリタ、バーク、オガ屑、もみ殻、稲わら、コーン粕、バガス、大豆粕、フスマ、菜種粕、コーヒー粕、茶粕、米糠、及びおからが挙げられる。これらの有機繊維材料は、堆肥原料の含水率を低下させる働きをするのに加えて、好気性微生物の餌として好気性微生物の増殖を促進する働きもする。堆肥化調整剤は、二種類以上の吸水性繊維材料の組み合わせを含有してもよい。吸水性繊維材料は、堆肥原料の含水率を低下させる働きを増強するために、含水率を低下させるための乾燥などの処理に予め供されることが好ましい。 The composting regulator may further contain a water-absorbing fiber material. The water-absorbing fiber material is preferably a vegetable natural organic material because it is readily available and biodegradable. Specific examples of the water-absorbing fiber material include, for example, pulp, cotton rita, bark, sawdust, rice husk, rice straw, corn koji, bagasse, soybean koji, bran, rapeseed koji, coffee koji, tea koji, rice koji, and Okara is mentioned. These organic fiber materials not only serve to reduce the moisture content of the compost raw material, but also serve to promote the growth of aerobic microorganisms as feed for aerobic microorganisms. The composting regulator may contain a combination of two or more water-absorbing fiber materials. The water-absorbing fiber material is preferably subjected in advance to a treatment such as drying for reducing the moisture content in order to enhance the function of reducing the moisture content of the compost raw material.
　堆肥化調整剤は多糖類分解酵素を更に含有してもよい。多糖類分解酵素は、堆肥原料に混合された堆肥化調整剤中の増粘多糖及び堆肥原料中に含まれる多糖類の分解を触媒する働きをする。多糖類分解酵素の具体例としては、例えば、セルロース又はその誘導体を加水分解するセルラーゼ（セルロース分解酵素）、ヘミセルロース又はその誘導体を加水分解するヘミセルラーゼ（ヘミセルロース分解酵素）、及びペクチン又はその誘導体を加水分解するペクチナーゼ（ペクチン分解酵素）が挙げられる。中でも、堆肥原料には通常、セルロース、ヘミセルロース又はそれらの誘導体が含有されているため、多糖類分解酵素は、セルラーゼ及びヘミセルラーゼから選ばれる少なくとも一種であることが好ましい。堆肥原料中の多糖類が多糖類分解酵素の働きによって分解されることにより、堆肥原料の堆肥化は促進される。 The composting regulator may further contain a polysaccharide-degrading enzyme. The polysaccharide-degrading enzyme serves to catalyze the decomposition of the thickening polysaccharide in the composting regulator mixed with the compost raw material and the polysaccharide contained in the compost raw material. Specific examples of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes include cellulase (cellulose-degrading enzyme) that hydrolyzes cellulose or its derivatives, hemicellulase (hemicellulose-degrading enzyme) that hydrolyzes hemicellulose or its derivatives, and pectin or its derivatives. Examples include pectinase (pectin-degrading enzyme) that degrades. Among them, since the compost raw material usually contains cellulose, hemicellulose, or a derivative thereof, the polysaccharide-degrading enzyme is preferably at least one selected from cellulase and hemicellulase. Composting of the compost raw material is promoted by decomposing the polysaccharide in the compost raw material by the action of the polysaccharide-degrading enzyme.
　多糖類分解酵素は、セロビオヒドロラーゼなどのエキソ型とエンドグルカナーゼなどのエンド型のいずれが使用されてもよい。ただし、エキソ型の分解酵素は、堆肥化処理中に増粘多糖が過剰に分解されるのを防ぐことができる点で好ましい。堆肥化処理中に増粘多糖が過剰に分解されると堆肥化処理の途中において堆肥原料の含水率の増大が起こりうる。堆肥化処理は通常、堆肥原料中に含まれるアンモニアなどの塩基性物質の存在により塩基性条件下で行われる。そのため、多糖類分解酵素は少なくとも塩基性条件下で活性を有することが好ましい。 As the polysaccharide degrading enzyme, either an exo type such as cellobiohydrolase or an end type such as endoglucanase may be used. However, an exo-type degrading enzyme is preferable because it can prevent the polysaccharide thickener from being excessively decomposed during the composting treatment. If the thickening polysaccharide is excessively decomposed during the composting process, the water content of the compost raw material may increase during the composting process. The composting treatment is usually performed under basic conditions due to the presence of a basic substance such as ammonia contained in the compost raw material. Therefore, it is preferable that the polysaccharide degrading enzyme has activity at least under basic conditions.
　堆肥化調整剤中に含まれる増粘多糖、吸水性繊維材料及び多糖類分解酵素の量は、例えば、それらの化合物の種類、酵素の力価、並びに堆肥原料の成分及び含水率に応じて適宜に設定される。 The amount of thickening polysaccharide, water-absorbing fiber material, and polysaccharide-degrading enzyme contained in the composting regulator is appropriately determined according to, for example, the types of these compounds, the enzyme titer, and the compost raw material components and moisture content. Set to
　堆肥化調整剤が混合された後の堆肥原料の含水率、換言すれば堆肥原料と堆肥化調整剤の混合物の含水率は、特に限定されないが、好ましくは４０～９５質量％、より好ましくは６０～９０質量％である。水分量が４０質量％以上である場合には、好気性中温菌などの好気性微生物の増殖に好適である。 The water content of the compost raw material after the composting modifier is mixed, in other words, the water content of the mixture of the compost raw material and the composting modifier is not particularly limited, but is preferably 40 to 95% by mass, more preferably 60%. ~ 90% by mass. When the water content is 40% by mass or more, it is suitable for the growth of aerobic microorganisms such as aerobic mesophilic bacteria.
　堆肥化調整剤は、堆肥原料の通気性を向上させるために、そば殻などのその他の有機廃棄物又はパーライトなどの多孔質鉱物をさらに含有してもよい。
　次に、堆肥化調整剤を使用して堆肥原料の堆肥化を調整する方法について説明する。例えば、グァーガム、オガ屑及びセルラーゼとともに好気性微生物を家畜排泄物などの堆肥原料に混合した場合、すなわち、グァーガム、好気性微生物、オガ屑及びセルラーゼを含有する堆肥化調整剤を堆肥原料に混合した場合には、次のようにして堆肥原料の堆肥化は進行する。 The composting modifier may further contain other organic waste such as buckwheat or a porous mineral such as perlite in order to improve the air permeability of the compost raw material.
Next, a method for adjusting composting of compost raw materials using a composting adjusting agent will be described. For example, when aerobic microorganisms are mixed with compost materials such as livestock excreta together with guar gum, sawdust and cellulase, that is, a composting regulator containing guar gum, aerobic microorganisms, sawdust and cellulase is mixed with compost materials. In this case, composting of the compost raw material proceeds as follows.
　堆肥化調整剤を堆肥原料に混合することにより、グァーガムの働きで堆肥原料はゲル化又は固化し、オガ屑の働きで堆肥原料の含水率は低下する。これにより、堆肥化調整剤が混合された後の堆肥原料は、好気性発酵に適した良好な通気性を確保することになる。一次分解として、まず堆肥原料中のセルロースがセルラーゼにより低分子化される。その結果、低分子化されたセルロース、例えばセロオリゴ糖又はグルコースを餌とする微生物が増殖する。この微生物の代謝熱により堆肥原料の温度は約２又は３日のうちに約５０℃～約８５℃の範囲にまで上昇する。 By mixing the composting regulator with the compost raw material, the compost raw material is gelled or solidified by the function of guar gum, and the moisture content of the compost raw material is decreased by the function of sawdust. Thereby, the compost raw material after the composting adjusting agent is mixed ensures good air permeability suitable for aerobic fermentation. As primary decomposition, cellulose in compost raw material is first reduced in molecular weight by cellulase. As a result, microorganisms that feed on low molecular weight cellulose such as cellooligosaccharides or glucose grow. Due to the metabolic heat of the microorganisms, the temperature of the compost raw material rises to a range of about 50 ° C. to about 85 ° C. within about 2 or 3 days.
　その後、例えば撹拌により又はブロアーを使用することにより、堆肥原料と堆肥化調整剤の混合物に積極的に空気を供給することで好気性発酵を誘導する。この空気の供給は、好ましくは堆肥化が完了するまで継続される。その結果、堆肥原料中の水分の気化、並びに堆肥原料中の高分子繊維やタンパク質などの有機物の低分子化及びアミンなどの臭気化合物の分解が進行する一方、メタンガスの発生を招く嫌気性発酵は抑制されることになる。また、高温に晒されることにより、堆肥原料に由来する大腸菌群や黄色ブドウ球菌などの病原性細菌及び植物種子は死滅する。 Then, aerobic fermentation is induced by actively supplying air to the mixture of compost raw material and composting regulator, for example, by stirring or using a blower. This supply of air is preferably continued until composting is complete. As a result, the vaporization of moisture in the compost raw material, the lowering of organic substances such as polymer fibers and proteins in the compost raw material, and the decomposition of odorous compounds such as amines proceed, while anaerobic fermentation that leads to the generation of methane gas is Will be suppressed. Further, when exposed to high temperatures, pathogenic bacteria such as coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus and plant seeds derived from compost raw materials are killed.
　堆肥原料の堆肥化は、例えば、空気供給量、気温、堆肥原料の含水率によって左右されるが、通常で２～３ヶ月、長くても約６ヶ月で完了する。こうして得られる堆肥は、堆肥原料に比べて悪臭が少なく含水率が低い。堆肥原料に混合されたグァーガム及びオガ屑は、堆肥化処理中又は堆肥化処理後に生分解を受けて最終的に消失する。 Composting composting, for example, depends on the air supply, temperature, and moisture content of the composting material, but is usually completed in 2 to 3 months, at most about 6 months. The compost obtained in this way has less offensive odor and low moisture content compared to the compost raw material. The guar gum and sawdust mixed with the compost raw material are biodegraded during the composting process or after the composting process and finally disappear.
　本実施形態によれば以下の利点が得られる。
　本実施形態では、堆肥原料を堆肥化するに際して特定の天然由来の増粘多糖と好気性微生物とを含有する堆肥化調整剤が使用される。堆肥原料の含水率が比較的高い場合であっても、増粘多糖の働きにより堆肥原料の通気性が改善されるため、堆肥原料の含水率を低下させるために大量の吸水性繊維材料を堆肥原料に混合する必要はない。このことは、堆肥原料に吸水性繊維材料を混合することによる嵩の増大を抑制することができる点で有利である。 According to the present embodiment, the following advantages can be obtained.
In this embodiment, when composting a compost raw material, the composting adjustment agent containing a specific natural origin thickening polysaccharide and an aerobic microorganism is used. Even when the moisture content of compost raw material is relatively high, the thickening polysaccharides improve the breathability of the compost raw material, so a large amount of water-absorbing fiber material is composted to reduce the moisture content of the compost raw material. It is not necessary to mix it with the raw material. This is advantageous in that the increase in bulk caused by mixing the water-absorbing fiber material with the compost raw material can be suppressed.
　堆肥化調整剤に含まれる増粘多糖が生分解性を有する場合には、増粘多糖は堆肥化処理中又は堆肥化処理後に生分解を受けて最終的に消失する。このことは、堆肥中に増粘多糖が残存することによる弊害を防ぐことができる点で有利である。 When the thickening polysaccharide contained in the composting modifier is biodegradable, the thickening polysaccharide is finally biodegraded during or after the composting treatment and disappears. This is advantageous in that it can prevent adverse effects caused by the thickening polysaccharide remaining in the compost.
　堆肥化調整剤に含まれる好気性微生物が好気性好熱菌である場合には、堆肥化処理中に堆肥原料の温度が上昇しても好適に好気性発酵は継続される。このことは、堆肥化処理に要する時間の短縮に有利である。 If the aerobic microorganism contained in the composting regulator is an aerobic thermophile, the aerobic fermentation is preferably continued even if the temperature of the compost raw material rises during the composting treatment. This is advantageous for shortening the time required for composting treatment.
　堆肥化調整剤は、好気性微生物を含有した種菌資材又は戻し堆肥を利用することにより容易に調製することが可能である。
　堆肥化調整剤が吸水性繊維材料として植物性の天然有機材料を更に含有する場合には、吸水性繊維材料は堆肥化処理中又は堆肥化処理後に生分解を受けて最終的に消失する。このことは、堆肥中に吸水性繊維材料が残存することによる弊害を防ぐことができる点で有利である。 The composting regulator can be easily prepared by using an inoculum material containing aerobic microorganisms or return compost.
When the composting adjusting agent further contains a plant natural organic material as the water-absorbing fiber material, the water-absorbing fiber material undergoes biodegradation during or after the composting treatment and eventually disappears. This is advantageous in that adverse effects caused by remaining water-absorbing fiber material in the compost can be prevented.
　堆肥化調整剤が多糖類分解酵素をさらに含有する場合には、堆肥原料中に含まれる多糖類の分解が多糖類分解酵素により触媒されるために、堆肥化処理に要する時間の短縮に有利である。また、多糖類分解酵素は、堆肥原料に混合された堆肥化調整剤中の増粘多糖を分解するのにも役立つ。 When the composting regulator further contains a polysaccharide-degrading enzyme, the degradation of the polysaccharide contained in the compost raw material is catalyzed by the polysaccharide-degrading enzyme, which is advantageous for shortening the time required for composting treatment. is there. The polysaccharide-degrading enzyme is also useful for decomposing the thickening polysaccharide in the composting regulator mixed with the compost raw material.
　堆肥化調整剤を使用した堆肥化処理は、微生物による分解及び発酵を利用して行うものであり、燃焼法、浄化法、吸着法などの物理的又は化学的な手法を利用した堆肥化処理で必要とされる複雑な装置や大量の水を必要とはしない。また、更なる処理を必要とする副産物を生成しないこと、エネルギー消費が少なく化石燃料の使用が抑制されることも有利な点である。 Composting using a composting modifier is performed using decomposition and fermentation by microorganisms, and is composting using physical or chemical methods such as combustion, purification, and adsorption. It does not require the complex equipment or large amounts of water needed. It is also advantageous that no by-products that require further processing are generated and that the use of fossil fuels is reduced with less energy consumption.
　上記実施形態は以下のように変更されてもよい。
　吸水性繊維材料及び多糖類分解酵素は、堆肥化調整剤に含有させて使用されるに限らず、堆肥化調整剤とは別に堆肥原料に混合して使用するようにしてもよい。 The above embodiment may be modified as follows.
The water-absorbing fiber material and the polysaccharide-degrading enzyme are not limited to being used in a composting regulator, and may be used by mixing with a compost raw material separately from the composting regulator.
　そば殻などのその他の有機廃棄物及びパーライトなどの多孔質鉱物もまた、堆肥化調整剤に含有させて使用されるに限らず、堆肥化調整剤とは別に堆肥原料に混合して使用するようにしてもよい。 Other organic wastes such as buckwheat and porous minerals such as perlite are not limited to being used in composting modifiers, but should be mixed with composting materials separately from composting modifiers. It may be.
　堆肥化調整剤は、家畜排泄物や下水処理汚泥などのバイオマスを廃棄処分するに際して環境に悪影響を及ぼさないように予め当該バイオマスを処理する用途で使用されてもよい。 The composting regulator may be used in advance for treating the biomass so as not to adversely affect the environment when the biomass such as livestock excrement or sewage treatment sludge is disposed of.
　堆肥化調整剤を使用して堆肥原料を堆肥化処理して得られた堆肥は、戻し堆肥として畜産用敷料に適用されてもよい。
　次に、実施例及び比較例を挙げて本発明を更に具体的に説明する。 Compost obtained by composting a compost raw material using a composting regulator may be applied to livestock bedding as back compost.
Next, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples and comparative examples.
　オガ屑、トヨタルーフガーデン社製の酵素資材、メニコン社製の種菌資材（商品名サーモマスター）、好気性微生物を含んだ戻し堆肥、天然由来の増粘多糖又はそれに代わる化合物、及びもみ殻のうちの少なくともいくつかを含有する堆肥化調整剤を含水率９０％の乳牛フンに混合した。トヨタルーフガーデン社製の酵素資材はセロビオヒドロラーゼを含有し、メニコン社製の種菌資材である商品名サーモマスターは好気性好熱菌であるジオバチルス・サーモデニトリフィカンスを含有する。それぞれの実施例及び比較例で使用した乳牛フンの量及び堆肥化調整剤中の各成分の量、並びに得られた混合物の性状（含水率及び硬さ）は下記の表１及び表２を参照されたい。なお、表１及び表２中の“堆肥化調整剤を混合後の堆肥原料の硬さ”欄には、堆肥化調整剤と乳牛フンの混合物の硬さを、その反発弾性及び流動変形性に基づいて、優（十分に硬い）、良（まずまず硬い）、やや不良（あまり硬くない）、不良（全く硬くない）の四段階で官能的に評価した結果を示している。 Of sawdust, enzyme material manufactured by Toyota Roof Garden Co., inoculum material manufactured by Menicon (trade name Thermomaster), return compost containing aerobic microorganisms, natural thickening polysaccharides or alternative compounds, and rice husk A composting preparation containing at least some of the above was mixed with 90% water content of dairy cow dung. The enzyme material manufactured by Toyota Roof Garden contains cellobiohydrolase, and the trade name Thermomaster, a seed material made by Menicon, contains Geobacillus thermodenitrificans, an aerobic thermophile. See Table 1 and Table 2 below for the amount of dairy cow dung used in each Example and Comparative Example, the amount of each component in the composting regulator, and the properties (water content and hardness) of the resulting mixture. I want to be. In the “Hardness of compost raw material after mixing composting modifier” in Table 1 and Table 2, the hardness of the mixture of composting modifier and dairy cow dung is given to its resilience and flow deformability. Based on the results, the results of sensory evaluation in four stages of excellent (sufficiently hard), good (obviously hard), slightly bad (not very hard), and bad (not hard at all) are shown.
　それぞれの実施例及び比較例で得られた混合物を富士平工業社製の堆肥化試験装置（商品名かぐやひめ）を使用して堆肥化処理に供した。表１及び表２には、それぞれの実施例及び比較例について、堆肥化処理中の堆肥原料の最高到達温度を測定した結果及び堆肥化処理終了時における増粘多糖の残存の有無を確認した結果も示している。また、図１及び図２は、堆肥化処理中の堆肥原料の表層から深さ２５ｃｍの部分の温度の時間変化を測定した結果のグラフを示す。 The mixtures obtained in the respective examples and comparative examples were subjected to a composting treatment using a composting test apparatus (trade name Kaguyahime) manufactured by Fujihira Kogyo Co., Ltd. Tables 1 and 2 show the results of measuring the maximum temperature of the compost raw material during the composting process and the presence or absence of the thickening polysaccharide remaining at the end of the composting process for each of the examples and comparative examples. It also shows. Moreover, FIG.1 and FIG.2 shows the graph of the result of having measured the time change of the temperature of the part of depth 25cm from the surface layer of the compost raw material in the composting process.
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000001
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000001
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000002
 　表１及び表２に示すように、実施例１～６においては、堆肥化調整剤を混合後の堆肥原料の硬さは十分又はまずまずであり、良好な通気性が確保されることを確認した。また、実施例１～６においては、堆肥化処理中の最高到達温度は５３．９～６８．９℃であった。さらに、実施例１～６においては、堆肥化処理終了時に増粘多糖の残存は認められなかった。以上より、実施例１～６の堆肥化調整剤は、堆肥化処理を好適に行うのに有用であることが分かった。
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000002
 As shown in Table 1 and Table 2, in Examples 1 to 6, it was confirmed that the compost raw material after mixing with the composting modifier was sufficiently or reasonably hard and good air permeability was ensured. . In Examples 1 to 6, the maximum temperature reached during composting was 53.9 to 68.9 ° C. Further, in Examples 1 to 6, no thickening polysaccharide remained at the end of the composting treatment. From the above, it was found that the composting regulators of Examples 1 to 6 are useful for suitably performing the composting treatment.
　一方、比較例２～４，６においては、堆肥化調整剤を混合後の堆肥原料の硬さが不十分であった。また、比較例１～３，５，６においては、堆肥化処理中の最高到達温度が実施例１～６のそれに比べて低かった。 On the other hand, in Comparative Examples 2 to 4, 6, the hardness of the compost raw material after mixing the composting modifier was insufficient. In Comparative Examples 1 to 3, 5, and 6, the maximum temperature reached during composting was lower than that of Examples 1 to 6.

Claims (21)

  1. 　グァーガム、キサンタンガム、アラビアガム、ローカストビーンガム、タラガム及びガティガムから選ばれる少なくとも一種である天然由来の増粘多糖と好気性微生物とを含有することを特徴とする堆肥化調整剤。 A composting regulator comprising a naturally-occurring thickening polysaccharide and at least one aerobic microorganism selected from guar gum, xanthan gum, gum arabic, locust bean gum, tara gum and gati gum.
  2. 　前記増粘多糖は生分解性を有する請求項１に記載の堆肥化調整剤。 The composting regulator according to claim 1, wherein the thickening polysaccharide is biodegradable.
  3. 　前記好気性微生物は好気性好熱菌である請求項１又は請求項２に記載の堆肥化調整剤。 3. The composting regulator according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the aerobic microorganism is an aerobic thermophilic bacterium.
  4. 　吸水性繊維材料を更に含有する請求項１から請求項３のいずれか一項に記載の堆肥化調整剤。 The composting regulator according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further comprising a water-absorbing fiber material.
  5. 　前記吸水性繊維材料は植物性有機材料である請求項４に記載の堆肥化調整剤。 The composting regulator according to claim 4, wherein the water-absorbing fiber material is a plant organic material.
  6. 　前記吸水性繊維材料は、パルプ、コットンリタ、バーク、オガ屑、もみ殻、稲わら、コーン粕、バガス、大豆粕、フスマ、菜種粕、コーヒー粕、茶粕、米糠、及びおからから選ばれる少なくとも一種である請求項４又は請求項５に記載の堆肥化調整剤。 The water-absorbing fiber material is selected from pulp, cotton rita, bark, sawdust, rice husk, rice straw, corn straw, bagasse, soybean meal, bran, rapeseed meal, coffee cake, tea cake, rice bran, and okara The composting regulator according to claim 4 or 5, which is at least one kind.
  7. 　多糖類分解酵素を更に含有する請求項１から請求項６のいずれか一項に記載の堆肥化調整剤。 The composting regulator according to any one of claims 1 to 6, further comprising a polysaccharide-degrading enzyme.
  8. 　前記多糖類分解酵素は少なくとも塩基性条件下で活性を有する請求項７に記載の堆肥化調整剤。 The composting regulator according to claim 7, wherein the polysaccharide-degrading enzyme is active at least under basic conditions.
  9. 　前記多糖類分解酵素は、セルロース分解酵素及びヘミセルロース分解酵素から選ばれる少なくとも一種である請求項７又は請求項８に記載の堆肥化調整剤。 The composting regulator according to claim 7 or 8, wherein the polysaccharide-degrading enzyme is at least one selected from a cellulose-degrading enzyme and a hemicellulose-degrading enzyme.
  10. 　グァーガム、キサンタンガム、アラビアガム、ローカストビーンガム、タラガム及びガティガムから選ばれる少なくとも一種である天然由来の増粘多糖と好気性微生物とを含有する堆肥化調整剤を堆肥原料に混合する工程を備えることを特徴とする堆肥化調整方法。 Comprising a step of mixing a composting raw material containing a natural thickening polysaccharide and an aerobic microorganism, which is at least one selected from guar gum, xanthan gum, gum arabic, locust bean gum, tara gum and gati gum, into a compost raw material. Characterized composting adjustment method.
  11. 　前記増粘多糖生分解性を有する請求項１０に記載の堆肥化調整方法。 The method for adjusting composting according to claim 10, wherein the thickening polysaccharide has biodegradability.
  12. 　前記好気性微生物は好気性好熱菌である請求項１０又は請求項１１に記載の堆肥化調整方法。 The method for adjusting composting according to claim 10 or 11, wherein the aerobic microorganism is an aerobic thermophilic bacterium.
  13. 　前記堆肥化調整剤は吸水性繊維材料を更に含有する請求項１０から請求項１２のいずれか一項に記載の堆肥化調整方法。 The composting adjusting method according to any one of claims 10 to 12, wherein the composting adjusting agent further contains a water-absorbing fiber material.
  14. 　吸水性繊維材料を堆肥原料に混合する工程を更に備える請求項１０から請求項１２のいずれか一項に記載の堆肥化調整方法。 The composting adjustment method according to any one of claims 10 to 12, further comprising a step of mixing the water-absorbing fiber material with the compost raw material.
  15. 　前記吸水性繊維材料は植物性有機材料である請求項１３又は請求項１４に記載の堆肥化調整方法。 The method for adjusting composting according to claim 13 or 14, wherein the water-absorbing fiber material is a plant organic material.
  16. 　前記吸水性繊維材料は、パルプ、コットンリタ、バーク、オガ屑、もみ殻、稲わら、コーン粕、バガス、大豆粕、フスマ、菜種粕、コーヒー粕、茶粕、米糠、及びおからから選ばれる少なくとも一種である請求項１３～１５のいずれか一項に記載の堆肥化調整方法。 The water-absorbing fiber material is selected from pulp, cotton rita, bark, sawdust, rice husk, rice straw, corn straw, bagasse, soybean meal, bran, rapeseed meal, coffee cake, tea cake, rice bran, and okara The composting adjustment method according to any one of claims 13 to 15, which is at least one kind.
  17. 　前記堆肥化調整剤は多糖類分解酵素を更に含有する請求項１０から請求項１６のいずれか一項に記載の堆肥化調整方法。 The composting adjusting method according to any one of claims 10 to 16, wherein the composting adjusting agent further contains a polysaccharide-degrading enzyme.
  18. 　多糖類分解酵素を堆肥原料に混合する工程を更に備える請求項１０から請求項１６のいずれか一項に記載の堆肥化調整方法。 The composting adjustment method according to any one of claims 10 to 16, further comprising a step of mixing a polysaccharide-degrading enzyme with compost raw materials.
  19. 　前記多糖類分解酵素は少なくとも塩基性条件下で活性を有する請求項１７又は請求項１８に記載の堆肥化調整方法。 The composting adjustment method according to claim 17 or 18, wherein the polysaccharide-degrading enzyme is active at least under basic conditions.
  20. 　前記多糖類分解酵素は、セルロース分解酵素及びヘミセルロース分解酵素から選ばれる少なくとも一種である請求項１７～請求項１９のいずれか一項に記載の堆肥化調整方法。 The composting adjustment method according to any one of claims 17 to 19, wherein the polysaccharide-degrading enzyme is at least one selected from cellulose-degrading enzymes and hemicellulose-degrading enzymes.
  21. 　前記堆肥原料は含水バイオマスである請求項１０から請求項２０のいずれか一項に記載の堆肥化調整方法。 The composting adjustment method according to any one of claims 10 to 20, wherein the compost raw material is water-containing biomass.
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