WO2009130233A1 - Modified halogenated polymer surfaces - Google Patents
Modified halogenated polymer surfaces Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009130233A1 WO2009130233A1 PCT/EP2009/054785 EP2009054785W WO2009130233A1 WO 2009130233 A1 WO2009130233 A1 WO 2009130233A1 EP 2009054785 W EP2009054785 W EP 2009054785W WO 2009130233 A1 WO2009130233 A1 WO 2009130233A1
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- BCAIDFOKQCVACE-UHFFFAOYSA-O CC(C(OCC[N+](C)(C)CCCS(O)(=O)=O)=O)=C Chemical compound CC(C(OCC[N+](C)(C)CCCS(O)(=O)=O)=O)=C BCAIDFOKQCVACE-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 0 CC(C)(C(OCCCCCCCCCc1c[n](*)nn1)=O)Br Chemical compound CC(C)(C(OCCCCCCCCCc1c[n](*)nn1)=O)Br 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J7/00—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances
- C08J7/12—Chemical modification
- C08J7/16—Chemical modification with polymerisable compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F293/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerisation on to a macromolecule having groups capable of inducing the formation of new polymer chains bound exclusively at one or both ends of the starting macromolecule
- C08F293/005—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerisation on to a macromolecule having groups capable of inducing the formation of new polymer chains bound exclusively at one or both ends of the starting macromolecule using free radical "living" or "controlled" polymerisation, e.g. using a complexing agent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2438/00—Living radical polymerisation
- C08F2438/01—Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization [ATRP] or reverse ATRP
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2327/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2327/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08J2327/04—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing chlorine atoms
- C08J2327/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of vinyl chloride
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of preparing modified halogenated polymer surfaces and the surface-modified halogenated polymer substrates prepared from halogenated polymers according to this method.
- the surface properties of polymeric materials are important to many of their applications.
- SAM's self-assembled monolayers
- these bifunctional molecules carry a silane or thiol/disulfide moiety in order to achieve a bond with an inorganic surface and an additional functional group (e.g. amino or epoxide groups) which interact with sample molecules, often contained in biological samples in the form of an oligonucleotide, a protein or a polysaccharide etc.
- a desired polymer surface can often not be obtained from the material itself but with modifi- cation.
- Modifications of polymer surfaces can be obtained both by various physical and chemical processes.
- PVC films can be modified and functionalized at the surface with small molecules such as thiolates or azide via nucleophilic substitution of chlorine atoms by wet-chemical treatments using mixtures of solvents and non-solvents for the polymer or by using a phase transfer catalyst like DBu 4 NBr in aqueous solutions (J. Sacristan, C. Mijangos, H. Reinecke, Polymer 2000, 41 5577-5582; A. Jayakrishnan, M. C. Sunny, Polymer 1996, 37, 5213-5218).
- the described modified PVC films do not encompass PVC films having an oligomeric or polymeric unit bond to the PVC film.
- these systems involve ionic polymerization.
- the reaction conditions required to successfully carry out the polymerization include the complete exclusion of water from the reaction medium.
- Another problem with ionic living polymerizations is that one is restricted in the number of monomers which can be successfully polymerized. Also, due to the high chemoselectivity of the propagating ionic centers, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to obtain random copolymers of two or more monomers; block copolymers are generally formed.
- Radical polymerization is one of the most widely used methods for preparing high polymer from a wide range of vinyl monomers. Although radical polymerization of vinyl monomers is very effective, it does not allow for the direct control of molecular weight (DP n ⁇ A [Mono- mer]/[lnitiator] o ), control of chain end functionalities or for the control of the chain architecture, e.g., linear vs. branched or graft polymers. In the past five years, much interest has been focused on developing a polymerization system which is radical in nature but at the same time allows for the high degree of control found in the ionic living systems.
- a polymerization system has been previously disclosed that does provide for the control of molecular weight, end groups, and chain architecture, and that was radical in nature, (K. Matyjaszewski, J. -S. Wang, Macromolecules 1995, 28, 7901-7910; K. Matyjaszewski, T. Patten, J. Xia, T. Abernathy, Science 1996, 272, 866-868; US 5,763,548; US 5,807,937; US 5,789,487) the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
- This process has been termed atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP).
- ATRP employs the reversible activation and deactivation of a compound containing a radically transferable atom or group to form a propagating radical (R « ) by a redox reaction between the radical and a transition metal complex (M 1 " "1 ) with a radically transferable group (X).
- Controlled polymerization is initiated by use, or formation, of a molecule containing a radically transferable atom or group. Previous work has concentrated on the use of an alkyl ha- lide adjacent to a group which can stabilize the formed radical.
- Other initiators may contain inorganic/pseudo halogen groups which can also participate in atom transfer, such as nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, tin, etc..
- modified halogenated polymer surfaces can be obtained by covalent binding of a radical initiator on the surface of the halogenated polymer and sub- - A -
- the halogenated polymer surface modified in this manner exhibits new properties.
- the present invention relates to a method of preparing a modified halogenated polymer surface, comprising the steps of
- the halogenated polymer substrate is treated with sodium azide in a manner known per se as for example disclosed by A. Jayakrishnan, M. C. Sunny, Polymer 1996, 37, 5213-5218.
- the azide group will be covalently bonded on the surface of the halogenated polymer.
- This reaction is preferably carried out in a 1% to 25% aqueous solution of sodium azide at a temperature from 20 0 C to 100 0 C, preferably from 60°C to 90 0 C.
- the reaction time is from 0,1 h to 2h, preferably 1 h to 4h.
- the reaction is preferably carried out in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst, more preferably in the presence of n-tetrabutyl ammonium bromide.
- the activation of the surface can be controlled by IR spectroscopy due to the strong IR activity of the azide.
- the degree of modification of the halogenated polymer substrate depends on reaction parameters like reaction time, temperature, solvents and the concentration of the reagents.
- the reaction (a-i) comprises the steps of interaction of the surface of the polymer substrate with the reaction medium (ai a ), which contemplates the diffusion of the solvent into the upper part of the surface, the second step is the transport of the modification agent to the functional group of the polymer (an,), and the third step is the reaction itself (ai c ).
- reaction step (a-i) can be illustrated by the following reaction scheme:
- Reaction step (a 2 ) represents a copper-catalyzed 1 ,3 dipolar cycloaddition with an alkine- functionalized initiator. This reaction is known as Huisgen- or click-reaction.
- reaction step (a 2 ) can be illustrated by the following reaction scheme:
- This reaction is preferably carried out in a 0.1 % to 10 % solution of the respective alkine in /so-propanol at a temperature from 20 0 C to 10O 0 C, preferably at 50°C to 80 0 C.
- the reaction time is from 0.1 h to 24h, preferably 1Oh to 16h.
- the reaction is preferably carried out in the presence of a copper catalyst and a base, more preferably in the presence of Cu[MeCN] 4 PF 6 and 2,6-lutidine.
- the reaction can be controlled by IR spectroscopy due to the strong IR activity of the car- bonyl-moiety.
- halogenated polymers examples include
- Halopolymers include organic polymers which contain halogenated groups, such as chloro- polymers, fluoropolymers and fluorochloropolymers.
- halopolymers include fluoroalkyl, difluoroalkyl, trifluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, difluoroaryl, trifluoroaryl, perfluoroalkyl, per- fluoroaryl, chloroalkyl, dichloroalkyl, trichloroalkyl, chloroaryl, dichloroaryl, trichloroaryl, per- chloroalkyl, perchloroaryl, chlorofluoroalkyl, chlorofluoroaryl, chlorodifluoroalkyl, and dichloro- fluoroalkyl groups.
- Halopolymers also include fluorohydrocarbon polymers, such as polyvi- nylidine fluoride (“PVDF”), polyvinylflouride (“PVF”), polychlorotetrafluoroethylene (“PCTFE”), polytetrafluoroethylene (“PTFE”) (including expanded PTFE (“ePTFE”)).
- PVDF polyvi- nylidine fluoride
- PVF polyvinylflouride
- PCTFE polychlorotetrafluoroethylene
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- ePTFE expanded PTFE
- halopolymers include fluoropolymers perfluorinated resins, such as perfluorinated siloxanes, perfluorinated styrenes, perfluorinated urethanes, and copolymers containing tetrafluoroethylene and other perfluorinated oxygen-containing polymers like perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1 ,3-dioxide (which is sold under the trade name TEFLON-AF).
- fluoropolymers perfluorinated resins such as perfluorinated siloxanes, perfluorinated styrenes, perfluorinated urethanes, and copolymers containing tetrafluoroethylene and other perfluorinated oxygen-containing polymers like perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1 ,3-dioxide (which is sold under the trade name TEFLON-AF).
- MFA available from Ausimont USA (Thoroughfare, NJ.)
- PFA available from Dupont (Willmington, Del.)
- FEP' polytetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene
- ECTFE ethylenechloro- trifluoroethylene copolymer
- polyester based polymers examples of which include poly
- Halogen-containing polymers comprise polychloroprene, chlorinated rubbers, chlorinated and brominated copolymer of isobutylene-isoprene (halobutyl rubber), chlorinated or sulfo- chlorinated polyethylene, copolymers of ethylene and chlorinated ethylene, epichlorohydrin homo- and copolymers, especially polymers of halogen-containing vinyl compounds, for example polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, as well as copolymers thereof such as vinyl chloride/vinylidene chloride, vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate or vinylidene chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers.
- polyvinyl chloride means compositions whose polymer is a vinyl chloride ho- mopolymer. The homopolymer may be chemically modified, for example by chlorination.
- polymers obtained by copolymerization of vinyl chloride with monomers containing an ethylenically polymerizable bond, for instance vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride; maleic or fumaric acid or esters thereof; olefins such as ethylene, propylene or hexene; acrylic or methacrylic esters; styrene; vinyl ethers such as vinyl dodecyl ether.
- compositions according to the invention may also contain mixtures based on chlorinated polymers containing minor quantities of other polymers, such as halogenated polyolefins or acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene copolymers.
- the copolymers contain at least 50% by weight of vinyl chloride units and preferably at least 80% by weight of such units.
- any type of polyvinyl chloride is suitable, irrespective of its method of preparation.
- the polymers obtained, for example, by performing bulk, suspension or emulsion processes may be stabilised using the composition according to the invention, irrespective of the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer.
- the initiator represents the fragment of a polymerization initiator capable of initiating polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers in the presence of a catalyst which activates controlled radical polymerization.
- the initiator is preferably selected from the group consisting of CrC 8 -alkylhalides, C 6 -Ci 5 - aralkylhalides, C 2 -C 8 -haloalkyl esters, arene sulphonyl chlorides, haloalkanenitriles, ⁇ -haloacrylates and halolactones.
- the small molecule initiators can be commercially available, such as benzylic hal- ides, 2-halopropionates and 2-haloisobutyrates, 2-halopropionitriles, ⁇ -halomalonates, tosyl halides, carbon tetrahalides, carbon trihalides, etc..
- these functional groups can be incorporated into other small molecules. The incorporation of these functional groups can be done as a single substitution, or the small molecule can have more than one initiating site for ATRP.
- a molecule containing more than one hydroxyl group can undergo an esterification reaction to generate ⁇ -haloesters which can initiate ATRP.
- Other initiator residues can be introduced as are desired.
- the small molecules to which the initiators are attached can be organic or inorganic based; so long as the initiator does not poison the catalyst or adversely interact with the propagating radical it can be used.
- Some examples of small molecules that were used as a foundation for the attachment of initiating sites are polydimethylsiloxane cubes, cyclotriphosphazene rings, 2-tris(hydroxyethyl)ethane, glucose based compounds, etc.
- trichloromethyl isocyanate can be used to attach an initiator residue to any substance containing hydroxy, thiol, amine and/or amide groups.
- Macroinitiators can take many different forms, and can be prepared by different methods.
- the macroinitiators can be soluble polymers, insoluble/crosslinked polymeric supports, surfaces, or solid inorganic supports. Some general methods for the preparation of the macroinitiators include modification of an existing material, (co)polymerization of an AB * monomer by ATRP/non-ATRP methods, or using initiators (for other types of polymerization) that contain an ATRP initiator residue.
- AB * monomers or any type of monomer that contains an ATRP initiator residue, can be (co)polymerized, with or without other monomers, by virtually any polymerization process, except for ATRP to prepare linear polymers with pendant B * groups.
- ATRP ATRP initiator residue
- This poly- mer can then be used to initiate ATRP when in the presence of a suitable vinyl monomer and ATRP catalyst.
- ATRP is used to (co)polymerize the AB * monomers, (hyper)branched polymers will result.
- the macromolecules can also be used to initiate ATRP.
- Functionalized initiators for other types of polymerization systems i.e., conventional free radical, cationic ring opening, etc.
- the polymerization mechanism should not involve reaction with the ATRP initiating site.
- each chain of the macroinitiator must be initiated by the original functionalized initiator.
- Some examples of these type of initiators would include functionalized azo compounds and peroxides (radical polymerization), functionalized transfer agents (cationic, ani- onic, radical polymerization), and 2-bromopropionyl bromide/silver triflate for the cationic ring opening polymerization of tetrahydrofuran.
- the ATRP initiators can be designed to perform a specific function after being used to initiate ATRP reactions.
- biodegradable (macro)initiators can be used as a method to recycle or degrade copolymers into reusable polymer segments.
- An example of this would be to use a difunctional biodegradable initiator to prepare a telechelic polymer. Since telechelic polymers can be used in step-growth polymerizations, assuming properly functionalized, linear polymers can be prepared with multiple biodegradable sites along the polymer chains. Under appropriate conditions, i.e., humidity, enzymes, etc., the biodegradable segments can break down, and the vinyl polymer segments recovered and recycled. Additionally, siloxane containing initiators can be used to prepare polymer with siloxane end groups/blocks. These polymers can be used in sol-gel processes.
- multifunctional initiators having one or more initiation sites for ATRP and one or more initiation sites capable of initiating a non-ATRP polymerization.
- the non- ATRP polymerization can include any polymerization mechanism, including, but not limited to, cationic, anionic, free radical, metathesis, ring opening and coordination polymerizations.
- Exemplary multifunctional initiators include, but are not limited to, 2-bromopropionyl bromide (for cationic or ring opening polymerizations and ATRP); halogenated AIBN derivatives or halogenated peroxide derivatives (for free radical and ATRP polymerizations); and 2- hydroxyethyl 2-bromopropionate (for anionic and ATRP polymerizations).
- Reverse ATRP is the generation, in situ, of the initiator containing a radically transferable group and a lower oxidation state transition metal, by use of a conventional radical initiator and a transition metal in a higher oxidation state associated with a radically transferable ligand (X), e.g., Cu (II) Br 2 , using the copper halide as a model.
- X radically transferable ligand
- the radical formed may either begin to propagate or may react directly with the M n"1 X y L (as can the propagating chain) to form an alkyl halide and IvTX y-1 L After most of the initiator/ M n" X y L is consumed, predominately the alkyl halide and the lower oxidation metal species are present; these two can then begin ATRP.
- Reverse ATRP can now be successfully used for the "living" polymerization of monomers such as styrene, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and acrylonitrile.
- the reverse ATRP initiated polymers all have identical 2-cyanopropyl (from decomposition of AIBN) head groups and halogen tail groups which can further be converted into other functional groups. Additionally, substituents on the free radical initiator can be used to introduce additional functionality into the molecule.
- the radical initiator used in reverse ATRP can be any conventional radical initiator, including but not limited to, organic peroxides, organic persulfates, inorganic persulfates, peroxydisul- fate, azo compounds, peroxycarbonates, perborates, percarbonates, perchlorates, peracids, hydrogen peroxide and mixtures thereof. These initiators can also optionally contain other functional groups that do not interfere with ATRP.
- the activation of the halogenated polymer surface by modification with a polymerisation initiator can be carried out by a thiol-substituted initiator (reaction step (a 3 )).
- reaction step (a 3 ) the sulphur reacts as a nucleophile and the corresponding initiator can be bonded at the halogenated polymer surface by substitution of the chloro atom.
- reaction step (a 3 ) can be illustrated by the following reaction scheme:
- the polymerizable monomeric units A and B are preferably copoly- merized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) participating the initiator of the activated surface obtained in steps (ai)/(a 2 ) or (a 3 ).
- ATRP atom transfer radical polymerization
- the ATRP method enables the production of so called “polymer brushes" on the modified halogenated polymer surface, i.e. covalently bound polymer chains of defined composition with low polydispersity and exclusion from cross linking.
- the polymer brushes formed in the invention may also be formed by several other polymerization methods, which are standart in the art, including but not limited to RAFT, NMP and ROMP.
- the halogenated polymer substrate for example in form of a film, which was modified ac- cording to reaction steps (ai), (a 2 ) or (a 3 ) is reacted in a further reaction step (b) with the corresponding monomer under suitable conditions.
- reaction step (b) can be illustrated by the following reaction scheme:
- This reaction is preferably carried out in a 5 % to 50 % solution of the respective monomer in a mixture of water and an alcohol or in an alcohol at a temperature from 20 0 C to 100 0 C, preferably at 20°C to 60 0 C.
- the reaction time is from 0,1 h to 24h, preferably 1 h to 4h.
- the reaction is preferably carried out in the presence of a catalyst system, more preferably in the presence of CuBr, Cubr 2 and Bipyridin.
- the monomers useful in the present polymerization processes can be any radically (co)po- lymerizable monomers.
- the phrase "radically (co)- polymerizable monomer” indicates that the monomer can be either homopolymerized by ra- dical polymerization or can be radically copolymerized with another monomer, even though the monomer in question cannot itself be radically homopolymerized.
- Such monomers typically include any ethylenically unsaturated monomer, including but not limited to, styrenes, acrylates, methacrylates, acrylamides, acrylonitriles, isobutylene, dienes, vinyl acetate, N- cyclohexyl maleimide, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylates, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylates, and fluoro- containing vinyl monomers.
- ethylenically unsaturated monomer including but not limited to, styrenes, acrylates, methacrylates, acrylamides, acrylonitriles, isobutylene, dienes, vinyl acetate, N- cyclohexyl maleimide, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylates, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylates, and fluoro- containing vinyl monomers.
- These monomers can optionally be substituted by any substitu- ent that does not interfere with the polymerization process, such as alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, het- eroaryl, benzyl, vinyl, allyl, hydroxy, epoxy, amide, ethers, esters, ketones, maleimides, suc- cinimides, sulfoxides, glycidyl or silyl.
- substitu- ent that does not interfere with the polymerization process, such as alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, het- eroaryl, benzyl, vinyl, allyl, hydroxy, epoxy, amide, ethers, esters, ketones, maleimides, suc- cinimides, sulfoxides, glycidyl or silyl.
- the polymers may be prepared from a variety of monomers.
- a particularly useful class of water-soluble or water-dispersible monomers features acrylamide monomers having the formula:
- R 4 is H or an alkyl group
- R 5 and R 6 independently, are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, and combinations thereof;
- R 5 and Re may be joined together in a cyclic ring structure, including heterocyclic ring structure, and that may have fused with it an- other saturated or aromatic ring.
- R 5 and Re independently, are selected from the group consisting of hydroxy-substituted alkyl, polyhydro- xy-substituted alkyl, amino-substituted alkyl, polyamino-substituted alkyl and isothiocyanato- substituted alkyl.
- the polymers include the acrylamide-based repeat units derived from monomers such as acrylamide, methacrylamides, N-alkylacrylamide (e.g., N-methylacrylamide, N-tert-butylacrylamide, and N-n-butylacrylamide), N-alkylmetha- crylamide (e.g., N-tert-butylmethacrylamide and N-n-butylmethacrylamide), N,N-dialkyl- acrylamide (e.g., N,N-dimethylacrylamide), N-methyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acrylamide, N,N-di- alkylmethacrylamide, N-methylolmethacrylamide, N-ethylolmethacrylamide, N-methylolacryl- amide, N-ethylolacrylamide, and combinations thereof.
- monomers such as acrylamide, methacrylamides, N-alkylacrylamide (e.g., N-methylacrylamide,
- the polymers include acrylamidic repeat units derived from monomers selected from N-alkylacryl- amide, N-alkylmethacrylamide, N,N-dialkylacrylamide and N,N-dialkylmethacrylamide.
- Pre- ferred repeat units can be derived, specifically, from acrylamide, methacrylamide, N, N- dimethylacrylamide, and tert-butylacrylamide.
- Copolymers can include two or more of the aforementioned acrylamide-based repeat units. Copolymers can also include, for example, one or more of the aforementioned polyacryla- mide-based repeat units in combination with one or more other repeat units.
- the monomer may be represented by the formula
- P is a functional group that polymerizes in the presence of free radicals (e.g., a carbon- carbon double bond)
- E is a group that can react with the probe of interest and form a chemical bond therewith.
- the bond which forms between E, or a portion thereof, and the probe in most cases is cova- lent, or has a covalent character. It is to be noted, however, that the present invention also encompasses other type of bonds or bonding (e.g., hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, metal coordination, or combinations thereof).
- bonds or bonding e.g., hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, metal coordination, or combinations thereof.
- E can be, for instance, a ligand, such as iminodiacetic acid that can bind histidine tagged proteins through Ni mixed complexes.
- E can be for example, but is not limited to, isothiocyanates, isocyanates, acylacydes, aldehydes, amines, sulfonylchlorides, epoxides, carbonates, acidfluorides, acidchlorides, acid- bromides, acidanhydrides, acylimidazoles, thiols, alkyl halides, maleimides, aziridines and oxiranes.
- E is a phenylboronic acid moiety, which can strongly complex to biological probes that contains certain polyol molecules (e.g., 1 ,2-cis diols or other related com- pounds).
- E is an electrophilic group that, upon reaction with a nucleophilic site present in the probe, forms a chemical bond with the probe.
- Such activated monomers include, but are not limited to, N-hydroxysuccinimides, tosylates, brosylates, no- sylates, mesylates, etc.
- the electrophilic group consists of a 3- to 5- membered ring which opens upon reaction with the nucleophile.
- Such cyclic electrophiles include, but are not limited to, epoxides, oxetanes, aziridines, azetidines, episulfides, 2-oxa- zolin-5-ones, etc.
- the electrophilic group may be a group wherein, upon reaction with the nucleophilic probe, an addition reaction takes place, leading to the formation of a covalent bond between the probe and the polymer.
- electrophilic groups include, but are not limited to, maleimide derivatives, acetylacetoxy derivatives, etc.
- X represents some linking group which connects P to E, such as in the case of X linking an unsaturated carbon atom of P to an electrophilic E group.
- X may be, for example, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbylene or heterohydrocarbylene linker, a hetero linker, etc., including linkers derived from alkyl, amino, aminoalkyl or aminoalkylamido groups.
- m is an integer such as 1 , 2, 3, 4 or more.
- P is directly bound to E.
- X is for example chosen from a covalent bond, an optionally substituted CrC 4 O alkyl radical optionally interrupted by a (hetero)cycle, the alkyl radical being optionally interrupted by at lest one heteroatom or group comprising at least one heteroatom or an optionally substituted phenyl radical.
- X is a linker generally represented by the for-
- preferred monomers include those having an N-hydroxysuccinimide group.
- certain of such monomers include those having an N-hydroxysuccinimide group.
- R 4 is a hydrogen or an akyl substitutent
- R 7 is one or more substituents (i.e., w is 1 , 2) selected from the group consisting of hydrogen substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl (e.g., alkyl, aryl, heteroalkyl), heterohydro- carbyl, alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, sulphates, thioethers, ethers, hydroxy, etc.
- substituents i.e., w is 1 , 2
- R 7 can essentially be any substituent that does not substantially decrease the hydrophilic of the water-soluble or water-dispersible segment in which it is contained.
- R 7 can essentially be any substituent that does not substantially decrease the hydrophilic of the water-soluble or water-dispersible segment in which it is contained.
- substituted succinimide compounds are commercially available and are suitable for use in the present invention.
- N-acryloxysuccinimide and 2- (methacryloyloxy)ethylamino N-succinimidyl carbamate which are generally represented by
- R 4 , R 7 and w are as previously defined.
- R 4 , R 7 , n and w are as previously defined.
- monomers such as 2-(methylacryloyloxy)ethyl acetoacetate, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and 4,4-dimethyl-2-vinyl-2-oxazolin-5-one, generally represented by
- R 9 is hydrogen or hydrocarbyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc., as defined herein).
- One or more of the above referenced monomers are commercially available, for example from Aldrich Chemical Company. Additionally, monomers generally represented by formulas (III) and (IV), above, may be prepared by means common in the art.
- Such monomers may advantageously be employed in any of the polymerization processes described herein, including nitroxide and iniferter initiated systems.
- Suitable polymerization monomers and comonomers of the present invention include, but are not limited to, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl methacrylate (all isomers), butyl methacrylate (all isomers), 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, benzyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, methacrylonitrile, alpha-methylstyrene, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate (all isomers), butyl acrylate (all isomers), 2- ethylhexyl acrylate, isobornyl acrylate, acrylic acid, benzyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, acrylo- nitrile, styrene, acrylates and styrenes selected from glycidyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxy
- Additional suitable polymerizable monomers and comonomers include, but are not limited to, vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, vinylamine, N-alkylvinylamine, allylamine, N-alkylallylamine, dial- lylamine, N-alkyldiallylamine, alkylenimine, acrylic acids, alkylacrylates, acrylamides, methacrlic acids, maleic anhydride, alkylmethacrylates, n-vinyl formamide, vinyl ethers, vinyl naphthalene, vinyl pyridine, vinyl sulfonates, ethylvinylbenzene, aminostyrene, vinylbiphenyl, vinylanisole, vinylimidazolyl, vinylpyridinyl, dimethylaminomethystyrene, trimethylammonium ethyl methacrylate, trimethylammonium ethyl acrylate, dimethylamino propylacrylamide, trimethylammonium e
- Betaine refers to a general class of salt compounds, especially zwitterionic compounds, and include polybetaines.
- betaines which can be used with the present invention include: N,N-dimethyl-N-acryloyloxyethyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)- ammonium betaine, N,N-dimethyl-N-acrylamidopropyl-N-(2-carboxymethyl)-ammonium betaine, N,N-dimethyl-N-acrylamidopropyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine, N,N-dimethyl- N-acrylamidopropyl-N-(2-carboxymethyl)-ammonium betaine, 2-(methylthio)ethyl methacry- loyl-S-(sulfopropyl)-sulfonium betaine, 2-[(2-acryloylethyl)dimethylammonio
- the above described functional monomers can also be used in form of their corresponding salts.
- acrylates, methacrylates or styrenes containing amino groups can be used as salts with organic or inorganic acids or by way of quaternisation with known alkylation agents like benzyl chloride.
- the salt formation can also be done as a subsequent reaction on the preformed block copolymer with appropriate reagents.
- the salt formation is carried out in situ in compositions or formulations, for example by reacting a block copolymer with basic or acidic groups with appropriate neutralisation agents during the preparation of a pigment concentrate.
- the grafted polymers formed on the surface of the halogenated polymer substrate form thin layers of 5 nm to 100 ⁇ m, preferably 10 nm to 200 nm and distinguish by a low polydisperisty which is ⁇ 3.
- the layer thickness of the polymers formed on the surface is dependent on the parameters like solvents, concentration of reactands, temperature and/or reaction time.
- these polymers may be present in form of polymer brushes, i.e. in form of chains which are oriented perpendicular to the surface.
- Polymer brushes contain polymer chains, one end of which is directly or indirectly tethered to a surface and another end of which is free to extend from the surface, somewhat analogous to the bristles of a brush.
- Covalent attachment of polymers to form polymer brushes is commonly achieved by "grafting to” and “grafting from” techniques.
- “Grafting to” techniques involve tethering pre-formed end- functionalized polymer chains to a suitable substrate under appropriate conditions.
- “Grafting from” techniques involve covalently immobilizing initiators on the substrate surface, followed by surface initiated polymerization to generate the polymer brushes.
- Each of these techniques involves the attachment of a species (e.g., a polymer or an initiator) to a surface, which may be carried out using a number of techniques that are known in the art.
- a polymerization reaction is then conducted to create a surface bound polymer.
- Various polymerization reactions may be employed, including various condensations, anionic, cationic and radical polymerization methods. These and other methods may be used to polymerize a host of monomers and monomer combinations.
- radical polymerization processes are controlled/"living" radical polymerizations such as metal-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), stable free- radical polymerization (SFRP), nitroxide-mediated processes (NMP), and degenerative trans- fer (e.g., reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)) processes, among others.
- ATRP metal-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization
- SFRP stable free- radical polymerization
- NMP nitroxide-mediated processes
- degenerative trans- fer e.g., reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)
- the advantages of using a "living" free radical system for polymer brush creation include control over the brush thickness via control of molecular weight and narrow polydispersities, and the ability to prepare block copolymers by the sequential activation of a dormant chain end in the presence of different monomers.
- the first polymerization may be interrupted and a further polymerisation may be started with a new monomer in order to form block polymers.
- polymer comprises oligomers, cooligomers, polymers or copolymers, such as block, multi-block, star, gradient, random, comb, hyperbranched and dendritic copolymers as well as graft copolymers.
- the block copolymer unit A contains at least two repeating units (x > 2) of polymerizable aliphatic monomers having one or more olefinic double bonds.
- the block copolymer unit B contains at least one polymerizable aliphatic monomer unit (y > 0) having one or more olefinic double bonds.
- the modified halogenated polymer substrate prepared according to the process of the present invention represents a further embodiment of the present invention.
- the modified halogenated polymer can be represented by the following formula: (1 ) HaIPoI-[In-A x -B y -C z -Z] n , wherein
- A, B, C represent monomer- oligomer or polymer fragments, which can be arranged in block or statstically;
- Z is halogen which is positioned at the end of each polymer brush as end group derived from ATRP;
- In represents the fragment of a polymerisation initiator capable of initiating polymerisation of ethylenically unsaturated monomers in the presence of a catalyst which activates controlled radical polymerisation;
- x represents a numeral greater than one and defines the number of repeating units in A;
- y represents zero or a numeral greater than zero and defines the number of monomer, oli- gopolymer or polymer repeating units in B;
- z represents zero or a numeral greater than zero and defines the number of monomer, oli- gopolymer or polymer repeating units in C;
- n is one or a numeral greater than one which defines the number of groups of the partial formula (1 a) In-(A x -ByC z -Z)-.
- P, X, E and n are defined as above.
- alkyl comprises methyl, ethyl and the isomers of propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl and dodecyl.
- An example of aryl-substituted alkyl is benzyl.
- alkoxy are methoxy, ethoxy and the isomers of propoxy and butoxy.
- alkenyl are vinyl and allyl.
- alkylene is ethylene, n-propylene, 1 ,2- or 1 ,3-propylene.
- cycloalkyl examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, methylcy- clopentyl, dimethylcyclopentyl and methylcyclohexyl.
- substituted cycloalkyl examples include methyh dimethyl-, trimethyl-, methoxy-, dimethoxy-, trimethoxy-, trifluoromethyl-, bis-triflu- oromethyl- and tris-trifluoromethyl-substituted cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
- aryl examples include phenyl and naphthyl.
- aryloxy examples include phenoxy and naphthyl- oxy.
- substituted aryl examples include methyl-, dimethyl-, trimethyl-, methoxy-, dimethoxy-, trimethoxy-, trifluoromethyl-, bis-trifluoromethyl- or tris-trifluoromethyl-substituted phenyl.
- An example of aralkyl is benzyl.
- substituted aralkyl examples include methyl-, dimethyl-, trimethyl-, methoxy-, dimethoxy-, trimethoxy-, trifluoromethyl-, bis-trifluoromethyl or tris-trifluoro- methyl-substituted benzyl.
- an aliphatic carboxylic acid is acetic, propionic or butyric acid.
- An example of a cycloaliphatic carboxylic acid is cyclohexanoic acid.
- An example of an aromatic carboxylic acid is benzoic acid.
- An example of a phosphorus-containing acid is methylphos- phonic acid.
- An example of an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid is malonyl, maleoyl or succinyl.
- An example of an aromatic dicarboxylic acid is phthaloyl.
- heterocycloalkyl embraces within the given structure one or two and heterocyclic groups having one to four heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen.
- heterocycloalkyl are tetrahydrofuryl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl and tetrahydrothienyl.
- heteroaryl are furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl and pyrimidinyl.
- An example of a monovalent silyl radical is trimethylsilyl.
- the modified halogenated polymer substrate according to the present invention can be used for many applications.
- the first requirement for an analytical or sensing device which allows specific detection or recognition, is the resistance of the device surface towards non-specific adsorption. This requirement can be fulfilled by the copolymers described above.
- the second requirement is the introduction of functional groups, hereafter called recognition units, that allow specific interaction with selected components of the analyte. Examples are: Recognition units that induce physico-chemical adsorption of a molecule for the subsequent analytical or sensing detec- tion.
- the recognition units are any structural unit able to recognize and which will specifically bind (complex) molecules to be analyzed during the sensing step (called target molecules) such as for example organic molecules, biomarkers, metabolites, peptides, proteins, oligonucleotides, DNA or RNA fragments, carbohydrates or fragments thereof.
- target molecules such as for example organic molecules, biomarkers, metabolites, peptides, proteins, oligonucleotides, DNA or RNA fragments, carbohydrates or fragments thereof.
- the interaction of the recognition unit and the target molecule will be accomplished by hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, ⁇ - ⁇ interactions, hydrophopic inter- actions, metal coordination, or combinations thereof.
- Recognition units that are able to bind to receptors on the surfaces of cells a target molecule may be bound to the recognition unit directly by reaction.
- An example is the reaction of a cys- teine-containing peptide to a vinylsulfone recognition unit.
- the case of the peptide recognition unit binding to receptors on the surface of a cell can be particularly interesting, e.g. in analysis of cellular behavior or in the therapeutic manipulation of cell behavior in a culture system or upon an implant.
- Recognition units that are able to bind specifically to a bioactive target moiety examples include antigens, proteins, enzymes, oligonucleotides, DNA and RNA fragments, carbohydrates as for example glucose and other groups or molecules provided they are able to interact specifically with the recognition unit in the subsequent analytical or sensing assay.
- Recognition units that are able to form stable complexes with a cation.
- the cation will form a complex either with the target molecule directly through a suitable functionality .
- the recognition unit include carboxylate, amide, phosphate, phosphonate, nitrilo triacetic acid and other known groups that are able to chelate cations.
- the cations include Mg(II), Ti(IV), Co(III), Co(VI), Cu(II), Zn(II), Zr(IV), Hf(IV), V(V), Nb(V), Ta(V), Cr(III), Cr(VI), Mo(VI) and other cations known to form stable complexes with chelating ligands.
- the peptides may be coupled to the modified halogenated polymer surface (1 ).
- the peptide may be bound to the modified halogenated polymer surface (1 ) through a number of means, including reaction to a cysteine residue incorporated within the peptide. Cys- teine residues are rarely involved in cell adhesion directly. As such, few cell adhesion peptides comprise a cysteine residue, and thus a cysteine residue that is incorporated for the purpose of coupling of the peptide will be the unique cysteine residue for coupling.
- the preferred method is coupling of the peptide to the multifunctional polymer through a cysteine residue on the polymer.
- Other bioactive features can also be incorporated, e.g. adhesion proteins, growth factor proteins, cytokine proteins, chemokine proteins, and the like.
- Functionalized surfaces can be used in bioanalytical systems involving cells, in which some affecter of cell function is the measured feature.
- a test fluid may contain an analyte, to which the response of cells is sought.
- the cellular response may be used in as a measure of the presence or the activity of the analyte.
- the cellular response per se may be the knowledge that is sought, e.g.
- Functionalized surfaces can be used in therapeutic systems involving cells, in which cells are cultured for later therapeutic use.
- cultured cells are sometimes used. Examples are in the culture of chondrocytes for transplantation in articular cartilage defects in the knee or in the culture of endothelial cells for transplantation in vascular grafts. In such cases, modulation and manipulation of the phenotype of the cells is of prime interest.
- a medical device is any article, natural or synthetic, that comprises all or part of a living structure which performs, augments, protects or replaces a natural function and that is substantially compatible with the body.
- any shaped article can be made using the compositions of the invention.
- articles suitable for contact with bodily fluids such as medical devices can be made using the compositions described herein.
- the duration of contact may be short, for example, as with surgical instruments or long term use articles such as implants.
- the medical devices include, without limitation, catheters, guide wires, vascular stents, micro-particles, electronic leads, probes, sensors, drug depots, transdermal patches, vascular patches, blood bags, and tubing.
- the medical device can be an implanted device, percutaneous device, or cutaneous device.
- Implanted devices include articles that are fully implanted in a patient, i.e., are completely internal.
- Percutaneous devices include items that penetrate the skin, thereby extending from outside the body into the body.
- Implanted devices include, without limitation, prostheses such as pacemakers, electrical leads such as pacing leads, defibrillarors, artificial hearts, ventricular assist devices, anatomical reconstruction prostheses such as breast implants, artificial heart valves, heart valve stents, pericardial patches, surgical patches, coronary stents, vascular grafts, vascular and structural stents, vascular or cardiovascular shunts, biological conduits, pledges, sutures, annuloplasty rings, stents, staples, valved grafts, dermal grafts for wound healing, orthopedic spinal implants, orthopedic pins, intrauterine devices, urinary stents, maxial facial reconstruction plating, dental implants, intraocular lenses, clips, sternal wires, bone, skin, ligaments, tendons, and combination thereof.
- prostheses such as pacemakers, electrical leads such as pacing leads, defibrillarors, artificial hearts, ventricular assist devices, anatomical reconstruction prostheses such as breast implants, artificial
- Percutaneous devices include, without limitation, catheters or various types, cannulas, drainage tubes such as chest tubes, surgical instruments such as forceps, retractors, needles, and gloves, and catheter cuffs.
- Cutaneous devices include, without limitation, burn dressings, wound dressings and dental hardware, such as bridge supports and bracing components.
- Functionalzed surfaces can be used in therapeutic systems involving cells, in which the cells are cultured and used in contact with the surface.
- bioreactors are used in some extracorporal therapeutic systems, such as cultured hepatocytes used to detoxify blood in acute hepatic failure patients.
- cultured hepatocytes used to detoxify blood in acute hepatic failure patients.
- the adhesive interactions between the cells and their substrate are thought to play an important role in these interactions, and thus the technology of this invention provides a means by which to control these re- sponses.
- Functionalized surfaces can be used in therapeutic systems involving cells, in which the functionalized surfaces are a component of an implant.
- the interactions between cells in an implant environment and the surface of an implant may play a controlling role in determining the biocompatibility of an implant.
- the presence of blood platelets is not desirable and may lead to in-stent restenosis. As such, it would be desirable to prevent the attachment of blood platelets to the stent surface.
- the materials described here have a variety of applications in the area of substrates or devices (called “ chips " in the general sense) for analytical or sensing purposes.
- chips are suited for the surface treatment of chips intended to be used in analytical or sensing applications where the aim is specific detection of biologically or medically relevant mole- cules such as peptides, proteins, oligonucleotides, DNA or RNA fragments or generally any type of antigen-antibody or key-loch type of assays.
- the invention provides a suitable basis for producing the necessary properties of the chip surface: 1 ) the ability to withstand non-specific adsorption and 2) the ability to introduce in a controlled way a certain concentration of recognition entities, which will during the analytical or sensing operation interact specifically with the target molecules or ions in the analyte. If combined with suitable analytical or sensor detection methods, the invention provides the feasibility to produce chips that have both high specificity and high detection sensitivity in any type of analytical or sensing assay, in particular in bioaffinity type of assays.
- the materials described here additionally have a variety of applications in the area of substrates or devices which are not "chip” based applications.
- the aim is specific detection of biologically or medically rele- vant molecules such as peptides, proteins, oligonucleotides, DNA or RNA fragments or generally any type of antigen-antibody or key-loch type of assays.
- the methods can be applied to chips for any type of qualitative, semiquantitative or quantitative analytical or sensing assay.
- Particularly suitable detection techniques to be combined with chips include:
- the optical waveguide technique where the evanescent field is used to interact with and detect the amount of target molecules adsorbed to the chips surface.
- the technique re- lies on incoupling white or monochromatic light into a waveguiding layer through an optical coupling element, preferably a diffraction grating or holographic structure.
- Fluorescence spectroscopy or microscopy where fluorescently labeled target molecules are quantitatively analyzed by measuring the intensity of the fluorescence light.
- SPR Surface Plasmon Resonance Technique
- UVA/IS Ultraviolet or Visible
- Infrared Techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, where the excitation of atomic or molecular vibrations in the infrared region is used to detect and quantify target molecules that have previously been adsorbed or attached to the surface modified chips.
- FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared
- Surface or interface sensitive forms of IR spectroscopy such as Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) or Infrared Reflection-Adsorption Spectroscopy (IRAS) are particularly suitable techniques.
- RS Raman Spectroscopy
- SERS Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
- Chip based devices can also be assayed with standard fluorescence or adsorption techniques in which excitation is through light reflected off the substrate surface as opposed to the evanescent field interaction.
- Non “chip” based substrates also includes fiberoptic substrates. In the case of fiberoptics, techniques as described for “chip” substrates are applicable. For other non “chip” based substrates which do not support evanescent field excitation or are not a “chip”, suitable techniques are described below.
- Fluorescence spectroscopy or microscopy where fluorescently labeled target molecules are quantitatively analyzed by measuring the intensity of the fluorescence light.
- the fluorescence is detected using standard detectors positioned either for transmission, or more preferably, for reflection based detection methods.
- Adsorption spectroscopy where the adsorption at a particular characteristic wavelength is used to quantitfy the amount of target molecules adsorbed or attached to the surface modified according to the invention through reflection or transmission techniques.
- the detection by visual inspection of a color change in the assay region.
- FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared
- Infrared Reflection-Adsorption Spectroscopy are particularly suitable techniques.
- Electrochemical techniques where for example the current or charge for the reduction or oxidation of a particular target molecule or part of that molecule is measured at a given potential.
- the analytical or sensor chips can be used in a variety of ways.
- Non-modified and modified copolymers can be adsorbed onto suitable surfaces either in pure form or as mixtures. The optimum choice depends on the type and concentration of the target molecules and on the type of detection technique.
- the technique is particularly suited for the modification of chips to be used in assays where multiple analytes are de- termined on one chip, either sequentially or simultaneously.
- Examples are microarrays for multipurpose DNA and RNA bioaffinity analysis " Genomics Chips " , for protein recognition and analysis based on sets of antibody-antigen recognition and analyze (Proteomics Chips). Such techniques are particularly efficient for the analysis of a multitude of components on one miniaturized chip for applications in biomedical, diagnostic DNA/RNA, or protein sensors or for the purpose of establishing extended libraries in genomics and proteomics.
- the chip is functionalized and is part of a gaseous or liquid cell or flow-through cell.
- the conditioning of the surface can be done in a continuous and continuously monitored process within that liquid or flow-through cell, followed by in situ monitoring of the signal due to the specific interaction and adsorption or attachment of the specific target molecule in the analyte solution.
- the original surface of the chip may afterwards be restored/regenerated again and conditioned for the immediately following next bioaffinity assay. This may be repeated many times.
- the surface treatment of chips has applications in biosensors, where the aim is to attach and organize living cells in a defined manner on such chips. Since protein adsorption and cell attachment is closely related, this opens the possibility to organize cells on chips in defined way.
- the detection of specific areas of the pattern can be localized to the specific areas, or can be performed for multiple specific areas simultaneously.
- an important aspect is the sequential or simultaneous determination of multiple analytes in one or more liquid samples, where the patterned surface is used in microarray assays for the determination of analytes of the group formed of peptides, proteins, antibodies or antigens, receptors or their ligands, chelators or "histidin tag components", oligonucleotides, polynucleotides, DNA, and RNA fragments, enzymes, enzyme cofactors or inhibitors, lectins, carbohydrates.
- the materials and methods described herein can be used in many application areas, e.g., for the quantitative or qualitative determination of chemical, biochemical or biological analytes in screening assays in pharmacological research, combinatorial chemistry, clinical or preclinical development, for real-time binding studies or the determination of kinetic parameters in affinity screening or in research, for DNA and RNA analytics and the determination of genomic or proteomic differences in the genome, such as single nucleotide poly- morphisms, for the determination of protein-DNA interactions, for the determination of regulation mechanisms for mRNA expression and protein (bio)synthesis, for toxicological studies and the determination of expression profiles, especially for the determination of biological or chemical markers, such as mRNA, proteins, peptides or low molecular organic (messenger) compounds, for the determination of antigens, pathogens or bacteria in pharmacological product research and development, human and veterinary diagnostics, agrochemical product research and development, symptomatic and presymptomatic plant diagnostics, for patient stratification in pharmaceutical product development and for the
- a common approach to diagnostic sensor design involves the measurement of the specific binding of a particular component of a physiological sample.
- physiological samples of interest e.g. blood samples
- physiological samples of interest e.g. blood samples
- the aim of a diagnostic sensor is to probe only the specific interaction of one component while minimizing all other unrelated interactions.
- proteins, glycoproteins and/or saccharides, as well as cells often adsorb non-specifically onto the sensor surface. This impairs both selectivity and sensitivity, two highly important performance criteria in bioaffinity sensors.
- reactive monomers which directly yield a poly- functional polymer monolayer according to the invention.
- monomers can be chosen which carry a precursor of the functional group to be used on the final surface, e.g. an acid chloride or an acid anhydride. They can subsequently be transformed to reactive groups, e.g. NHS ester or glycidylester groups, which allow an interaction of the polymer with sample or probe molecules under the desired conditions.
- polymerizable monomers are suitable for the purposes of the present invention, as long as they can be combined with, or comprise, functional groups necessary to allow an interaction of the polymer with the sample molecules or probe molecules.
- Functional groups which can be used for the purposes of the present invention are preferably chosen according to the molecules with which an interaction is to be achieved.
- the interaction can be directed to one single type of sample molecule, or to a variety of sample molecules.
- the functional groups present within the polymer brushes will preferably interact with natural or synthetic biomolecules which are capable of specifically interacting with the molecules in biological samples, leading to their detection.
- Suitable functional moieties will preferably be able to react with nucleic acids and derivatives thereof; such as DNA, RNA or PNA, e.g.
- oligonucleotides or aptamers saccharides and polysaccharides, proteins including glycosidically modified proteins or antibodies, enzymes, cytokines, chemokines, peptidhormones or antibiotics or peptides or labeled derivatives thereof.
- probe molecules especially in biological or medical applications, comprise sterically unhindered nucleophilic moieties
- preferred interactions with the polymer brushes comprise nucleophilic substitution or addition reactions leading to a covalent bond between the polymer chains and the sample or probe molecules.
- the polymer monolayers of the present invention can also be used in separation methods, e.g. as a stationary phase in chromatographic applications.
- Preferred functional groups can be chosen from prior art literature with respect to the classes of molecules which are to be immobilized and according to the other requirements (reaction time, temperature, pH value) as described above.
- suitable groups are so-called active or reactive esters as N-hydroxy succinimides (NHS-esters), epoxides, preferably gly- cidyl derivatives, isothiocyanates, isocyanates, azides, carboxylic acid groups or maleinim- ides.
- the following compounds can be employed for the purposes of the present invention: acrylic or methacrylic acid N-hydroxysuccinimides, N-methacryloyl-6-aminopropanoic acid hydroxysuccinimide ester, N-methacryloyl-6-aminocapronic acid hydroxysuccinimide ester or acrylic or methacryl acid glycidyl esters.
- the functional groups may be identical.
- nucleic acids for example oligonucleotides with a desired nucleotide sequence or DNA molecules in a biological sample are to be analyzed, synthetic oligonucleotide single strands can be reacted with the polymer monolayer.
- oligonucleotide single strands e.g. as obtained from PCR, which are labeled
- a mixture of oligonucleotide single strands e.g. as obtained from PCR, which are labeled
- only those surface areas which provide synthetic strands as probes complementary to the PCR product will show a detectable signal upon scanning due to hybridization.
- printing techniques can be used which allow the separation of the sensor surface into areas where different types of synthetic oligonucleotide probes are presented to the test solution.
- hybridization as used in accordance with the present invention may relate to stringent or non-stringent conditions.
- the nucleic acids to be analyzed may originate from a DNA library or a genomic library, including synthetic and semisynthetic nucleic acid libraries.
- the nucleic acid library comprises oligonucleotides.
- the nucleic acid molecules should preferably be labeled.
- Suitable labels include radioactive, fluorescent, phosphorescent, bio- luminescent or chemoluminescent labels, an enzyme, an antibody or a functional fragment or functional derivative thereof, biotin, avidin or streptavidin.
- Antibodies may include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric or single chain antibodies or functional fragments or derivatives of such antibodies.
- the detection can be effected by methods known in the art, e.g. via laser scanning or use of CCD cameras.
- Also comprised by the present invention are methods where detection is indirectly effected.
- a further application of the polymer monolayers according to the invention lies in the field of affinity chromatography, e.g. for the purification of substances.
- polymer brushes with identical functional groups or probe molecules are preferably used, which are contacted with a sample.
- unbound material can be removed, e.g. in a washing step.
- the purified substance can then be separated from the affinity matrix.
- Preferred substances which may be immobilized on such a matrix are nucleic acid molecules, peptides or polypeptides (proteins, enzymes) (or complexes thereof, such as antibodies, functional fragments or derivatives thereof), saccharides or polysaccharides.
- the sensor surfaces according to the invention can therefore serve in diagnostical instruments or other medical applications, e.g. for the detection of components in physiological fluids, such as blood, serum, sputum etc.
- the sensors of the present invention can also be utilized in a multi-step or "sandwich" assay format, wherein a number of biomolecule targets can be applied or analyzed in sequential fashion. This approach may be useful to immobilize a protein probe for the desired biomolecule target. It may also be applied as a form of signal enhancement if the secondary, tertiary, etc. biomolecules serve to increase the number of signal reporter molecules (i.e., fluorophores).
- signal reporter molecules i.e., fluorophores
- the sensors can be used to analyze biological samples such as blood, plasma, urine, saliva, tears, mucuous derivatives, semen, stool samples, tissue samples, tissue swabs and combinations thereof.
- Sensors in which the tethered probes are polypeptides can be used, for example, to screen or characterize populations of antibodies having specific binding affinity for a particular target antigen or to determine if a ligand had affinity for a particular receptor, according to procedures described generally in Leuking et al., Anal. Biochem., 1991 , 270(1 ):103 1 11.
- Target polypeptides can be labeled, e.g., fluorescently or with an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase, or radio labeling for easy detection.
- Probes A wide variety of biological probes can be employed in connection with the present invention.
- the probe molecule is preferably substantially selective for one or more biological molecules of interest.
- the degree of selectivity will vary depending on the particular application at hand, and can generally be selected and/or optimized by a person of skill in the art.
- the probe molecules can be bonded to the functional group-bearing polymer segments using conventional coupling techniques (an example of which is further described herein below under the heading "Application").
- the probes may be attached using covalently or non- covalently (e.g., physical binding such as electrostatic, hydrophobic, affinity binding, or hy- drogen bonding, among others).
- Typical polymer brushes functionalities that are useful to covalently attach probes are chosen among hydroxyl, carboxyl, aldehyde, amino, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, azlactone, acety- lacetonate, epoxy, oxirane, carbonate sulfonyl ester (such as mesityl or tolyl esters), acyl azide, activated esters (such as N(hydroxy)succinimide esters), O-acyliso-urea intermediates from COOH-carbodiimide adducts, fluoro-aryle, imidoester, anhydride, haloacetyl, alkylio- dide, thiol, disulfide, maleimide, aziridine, acryloyl, diazo-alkane, diazo-acetyl, di-azonium, and the like.
- polystyrene resin examples include 2-hy- droethyl(meth)acrylate, hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylamide, hydroxyethyl-N(methyl)(meth)acryl- amide, (meth)acrylic acid, 2-aminoethyl(meth)acrylate, amino-protected monomers such as maleimido derivatives of amino-functional monomers, 3-isopropenyl, . ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylbenzyl- isocyanate, 2-isocyanato-ethylmethacrylate, 4,4-dimethyl-2-vinyl-2-oxazoline-5-one, acety- lacetonate-ethylmethacrylate, and glycidylmethacrylate.
- functional monomers such as 2-hy- droethyl(meth)acrylate, hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylamide, hydroxyethyl-N(methyl)(meth)
- Post derivatization of polymer brushes proves also to be efficient.
- Typical methods include activation of -OH functionalized groups with, for example phosgene, thiophosgene, 4-me- thyl-phenyl sulfonylchoride, methylsulfonylchloride, and carbonyl di-imidazole.
- Activation of carboxylic groups can be performed using carbodiimides, such as 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl- aminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride, or 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl) carbo- diimide, among others.
- Aldehyde groups can be synthesized from the periodate-mediated oxidation of vicinal -OH, obtained from hydrolysis of epoxy functional brushes. Alternatively, aldehyde groups are attached by reaction of bis-aldehydes (e.g, glutaraldehyde) onto amino- modified polymer brushes. Amino-functional brushes can also be prepared by reacting di- amino compound on aminoreactive brushes, such as N(hydroxy)succinimide esters of car- boxylates brushes. (Other state-of-the-art coupling chemistries, such as described in Biocon- juguate Techniques, Greg. T. Hermanson, Academic Press, 1996, are also applicable and are incorporated herein by reference.)
- probes used herein include: acetylcholin receptor proteins, histocompatibility antigens, ribonucleic acids, basement membrane proteins, immunoglobulin classes and subclasses, myeloma protein receptors, complement components, myelin proteins, and various hormones, vitamines and their receptor components as well as genetically engineered proteins, nucleic acids and derivatives of, such as DNA, RNA or peptide nucleic acids, oligonu- cleotides or aptamers, polysaccharides, proteins including glycosidically modified proteins or antibodies, enzymes, cytokines, chemokines, peptidhormones or antibioticsor peptides or labeled derivatives thereof.
- the probe may be selected from the group consisting of natural or synthetic extracellular proteins, antibodies, antibody fragments, cell adhesion molecules, fragments of cell adhesion molecules, growth factors, cytokines, peptides, sugars, carbohy- drates, polysaccharides, lipids, sterols, fatty acids and combinations thereof.
- biomolecules that are contemplated as being suitable for linking with the functionalized monomers or polymer segments contemplated herein in accordance with the invention include, for example:
- Bioadhesives including fibrin; fibroin; Mytilus edulis foot protein (mefpi , "mussel adhesive protein”); other mussel's adhesive proteins; proteins and peptides with glycine-rich blocks; proteins and peptides with poly-alanine blocks; and silks.
- Cell Attachment Factors biological molecules that mediate attachment and spreading of cells onto biological surfaces or other cells and tissues
- molecules participating in cell-matrix and cell-cell interaction during vertebrate development, neogenesis, regeneration and repair such as molecules on the outer surface of cells like the CD class of receptors on white blood cells, immunoglobulins and haemagglutinating proteins, and extracellular matrix molecules/ligands that adhere to such cellular molecules, ankyrins; cadherins (Calcium dependent adhesion molecules); connexins; dermatan sulfate; entactin; fibrin; fibronectin; glycolipids; glycophorin; glycoproteins; heparan sulfate; heparin sulfate; hyaluronic acid; immunoglobulins; keratan sulfate; integrins; laminins; N-CAMs (Calcium independent Adhesive Molecules); proteoglycans; spektr
- Biopolymers including parts of the extracellular matrix which participate in providing tissue resilience, strength, rigidity, integrity, such as alginates; amelogenins; cellulose; chitosan; collagen; gelatins; oligosaccharides; and pectin.
- Blood proteins dissolved or aggregated proteins which normally are present whole blood, which participate in a wide range of biological processes like inflammation, homing of cells, clotting, cell signaling, defence, immune reactions, and metabolism
- albumin albumen
- cytokines factor IX; factor V; factor VII; factor VIII; factor X; factor Xl; factor XII; factor XIII; hemoglobins (with or without iron); immunoglobulins (antibodies); fibrin; platelet derived growth factors (PDGFs); plasminogen; thrombospondin; and transferrin.
- Enzymes any protein or peptide that has a specific catalytic effect on one or more biological substrates, and which are potentially useful for triggering biological responses in the tissue by degradation of matrix molecules, or to activate or release other bioactive compounds in the implant coating
- Abzymes antibodies with enzymatic capacity
- adenylate cyclase alkaline phosphatase; carboxylases; collagenases; cyclooxygenase; hydrolases; isomerases; ligases; lyases; metallo-matrix proteases (MMPs); nucleases; oxidoreductases; peptidases; peptide hydrolase; peptidyl transferase; phospholipase; proteases; sucrase- isomaltase; TIMPs; and transferases.
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins and non-proteins including ameloblastic amelin; amelogenins; collagens (I to XII); dentin-sialo-protein (DSP); dentin-sialo-phospho-protein (DSPP); elastins; enamelin; fibrins; fibronectins; keratins (1 to 20); laminins; tuftelin; carbohydrates; chondroitin sulphate; heparan sulphate; heparin sulphate; hyaluronic acid; lipids and fatty acids; and lipopolysaccarides.
- Growth Factors and Hormones molecules that bind to cellular surface structures (receptors) and generate a signal in the target cell to start a specific biological process, such as growth, programmed cell death, release of other molecules (e.g. extracellular matrix molecules or sugar), cell differentiation and maturation, and regulation of metabolic rate) such as Activins (Act); Amphiregulin (AR); Angiopoietins (Ang 1 to 4); Apo3 (a weak apoptosis inducer also known as TWEAK, DR3, WSL-1 , TRAMP or LARD); Betacellulin (BTC); Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF, FGF-b); Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor (aFGF, FGF-a); 4-1 BB Ligand; Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF); Breast and Kidney derived Bolokine (BRAK); Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMPs); B-Lymphocyte Chemoattractant/B cell Attracting Chem
- GRO lnhibins
- I-TAC Interferon-inducible T-cell Alpha Chemoattractant
- FasL Fas Ligand
- HRGs Heparin-Binding Epidermal Growth Factor-Like Growth Factor
- HB-EGF Heparin-Binding Epidermal Growth Factor-Like Growth Factor
- Flt-3L fms-like Tyrosine Kinase 3 Ligand
- Hemofiltrate CC Chemokines HCC-1 to 4
- HGF Hepatocyte Growth Factor
- IGF Insulin; Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF 1 and 2); Interferon-gamma Inducible Protein 10 (IP- 10); lnterleukins (IL 1 to 18); Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma); Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF); Keratinocyte Growth Factor-2 (FGF-10); Leptin (OB); Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF);
- DNA Nucleic Acids including A-DNA; B-DNA; artificial chromosomes carrying mammalian DNA (YACs); chromosomal DNA; circular DNA; cosmids carrying mammalian DNA; DNA; Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA); genomic DNA; hemi-methylated DNA; linear DNA; mammalian cDNA (complimentary DNA; DNA copy of RNA); mammalian DNA; methylated DNA; mitochondrial DNA; phages carrying mammalian DNA; phagemids carrying mammalian DNA; plasmids carrying mammalian DNA; plastids carrying mammalian DNA; recombinant DNA; restriction fragments of mammalian DNA; retroposons carrying mammalian DNA; single-stranded DNA (ssDNA); transposons carrying mammalian DNA; T- DNA; viruses carrying mammalian DNA; and Z-DNA.
- YACs artificial chromosomes carrying mammalian DNA
- chromosomal DNA circular DNA;
- RNA Nucleic Acids including Acetylated transfer RNA (activated tRNA, charged tRNA); circular RNA; linear RNA; mammalian heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA), mammalian messenger RNA (mRNA); mammalian RNA; mammalian ribosomal RNA (rRNA); mammalian transport RNA (tRNA); mRNA; polyadenylated RNA; ribosomal RNA (rRNA); recombinant RNA; retroposons carrying mammalian RNA; ribozymes; transport RNA (tRNA); viruses carrying mammalian RNA; and short inhibitory RNA (siRNA).
- activated tRNA activated RNA Nucleic Acids
- circular RNA including Acetylated transfer RNA (activated tRNA, charged tRNA); circular RNA; linear RNA; mammalian heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA), mammalian messenger RNA (mRNA); mammalian RNA
- Receptors cell surface biomolecules that bind signals (such as hormone ligands and growth factors, and transmit the signal over the cell membrane and into the internal machinery of cells) including, the CD class of receptors CD; EGF receptors; FGF receptors; Fibronectin receptor (VLA-5); Growth Factor receptor, IGF Binding Proteins (IGFBP 1 to 4); lntegrins (including VLA 1-4); Laminin receptor; PDGF receptors; Transforming Growth Factor alpha and beta receptors; BMP receptors; Fas; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor receptor (Flt-1 ); and Vitronectin receptor.
- signals such as hormone ligands and growth factors, and transmit the signal over the cell membrane and into the internal machinery of cells
- Synthetic Biomolecules such as molecules that are based on, or mimic, naturally occurring biomolecules.
- Synthetic DNA including A-DNA; antisense DNA; B-DNA; complimentary DNA (cDNA); chemically modified DNA; chemically stabilized DNA; DNA; DNA analogues ; DNA oligomers; DNA polymers; DNA-RNA hybrids; double-stranded DNA (dsDNA); hemi- methylated DNA; methylated DNA; single-stranded DNA (ssDNA); recombinant DNA; triplex DNA; T-DNA; and Z-DNA.
- Synthetic RNA including antisense RNA; chemically modified RNA; chemically stabilized RNA; heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA); messenger RNA (mRNA); ribozymes; RNA; RNA analogues; RNA-DNA hybrids; RNA oligomers; RNA polymers; ribosomal RNA (rRNA); transport RNA (tRNA); and short inhibitory RNA (siRNA).
- Synthetic Biopolymers including cationic and anionic liposomes; cellulose acetate; hyaluronic acid; polylactic acid; polyglycol alginate; polyglycolic acid; poly-prolines; and polysaccharides.
- Synthetic Peptides including decapeptides comprising DOPA and/or diDOPA; peptides with sequence "Ala Lys Pro Ser Tyr Pro Pro Thr Tyr Lys" (SEQ ID NO:2); peptides where a Pro is substituted with hydroxyproline; peptides where one or more Pro is substituted with DOPA; peptides where one or more Pro is substituted with di-DOPA; peptides where one or more Tyr is substituted with DOPA; peptide hormones; peptide sequences based on the above listed extracted proteins; and peptides comprising an RGD (Arg GIy Asp) motif.
- Recombinant Proteins including all recombinantly prepared peptides and proteins.
- Synthetic Enzyme Inhibitors including metal ions, that block enzyme activity by binding directly to the enzyme, molecules that mimic the natural substrate of an enzyme and thus compete with the principle substrate, pepstatin; poly-prolines; D-sugars; D-aminocaids; Cyanide; Diisopropyl fluorophosphates (DFP); N-tosyl-1-phenylalaninechloromethyl ketone (TPCK); Physostigmine; Parathion; and Penicillin.
- DFP Diisopropyl fluorophosphates
- TPCK N-tosyl-1-phenylalaninechloromethyl ketone
- Vitamins Synthetic or Extracted
- biotin including biotin; calciferol (Vitamin D's; vital for bone mineralisation); citrin; folic acid; niacin; nicotinamide; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD, NAD+); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP, NADPH); retinoic acid (vitamin A); riboflavin; vitamin B's; vitamin C (vital for collagen synthesis); vitamin E; and vitamin K's.
- Bioactive Molecules including adenosine di-phosphate (ADP); adenosine monophosphate (AMP); adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP); amino acids; cyclic AMP (cAMP); 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA); 5'-di(dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (diDOPA); diDOPA quinone; DOPA-like o-diphenols; fatty acids; glucose; hydroxyproline; nucleosides; nucleotides (RNA and DNA bases); prostaglandin; sugars; sphingosine 1 -phosphate; rapamycin; synthetic sex hormones such as estrogen, progesterone or testosterone analogues, e.g.
- Tamoxifene such as Raloxifene; bis- phosphonates such as alendronate, risendronate and etidronate; statins such as cerivastatin, lovastatin, simvaststin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin and sodium 3,5- dihydroxy-7-[3- (4-fluorophenyl)-1-(methylethyl)-1 H-indol-2-yl]-hept-6- -enoate, drugs for improving local resistance against invading microbes, local pain control, local inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis; local inflammation regulation, local induction of biomineralisation and local stimulation of tissue growth, antibiotics; cyclooxygenase inhibitors; hormones; inflammation inhibitors; NSAID's (non-steroid antiinflammatory agents); painkillers; prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors; steroids, and tetracycline (also as biomineralizing agent).
- SERMs estrogen receptor modulators
- Bioly Active Ions including ions which locally stimulate biological processes like enzyme function, enzyme blocking, cellular uptake of biomolecules, homing of specific cells, biomineralization, apoptosis, cellular secretion of biomolecules, cellular metabolism and cellular defense, such as calcium; chromium; copper; fluoride; gold; iodide; iron; potassium; magnesium; manganese; selenium; sulphur; stannum (tin); silver; sodium; zinc; nitrate; nitrite; phosphate; chloride; sulphate; carbonate; carboxyl; and oxide.
- Marker Biomolecules (which generate a detectable signal, e.g. by light emission, enzymatic activity, radioactivity, specific colour, magnetism, X-ray density, specific structure, antigenicity etc., that can be detected by specific instruments or assays or by microscopy or an imaging method like x-ray or nuclear magnetic resonance, for example which could be employed to monitor processes like biocompatibility, formation of tissue, tissue neogenesis, biomine- ralisation, inflammation, infection, regeneration, repair, tissue homeostasis, tissue breakdown, tissue turnover, release of biomolecules from the implant surface, bioactivity of released biomolecules, uptake and expression of nucleic acids released from the implant surface, and antibiotic capability of the implant surface to demonstrate efficacy and safety validation prior to clinical studies, including calcein; alizaran red; tetracyclins; fluorescins; fura; luciferase; alkaline phosphatase; radiolabeled aminoacids or nucleotides (e.g.
- radiolabeled peptides and proteins radiolabeled DNA and RNA; immuno-gold complexes (gold particles with antibodies attached); immuno- silver complexes; immuno-magnetite complexes; Green Fluorescent protein (GFP); Red Fluorescent Protein (E5); biotinylated proteins and peptides; biotinylated nucleic acids; biotinylated antibodies; biotinylated carbon-linkers; reporter genes (any gene that generates a signal when expressed); propidium iodide; and diamidino yellow.
- GFP Green Fluorescent protein
- E5 Red Fluorescent Protein
- the probe can also be a cell.
- the cells can be naturally occurring or modified cells.
- the cells can be genetically modified to express surface proteins (e.g., surface antigens) having known epitopes or having an affinity for a particular biological molecule of interest.
- surface proteins e.g., surface antigens
- useful cells include blood cells, liver cells, somatic cells, neurons, and stem cells.
- Other biological polymers can include carbohydrates, cholesterol, lipids, etc.
- the probe itself can be a non-biological molecule.
- the dye probe can be used for selective bio- molecule recognition, as generally described herein.
- Non-biological probes can also include small organic molecules that mimic the structure of biological ligands, drug candidates, catalysts, metal ions, lipid molecules, etc.
- dyes, markers or other indicating agents can be employed as probes in the present invention in order to enable an alternative detection pathway.
- a combination of dyes can also be used.
- Dyes can also be used, in another case, as a substrate "tag" to encode a particular substrate or a particular region on a substrate, for post-processing identification of the substrate (polymer probe or target).
- oligo- or polymers are biomolecules and comprise peptides, proteins, oligo- or polysaccharides or oligo- or polynucleic acids.
- immobilized initiators a monomer of these macromolecules can be used.
- a polymer brush for selectively interacting with biomolecules having improved stability when exposed to an aqueous environment; the provision of such a brush wherein improved stability in aqueous environments is achieved by the presence of hydrophobic polymer chains on the sub- strate surface of the brush, forming a hydrophobic layer of a controlled thickness; the provision of such a brush wherein polymer chains having a water-soluble or water-dispersible segment having functional groups capable of bonding to a probe are attached to the hydrophobic polymer chains; the provision of such a brush wherein the molecular weight and/or density of the hydrophobic polymer chains is controlled to optimize bond stability to the sub- strate surface; and, the provision of such a brush wherein the density of the water-soluble or water-dispersible polymer segments is controlled independent of the hydrophobic polymer chain density, and further is controlled to optimize functional group accessibility for probe attachment and/or probe accessibility for the attachment of a molecule of interest.
- a polymer brush for selectively interacting with biomolecules wherein water-soluble or water-dispersible polymers, associated with the substrate surface of the brush, contain functional groups which attach probes without the need for chemical activation.
- Still further among the features of the present invention is the provision of a sensor for selectively interacting with biomolecules wherein polymer chains bound to the substrate surface of the sensor have water-soluble or water-dispersible segments which contain the residue of a monomer having a probe for binding the biomolecule already attached thereto.
- a polymer brush for selectively interacting with biomolecules wherein a low density of water-soluble or water- dispersible polymer segments are directly or indirectly attached to the substrate surface of the brush, in order to optimize functional group accessibility for the attachment of large di- ameter probes and/or probe accessibility for the attachment of large diameter molecules.
- Still further among the features of the present invention is the provision of process for preparing a polymer brush for selectively interacting with biomolecules, wherein multiple polymer layers are present on the substrate surface of the brush; the provision of such a process wherein living free radical polymerization is employed to grow a first polymer layer from the surface; and, the provision of such a process wherein, prior to growth of a second polymer layer from the first, a portion of the "living" polymer chain ends are deactivated or terminated, such that additional polymer chain growth does not occur, in order to control the polymer chain density of the second layer.
- the present invention is further directed to methods for preparing the polymer brushes of the present invention.
- the present invention is further directed to a method of preparing a polymer brush for binding a molecule in an aqueous sample in an assay, wherein the method comprises forming a hydrophobic layer on a substrate surface having a dry thickness of at least about 50 angstroms, and then forming a hydrophilic layer on said hydrophobic layer.
- Devices that comprise polymer surfaces microstamped by the methods of the present inven- tion are thus also an aspect of the invention.
- the direct binding of biological and other ligands to polymers is important in many areas of biotechnology including, for example, production, storage and delivery of pharmaceutical proteins, purification of proteins by chromatography, design of biosensors and prosthetic devices, and production of supports for attached tissue culture.
- the present methods find use in creating devices for adhering cells and other biological molecules into specific and predetermined positions.
- a device of the present invention is a tissue culture plate comprising at least one surface microstamped by the method of the present invention. Such a device could be used in a method for culturing cells on a surface or in a medium and also for performing cytometry.
- the present invention is also directed to coat materials for their use as implants and medical devices.
- the material to be coated may also be any blood-contacting material conventionally used for the manufacture of renal dialysis membranes, blood storage bags, pacemaker leads or vascular grafts.
- the material to be modified on its surface may be a polyurethane, polydimethylsiloxane, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylchloride, Dacron.TM. or Silastic.TM. type polymer, or a composite made therefrom.
- the form of the material to be coated may vary within wide limits. Examples are particles, granules, capsules, fibres, tubes, films or membranes, preferably moldings of all kinds such as ophthalmic moldings, for example intraocular lenses, artificial cornea or in particular contact lenses.
- polymer brushes are well-suited for the fabrication of nano- or micropatterned arrays with control over chemical functionality, shape, and feature dimension and interfeature spacing on the micron and nanometer length scales. These characteristics make polymer brushes at- tractive for a variety of biotechnological applications including their use in molecular recognition, biosensing, protein separation and chromatography, combinatorial chemistry, scaffolds for tissue engineering, and micro- and nanofluidics.
- adhesion Whether one considers its promotion or inhibition, adhesion is of fundamental importance.
- Microbial adhesion is a serious complication after the insertion of biomaterials implants or devices in the human body and depends on the physicochemical surface properties of the adhering microorganisms and the biomaterial.
- Polymer brushes increase the distance be- tween microorganisms and a substratum surface by entropic effects, therewith reducing the attractive forces between surface and the microorganisms.
- PVDF Poly(vinylidene difluoride)
- Tissue compatibility is engineered by creating poly(acrylic acid) polymer brushes (plasma-induced SIP) on the PVDIF surface and converting the acid-fiznctionalized brush to a fibronectin-coated surface by carbod ⁇ mide coupling reactions, and studied by comparative exposure of the modified surface.
- Polymer brushes have also found use in this arena particularly through the use of surface- attached stimuli-responsive polymers to make "smart" bioconjugates using smart polymers and receptor proteins.
- Temperature-responsive surfaces can be created from poly(1 11 PAAM) polymer brushes (via electron beam-initiated polymerization) on tissue culture polystyrene substrates and are used to investigate inflammatory cell adhesion behavior.
- human monocyte and monocyte-derived macrophages are able to adhere, spread, and fuse to form for- eign body giant cells (FBGC) on the hydrophobic surface.
- FBGC for- eign body giant cells
- Cell Growth Control of cell growth can be accomplished by attaching cells to a surface, allowing them to proliferate and grow, followed by their detachment. Cell attachment and proliferation is a facile process, particularly for hydrophobic surfaces, whereas detachment requires sophistication to recover cells without damage.
- Surface-attached polymers i.e., both "grafting to” and “grafting from” can be used to control cell growth using protein-repellent micropattems based on poly(acrylamide)/PEG copolymers, comb polymers, and polycationic PEG-grafted copolymers .
- Nonfouling Biosurfaces Recently, polymer brush-coated surfaces provide nonfouling properties. Extracellular proteins adsorb strongly on many surfaces through hydrophobic interactions. This is useful for making biocoatings.
- Tri oology The ability to control surface properties at the nanoscale holds great promise for polymer brushes.
- Polyelectrolyte polymer brushes have superior lubrication properties; compared to neutral brushes, and to display effective friction coefficients less than 0.0006-0.001 at low sliding velocities (250-500 nm s-1 ) and at loading pressures of several atmospheres in aqueous environments.
- the wettability of a surface is an important property for many applications, and is essential for the creation of an adhesive bond when joining two substrates together, during application of a coating to a substrate and during the creation of almost any interface. Whether the re- suiting surface is to be hydrophobic or hydrophilic is highly application-dependent. Super hydrophobic surfaces can be created by controlling surface morphology using nanostructures and patterned polymers. The use of grafted polymers has been used to control wetting in many applications. The control of fiber surface hydrophobicity, wetting, and adhesion properties is important in composite formation. Polymer brushes are prepared on cellulose fibers by grafting from ATRP of methyl acrylate.
- Coatings can be prepared on electrically conductive substrates using electrochemical polymerization.
- the coatings prepared by this process tend to have highly desirable properties such as good adhesion. Moreover, they can be formed on virtually any shaped substrate, and processing can be simplified by the elimination of primers. Thicker coatings can be produced by sequentially coupling cathodic electropolymerization with another polymerization method. In this way, polymer brushes have been produced on electrically conductive sur- faces (e.g., steel, copper etc).
- polymer brushes include coatings that would provide a barrier to prevent corrosive substances from penetrating and damaging a substrate, they could make new lubricants in industrial settings.
- the surface properties for example surface energy, i.e. wettability/hydrophobicityund, transparency, light absorption, biologic properties like cell adhesion and microbicidal activity etc.
- the surface properties can optionally be influenced and changed by external stimuli (solvent parameters, temperature, light, electric fileds).
- stimuli-responsive polymer brushes is very useful in the control of adhesion, par- ticularly in biological applications.
- stimuli-responsive polymer brush surfaces uses a mixed brush composed of poly(2-vinylpyridine) and polyisoprene to write permanent patterns onto a surface that has been patterned via photolithography - a process termed "environment- responsive lithography”.
- Solvent switching provides both the stimulus for creating and erasing the pattern.
- UV radiation during the photolithography step crosslinks the polyisoprene in the mixed brush, and this causes a loss of switching properties for the surface in that region.
- Imaging relies on the contrast that develops between parts of the surface that have been irradiated and masked when exposed to solvent.
- polymer brushes Another application of polymer brushes involves their use as microvalves to control flow. This idea of using two closely spaced polymer brushes as a gate to control fluid flow has been explored both theoretically and experimentally.
- microfluidic devices are a rapidly growing field which has important implications for bioanalytical analysis, studying reactions in microreactors, and understanding fluid mixing under flow.
- Polymer Brushes can serve as a substrate for the fabrication of photovoltaic devices.
- the suitable polymer serves as an electron hole transporting component, which together with semiconducting nanocrystals forms a heterojunction photovoltaic diode with high quantum yields (W. T. S. Huck et al. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 1653-1657)
- the film is treated with water in an ultrasonic bath.
- a suitable initiator can be covalently bonded at the surface via a copper-catalysed 1 ,3-dipolar addition.
- the PVC substrate can also be reacted with a thiol-substituted initiator.
- the sulfur reacts as a nucleophile and the initiator is bonded at the PVC surface by substitution of the chlorine.
- the elemental composition of the PVC sample surface is measured with ESCA technique.
- the size of the analyzed area is 100 micrometers in diameters.
- the depth of the analysis is 5 nanometers.
- the film is removed from the reaction mixture, washed in an ultrasonic bath and dried.
- the film shows a mass increase of 4.8mg.
- the film is removed from the reaction mixture, washed in an ultrasonic bath and dried.
- BSA bovine serum albumine
- phosphate buffer pH 7.4
- Tris(2- carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride 0.5 eq Tris(2- carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride and the mixture was incubated at room temperature for 10 min. Afterwards, 6 eq of N-(5-Fluoresceinyl)maleimide (F5M, Sigma-Aldrich)) was added and the solution was shaken for 5 hours at room temperature.
- the labelled BSA was isolated using centrifugal filter units.
- the labelled BSA was centrifuged and washed with PBS buffer, until no absorbance of the F5M (absorbance maximum 492 nm) was detected using UV spectroscopy.
- the concentrated solution containing the labelled BSA was transferred into an eppendorf tube and stored at - 2O 0 C.
- Standard solutions of BSA with concentration from 2mg/ml_ to 0 mg/mL were prepared.
- Five different samples of PVC film (prepared as described above) (1 cm 2 ) were incubated with a solution of (0.5 mg/mL) BSA in 100 mM sodium carbonate buffer pH 8.3 at room tempera- ture.
- the samples were incubated for five hours at room temperature.
- Samples of 50 ⁇ l_ were taken from each solution after 0 min, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours and 5 hours.
- the samples were mixed with 1.5 ml. of solution containing the Bradford assay (Thermo Scientific), the mixture incubated at room temperature for additional 10 min and the absorbance was measured at 465 nm.
- the protein concentration in solution was determined using the standard curve
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
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CA2720103A CA2720103A1 (en) | 2008-04-25 | 2009-04-22 | Modified halogenated polymer surfaces |
JP2011505494A JP2011518907A (en) | 2008-04-25 | 2009-04-22 | Modified halogenated polymer surface |
CN2009801146258A CN102015850A (en) | 2008-04-25 | 2009-04-22 | Modified halogenated polymer surfaces |
US12/988,818 US20110124819A1 (en) | 2008-04-25 | 2009-04-22 | Modified halogenated polymer surfaces |
EP09734991A EP2271705A1 (en) | 2008-04-25 | 2009-04-22 | Modified halogenated polymer surfaces |
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US (1) | US20110124819A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2271705A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2011518907A (en) |
CN (1) | CN102015850A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2720103A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2009130233A1 (en) |
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WO2013011314A1 (en) * | 2011-07-19 | 2013-01-24 | Surface Innovations Limited | Polymeric structure |
WO2013092590A1 (en) * | 2011-12-21 | 2013-06-27 | Solvay Sa | Process for the preparation of a vinylidene chloride polymer/clay composite |
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US20140371399A1 (en) * | 2011-12-22 | 2014-12-18 | LANXESS International S.A. | Azidated copolymers and processes for preparing same |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN102015850A (en) | 2011-04-13 |
US20110124819A1 (en) | 2011-05-26 |
JP2011518907A (en) | 2011-06-30 |
CA2720103A1 (en) | 2009-10-29 |
EP2271705A1 (en) | 2011-01-12 |
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