WO2009104010A1 - Fibre optique - Google Patents

Fibre optique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009104010A1
WO2009104010A1 PCT/GB2009/050077 GB2009050077W WO2009104010A1 WO 2009104010 A1 WO2009104010 A1 WO 2009104010A1 GB 2009050077 W GB2009050077 W GB 2009050077W WO 2009104010 A1 WO2009104010 A1 WO 2009104010A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
core
region
cladding
band gap
light
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PCT/GB2009/050077
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English (en)
Inventor
Shyqyri Haxha
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University Of Kent
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Publication of WO2009104010A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009104010A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
    • G02B6/2804—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
    • G02B1/002—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of materials engineered to provide properties not available in nature, e.g. metamaterials
    • G02B1/007—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of materials engineered to provide properties not available in nature, e.g. metamaterials made of negative effective refractive index materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02309—Structures extending perpendicularly or at a large angle to the longitudinal axis of the fibre, e.g. photonic band gap along fibre axis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
    • G02B6/02319—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by core or core-cladding interface features
    • G02B6/02333—Core having higher refractive index than cladding, e.g. solid core, effective index guiding
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
    • G02B6/02319—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by core or core-cladding interface features
    • G02B6/02338—Structured core, e.g. core contains more than one material, non-constant refractive index distribution in core, asymmetric or non-circular elements in core unit, multiple cores, insertions between core and clad
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
    • G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
    • G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
    • G02B6/02376—Longitudinal variation along fibre axis direction, e.g. tapered holes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
    • G01N21/77—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator
    • G01N2021/7769—Measurement method of reaction-produced change in sensor
    • G01N2021/7776—Index
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
    • G01N21/77—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator
    • G01N21/7703—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
    • G02B2006/12119—Bend
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B2006/12133—Functions
    • G02B2006/12152—Mode converter
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02042—Multicore optical fibres
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02052—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising optical elements other than gratings, e.g. filters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02066—Gratings having a surface relief structure, e.g. repetitive variation in diameter of core or cladding
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/02123—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating
    • G02B6/02147—Point by point fabrication, i.e. grating elements induced one step at a time along the fibre, e.g. by scanning a laser beam, arc discharge scanning
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/02123—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating
    • G02B6/02152—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating involving moving the fibre or a manufacturing element, stretching of the fibre
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
    • G02B6/02319—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by core or core-cladding interface features
    • G02B6/02323—Core having lower refractive index than cladding, e.g. photonic band gap guiding
    • G02B6/02328—Hollow or gas filled core
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
    • G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
    • G02B6/02357—Property of longitudinal structures or background material varies radially and/or azimuthally in the cladding, e.g. size, spacing, periodicity, shape, refractive index, graded index, quasiperiodic, quasicrystals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
    • G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
    • G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
    • G02B6/02361—Longitudinal structures forming multiple layers around the core, e.g. arranged in multiple rings with each ring having longitudinal elements at substantially the same radial distance from the core, having rotational symmetry about the fibre axis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/024—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with polarisation maintaining properties
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/105—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type having optical polarisation effects

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to fibre optical waveguides, using a photonic bandgap effect.
  • Optical fibers with a core region surrounded by a cladding region have been known for many years, with a number of applications including in particular telecommunications, as well as sensing and signal processing.
  • the core of a photonic crystal fiber includes an array of air holes extending longitudinally along the length of the fiber.
  • the air holes form a photonic bandgap array, the array essentially being a lateral variation of refractive index across the fiber.
  • Such photonic crystal fibers are used in particular to reduce bend losses in conventional fibers.
  • a conventional fiber When a conventional fiber is bent, light passing down the fiber can escape from the bend.
  • Correctly designed photonic crystal fibers have a much lower bend radius than similar conventional fibers.
  • PCFs with an all-angle negative refraction effect that does not employ a negative effective index of refraction and involves photonic crystals in cladding region can be designed. See Luo C, Johnson S. G., and Joannopoulos J. D., and Pedry J. B.: 'All-angle negative refraction without negative effective index', Physical Review B 2002, (65), pp. 2011041-4 and Cubukcu E., Aydin K., Ozbay E, Foteinopoulou S. and
  • the refractive index, air hole dimensions and the air hole pitch (or the spacing between holes) of the cladding/core can be adjusted in such a way that PCFs with all-angle negative refraction can be designed.
  • PCFs operating based on Veselago theory can also be designed - Veselago theory is presented in VeselagoV.
  • G. 'The electrodynamic of substances with simultaneously negative values of ⁇ and ⁇ ', Soviet Physics USPEKI 1968, (10) pp. 509-514.
  • Evanescent waves in such fibres can be amplified as explained in Pendry J. B.: 'Negative refraction makes a perfect lens', Phys. Rev. Lett. 2000, (85) pp. 3966-3969.
  • the diffractive phenomenon can lead to the excitation of waves for which group and phase velocity behave in the same manner as in metamaterials.
  • the negative refraction in the PCF can be obtained.
  • a key benefit of the use of the photonic bandgap effect is that the reflection of light at the designed wavelength can be effectively total.
  • the band gap layer can be arranged at any desired wavelength.
  • a band gap can be achieved in the cladding layer at the same wavelength as the light operating wavelength (if the light is guided in the core), or a band gap in the cladding layer can be achieved at a different operating wavelength than the light operating wavelength.
  • the band gap is directly related to the operating wavelength and this would determine the air hole size and the hole-to-hole spacing at a particular refractive index.
  • PBG fiber will be used to describe such fibers in contrast to the term photonic crystal fibers (PCF) which will be used to describe fibers in which a core has a photonic crystal, with a lateral periodicity and the features of the photonic crystal extending longitudinally.
  • PCF photonic crystal fibers
  • a PCF can have a solid core or hollow core.
  • Light guidance in hollow core PCF can be achieved by using photonic band gap (PBG) effect).
  • PBG photonic band gap
  • the invention also relates to photonic fibres and photonic crystal fibres (PCFs) surrounded with the PBG layer.
  • the PBG in cladding region is formed by using air holes, which are perpendicular to the core, arranged in a square or triangle lattice.
  • Extraction of the light and guiding it from the core into the cladding region can be performed by using cladding refractive index higher than the core refractive index and rearranging both air holes in core and cladding regions. Extraction of the light and guiding it from the core into the cladding region can also be performed by using cladding refractive index lower than the core refractive index and introducing defects in cladding or core region.
  • the refractive index of the cladding can be adjusted to be higher than the refractive index of the core; hence, PCFs with negative refraction can be designed.
  • Such structures may be used as a double core photonic crystal waveguides to guide and manipulate the light in different directions within the same fibre. By adjusting the air holes in the cladding regions it is possible to design PCF with single-mode at any wavelength known as endlessly single -mode-fibers.
  • optical fibers discussed above should be contrasted with optical fibres that consist of a uniform core and a segmented cladding formed by alternate regions of high and low refractive indices in the azimuthal direction. Such fibres are not based on the cladding PBG effects and the segmented cladding runs along fiber length.
  • an inter-cladding region between the core region and the cladding region, the inter cladding region spacing the core from air holes in the cladding region to reduce losses caused by light interacting with the corners .
  • Figure 1 shows a first embodiment of the invention.
  • a cladding layer 6 with refractive index n 2 (can vary between 1.4-1.5, depending on the design requirements).
  • a plurality of air holes 8 are arranged in the cladding layer 6. The air holes 8 extend radially outwards, and are arranged in a two dimensional square array on the two dimensional cylindrical surface, i.e. longitudinally and circumferentially.
  • the air holes are cylindrical and of constant cross section.
  • the cladding layer 6 being a photonic band gap (PBG) cladding layer.
  • the PBG cladding layer 6 forbids the light rays to leave the core. It acts as perfect isolator from inside and outside.
  • Such air holes can be made using a high powered laser on a drawn fibre.
  • the laser can be controlled to produce a fine array of airholes on a very small scale.
  • the fiber can be drawn through a closed area (such as a special oven) under suitable operating conditions, such pressure, laser distance, power,... in which a high power laser operates to make holes perpendicular to the fibre surface. More than one hole can be made at a time. Once each hole or holes is or are completed then the fibre can be rotated until it reaches the right position and then the laser can drill the next hole/holes and so on....
  • Figure 2 shows an alternative arrangement in which the air holes 8 are tapered, having a decreasing cross section with increasing radius.
  • Figure 3 shows an alternative arrangement in which the taper of the airholes increases in cross section with increasing radius.
  • Figure 4 shows a further alternative in which the inter cladding layer 6 is omitted.
  • Figure 5 shows a further alternative.
  • This is a photonic crystal fiber.
  • the core 2 has longitudinally extending core airholes 10. In Figure 5, these are arranged as two rings, an inner ring 12 of six core airholes 10 and an outer ring 14 of twelve core airholes.
  • the airholes are arranged as a triangular lattice.
  • a central core region 16 inside the inner ring 12 of core airholes provides the light guide.
  • the photonic crystal fibre core can have a solid core or hollow core. Light guidance in hollow core PCF can only be achieved by using photonic band gap (PBG) effect.
  • PBG photonic band gap
  • Figure 6 shows a yet further alternative.
  • this arrangement there are three rings of core airholes around the central core region 16.
  • the number of rings of core airholes can be varied as required.
  • Figure 7 shows a yet further alternative.
  • this alternative there is an outer cladding layer 20 of refractive index n 3 around cladding layer 6 with airholes 8.
  • the refractive index n 2 of the cladding layer 6 equals (in this embodiment) the refractive index ni of the core.
  • a row 22 of airholes 8 is removed from the array of airholes in the cladding layer.
  • the refractive index of the outer cladding region n 3 acts to contain light in the removed row of airholes 22 of the cladding layer 6.
  • the optical fiber of Figure 7 has two optical paths along its length. One is the central core region 16 within the inner ring of core airholes and another is the path in the cladding layer 6 along the removed row of airholes 22, which will accordingly be known as an outer wavepath region 26.
  • One core air hole 10 is omitted from the complete ring of each of the three rings of core air holes 10 which couples the two optical paths together. This can be done either in a localised length of the optical fiber or along its whole length.
  • the input light is designated with reference numeral 25.
  • additional longitudinal core airholes 24 are provided for light containment between the outer ring 14 of core airholes and the cladding layer 6 to avoid light escaping.
  • the low n3 of outer cladding layer 20 contains the light to the cladding layer 6.
  • the refractive indices may be of order 1.4 or 1.5, for example.
  • Figure 8 shows a further development, in which there are two rows 22 of removed airholes in cladding layer 6, defining a first outer wavepath region 26 and a second outer wavepath region 28.
  • the outer wavepath regions are arranged to couple with TM and TE waves preferentially, so that TM waves preferentially travel along first outer wavepath region 26 and TE waves along second outer wavepath region 28. This allows manipulation of light polarisation.
  • Birefringence is defined as a difference between effective refractive indices of two fundamental polarization modes TE and TM.
  • Figure 8 fiber can be coupled with another fiber to preferentially couple TE and/or TM modes to the other fiber.
  • SSCs PCF Spot Size Converters
  • fibres can be designed to couple the light in and out of various optical components with very large/small spot size area. Hence, they can serve as ideal spot size converter.
  • the refractive index of the cladding and the core can be equal, making possible to design tapered PCFs by decreasing/increasing the air hole's depth in such a way until the mode matching (maximum coupling efficiency is achieved) between the PCF and other components is achieved.
  • the spot size area of the light beam will increase when the air hole depth in the cladding region is reduced.
  • the spot size area of the light beam will decrease when the air hole depth in the cladding region is increased.
  • Power splitters based on PCF can also be realised by modifying air hole's dimensions, creating defects and varying hole pitches in both cores. In this way different waveguides within the same PCF can be designed.
  • the refractive index can also be gradually changed along the propagation direction, for example at a certain length, the refractive index of the cladding 6 can be higher than the refractive index of core 2. In such case, the light will only propagate in the cladding 6.
  • These designs give many options which can not be realised with other photonic fibres or current PCFs.
  • This fiber arranged can be used to make a novel optical switch, where the light can be switched from one core to another or from one core to cladding and vice versa.
  • the refractive index of the material of outer wavepath region 26 (n2) should be higher than the refractive index of core 2 (nl) whereas the refractive index of outer cladding 20 (n3) should be smaller compared to nl and n2.
  • the light can be bent within the same fibre, as shown in Figure 10 using bend 27 in outer wavepath region 26. Bend losses would be low because propagation is based on the bandgap effects and air holes can be arranged in such way that minimum losses can be obtained.
  • the bend 27 in outer wavepath region 26 can even allow reversal of the direction of the light along the fiber as shown in Figure 11.
  • the proposed PCF can be designed as optical fibre sensor (Chemical nanosensors or bio-nanosensors). When these fibre sensors are placed in various contaminated environments, such as gas, or water, air holes in the cladding region will be automatically filled with such analytes.
  • a metallic layers can be deposited in the cladding region to design nanooptic sensor based on Surface Plasmon (SP) effects (see Fig. 12).
  • SP Surface Plasmon
  • outer wavepath region 20 is coated with a thin metal film 30.
  • This metal-coated part of the sensor can support a SP waves and forms the interaction region with the solution containing the analyte.
  • the metallic layer can be embedded in the fibre sections in order to enhance the SP modes.
  • Some regions of the fiber can also be etched in order to deposit the metallic layer in such a way that the analyte can be placed on top of the metal.
  • the SP biosensors monitor the shift in resonance angle as analytes bind to a receptor immobilized at the solution interface. This binding results in changes in the refractive index of the material at the solution/metal interface. The refractive index change can be monitored in real-time.
  • a metallic (gold or silver) ring can be placed between the core and cladding interface. In this way the light will be able to propagate in the metallic ring as well.
  • This complex design can be used a sensor where gas or liquid can flow into the air holes (in both core and cladding regions). The sensor can be placed in harsh/hostile environments to detect toxins or in general harmful chemicals.
  • air holes can be designed. This is because of the radius of the fibre, where the bandgap in core 2 / outer wavepath region 26 interface can be achieved; however, due to the fibre radius shape, the band gap in the outer cladding 20/ outer wavepath region 26 sometimes is not possible without changing the shape of the air holes.
  • air holes 8 with the shape as shown in Fig. 13, tapering to be narrower with increasing radius may be used. Similar air hole 8 shapes with the opposite design can also be used as shown in Fig. 14. When used as sensors, these airholes can be filled with metal (gold or silver) to enhance localised fields.
  • the size of the air holes can be selected with respect to losses. Position of air holes can also be selected in order to totally avoid the level of the crosstalk and achieve propagation of the light in desired directions. Air hole shapes such as those in Figs. 13 and 14 can be used to manipulate the light from core 2 to outer wavepath region 26.
  • Defects 32 such as those shown in Figure 15 can be introduced to achieve birefringence and light manipulations.
  • Figure 16 illustrates the use of positive 34 and negative 36 materials separated by photonic band-gap materials. Although Figure 16 only shows one positive layer A and one negative layer B, these can be repeated as required.
  • Such designs can be used to design photonic crystal fibres with negative refraction.
  • These types of designs can be based on metamaterial photonic crystal fibres, where the light can propagate from one region into other region opposite Snell's Law.
  • the air holes can be arranged in such way that negative refraction can be achieved.
  • layers A and B may be of similar refractive index, again separated by photonic band gap materials. Defects can be introduced into the photonic bandgap layer to couple light.
  • the proposed fiber can be used for applications in all areas which current fibers (including PCFs) are used.
  • the proposed fibres can be design to operate at any desired wavelength depending on the applications and they can be used for many telecommunication applications such as dispersion compensation, wide -band super continuum generation, ultra-short solution pulse transmission, wavelength-division multiplexing transmission. They can be used for applications in sensing and other signal processing areas such as spatial filtering and interferometry. Control of the chromatic dispersion in PCFs is essential for practical applications in optical communication systems, dispersion compensation and linear/nonlinear optics.
  • the proposed fibres with PBG in the cladding region (perfect mirror) will have multiple potential advantages over more existing fibres.
  • Various dopant materials can be used to amplify the optical signal.
  • Airholes in the cladding can be arranged in various ways such as triangle, square or combined lattice.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Optical Fibers, Optical Fiber Cores, And Optical Fiber Bundles (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention porte sur une fibre optique, qui a une structure de guide d'ondes avec une âme (2) s'étendant le long de la direction longitudinale. Une couche de gaine (6) s'étend autour de l'âme dans la même direction. La couche de gaine comprend une région de bande interdite photonique comportant des trous d'air radiaux (8) agencés en un réseau à deux dimensions longitudinal et circonférentiel de façon à définir une structure de bande interdite photonique dont la bande interdite se trouve dans une plage prédéterminée de longueurs d'onde, la lumière dans la bande interdite n'étant pas en mesure de se propager dans la région de bande interdite photonique.
PCT/GB2009/050077 2008-02-19 2009-01-27 Fibre optique WO2009104010A1 (fr)

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GB0802983.7 2008-02-19

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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CN102590143A (zh) * 2012-03-26 2012-07-18 江苏大学 一种微结构光纤表面等离子体共振传感器
CN105356212A (zh) * 2015-12-22 2016-02-24 华中科技大学 一种包含光纤内部点阵结构光纤器件的光纤激光器
CN106154402A (zh) * 2016-07-04 2016-11-23 北京航空航天大学 一种基于应力缓冲区的低磁敏感性实芯保偏光子晶体光纤
WO2017072750A1 (fr) * 2015-11-01 2017-05-04 Goldin Shlomo Yehuda Fibre optique basée sur une anti-résonance de transmission dans la gaine
US11215750B2 (en) 2015-06-19 2022-01-04 Clinical Lasethermia Systems Gmbh Laterally emitting optical waveguide and method for introducing micromodifications into an optical waveguide

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US20030235385A1 (en) * 2002-05-08 2003-12-25 Rod Taylor Method of fabricating sub-micron structures in transparent dielectric materials
WO2005083483A1 (fr) * 2004-02-27 2005-09-09 Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (Dtu) Fibre optique birefringente
US20060098694A1 (en) * 2004-10-28 2006-05-11 Hitachi Cable, Ltd. Optical fiber for fiber laser, fiber laser, and laser oscillation method

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20030235385A1 (en) * 2002-05-08 2003-12-25 Rod Taylor Method of fabricating sub-micron structures in transparent dielectric materials
WO2005083483A1 (fr) * 2004-02-27 2005-09-09 Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (Dtu) Fibre optique birefringente
US20060098694A1 (en) * 2004-10-28 2006-05-11 Hitachi Cable, Ltd. Optical fiber for fiber laser, fiber laser, and laser oscillation method

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102590143A (zh) * 2012-03-26 2012-07-18 江苏大学 一种微结构光纤表面等离子体共振传感器
US11215750B2 (en) 2015-06-19 2022-01-04 Clinical Lasethermia Systems Gmbh Laterally emitting optical waveguide and method for introducing micromodifications into an optical waveguide
US11333824B2 (en) 2015-06-19 2022-05-17 Clinical Laserthermia Systems GmbH Laterally emitting optical waveguide and method for introducing micromodifications into an optical waveguide
US11808971B2 (en) 2015-06-19 2023-11-07 Clinical Laserthermia Systems GmbH Laterally emitting optical waveguide and method for introducing micromodifications into an optical waveguide
WO2017072750A1 (fr) * 2015-11-01 2017-05-04 Goldin Shlomo Yehuda Fibre optique basée sur une anti-résonance de transmission dans la gaine
CN105356212A (zh) * 2015-12-22 2016-02-24 华中科技大学 一种包含光纤内部点阵结构光纤器件的光纤激光器
CN106154402A (zh) * 2016-07-04 2016-11-23 北京航空航天大学 一种基于应力缓冲区的低磁敏感性实芯保偏光子晶体光纤
CN106154402B (zh) * 2016-07-04 2019-03-29 北京航空航天大学 一种基于应力缓冲区的低磁敏感性实芯保偏光子晶体光纤

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