WO2009097397A2 - Metalloproteinase binding proteins - Google Patents

Metalloproteinase binding proteins Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009097397A2
WO2009097397A2 PCT/US2009/032384 US2009032384W WO2009097397A2 WO 2009097397 A2 WO2009097397 A2 WO 2009097397A2 US 2009032384 W US2009032384 W US 2009032384W WO 2009097397 A2 WO2009097397 A2 WO 2009097397A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
mmp
binding protein
drug conjugate
subject
variable domain
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PCT/US2009/032384
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French (fr)
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WO2009097397A3 (en
Inventor
Clive R. Wood
Daniel T. Dransfield
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Dyax Corp.
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Publication of WO2009097397A2 publication Critical patent/WO2009097397A2/en
Publication of WO2009097397A3 publication Critical patent/WO2009097397A3/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/40—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against enzymes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/55—Fab or Fab'
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding

Definitions

  • MMPs membrane type (MT)- matrix metalloproteinases
  • MT-MMPs activate the zymogenic form of MMP-2 (pro-MMP-2 or pro-gelatinase A) (Hernandez-Barrantes et al, 2002, Semin. Cancer Biol, 12:131-8 ; Zucker et al, 2003, Curr Top Dev Biol, 54: 1-74).
  • MMP-2 in turn, can activate pro-MMP-9 (Toth et al, 2003, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 308:386-95).
  • the MT-MMPs comprise six members of plasma-tethered MMPs, which include four type I transmembrane enzymes (MMP- 14, -15, -16, and -24) and two glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored enzymes (MMP-17, and -25) (Zhao et al, 2004, J Biol Chem, 279: 8592-8601).
  • MMP- 14, -15, -16, and -24 type I transmembrane enzymes
  • MMP-17, and -25 glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored enzymes
  • ECM extracellular matrix
  • the MT-MMPs include MTl-MMP (MMP-14), MT2-MMP (MMP-15), MT3-MMP (MMP- 16), MT4-MMP (MMP-17), MT5-MMP (MMP-24), and MT6-MMP (MMP-25).
  • proteins e.g., antibodies
  • Such binding proteins can be conjugated to a drug (e.g., to form an MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate) and used therapeutically.
  • This disclosure relates, in part, to MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates, the preparation of these conjugates, and uses thereof.
  • the conjugates can be used, e.g., in the treatment of disorders, e.g., for the treatment of angiogenesis-related disorders.
  • the disclosure features a membrane type (MT)- matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) binding protein-drug conjugate that includes a MT-MMP binding protein and a drug.
  • the MT-MMP binding protein can bind one or more of: MTl-MMP, MT2-MMP, MT3-MMP, MT4-MMP, MT5-MMP, and MT6-MMP.
  • the binding protein binds to MMP-14, MMP-16 and MMP-24.
  • the MT- MMP binding protein binds to MMP-14.
  • the binding protein comprises at least one immunoglobulin variable region, and the protein binds to and inhibits an MT-MMP (e.g., MTl-MMP; MT2- MMP; MT3-MMP; MT4-MMP; MT5-MMP; MT6-MMP and combinations thereof).
  • an MT-MMP e.g., MTl-MMP; MT2- MMP; MT3-MMP; MT4-MMP; MT5-MMP; MT6-MMP and combinations thereof.
  • the drug is a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent.
  • the cytotoxic agent can be, e.g., selected from the group consisting of an auristatin, a DNA minor groove binding agent, a DNA minor groove alkylating agent, an enediyne, a lexitropsin, a duocarmycin, a taxane, a puromycin, a dolastatin, a podophyllotoxin, a baccatin derivative, a cryptophysin, a combretastatin, a maytansinoid, and a vinca alkaloid.
  • the cytotoxic agent is an auristatin and, e.g., the auristatin is selected from AFP, MMAF, MMAE, AEB, AEVB and auristatin E. In one embodiment, the auristatin is AFP or MMAF. In another embodiment, the cytotoxic agent is a maytansinoid and, e.g., the maytansinoid is selected from a maytansinol, maytansine, DMl, DM2, DM3 and DM4. In one embodiment, the maytansinoid is DMl.
  • the cytotoxic agent is selected from paclitaxel, docetaxel, CC-1065, SN-38, topotecan, morpholino-doxorubicin, rhizoxin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, dolastatin- 10, echinomycin, combretatstatin, calicheamicin, and netropsin.
  • the cytotoxic agent is an auristatin, a maytansinoid, or calicheamicin.
  • the cytotoxic agent is an antitubulin agent and, e.g., the antitubulin agent is selected from AFP, MMAP, MMAE, AEB, AEVB, auristatin E, vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, vinorelbine, VP- 16, camptothecin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, epothilone A, epothilone B, nocodazole, colchicines, colcimid, estramustine, cemadotin, discodermolide, maytansinol, maytansine, DMl, DM2, DM3, DM4 and eleutherobin.
  • the antitubulin agent is selected from AFP, MMAP, MMAE, AEB, AEVB, auristatin E, vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, vinorelbine, VP- 16, camptothecin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, epothil
  • the MT-MMP binding protein (e.g., antibody) is conjugated to the drug (e.g., cytotoxic agent) via a linker.
  • the linker is cleavable under intracellular conditions, e.g., the cleavable linker is a peptide linker cleavable by an intracellular protease.
  • the linker is a peptide linker, e.g., a dipeptide linker, e.g., a val-cit linker or a phe-lys linker.
  • the cleavable linker is hydrolyzable at a pH of less than 5.5, e.g., the hydrolyzable linker is a hydrazone linker. In another embodiment, the cleavable linker is a disulfide linker.
  • the binding protein comprises a heavy chain (HC) immunoglobulin variable domain sequence and a light chain (LC) immunoglobulin variable domain sequence and the first and second immunoglobulin variable domain sequences form an antigen binding site that binds to an MT-MMP.
  • the first and second immunoglobulin variable domain sequences form an antigen binding site that binds to MMP- 14 (e.g., human MMP-14) and includes one or more of the following characteristics:
  • the HC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence comprises one or more CDRs that are at least 85% identical to a CDR of a LC variable domain of M0030-A04, M0030-
  • the LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence comprises one or more CDRs that are at least 85% identical to a CDR of a HC variable domain of M0030-A04, M0030- D08, M0031-A02, M0031-A04, M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0031-H10, M0032-B07, M0032-B09, M0033-F02, M0033-H07, M0035-F02, M0036-D02, M0036-F02, M0036-H08, M0037-A08, M0037-B10, M0037-C03, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0037-H09, M0038- B06, M0038-C05, M0038-C06, M0038-D06, M0038-E05, M0038-E06, M0038-E12, M0038- FOl, M0038-F08, M0038-H
  • the LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a LC variable domain of M0030-A04, M0030-D08, M0031-A02, M0031-A04, M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0031-H10, M0032-B07, M0032-B09, M0033-F02, M0033-H07, M0035-F02, M0036-D02, M0036-F02, M0036-H08, M0037-A08, M0037-B10, M0037-C03, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0037-H09, M0038-B06, M0038-C05, M0038-C06, M0038-D06, M0038-E05, M0038-E06, M0038-E12, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0038-H06, M0039-B07, M0039-B07
  • the protein binds an epitope bound by M0030-A04, M0030-D08, M0031-A02, M0031-A04, M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0031-H10, M0032-B07, M0032-B09, M0033-F02, M0033-H07, M0035-F02, M0036-D02, M0036-F02, M0036-H08, M0037-A08, M0037-B10, M0037-C03, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0037-H09, M0038-B06, M0038-C05, M0038-C06, M0038-D06, M0038-E05, M0038-E06, M0038-E12, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0038-H06, M0039-B07, M0039-D02, M0039-D10, M0039-B
  • the binding protein has the following characteristic: the HC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a HC variable domain of M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0033-H07, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0038-E06, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0039-H08, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, or M0043- G02; or (b) the LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a HC variable domain of M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0033-H07, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0038-E06, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0039-H08, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, or M0043- G02; or (b) the LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a
  • the binding protein has the following characteristics: (a) the HC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a
  • the LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a LC variable domain of M0038-F01, M0033-H07 or M0039-H08.
  • the HC and LC variable domain sequences are components of the same polypeptide chain or the HC and LC variable domain sequences are components of different polypeptide chains.
  • the binding protein binds to MMP- 16 or MMP-24. In one embodiment, the binding protein has the following characteristics: (a) the HC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a
  • the LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a LC variable domain of M0031-C02, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, M0038-F01, M0033-H07or M0043-G02.
  • the HC and LC variable domain sequences are components of the same polypeptide chain or the HC and LC variable domain sequences are components of different polypeptide chains.
  • the binding protein binds an MT-MMP with a dissociation constant (K D ) of less than 100 nM or less than 10 nM.
  • the binding protein binds MMP-14 (e.g., human MMP-14) with a dissociation constant (K D ) of less than 100 nM or less than 10 nM.
  • the binding protein inhibits a human MT- MMP activity (e.g., a human MMP-14 activity).
  • the binding protein has one or more of the following characteristics: the binding protein binds the catalytic domain of human MMP-14; the binding protein modulates MMP-14 binding to proMMP-2; and the binding protein inhibits MMP-14 activation of proMMP-2. In one embodiment, the binding protein inhibits MMP-14 activation of pro-MMP2 in vitro in PMA-activated HT-1080 cells. In one embodiment, the binding protein is capable of binding to tumor cells expressing MMP-14.
  • the cells can be, e.g., HT-1080, LNCaP, MDA-MB-231, or PC3 cells.
  • the binding protein is an IgG. In another embodiment, the binding protein is a soluble Fab. In one embodiment, the binding protein is a human or humanized antibody or is non-immunogenic in a human. In one embodiment, the binding protein comprises a human antibody framework region. In one embodiment, the binding protein comprises a human Fc domain.
  • the disclosure includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising a conjugate described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the disclosure includes a method of modulating an MT-MMP activity (e.g., MTl-MMP; MT2-MMP; MT3-MMP; MT4-MMP; MT5-MMP; or MT6-MMP activity).
  • an MT-MMP activity e.g., MTl-MMP; MT2-MMP; MT3-MMP; MT4-MMP; MT5-MMP; or MT6-MMP activity.
  • the method comprises: contacting an MT-MMP (e.g., MTl-MMP; MT2-MMP; MT3-MMP; MT4-MMP; MT5-MMP; or MT6-MMP) with a conjugate described herein, thereby modulating the activity of the MT-MMP (e.g., MTl-MMP; MT2-MMP; MT3-MMP; MT4-MMP; MT5-MMP; or MT6-MMP).
  • an MT-MMP e.g., MTl-MMP; MT2-MMP; MT3-MMP; MT4-MMP; MT5-MMP; or MT6-MMP
  • MT-MMP activity is modulated in a human subject.
  • the disclosure features a method of treating cancer.
  • the method comprises: administering, to a subject, a conjugate described herein in an amount sufficient to treat a cancer in the subject.
  • the cancer is head and neck cancer, oral cavity cancer, laryngeal cancer, chondrosarcoma, breast cancer, laryngeal cancer, ovarian cancer, testicular carcinoma, melanoma, or brain tumors.
  • the method further comprises providing to the subject a second therapy that is an anti-cancer therapy.
  • the second therapy comprises administering a chemotherapeutic.
  • the second therapy comprises administering an agent that antagonizes signaling through a VEGF pathway.
  • the second therapy comprises administering bevacizumab.
  • the second therapy comprises administering 5 -FU, leucovorin, or irinotecan.
  • the second therapy comprises administering a Tiel inhibitor.
  • the disclosure features a method of modulating metastatic activity in a subject.
  • the method comprises: administering, to the subject, a conjugate described herein in an amount sufficient to modulate metastatic activity.
  • the protein inhibits one or more of: tumor growth, tumor embolism, tumor mobility, tumor invasiveness, and cancer cell proliferation.
  • the method further comprises providing to the subject a second therapy that is an anti-cancer therapy.
  • the second therapy comprises administering a chemotherapeutic.
  • the second therapy comprises administering an agent that antagonizes signaling through a VEGF pathway.
  • the second therapy comprises administering bevacizumab.
  • the second therapy comprises administering 5 -FU, leucovorin, or irinotecan.
  • the second therapy comprises administering a Tiel inhibitor.
  • the disclosure features a method of treating an inflammatory disease, the method comprising: administering, to a subject, a conjugate described herein in an amount sufficient to treat the inflammatory disease.
  • the method further comprises providing to the subject a second therapy that is an anti-inflammatory therapy.
  • the disclosure features a method of treating an ocular condition, the method comprising: administering, to a subject, a conjugate described herein in an amount sufficient to treat the ocular condition.
  • the disclosure features a method of treating rheumatoid arthritis, the method comprising: administering, to a subject, a conjugate described herein in an amount sufficient to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
  • the method further comprises providing, to the subject, a second therapy that is an anti-rheumatoid arthritis therapy.
  • the second therapy comprises administering one or more of the following agents: aspirin, naproxen, ibuprofen, etodolac, cortisone, antacids, sucralfate, proton-pump inhibitors, misoprostol, gold, methotrexate, sulfasalazine, D-penicillamine, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, cyclosporine, leflunomide, etanercept, infliximab, anakinra, adalimumab, and hydroxychloroquine .
  • the disclosure features a method of treating osteoarthritis, the method comprising: administering a conjugate described herein in an amount sufficient to treat the osteoarthritis.
  • the method further comprises providing a second therapy that is an anti-osteoarthritis therapy.
  • the disclosure features a method of treating diabetes, the method comprising: administering, to a subject, a conjugate described herein in an amount sufficient to treat diabetes.
  • the method further comprises providing, to the subject, a second therapy that is a diabetes therapy.
  • the second therapy comprises administering one or more of the following agents: sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, metformin, troglitazone, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, acarbose, pramlintide, exenatide, glyburide/metformin (Glucovance), rosiglitazone/metformin (Avandamet), and glipizide/metformin (Metaglip).
  • the disclosure features a method of treating Alzheimer's Disease, the method comprising: administering, to a subject, a conjugate described herein in an amount sufficient to treat Alzheimer's Disease.
  • the method further comprises providing, to the subject, a second therapy that is an Alzheimer's Disease therapy.
  • the second therapy comprises administering one or more of the following agents: tacrine (COGNEX®), donepezil (ARICEPT®), rivastigmine (EXELON®), galantamine (REMINYL®), memantine (NAMEND ATM), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), statins, folic acid, gingko biloba, vitamin E, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12.
  • the invention features a method of delivering a drug to a tumor, the method comprising administering a conjugate described herein to a subject who has or is suspected of having a tumor.
  • the methods described herein can further comprise administering a second MMP inhibitor in combination with one or more conjugates described herein.
  • the MMP inhibitors are small molecule inhibitors.
  • the small molecule inhibit is selected from one or more of: neovastat, marimastat, BAY 12-9566, or prinomastat.
  • the MMP inhibitor includes another MT-MMP (e.g., MTl-MMP; MT2- MMP; MT3-MMP; MT4-MMP; MT5-MMP; or MT6-MMP) binding protein, e.g., a MMP- 14 binding protein.
  • the additional MMP- 14 binding protein is one or more of M0030-A04, M0030-D08, M0031-A02, M0031-A04, M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0031-H10, M0032-B07, M0032-B09, M0033-F02, M0033-H07, M0035-F02, M0036-D02, M0036-F02, M0036-H08, M0037-A08, M0037-B10, M0037-C03, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0037-H09, M0038-B06, M0038-C05, M0038-C06, M0038-D06, M0038-E05, M0038-E06, M0038-E12, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0038-H06, M0039-B07, M0039-D02, M0039-D10,
  • MMP- 14 binding proteins proteins that bind MMP- 14, herein referred to as "MMP- 14 binding proteins " methods of identifying and using such proteins, methods of preparing drug conjugates of these proteins, and uses thereof.
  • These proteins include antibodies and antibody fragments (e.g., primate antibodies and Fabs, especially human antibodies and Fabs) that bind to and/or inhibit MMP- 14 (e.g., human MMP- 14).
  • the MMP- 14 binding proteins can be conjugated to a drug, and the conjugates can be used in the treatment of diseases, particularly human disease, such as cancer, in which excess or inappropriate activity of MMP- 14 features.
  • the conjugates may have tolerable low or no toxicity.
  • the disclosure features a drug conjugate of a protein (e.g., an isolated protein) that binds to MMP-14 (e.g., human MMP-14) and includes at least one immunoglobulin variable region.
  • MMP-14 e.g., human MMP-14
  • the protein includes a heavy chain (HC) immunoglobulin variable domain sequence and a light chain (LC) immunoglobulin variable domain sequence.
  • the MMP 14 binding protein-drug conjugate binds to and inhibits MMP-14, e.g., human MMP-14.
  • the binding protein portion of the MMP 14 binding protein-drug conjugate can include one or more of the following characteristics: (a) a human CDR or human framework region; (b) the HC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence comprises one or more CDRs that are at least 85, 88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% identical to a CDR of a LC variable domain described herein; (c) the LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence comprises one or more CDRs that are at least 85, 88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% identical to a CDR of a HC variable domain described herein; (d) the LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85, 88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% identical to a LC variable domain described herein; (e) the HC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85, 88,
  • the binding protein contained in the MMP 14 binding protein-drug conjugate can bind to MMP-14, e.g., human MMP-14, with a binding affinity of at least 10 5 , 10 6 , 10 7 ,10 8 , 10 9 , 10 10 and 10 11 M “1 .
  • the protein binds to MMP-14 with a K o g- slower than 1 x 10 "3 , 5 x 10 "4 s "1 , or 1 x 10 "4 s "1 .
  • the protein binds to MMP-14 with a K 0n faster than 1 x 10 2 , 1 x 10 3 , or 5 x 10 3 M 1 S 1 .
  • the protein inhibits human MMP-14 activity, e.g., with a Ki of less than 10 "5 , 10 "6 , 10 "7 ,10 “8 , 10 "9 , and 10 "10 M.
  • the protein can have, for example, an IC50 of less than 100 nM, 10 nM or 1 nM.
  • the protein modulates MMP- 14 binding to proMMP-2, e.g., by inhibiting activation of proMMP-2.
  • the protein may inhibit MMP- 14 activation of pro-MMP2 in vitro in PMA- activated HT-1080 cells.
  • the affinity of the protein for MMP-14 can be characterized by a K D of less than 100 nm, less than 10 nM, or less than 2.4 nM.
  • the binding protein contained in the MMP 14 binding protein- drug conjugate binds the catalytic domain of human MMP-14, e.g., the protein contacts residues in or near the active site of MMP-14.
  • the binding protein contained in the MMP 14 binding protein- drug conjugate also binds to MMP- 16 and/or MMP-24, e.g., with a binding affinity of at least 10 5 , 10 6 , 10 7 ,10 8 , 10 9 , 10 10 and 10 11 M "1 .
  • the protein binds to both MMP-14 and to MMP-16 or MMP-24 with a binding affinity of at least 10 5 , 10 6 , 10 7 ,10 8 , 10 9 , 10 10 and 10 11 M "1 .
  • the binding protein contained in the MMP 14 binding protein-drug conjugate is a human antibody having the light and heavy chains of antibodies picked from the list comprising M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0033-H07, M0037-C09, M0037- DOl, M0038-E06, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0039-H08, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, and M0043-G02.
  • the protein is a human antibody having its heavy chain picked from the list comprising M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0033-H07, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0038-E06, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0039-H08, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, and M0043-G02.
  • the protein is a human antibody having its light chain picked from the list comprising M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0033-H07, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0038-E06, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0039-H08, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, and M0043-G02.
  • the protein is a human antibody having one or more heavy chain CDRs picked from the corresponding CDRs of the list of heavy chains comprising M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0033-H07, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0038-E06, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0039-H08, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, and M0043-G02.
  • the protein is a human antibody having one or more light chain CDRs picked from the corresponding CDRs of the list of heavy chains comprising M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0033-H07, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0038-E06, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0039-H08, M0040-A06, M0040-A11 , and M0043-G02.
  • the HC and LC variable domain sequences are components of the same polypeptide chain. In another, the HC and LC variable domain sequences are components of different polypeptide chains.
  • the binding protein contained in the MMP14 binding protein-drug conjugate is an IgG., e.g., IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4.
  • the binding protein can be a soluble Fab.
  • the protein includes a Fab2', scFv, minibody, scFv::Fc fusion, Fab ::HS A fusion, HSA::Fab fusion, Fab::HSA::Fab fusion, or other molecule that comprises the antigen combining site of one of the binding proteins herein.
  • VH and VL regions of these Fabs can be provided as IgG, Fab, Fab2, Fab2', scFv, PEGylated Fab, PEGylated scFv, PEGylated Fab2, VH::CH1 ::HSA+LC, HSA::VH::CH1+LC, LC::HSA + VH::CH1, HSA::LC + VH::CH1, or other appropriate construction.
  • the binding protein contained in the MMP 14 binding protein- drug conjugate is a human or humanized antibody or is non-immunogenic in a human.
  • the protein includes one or more human antibody framework regions, e.g., all human framework regions.
  • the protein includes a human Fc domain, or an Fc domain that is at least 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% identical to a human Fc domain.
  • the binding protein contained in the MMP 14 binding protein- drug conjugate is a primate or primatized antibody or is non-immunogenic in a human.
  • the protein includes one or more primate antibody framework regions, e.g., all primate framework regions.
  • the protein includes a primate Fc domain, or an Fc domain that is at least 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% identical to a primate Fc domain.
  • “Primate” includes humans ⁇ Homo sapiens), chimpanzees ⁇ Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus (bonobos)), gorillas ⁇ Gorilla gorilla), gibons, monkeys, lemurs, aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis), and tarsiers.
  • the affinity of the primate antibody for MMP- 14 is characterized by a K D of less than 1.2 nM.
  • the binding protein contained in the MMP 14 binding protein- drug conjugate includes no sequences from mice or rabbits (e.g., is not a murine or rabbit antibody).
  • the binding protein contained in the MMP 14 binding protein- drug conjugate is capable of binding to tumor cells expressing MMP-14, e.g., to HT-1080 (a human fibrosarcoma cell line), LNCaP (human prostate carcinoma), MDA-MB-231 (human, Caucasian, breast, adenocarcinoma), or PC3 (Human prostatic cancer cells) cells.
  • HT-1080 a human fibrosarcoma cell line
  • LNCaP human prostate carcinoma
  • MDA-MB-231 human, Caucasian, breast, adenocarcinoma
  • PC3 Human prostatic cancer cells
  • the binding protein contained in the MMP 14 binding protein- drug conjugate is physically associated with a nanoparticle, and can be used to guide a nanoparticle to a cell expressing MMP- 14 on the cell surface.
  • the protein causes effector cells (CDC or ADCC) to kill a cell which expresses MMP-14.
  • a binding protein contained in the MMP 14 binding protein-drug conjugate described herein can be provided as a pharmaceutical composition, e.g., including a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the composition can be at least 10, 20, 30, 50, 75, 85, 90, 95, 98, 99, or 99.9% free of other protein species.
  • the MMP 14 binding protein-drug conjugate described herein can be provided as a pharmaceutical composition, e.g., including a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the composition can be at least 10, 20, 30, 50, 75, 85, 90, 95, 98, 99, or 99.9% free of other protein species.
  • the disclosure features a method of modulating MMP-14 activity.
  • the method includes: contacting an MMP-14 with an MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugate (e.g., in a human subject), thereby modulating MMP-14 activity.
  • the disclosure features a method of treating cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer).
  • the method includes: administering, to a subject, an MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugate in an amount sufficient to treat a cancer in the subject.
  • the cancer is head and neck cancer, oral cavity cancer, laryngeal cancer, chondrosarcoma, breast cancer (which may be estrogen receptor positive (ER+), estrogen receptor negative (ER-), Her2 positive (Her2+), Her2 negative (Her2-), or a combination thereof, e.g., ER+/Her2+, ER+/Her2-, ER-./Her2+, or ER-/Her2-), laryngeal cancer, ovarian cancer, testicular carcinoma, melanoma, or brain tumors (e.g., astrocytomas, glioblastomas, gliomas).
  • astrocytomas glioblastomas, gliomas
  • MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugates are useful to modulate metastatic activity in a subject.
  • the conjugate can be administered, to the subject, in an amount effective to modulate metastatic activity in the subject.
  • the conjugate inhibits one or more of: tumor growth, tumor embolism, tumor mobility, tumor invasiveness, and cancer cell proliferation.
  • the methods disclosed herein relating to the treatment cancer can further include providing to the subject a second therapy that is an anti-cancer therapy, e.g., administration of a chemotherapeutic, e.g., an agent that antagonizes signaling through a VEGF pathway, e.g., bevacizumab (AVASTIN®).
  • a chemotherapeutic e.g., an agent that antagonizes signaling through a VEGF pathway, e.g., bevacizumab (AVASTIN®).
  • the second therapy includes administering 5 -FU, leucovorin, and/or irinotecan.
  • the second therapy includes administering a Tiel inhibitor (e.g., an anti-Tie 1 antibody).
  • the second therapy is an inhibitor of plasmin (e.g., a kunitz domain disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,010,880, such as a protein or polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence
  • MHSFCAFKAETGPCRARFDRWFFNIFTRQCEEFIYGGCEGNQNRFESLEECKKMCTR D (SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • Inhibitors of MMP-14 can potentiate the activity of an agent that targets Her2 (e.g., a Her2 -binding antibody such as trastuzumab).
  • the second therapy is an agent that binds Her2, such as a Her2 -binding antibody (e.g., trastuzumab).
  • the dose of the Her2 binding agent is reduced from the dose of the Her2 binding agent when administered not in combination with an MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugate (e.g., is at least 10%, 25%, 40%, or 50% less than the dose of the Her2 binding agent when administered not in combination with a MMP-14 binding protein).
  • the disclosure features a method of treating an ocular condition.
  • the method includes: administering, to a subject, an MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugate in an amount sufficient to treat the ocular condition.
  • the method further includes administering a second agent an agent that antagonizes signaling through a VEGF pathway, e.g., bevacizumab or ranibizumab.
  • the second agent is a VEGF pathway inhibitor (e.g., bevacizumab or ranibizumab)
  • the ocular condition is age- related macular degeneration, such as wet age-related macular degeneration.
  • the disclosure features a method of treating an inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, rheumatoid arthritis).
  • the method includes: administering, to a subject, an MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugate in an amount sufficient to treat the inflammatory disease.
  • the method can further include providing to the subject a second therapy that is an anti-inflammatory therapy.
  • the second therapy comprises administering one or more of the following agents: aspirin, naproxen, ibuprofen, etodolac, cortisone (corticosteroids), antacids, sucralfate, proton-pump inhibitors, misoprostol, gold (e.g., gold salts, gold thioglucose , gold thiomalate, oral gold), methotrexate, sulfasalazine, D-penicillamine, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, cyclosporine, leflunomide, etanercept, infliximab, anakinra, adalimumab, and/or hydroxychloroquine.
  • agents e.g., aspirin, naproxen, ibuprofen, etodolac, cortisone (corticosteroids), antacids, sucralfate,
  • the disclosure features a method of treating osteoarthritis.
  • the method includes: administering, to a subject, an MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugate in an amount sufficient to treat the the osteoarthritis.
  • the method can further include providing to the subject a second therapy that is an anti-osteoarthritis therapy.
  • the disclosure features a method of treating diabetes.
  • the method includes: administering, to a subject, an MMP- 14 binding protein-drug conjugate in an amount sufficient to treat diabetes.
  • the method can further include providing to the subject a second therapy that is a diabetes therapy.
  • the second therapy comprises administering one or more of the following agents: sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, metformin, troglitazone, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, acarbose, pramlintide, exenatide, glyburide/metformin (GLUCOVANCE®), rosiglitazone/metformin (AVAND AMET®), and/or glipizide/metformin (METAGLIP® ) .
  • agents include sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, metformin, troglitazone, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, acarbose, pramlintide, exenatide, glyburide/metformin (GLUCOVANCE®), rosiglitazone/metformin (AVAND AMET®), and/or glipizide/metformin
  • the disclosure features a method of treating Alzheimer's Disease.
  • the method includes: administering, to a subject, an MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugate in an amount sufficient to treat Alzheimer's Disease.
  • the method can further include providing to the subject a second therapy that is an Alzheimer's Disease therapy.
  • the second therapy comprises administering one or more of the following agents: tacrine (COGNEX®), donepezil (ARICEPT®), rivastigmine (EXELON®), galantamine (REMINYL®), memantine (NAMEND ATM), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), statins, folic acid, gingko biloba, vitamin E, vitamin B6, and/or vitamin B 12.
  • An MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugate described herein can be administered in combination with one or more other MMP inhibitors, e.g., small molecule inhibitors, e.g., broad specificity inhibitors.
  • the small molecule inhibitors are one or more of neovastat, marimastat, BAY 12-9566, or prinomastat.
  • the one or more MMP inhibitors include another MMP- 14 binding protein (e.g., optionally, as a drug conjugate).
  • MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugates are useful for targeted delivery of an agent to a subject (e.g., a subject who has or is suspected of having a tumor), e.g., to direct the agent to a tumor in the subject.
  • a subject e.g., a subject who has or is suspected of having a tumor
  • an MMP-14 binding protein that is coupled to an anti-tumor agent such as a chemotherapeutic, toxin, drug, or a radionuclide (e.g., 131 I , 90 Y, 177 Lu)
  • an anti-tumor agent such as a chemotherapeutic, toxin, drug, or a radionuclide (e.g., 131 I , 90 Y, 177 Lu)
  • an anti-tumor agent such as a chemotherapeutic, toxin, drug, or a radionuclide (e.g., 131 I , 90 Y, 177 Lu)
  • the disclosure features the use of an MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugate described herein for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disorder described herein, e.g., a cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer), an inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, an ocular condition (e.g., macular degeneration), diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin-invasive activity, or dysregulated or inappropriate angiogenesis.
  • a cancer e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer
  • an inflammatory disease e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis
  • rheumatoid arthritis e.g., osteoarthritis
  • an ocular condition e.g., macular degeneration
  • diabetes Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometrio
  • FIGURE IA and IB show a series of graphs depicting the determination of Ki values of MMP- 14 binding proteins.
  • FIGURE 2 is a reproduction of a gelatin zymogram.
  • FIGURE 3 shows a series of graphs depicting the binding of germlined antibodies (539C-M0038F01 Germline and 539C-M0033-H07 Germline) to MMP- 14.
  • FIGURE 4 shows a series of graphs depicting the determination of IC50 values (against 2 pM hMMP-14) for two germlined antibodies (539C-M0038F01 Germline and 539C-M0033-H07 Germline) as compared to the parental antibodies.
  • FIGURE 5 shows reproductions of gelatin zymograms performed with germlined antibodies 539C-M0038F01 Geneart and 539C-M0033-H07 Geneart.
  • FIGURE 6 A shows photomicrographs of three dimensional cultures of HUVEC treated with vehicle, M0038 FOl at various doses, or suramin.
  • FIGURE 6B shows a graph summarizing measurements of tube length from the same experiment.
  • FIGURE 7 shows a graph summarizing results of an experiment examining the effect of an MMP- 14 binding antibody (M0038-F01) on growth of tumors derived from MDA-MB- 231 cells orthotopically injected into the mammary fat pads of female Balb/c mice.
  • the y- axis is tumor volume (in cubic millimeters) and the x-axis is time (in weeks), starting at initiation of dosing.
  • FIGURE 8 shows a graph summarizing results of an experiment examining the effect of a range of doses of an MMP- 14 binding antibody (M0038-FO 1 ) on growth of tumors derived from MDA-MB-231 cells orthotopically injected into the mammary fat pads of female Balb/c mice.
  • the y-axis is tumor volume (in cubic millimeters) and the x-axis is time
  • FIGURE 9 shows a graph summarizing results of an experiment examining the effect of a range of doses of an MMP- 14 binding antibody (M0038-F01) on growth of MD A-MB- 435 GFP breast tumors orthotopically transplanted into the mammary fat pads of female Balb/c mice (described in Example 15).
  • the y-axis is tumor volume (in cubic millimeters) and the x-axis is time (in weeks), starting at initiation of dosing
  • FIGURE 1OA shows a graph summarizing results of an experiment examining the effect of a range of doses of an MMP- 14 binding antibody (M0038-F01) on growth of B 16Fl melanoma tumors implanted subcutaneous Iy (described in Example 16).
  • the y-axis is tumor volume (in cubic millimeters) and the x-axis is time (in weeks), starting at initiation of dosing.
  • FIGURE 1OB shows the quantification of the lung nodules after treatment with Dox, M0038F01 and isotpype-matched antibody control on B 16Fl melanoma metastasis.
  • the y- axis is total number of lung nodules.
  • FIGURE 11 shows a graph summarizing results from an experiment examining the effect of a range of doses of an MMP- 14 binding antibody (M0038-FO 1 ) on growth of PC3 prostate tumors in mice (described in Example 17).
  • the y-axis is tumor volume (in cubic millimeters) and the x-axis is time (in weeks), starting at initiation of dosing.
  • FIGURE 12 shows a graph summarizing results from an experiment examining the effect of a range of doses of an MMP- 14 binding antibody (M0038-F01 or "FOl") on growth of BT474 breast tumors in mice (described in Example 18).
  • the y-axis is tumor volume (in cubic millimeters) and the x-axis is time (in days), starting at initiation of dosing.
  • Matrix metalloproteinases function in the physiological remodeling of the extracellular matrix, e.g., during tissue morphogenesis, growth, uterine cycling and postpartum involution, tissue repair, and angiogenesis.
  • Three proteases that have these activities are MMP-14, MMP-16, and MMP-24.
  • the disclosure provides drug conjugates of these MMP-14 binding proteins, including conjugates of MMP-14 binding proteins that inhibit MMP-14 binding activity.
  • the drug conjugates described herein contain MMP-14 binding proteins taught by the disclosure that may also bind, and in some embodiments also inhibit, MMP- 16 and/or MMP-24.
  • the disclosure also provides drug conjugates of MT-MMPs generally, e.g., drug conjugates of MTl-MMP (MMP-14), MT2-MMP (MMP-15), MT3-MMP (MMP-16), MT4-
  • MMP-17 MMP-17
  • MMP-24 MT5-MMP
  • MMP-25 MT6-MMP
  • conjugate refers to the association of a drug (e.g., a drug described herein) with another entity.
  • the association can be via a covalent linkage, for example, and/or may optionally involve the use of a linker (e.g., chemical and/or amino acid linker).
  • linker e.g., chemical and/or amino acid linker.
  • binding protein-drug conjugate refers to the association of a drug (e.g., a drug described herein) with a binding protein (e.g., an antibody).
  • the association can be via a covalent linkage, for example, and/or may involve the use of a linker.
  • drug means an element, compound, or molecular entity, including, e.g., a pharmaceutical, therapeutic, or pharmacologic compound. Drugs can be natural or synthetic or a combination thereof. Drugs useful for the methods and binding protein-drug conjugates described herein are those that exert a therapeutic effect, e.g., cytotoxic, cytostatic, or immunosuppressive effect.
  • binding protein refers to a protein that can interact with a target molecule. This term is used interchangeably with "ligand.”
  • An "MMP-14 binding protein” refers to a protein that can interact with MMP-14, and includes, in particular, proteins that preferentially interact with and/or inhibit MMP-14. For example, the MMP-14 binding protein is an antibody.
  • an antibody refers to a protein that includes at least one immunoglobulin variable domain or immunoglobulin variable domain sequence.
  • an antibody can include a heavy (H) chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VH), and a light (L) chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VL).
  • an antibody includes two heavy (H) chain variable regions and two light (L) chain variable regions.
  • antibody encompasses antigen-binding fragments of antibodies (e.g., single chain antibodies, Fab and sFab fragments, F(ab')2, Fd fragments, Fv fragments, scFv, and domain antibodies (dAb) fragments (de Wildt et al, Eur J Immunol.
  • An antibody can have the structural features of IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM (as well as subtypes thereof).
  • Antibodies may be from any source, but primate (human and non-human primate) and primatized are preferred.
  • the VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed “complementarity determining regions" ("CDR"), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed “framework regions" ("FR").
  • CDR complementarity determining regions
  • FR framework regions
  • the extent of the framework region and CDRs has been precisely defined (see, Kabat, E.A., et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S.
  • Each VH and VL is typically composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FRl , CDRl , FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.
  • an "immunoglobulin variable domain sequence” refers to an amino acid sequence which can form the structure of an immunoglobulin variable domain such that one or more CDR regions are positioned in a conformation suitable for an antigen binding site.
  • the sequence may include all or part of the amino acid sequence of a naturally-occurring variable domain.
  • the sequence may omit one, two or more N- or C-terminal amino acids, internal amino acids, may include one or more insertions or additional terminal amino acids, or may include other alterations.
  • a polypeptide that includes an immunoglobulin variable domain sequence can associate with another immunoglobulin variable domain sequence to form an antigen binding site, e.g., a structure that preferentially interacts with an MMP- 14 protein, e.g., the MMP- 14 catalytic domain.
  • the VH or VL chain of the antibody can further include all or part of a heavy or light chain constant region, to thereby form a heavy or light immunoglobulin chain, respectively.
  • the antibody is a tetramer of two heavy immunoglobulin chains and two light immunoglobulin chains, wherein the heavy and light immunoglobulin chains are interconnected by, e.g., disulfide bonds.
  • the heavy chain constant region includes three immunoglobulin domains, CHl, CH2 and CH3.
  • the light chain constant region includes a CL domain.
  • the variable region of the heavy and light chains contains a binding domain that interacts with an antigen.
  • the constant regions of the antibodies typically mediate the binding of the antibody to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) and the first component (CIq) of the classical complement system.
  • the light chains of the immunoglobulin may be of types kappa or lambda.
  • the antibody is glycosylated.
  • An antibody can be functional for antibody- dependent cytotoxicity and/or complement-mediated cytotoxicity.
  • One or more regions of an antibody can be human or effectively human.
  • one or more of the variable regions can be human or effectively human.
  • one or more of the CDRs can be human, e.g., HC CDRl, HC CDR2, HC CDR3, LC CDRl, LC CDR2, and LC CDR3.
  • Each of the light chain CDRs can be human.
  • HC CDR3 can be human.
  • One or more of the framework regions can be human, e.g., FRl, FR2, FR3, and FR4 of the HC or LC.
  • the Fc region can be human.
  • all the framework regions are human, e.g., derived from a human somatic cell, e.g., a hematopoietic cell that produces immunoglobulins or a non-hematopoietic cell.
  • the human sequences are germline sequences, e.g., encoded by a germline nucleic acid.
  • the framework (FR) residues of a selected Fab can be convertered to the amino-acid type of the corresponding residue in the most similar primate germline gene, especially the human germline gene.
  • One or more of the constant regions can be human or effectively human. For example, at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 92, 95, 98, or 100% of an immunoglobulin variable domain, the constant region, the constant domains (CHl, CH2, CH3, CLl), or the entire antibody can be human or effectively human.
  • All or part of an antibody can be encoded by an immunoglobulin gene or a segment thereof.
  • exemplary human immunoglobulin genes include the kappa, lambda, alpha (IgAl and IgA2), gamma (IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4), delta, epsilon and mu constant region genes, as well as the many immunoglobulin variable region genes.
  • Full-length immunoglobulin "light chains" (about 25 KDa or about 214 amino acids) are encoded by a variable region gene at the NH2 -terminus (about 110 amino acids) and a kappa or lambda constant region gene at the COOH— terminus.
  • Full-length immunoglobulin "heavy chains" (about 50 KDa or about 446 amino acids), are similarly encoded by a variable region gene (about 116 amino acids) and one of the other aforementioned constant region genes, e.g., gamma (encoding about 330 amino acids).
  • the length of human HC varies considerably because HC CDR3 varies from about 3 amino-acid residues to over 35 amino-acid residues.
  • antigen-binding fragment of a full length antibody refers to one or more fragments of a full-length antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to a target of interest.
  • binding fragments encompassed within the term "antigen-binding fragment” of a full length antibody include (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CHl domains; (ii) a F(ab')2 fragment, a bivalent fragment including two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CHl domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al, (1989) Nature 341 :544-546), which consists of a VH domain; and (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR) that retains functionality.
  • CDR
  • the two domains of the Fv fragment, VL and VH are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the VL and VH regions pair to form monovalent molecules known as single chain Fv (scFv).
  • scFv single chain Fv
  • Antibody fragments can be obtained using any appropriate technique including conventional techniques known to those with skill in the art.
  • the term "monospecific antibody” refers to an antibody that displays a single binding specificity and affinity for a particular target, e.g., epitope.
  • This term includes a "monoclonal antibody” or “monoclonal antibody composition,” which as used herein refer to a preparation of antibodies or fragments thereof of single molecular composition, irrespective of how the antibody was generated.
  • an “effectively human” immunoglobulin variable region is an immunoglobulin variable region that includes a sufficient number of human framework amino acid positions such that the immunoglobulin variable region does not elicit an immunogenic response in a normal human.
  • An “effectively human” antibody is an antibody that includes a sufficient number of human amino acid positions such that the antibody does not elicit an immunogenic response in a normal human.
  • a “humanized” immunoglobulin variable region is an immunoglobulin variable region that is modified to include a sufficient number of human framework amino acid positions such that the immunoglobulin variable region does not elicit an immunogenic response in a normal human.
  • Descriptions of "humanized” immunoglobulins include, for example, US 6,407,213 and US 5,693,762.
  • binding affinity refers to the apparent association constant or IQ.
  • the K a is the reciprocal of the dissociation constant (IQ).
  • a binding protein may, for example, have a binding affinity of at least 10 5 , 10 6 , 10 7 ,10 8 , 10 9 , 10 10 and 10 11 M "1 for a particular target molecule, e.g., MMP-14, MMP-16, or MMP-24.
  • Higher affinity binding of a binding protein to a first target relative to a second target can be indicated by a higher K a (or a smaller numerical value IQ) for binding the first target than the K a (or numerical value IQ) for binding the second target.
  • the binding protein has specificity for the first target (e.g., a protein in a first conformation or mimic thereof) relative to the second target (e.g., the same protein in a second conformation or mimic thereof; or a second protein).
  • Differences in binding affinity can be at least 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 37.5, 50, 70, 80, 91, 100, 500, 1000, or 10 5 fold.
  • Binding affinity can be determined by a variety of methods including equilibrium dialysis, equilibrium binding, gel filtration, ELISA, surface plasmon resonance, or spectroscopy (e.g., using a fluorescence assay).
  • Exemplary conditions for evaluating binding affinity are in TRIS-buffer (5OmM TRIS, 15OmM NaCl, 5mM CaCl 2 at pH7.5). These techniques can be used to measure the concentration of bound and free binding protein as a function of binding protein (or target) concentration.
  • K a it is not always necessary to make an exact determination of K a , though, since sometimes it is sufficient to obtain a quantitative measurement of affinity, e.g., determined using a method such as ELISA or FACS analysis, is proportional to K 3 , and thus can be used for comparisons, such as determining whether a higher affinity is, e.g., 2-fold higher, to obtain a qualitative measurement of affinity, or to obtain an inference of affinity, e.g., by activity in a functional assay, e.g., an in vitro or in vivo assay.
  • compositions refers to a composition that is removed from at least 90% of at least one component of a natural sample from which the isolated composition can be obtained.
  • compositions produced artificially or naturally can be "compositions of at least" a certain degree of purity if the species or population of species of interests is at least 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 80, 90, 92, 95, 98, or 99% pure on a weight-weight basis.
  • an “epitope” refers to the site on a target compound that is bound by a binding protein (e.g., an antibody such as a Fab or full length antibody).
  • a binding protein e.g., an antibody such as a Fab or full length antibody.
  • the site can be entirely composed of amino acid components, entirely composed of chemical modifications of amino acids of the protein (e.g., glycosyl moieties), or composed of combinations thereof.
  • Overlapping epitopes include at least one common amino acid residue, glycosyl group, phosphate group, sulfate group, or other molecular feature.
  • sequence identity is calculated as follows.
  • the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes).
  • the optimal alignment is determined as the best score using the GAP program in the GCG software package with a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.
  • the amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared.
  • amino acid or nucleic acid “identity” is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid "homology”).
  • the percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences.
  • the length of a reference sequence aligned for comparison purposes is at least 30%, preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%, and even more preferably at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 100% of the length of the reference sequence.
  • the reference sequence may be the length of the immunoglobulin variable domain sequence.
  • the term “substantially identical” is used herein to refer to a first amino acid or nucleic acid sequence that contains a sufficient number of identical or equivalent (e.g., with a similar side chain, e.g., conserved amino acid substitutions) amino acid residues or nucleotides to a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence such that the first and second amino acid or nucleic acid sequences have (or encode proteins having) similar activities, e.g., a binding activity, a binding preference, or a biological activity.
  • the second antibody has the same specificity and has at least 50%, at least 25%, or at least 10% of the affinity relative to the same antigen.
  • sequences similar or homologous e.g., at least about 85% sequence identity
  • sequence identity can be about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or higher.
  • substantial identity exists when the nucleic acid segments hybridize under selective hybridization conditions (e.g., highly stringent hybridization conditions), to the complement of the strand.
  • the nucleic acids may be present in whole cells, in a cell lysate, or in a partially purified or substantially pure form.
  • hybridizes under low stringency, medium stringency, high stringency, or very high stringency conditions describes conditions for hybridization and washing.
  • Guidance for performing hybridization reactions can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6. Aqueous and nonaqueous methods are described in that reference and either can be used.
  • Specific hybridization conditions referred to herein are as follows: (1) low stringency hybridization conditions in 6X sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45 0 C, followed by two washes in 0.2X SSC, 0.1% SDS at least at 5O 0 C (the temperature of the washes can be increased to 55 0 C for low stringency conditions); (2) medium stringency hybridization conditions in 6X SSC at about 45 0 C, followed by one or more washes in 0.2X SSC, 0.1% SDS at 6O 0 C; (3) high stringency hybridization conditions in 6X SSC at about 45 0 C, followed by one or more washes in 0.2X SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65 0 C; and (4) very high stringency hybridization conditions are 0.5M sodium phosphate, 7% SDS at 65 0 C, followed by one or more washes at 0.2X SSC, 1% SDS at 65 0 C.
  • SSC 6X sodium chloride/sodium citrate
  • Very high stringency conditions are the preferred conditions and the ones that should be used unless otherwise specified.
  • the disclosure includes nucleic acids that hybridize with low, medium, high, or very high stringency to a nucleic acid described herein or to a complement thereof, e.g., nucleic acids encoding a binding protein described herein.
  • the nucleic acids can be the same length or within 30, 20, or 10% of the length of the reference nucleic acid.
  • the nucleic acid can correspond to a region encoding an immunoglobulin variable domain sequence described herein.
  • An MMP- 14 binding protein may have mutations (e.g., at least one, two, or four, and/or less than 15, 10, 5, or 3) relative to a binding protein described herein (e.g., a conservative or non-essential amino acid substitutions), which do not have a substantial effect on protein function. Whether or not a particular substitution will be tolerated, i.e., will not adversely affect biological properties, such as binding activity can be predicted, e.g., by evaluating whether the mutation is conservative or by the method of Bowie, et al. (1990) Science 247: 1306-1310.
  • a "conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain.
  • Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). It is possible for many framework and CDR amino acid residues to include one or more conservative substitutions.
  • Motif sequences for biopolymers can include positions which can be varied amino acids.
  • the symbol "X” in such a context generally refers to any amino acid (e.g., any of the twenty natural amino acids or any of the nineteen non-cysteine amino acids).
  • Other allowed amino acids can also be indicated for example, using parentheses and slashes.
  • “(A/W/F/N/Q)" means that alanine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, asparagine, and glutamine are allowed at that particular position.
  • non-essential amino acid residue is a residue that can be altered from the wild- type sequence of the binding agent, e.g., the antibody, without abolishing or more preferably, without substantially altering a biological activity, whereas changing an "essential" amino acid residue results in a substantial loss of activity.
  • cognate ligand refers to a naturally occurring ligand of an MMP- 14, including naturally occurring variants thereof (e.g., splice variants, naturally occurring mutants, and iso forms).
  • Statistical significance can be determined by any art known method. Exemplary statistical tests include: the Students T-test, Mann Whitney U non-parametric test, and Wilcoxon non-parametric statistical test. Some statistically significant relationships have a P value of less than 0.05 or 0.02. Particular binding proteins may show a difference, e.g., in specificity or binding, that are statistically significant (e.g., P value ⁇ 0.05 or 0.02).
  • the disclosure provides proteins that bind to an MT-MMP (e.g., MTl-MMP (MMP- 14), MT2-MMP (MMP-15), MT3-MMP (MMP-16), MT4-MMP (MMP-17), MT5-MMP (MMP-24), or MT6-MMP (MMP-25)) (e.g., a human MT-MMP) and include at least one immunoglobin variable region.
  • the MMP- 14 binding protein includes a heavy chain (HC) immunoglobulin variable domain sequence and a light chain (LC) immunoglobulin variable domain sequence. Drug conjugates of these proteins can be prepared.
  • the MT-MMP binding protein may be an isolated protein (e.g., at least 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99% free of other proteins).
  • An MT-MMP binding protein may additionally inhibit the MT-MMP, e.g., human MT-MMP.
  • the protein binds the catalytic domain of the human MT- MMP, e.g., the protein contacts residues in or near the active site of the MT-MMP.
  • the MMP- 14 binding protein also binds to another MT-MMP family member, and may inhibit the other family member.
  • MT-MMP binding proteins may be antibodies.
  • MT-MMP binding antibodies may have their HC and LC variable domain sequences included in a single polypeptide (e.g., scFv), or on different polypeptides (e.g., IgG or Fab).
  • the disclosure provides proteins that bind to MMP-14 (e.g., human MMP-14) and include at least one immunoglobin variable region.
  • MMP-14 e.g., human MMP-14
  • the MMP-14 binding protein includes a heavy chain (HC) immunoglobulin variable domain sequence and a light chain (LC) immunoglobulin variable domain sequence.
  • HC heavy chain
  • LC light chain
  • a number of exemplary MMP-14 binding proteins are described herein. Drug conjugates of these proteins can be prepared.
  • the MMP-14 binding protein may be an isolated protein (e.g., at least 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99% free of other proteins).
  • the MMP-14 binding protein may additionally inhibit MMP-14, e.g., human
  • the protein binds the catalytic domain of human MMP-14, e.g., the protein contacts residues in or near the active site of MMP-14.
  • the MMP-14 binding protein also binds to MMP- 16 and/or MMP-24. Additionally, the MMP-14 binding protein may also inhibit MMP- 16 and/or MMP-24.
  • Exemplary MMP-14 binding proteins include M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0033-H07, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0038-E06, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0039-H08, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, and M0043-G02.
  • MMP-14 binding proteins may be antibodies.
  • MMP-14 binding antibodies may have their HC and LC variable domain sequences included in a single polypeptide (e.g., scFv), or on different polypeptides (e.g., IgG or Fab).
  • the MT-MMP binding proteins described herein can be conjugated to a drug (e.g., a cytotoxic, cytostatic, or immunomodulatory agent).
  • a drug e.g., a cytotoxic, cytostatic, or immunomodulatory agent.
  • the conjugates can be used therapeutically or prophylactically, e.g., the binding protein can target the drug, e.g., in vivo, e.g., to a site of disease (e.g., a tumor or site of undesired angiogenesis), e.g., such that the drug affects the site of disease (e.g., causes a cytostatic or cytotoxic effect on tumor cells).
  • the binding protein itself has therapeutic or prophylactic efficacy (e.g., the protein can inhibit the MT-MMP to which it binds, or cause a cytostatic or cytotoxic effect on the cell expressing the MT-MMP to which the protein binds).
  • the binding protein-drug conjugate can be used such that the binding protein and drug both contribute (e.g., additively or synergistically) to an effect on the MT-MMP (e.g., a therapeutic effect, e.g., in vivo, e.g., to a site of disease (e.g., a tumor or site of undesired angiogenesis).
  • the drug and/or binding protein can be, for example, cytotoxic, cytostatic or otherwise prevent or reduce the ability of a targeted cell to divide and/or survive (e.g., when the drug is taken up or internalized by the targeted cell and/or upon binding of the binding protein to the MT-MMP).
  • cytotoxic, cytostatic or otherwise prevent or reduce the ability of a targeted cell to divide and/or survive (e.g., when the drug is taken up or internalized by the targeted cell and/or upon binding of the binding protein to the MT-MMP).
  • the targeted cell is a cancer cell
  • the drug and/or binding protein can prevent or reduce the ability of the cell to divide and/or metastasize.
  • cytotoxic or immunomodulatory agents such as, for example, antitubulin agents, auristatins, DNA minor groove binders, DNA replication inhibitors, alkylating agents (e.g., platinum complexes such as cis-platin, mono(platinum), bis(platinum) and tri-nuclear platinum complexes and carboplatin), anthracyclines, antibiotics, antifolates, antimetabolites, chemotherapy sensitizers, duocarmycins, etoposides, fluorinated pyrimidines, ionophores, lexitropsins, nitrosoureas, platinols, pre-forming compounds, purine antimetabolites, puromycins, radiation sensitizers, steroids, maytansinoids, taxanes, topoisomerase inhibitors, vinca alkaloids, or the like.
  • alkylating agents e.g., platinum complexes such as cis-platin, mono(platinum), bis(
  • cytotoxic or immunomodulatory agents include, for example, an androgen, anthramycin (AMC), asparaginase, 5-azacytidine, azathioprine, bleomycin, busulfan, buthionine sulfoximine, camptothecin, carboplatin, carmustine (BSNU), CC- 1065, chlorambucil, cisplatin, colchicine, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, cytidine arabinoside, cytochalasin B, dacarbazine, dactinomycin (actinomycin), daunorubicin, decarbazine, docetaxel, doxorubicin, an estrogen, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, 5-fluorouracil, gramicidin D, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, ifosfamide, irinotecan, lomustine (CCNU), mechlorethamine, melphal
  • the drug comprises a cytotoxic agent.
  • Suitable cytotoxic agents include, for example, dolastatins (e.g., auristatin E, AFP, MMAF, MMAE), DNA minor groove binders (e.g., enediynes and lexitropsins), duocarmycins, taxanes (e.g., paclitaxel and docetaxel), puromycins, vinca alkaloids, CC-1065, SN-38, topotecan, morpholino-doxorubicin, rhizoxin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, echinomycin, combretastatin, netropsin, epothilone A and B, estramustine, cryptophysins, cemadotin, maytansinoids (e.g., maytansine, maytansinol, DMl, DM2, Dm3 or DM4), discodermolide, a cyto
  • the drug is a cytotoxic agent such as AFP, MMAF, MMAE, AEB, AEVB, auristatin E, paclitaxel, docetaxel, CC-1065, SN-38, topotecan, morpholino- doxorubicin, rhizoxin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, dolastatin-10, echinomycin, combretatstatin, chalicheamicin, maytansine, DM-I, or netropsin.
  • cytotoxic agent such as AFP, MMAF, MMAE, AEB, AEVB, auristatin E, paclitaxel, docetaxel, CC-1065, SN-38, topotecan, morpholino- doxorubicin, rhizoxin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, dolastatin-10, echinomycin, combretatstatin, chalicheamicin
  • the drug is a cytotoxic agent that comprises a conventional chemotherapeutic such as, for example, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, melphalan, vinca alkaloids, methotrexate, mitomycin C or etoposide.
  • the drug can be a combined therapy, such as CHOP (Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Prednisolone and Vincristine), CHOP-R (Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin Vincristine, Prednisolone, and rituximab) or ABVD (Doxorubicin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine and dacarbazine).
  • CC-1065 analogues e.g., DCl
  • calicheamicin maytansine
  • analogues of dolastatin 10 rhizoxin
  • palytoxin can also be used.
  • the drug can be a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent that comprises auristatin E (also known in the art as dolastatin-10) or a derivative thereof.
  • the auristatin E derivative is, e.g., an ester formed between auristatin E and a keto acid.
  • auristatin E can be reacted with paraacetyl benzoic acid or benzoylvaleric acid to produce AEB and AEVB, respectively.
  • auristatin derivatives include AFP, MMAF, and MMAE.
  • the synthesis and structure of auristatin E and its derivatives are described in US 20030083263 and US 20050009751, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,323,315; 6,239,104; 6,034,065; 5,780,588; 5,665,860; 5,663,149; 5,635,483; 5,599,902; 5,554,725; 5,530,097; 5,521,284; 5,504,191; 5,410,024; 5,138,036; 5,076,973; 4,986,988; 4,978,744; 4,879,278; 4,816,444; and 4,486,414.
  • MMAF or AFP is used.
  • the drug is a cytotoxic agent that comprises a DNA minor groove binding agent.
  • a cytotoxic agent that comprises a DNA minor groove binding agent.
  • the minor groove binding agent is a CBI compound.
  • the minor groove binding agent is an enediyne (e.g., calicheamicin).
  • anti-tubulin agents examples include, but are not limited to, taxanes (e.g., TAXOL® (paclitaxel), TAXOTERE® (docetaxel)), T67 (Tularik), vinca alkyloids (e.g., vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, and vinorelbine), and dolastatins (e.g., auristatin E, AFP, MMAF, MMAE, AEB, AEVB).
  • taxanes e.g., TAXOL® (paclitaxel), TAXOTERE® (docetaxel)
  • T67 Tularik
  • vinca alkyloids e.g., vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, and vinorelbine
  • dolastatins e.g., auristatin E, AFP, MMAF, MMAE, AEB, AEVB
  • antitubulin agents include, for example, baccatin derivatives, taxane analogs (e.g., epothilone A and B), nocodazole, colchicine and colcimid, estramustine, cryptophysins, cemadotin, maytansinoids, combretastatins, discodermolide, eleutherobin, rhizoxin/maytansine, auristatin dolastatin 10 MMAE, and peloruside A.
  • the drug is a cytotoxic agent such as an anti-tubulin agent.
  • the anti-tubulin agent is an auristatin, a vinca alkaloid, a podophyllotoxin, a taxane, a baccatin derivative, a cryptophysin, a maytansinoid, a combretastatin, or a dolastatin.
  • the antitubulin agent is AFP, MMAP, MMAE, AEB, AEVB, auristatin E, vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, vinorelbine, VP- 16, camptothecin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, epothilone A, epothilone B, nocodazole, colchicines, colcimid, estramustine, cemadotin, discodermolide, maytansine, DM-I, DM2, DM3, DM4 or eleutherobin.
  • the cytotoxic agent comprises a maytansinoid, another group of anti-tubulin agents.
  • the maytansinoid is maytansine or DM-I (ImmunoGen, Inc.; see also Chari et al. Cancer Res. 52:127-131 (1992)).
  • sterically hindered thiol and disulfide-containing maytansinoids in which the alpha-carbon atom bearing the sulfur atom bears one or two alkyl substituents are used in the binding protein-drug conjugate, e.g., US 2007-0292422; US 2007-0264266.
  • the drug comprises an agent that acts to disrupt DNA.
  • the drug may be selected from enediynes (e.g., calicheamicin and esperamicin) and non-enediyne small molecule agents (e.g., bleomycin, methidiumpropyl-EDTA-Fe(II)).
  • Other useful drugs include daunorubicin, doxorubicin, distamycin A, cisplatin, mitomycin C, ecteinascidins, duocarmycin/CC-1065, and bleomycin/pepleomycin.
  • the drug can comprise an alkylating agent such as Asaley NSC 167780, AZQ NSC 182986, BCNU NSC 409962, Busulfan NSC 750, carboxyphthalatoplatinum NSC 271674, CBDCA NSC 241240, CCNU NSC 79037, CHIP NSC 256927, chlorambucil NSC 3088, chlorozotocin NSC 178248, cis-platinum NSC 119875, clomesone NSC 338947, cyanomorpholinodoxorubicin NSC 357704, cyclodisone NSC 348948, dianhydrogalactitol NSC 132313, fluorodopan NSC 73754, hepsulfam NSC 329680, hycanthone NSC 142982, melphalan NSC 8806, methyl CCNU NSC 95441, mitomycin C NSC 26980, mitozolamide NSC 353451, nitrogen mustard NSC
  • the drug can comprise an antimitotic agent such as allocolchicine NSC 406042, Halichondrin B NSC 609395, colchicine NSC 757, colchicine derivative NSC 33410, dolastatin 10 NSC 376128 (NG ⁇ auristatin derived), maytansine NSC 153858, rhizoxin NSC 332598, taxol NSC 125973, taxol derivative NSC 608832, thiocolchicine NSC 361792, trityl cysteine NSC 83265, vinblastine sulfate NSC 49842, or vincristine sulfate NSC 67574.
  • an antimitotic agent such as allocolchicine NSC 406042, Halichondrin B NSC 609395, colchicine NSC 757, colchicine derivative NSC 33410, dolastatin 10 NSC 376128 (NG ⁇ auristatin derived), maytansine NSC 153858, rhizoxin NSC 332598
  • the drug can comprise an topoisomerase I inhibitor such as camptothecin NSC 94600, camptothecin, Na salt NSC 100880, aminocamptothecin NSC 603071, camptothecin derivative NSC 95382, camptothecin derivative NSC 107124, camptothecin derivative NSC 643833, camptothecin derivative NSC 629971, camptothecin derivative NSC 295500, camptothecin derivative NSC 249910, camptothecin derivative NSC 606985, camptothecin derivative NSC 374028, camptothecin derivative NSC 176323, camptothecin derivative NSC 295501, camptothecin derivative NSC 606172, camptothecin derivative NSC 606173, camptothecin derivative NSC 610458, camptothecin derivative NSC 618939, camptothecin derivative NSC 610457, camptothecin derivative NSC 610459, camptothecin derivative NSC
  • the drug can comprise an topoisomerase II inhibitor such as doxorubicin NSC 123127, amonafide NSC 308847, m-AMSA NSC 249992, anthrapyrazole derivative NSC 355644, pyrazoloacridine NSC 366140, bisantrene HCL NSC 337766, daunorubicin NSC 82151, deoxydoxorubicin NSC 267469, mitoxantrone NSC 301739, menogaril NSC 269148, N,N-dibenzyl daunomycin NSC 268242, oxanthrazole NSC 349174, rubidazone NSC 164011, VM-26 NSC 122819, or VP-16 NSC 141540.
  • an topoisomerase II inhibitor such as doxorubicin NSC 123127, amonafide NSC 308847, m-AMSA NSC 249992, anthrapyrazole derivative NSC 35
  • the drug can comprise an RNA or DNA antimetabolite such as L-alanosine NSC 153353, 5-azacytidine NSC 102816, 5-fluorouracil NSC 19893, acivicin NSC 163501, aminopterin derivative NSC 132483, aminopterin derivative NSC 184692, aminopterin derivative NSC 134033, an antifol NSC 633713, an antifol NSC 623017, Baker's soluble antifol NSC 139105, dichlorallyl lawsone NSC 126771, brequinar NSC 368390, ftorafur (pro-drug) NSC 148958, 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine NSC 264880, methotrexate NSC 740, methotrexate derivative NSC 174121 , N-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA) NSC 224131, pyrazofurin NSC 1430
  • AFP refers to dimethylvaline-valine-dolaisoleuine-dolaproine- phenylalanine-p-phenylened-iamine (e.g., see Formula XVI in US 2006-0233794).
  • MAE monomethyl auristatin E (see Formula XI in US 2006-0233794).
  • AEB refers to an ester produced by reacting auristatin E with paraacetyl benzoic acid (e.g., see Formula XX in US 2006-0233794).
  • AEVB refers to an ester produced by reacting auristatin E with benzoylvaleric acid (e.g., see Formula XXI in US 2006-0233794).
  • MMAF refers to dovaline-valine-dolaisoleunine-dolaproine- phenylalanine (e.g., see Formula IVIV in US 2006-0233794).
  • the drug is a cytotoxic agent selected from the group consisting of an auristatin, a DNA minor groove binding agent, a DNA minor groove alkylating agent, an enediyne, a lexitropsin, a duocarmycin, a taxane, a puromycin, a dolastatin, a maytansinoid, and a vinca alkaloid.
  • a cytotoxic agent selected from the group consisting of an auristatin, a DNA minor groove binding agent, a DNA minor groove alkylating agent, an enediyne, a lexitropsin, a duocarmycin, a taxane, a puromycin, a dolastatin, a maytansinoid, and a vinca alkaloid.
  • the drug is a cytotoxic agent such as AFP or MMAF.
  • the drug is an immunosuppressive agent such as gancyclovir, etanercept, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, rapamycin, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, methotrexate, Cortisol, aldosterone, dexamethasone, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, a 5 -lipoxygenase inhibitor, or a leukotriene receptor antagonist. See generally US 2007-0292441 ; US 2007-0292422; US 2007-0264266; and US
  • the binding proteins described herein can be associated with a drug to form a binding protein-drug conjugate by being linked to the drug directly.
  • the binding protein is directly conjugated to the drug.
  • the binding proteins described herein can be associated with a drug to form a binding protein-drug conjugate by use of a linker region between the drug and the binding protein.
  • the binding protein is conjugated to the drug via a linker.
  • the linker can be cleavable under intracellular conditions, e.g., such that cleavage of the linker releases the drug from the binding protein in the intracellular environment.
  • the cleavable linker is a peptide linker cleavable by an intracellular protease.
  • the peptide linker is a dipeptide linker.
  • the dipeptide linker is a val-cit (vc) linker or a phe-lys (fk) linker.
  • the cleavable linker is hydrolyzable at a pH of less than 5.5.
  • the hydrolyzable linker is a hydrazone linker.
  • the cleavable linker is a disulfide linker.
  • the linker is cleavable by a cleaving agent that is present in the intracellular environment (e.g., within a lysosome or endosome or caveolea).
  • the linker can be, e.g., a peptidyl linker that is cleaved by an intracellular peptidase or protease enzyme, including, but not limited to, a lysosomal or endosomal protease.
  • the peptidyl linker is at least two amino acids long or at least three amino acids long.
  • Cleaving agents can include cathepsins B and D and plasmin, which are known to hydro lyze dipeptide drug derivatives resulting in the release of active drug inside target cells (see, e.g., Dubowchik and Walker Pharm. Therapeutics 83:67-123 (1999)).
  • peptidyl linkers are cleavable by enzymes that are present in targeted cells (e.g., cancer cells).
  • a peptidyl linker that is cleavable by the thiol-dependent protease cathepsin-B, which is highly expressed in cancerous tissue can be used (e.g., a Phe- Leu or a Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly linker).
  • the peptidyl linker cleavable by an intracellular protease is a Val-Cit (vc) linker or a Phe-Lys linker (fk) (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,214,345, which describes the synthesis of doxorubicin with the val-cit linker).
  • vc Val-Cit
  • fk Phe-Lys linker
  • a vc linker is used in the binding protein-drug conjugates described herein.
  • a binding protein-vcAFP or a binding protein- vcMMAF conjugate e.g., an MT-MMP binding protein-vcAFP (e.g., MMP-14 binding protein- vcAFP) or an MT-MMP binding protein- vcMMAF (e.g., MMP-14 binding protein- vcMMAF) conjugate
  • an MT-MMP binding protein-vcAFP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein- vcAFP
  • MMP-14 binding protein- vcMMAF MT-MMP binding protein-vcMMAF conjugate
  • the cleavable linker is pH-sensitive, i.e., sensitive to hydrolysis at certain pH values.
  • the pH-senstive linker is hydro lyzable under acidic conditions.
  • an acid-labile linker that is hydrolyzable in the lysosome e.g., a hydrazone, semicarbazone, thiosemicarbazone, cis-aconitic amide, orthoester, acetal., ketal., or the like
  • an acid-labile linker that is hydrolyzable in the lysosome e.g., a hydrazone, semicarbazone, thiosemicarbazone, cis-aconitic amide, orthoester, acetal., ketal., or the like
  • the hydrolyzable linker is a thioether linker (such as, e.g., a thioether attached to the therapeutic agent via an acylhydrazone bond (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,622,929)).
  • the linker is cleavable under reducing conditions (e.g., a disulfide linker).
  • a disulfide linker e.g., a disulfide linker.
  • disulfide linkers are known in the art, including, for example, those that can be formed using SATA (N-succinimidyl-S-acetylthioacetate), SPDP (N- succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate), SPDB (N-succinimidyl-3-(2- pyridyldithio)butyrate) and SMPT (N-succinimidyl-oxycarbonyl-alpha-methyl-alpha-(2- pyridyl-dithio)toluene)- , SPDB and SMPT (See, e.g., Thorpe et al.
  • the linker is a malonate linker (Johnson et al. Anticancer Res. 15:1387-93 (1995)), a maleimidobenzoyl linker (Lau et al. Bioorg-Med-Chem. 3(10): 1299-1304 (1995), or a 3'-N-amide analog (Lau et al. Bioorg-Med-Chem. 3(10): 1305- 12 (1995)).
  • the linker is not substantially sensitive to the extracellular environment.
  • "not substantially sensitive to the extracellular environment" in the context of a linker means that no more than about 20%, typically no more than about 15%, more typically no more than about 10%, and even more typically no more than about 5%, no more than about 3%, or no more than about 1% of the linkers, in a sample of a binding protein-drug conjugate, are cleaved when the binding protein-drug conjugate is present in an extracellular environment (e.g., in plasma).
  • Whether a linker is not substantially sensitive to the extracellular environment can be determined, for example, by incubating independently with plasma both (a) the binding protein-drug conjugate (the "conjugate sample”) and (b) an equal molar amount of unconjugated binding protein or drug (the “control sample”) for a predetermined time period (e.g., 2, 4, 8, 16, or 24 hours) and then comparing the amount of unconjugated binding protein or drug present in the conjugate sample with that present in control sample, as measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.
  • a predetermined time period e.g., 2, 4, 8, 16, or 24 hours
  • the linker promotes cellular internalization. In certain embodiments, the linker promotes cellular internalization when conjugated to the drug (i.e., in the milieu of the linker-drug moiety of the binding protein- drug conjugate described herein). In yet other embodiments, the linker promotes cellular internalization when conjugated to both the drug and the binding protein.
  • linkers that can be used with the present compositions and methods are described in WO 2004010957.
  • the binding protein-drug conjugates described herein are used therapeutically in the treatment of a disorder (e.g., an angiogenesis related disorder, e.g., cancer).
  • a disorder e.g., an angiogenesis related disorder, e.g., cancer.
  • it is desirable to only target a binding protein-drug conjugate to a cell that expresses the target to which the binding protein binds e.g., to only target an MMP- 14 expressing cell to which an MMP- 14 binding protein binds, and not target a nearby "bystander" cell), e.g., to minimize toxicity.
  • a binding protein-drug conjugate it is desirable to target a binding protein-drug conjugate to a cell expressing the target to which the binding protein binds and also to bystander cells (e.g., to elicit a "bystander effect"), e.g., to target (e.g., and kill) endothelial cells of blood vessels innervating a tumor.
  • a binding protein-drug conjugate e.g., an MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate (e.g., MMP- 14 binding protein-drug conjugate) can be engineered to exert a precise killing of only antigen-presenting cells without damaging proximal antigen-negative tissues, e.g., by preparing thioether-linked conjugates.
  • a bystander effect e.g., by preparing disulf ⁇ de-linked conjugates.
  • targets e.g., antigens
  • the bystander cytotoxicity associated with disulfide linker-containing conjugates provides a rationale for treatment of sites of a disorder (e.g., tumors) with binding protein-drug conjugates even if the sites exhibit heterogeneous target expression.
  • the bystander effect adds a degree of nonselective killing activity. Potentially, this could be a drawback if normal cells in tissues surrounding the site of disorder (e.g., tumor) are affected.
  • the bystander cytotoxicity may damage tissues intricately involved in supporting the disorder, such as endothelial cells and pericytes of tumor neovasculature, or tumor stromal cells, resulting, for example, in enhanced antitumor activity of the binding protein-drug conjugate against tumors expressing the antigen either homogeneously or heterogeneously. See also Kovtum et al. Cancer Res. 66:3214 (2006).
  • Membrane-type MMPs play a pivotal role in pericellular proteolysis.
  • the MT-MMPs can be divided into two subgroups, the transmembrane type (MT-MMP-I, - 2, -3, -5) and the glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-anchored forms (MT- MMP-4 and -6).
  • the GPI-anchored type are sensitive to all members of the TIMP-family, but the transmembrane MT-MMPs are inhibited by TIMP-2, -3, -4, but are relatively insensitive to TIMP-I inhibition.
  • the cytoplasmic tail of the transmembrane MT-MMPs interacts with intracellular proteins that regulate the subcellular trafficking of the enzymes from the Golgi to the cell surface, and to specific membrane domains, for instance to protruding structures called 'invadopodia' in invasive cancer cells
  • Examples of the substrates for each MT-MMP are as folows:
  • MTl-MMP also known as MMP- 14
  • the substrates of MTl-MMP include MMP-2, collagen I, collagen II, collagen III, f ⁇ bronectin, gelatin, laminin.
  • MT2-MMP also known as MMP- 15
  • the substrates of MT2-MMP include MMP-2, collagen I, collagen II, collagen III, f ⁇ bronectin, laminin nidogen.
  • MT3-MMP also known as MMP-16
  • the substrates of MT3-MMP include MMP-2, collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin.
  • MT4-MMP also known as MMP- 17
  • the substrates of MT4-MMP include fibrin (fibrinogen).
  • MT5-MMP also known as MMP-24
  • the substrates of MT5-MMP include MMP-2, gelatin, fibronectin, chondroitin, and dermitin sulfate proteoglycans.
  • MT6-MMP also known as MMP-25
  • the substrates of MT6-MMP include MMP-2, gelatin, collagen IV, and fibronectin. Proteins that bind to these MT-MMPs can be identified, prepared, and used as described herein. Further, MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates of such proteins can be prepared and used as described herein.
  • MMP- 14 MMP- 14 is encoded by a gene designated as MMPl 4, matrix metalloproteinase-14 precursor. Synonyms for MMP- 14 include matrix metalloproteinase 14 (membrane -inserted), membrane-type- 1 matrix metalloproteinase, membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase 1, MMP-14, MMP-Xl, MTlMMP, MTl-MMP, MTMMPl, MT-MMP 1.
  • MT-MMPs have similar structures, including a signal peptide, a prodomain, a catalytic domain, a hinge region, and a hemopexin domain (Wang, et al., 2004, J Biol Chem, 279:51148-55).
  • the signal sequence of MMP-14 precursor includes amino acid residues 1-20.
  • the pro-peptide includes residues 21-111. Cys93 is annotated as a possible cysteine switch.
  • Residues 112 through 582 make up the mature, active protein.
  • the catalytic domain includes residues 112-317.
  • the hemopexin domains includes residues 318-523.
  • the transmembrane segment comprises residues 542 through 562.
  • MMP- 14 can be shed from cells or found on the surface of cells, tethered by a single transmembrane amino-acid sequence. See, e.g., Osnkowski et al. (2004, J Cell Physiol, 200:2-10).
  • VFFFRRHGTPRRLLYCQRSLLDKV (SEQ ID NO:2; Genbank Accession No. CAA88372.1).
  • An exemplary amino acid sequence of mouse MMP 14 is shown in Table 2.
  • An exemplary MMP- 14 protein can include the human or mouse MMP- 14 amino acid sequence, a sequence that is 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to one of these sequences, or a fragment thereof, e.g., a fragment without the signal sequence or prodomain.
  • Table 3 shows a sequence alignment of the exemplary human MMP- 14 (hMMP-14) amino acid sequence with the exemplary mouse MMP- 14 (mMMP-14) amino acid sequence.
  • a "-" in the mMMP14 entries indicates that the amino acid is the same as shown for hMMP14.
  • exemplary hMMP-14 and mMMP-14 sequences are identical at 558 of 580 positions, about 96.2% identity. Despite a relatively high degree of similarity, their activity toward different substrates, including proMMP-2 and type I collagen, varies (Wang, et al., 2004, J Biol Chem, 279:51148-55).
  • MMP-14-deficient mice were generated by gene targeting (Holmbeck, et al., 1999, Cell, 99:81-92).
  • MMP- 14 deficiency causes craniofacial dysmorphism, arthritis, osteopenia, dwarfism, and fibrosis of soft tissues, but the mice are viable.
  • the expression of MMP- 14 in tumors is reviewed in Sato et al. (Sato, et al., 2005, Cancer Sci, 96:212-7), Zucker et al. (Zucker and Vacirca, 2004, Cancer Metastasis Rev, 23:101-17), and Bauvois (Bauvois, 2004, Oncogene, 23:317-29).
  • MT-MMPs Increased expression of MT-MMPs has previously been reported to correlate with increasing grade of malignancy in gliomas, a relationship shared with alterations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling.
  • EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
  • One mechanism of EGFR- mediated invasiveness in gliomas may involve the induction of MTl-MMP (Van metter et al, 2004, Neuro-oncoL, 6(3): 188-99).
  • MMP- 14 is regulated by chemokines monocyte-chemoattractant protein- l/ccl2 and interleukin-8/CXCL8 in endothelial cells during angiogenesis (Galvez et al, 2005, J Biol Chem, 280(2): 1292-8). MMP-14 activity is also regulated by ERK 1/2- and p38 MAPK- modulated TIMP-2 expression which controls TGF -beta 1 -induced pericellular collagenolysis (Munshi et al, 2004, J Biol Chem, 279(37):39042-50).
  • Blockade of the ERK pathway suppress the expression of MMP-3, -9, and -14, and CD44 and markedly inhibits the invasiveness of tumor cells (Tanimura et al, 2003, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 304(4):801-6).
  • MMP-14 contributes to the specific up-regulation of VEGF-A through activation of Src tyrosine kinase pathways perhaps involving the cleavage of CD44 (Sounni et al, 2004, J Biol Chem, 279(14): 13564-74).
  • MMP-14 has a number of endogenous inhibitors.
  • TIMP-2 binds MMP-14 and anchors MMP-14 to cell surface and acts as a "receptor" for proMMP-2 (progelatinase A), such that the latter can be activated efficiently in a localized fashion (Murphy, et al., 2003, Biochem Soc Symp, 65-80).
  • proMMP-2 progelatinase A
  • TIMP-2, TIMP-3, and TIMP-4 inhibit MMP-14, but TIMP-I does not (Lee, et al., 2003, J Biol Chem, 278:40224-30).
  • TIMPs typically are slow, tight binding inhibitors.
  • MMP-14 activates pro-MMP-2 causing a cascade of proteolysis that facilitates the mobility and invasiveness of tumor cells
  • MMP- 14 cleaves other substrates, such as collagen triple- helical structure (Minond, et al., 2004, Biochemistry, 43: 11474-81), fibrin (K Kunststoff, 2003, Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb, 33:425-9), Matrigel (Cao, et al., 2005, Thromb Haemost, 93:770-8), other extracellular matrix components (Sato, et al., 2005, Cancer Sci, 96:212-7), CD44 (Suenaga, et al., 2005, Oncogene, 24:859-68), and various other proteins (Hwang, et al., 2004, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1702:79-87).
  • substrates such as collagen triple- helical structure (Minond, et al., 2004, Biochemistry, 43: 11474-81), fibrin (K Kunststoff, 2003, Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb, 33:425-9), Matrigel (Cao, et
  • MMP-14 can promote the activation of pro- collagenase 2 and -3, a potent collageno lytic protease (Knauper et al, 1996, J Biol Chem, 271 : 17124-31; Woessner et Nagase, 2000).
  • MMP-14 has been implicated in many disease states, including, e.g.: tumor growth (Trisciuoglio, et al., 2005, J Cell Physiol), tumor embolism (Cao, et al., 1996, J Biol Chem, 271 :30174-80), angiogenesis (Haas, 2005, Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 83: 1-7; (Handsley and Edwards, 2005, Int J Cancer, 115:849-60; (Roebuck, et al., 2005, Am J Clin Pathol, 123:405- 14; (Pilorget, et al., 2005, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab), and cell proliferation (Aoki, et al., 2005, J Biochem (Tokyo), 137:95-9).
  • tumor growth Trisciuoglio, et al., 2005, J Cell Physiol
  • tumor embolism Cao, et al., 1996, J Biol Chem, 271
  • proteins that bind and/or inhibit MMP-14 can be used to treat and/or diagnose these conditions.
  • MMP-14 is implicated in the progression of laryngeal cancer, MMP-14 may serve as a reliable marker in estimating invasive and metastatic potency of laryngeal cancer. Suppressing expression of MMP-14 may inhibit the invasion and metastases of laryngeal cancer (Sun, Li, 2004, Chin Med Sci J, 19(3): 170-3).
  • MMP-14 binding proteins can be used to treat or prevent metastatic cancers, e.g., metastatic laryngeal cancer.
  • MMP-14 is implicated in several non-oncological diseases including: rheumatoid arthritis (Itoh and Seiki, 2005, J Cell Physiol, ; (Distler, et al., 2005, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102:2892-7); osteoarthritis (Tchetina, et al., 2005, J Rheumatol, 32:876-86); diabetes (inter alia, (Savinov, et al., 2005, J Biol Chem, 280:27755-8; Giebel, et al., 2005, Lab Invest, 85:597-607; Raymond, et al., 2004, J Vase Surg, 40: 1190-8); and atherosclerosis (Stawowy, et al., 2005, Circulation, 111 :2820-7; May, et al., 2005, Thromb Haemost, 93:710-5;
  • MMPs proteins that bind and/or inhibit MMP- 14 are useful to treat and/or diagnose these conditions.
  • Proteins that bind to MMP- 14 can be identified, prepared, and used as described herein. Further, MMP- 14 binding protein-drug conjugates can be prepared and used as described herein.
  • Matrix metalloproteinase-16 (also known as MMP- 16, membrane type-3 matrix metalloproteinase, or MT3-MMP) is expressed in a variety of normal (Takino et al, 1995, J Biol Chem, 270: 23013-20 ; Yoshiyama et al, 1998, Acta Neuropathol, 96: 347-50 ; Shofuda et al, 2001, Ann.
  • MMP- 16 is involved in the remodeling of both the normal and diseased mammary gland either directly or indirectly by activation of other MMPs.
  • MMF-7 Non invasive breast cancer
  • MDA-MB-231) invasive breast cancer
  • MMP-16 plays a role in extracellular matrix turnover not only by activating proMMP-2 but also by acting directly on ECM macromolecules. MMP-16 is involved in capillary tube formation (Lafleur et al, 2002, J Cell
  • MMP-16 is an alternate pro-invasive factor that drives fibrin-invasive activity (Kang et al, 2000, Faseb J, 14(15):2559-68; 2002, et al. J Exp Med, 195(3):295-308).
  • MMP-16 shows increased expression in osteoarthritis (at P ⁇ 0.01) (Kevorkian et al. 2004, Arthritis Rheum., 50(1): 131-41). MMP-16 is intensely expressed in synovium of rheumatoid arthritis patients (Pap et al. 2000, Arthritis Rheum., 43(6): 1226-32). Expression of MMP-16 is also increased in human atherosclerotic plaque (Uzui et al. 2002, Circulation, 106(24):3024-30).
  • MMP-16 is expressed in the ovarian cancers (Stadlmann et al. 2003, Eur J Cancer, 39(17):2499-505). Expression of MMP-2, MMP-16, and VEGF is increased in testicular carcinoma (Konaka et al. 1999, J Urol, 161(l):342-8), and MMP-16 shows increased expression in the testicular cancer associated with increased metastatic potential (Koshida et al. 2000, Hinyokika Kiyo, 46(10):775-81). Expression of MMP-16 is higher in carcinomas, especially clear cell carcinoma, than in normal parenchyma.
  • MMP-16 is expressed in primary and metastatic melanoma cells. Double immunofluorescence demonstrates a consistent colocalization of MMP-16/MMP-2 in metastatic melanoma cells. The colocalization of MMP-16 and MMP-2 in nodular and metastatic melanoma cells indicates that MT-MMPs and MMP-2 may cooperate in the invasive and metastatic process of melanoma cells (Ohnishi et al. 2001, Eur J Dermatol, l l(5):420-3; Iida et al. 2001, J Biol Chem, 276(22): 18786-94). Like MMP-14, MMP-16 is implicated in the progression of laryngeal cancer. Thus, MMP-14 binding proteins that also bind and/or inhibit MMP-16 can be used to treat or prevent metastatic cancers, e.g., metastatic laryngeal cancer.
  • Basal MMP-16 mRNA expression has a pattern similar to that of MMP-14 but is not up-regulated by collagen (Gilles et al. 1997, Lab Invest, 76(5):651-60).
  • MMP-14 is implicated in collagen-stimulated MMP-2 activation. This mechanism may be employed in vivo by both tumor-associated fibroblasts and EMT-derived carcinoma cells to facilitate increased invasion and/or metastasis.
  • human invasive breast carcinomas there is a correlation between the expression of MMP-14 and -16, immuno localization of MMP-14 and proMMP-2 activation (Ueno et al. 1997, Cancer Res, 57(10):2055-60).
  • MMP-16 and TIMP- 2 mRNA expressions are significantly increased in diabetic rat kidneys (Wan et al.2004, Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 24(12): 1391-4).
  • Proteins that bind to MMP-16 can be identified, prepared, and used as described herein. Further, MMP-16 binding protein-drug conjugates can be prepared and used as described herein.
  • Matrix metalloproteinase-24 (also known as MMP-24, membrane type-5 matrix metalloproteinase, or MT5-MMP) has been identified and cloned from a human brain cDNA library (Llano et al., 1999, Cancer Res, 59(l l):2570-6). While sharing similar domain structure with other MT-MMPs, the cytoplasmic tail of MMP-24 is the most divergent, having only 50% identity with those of MMP-14 and -16 (Pei D, 1999, J Biol Chem, 274, 8925-32). MMP-24 is expressed predominantly in the brain and at low levels in the kidney, pancreas, and lung.
  • MMP-24 has been shown to play a role in axonal growth (Hayashita- Kinoh et al., 2001, Cell Growth Differ, 12, 573-58).
  • Human MMP-24 gene maps to 20ql l .2, a region frequently amplified in tumors from diverse sources, suggesting that MMP-24 may play a role in the progression of cancer.
  • the catalytic domain of MMP-24 exhibits a potent proteolytic activity against proMMP-2, leading to the generation of the Mr 62,000 active form of this enzyme.
  • MMP-24 may contribute to the activation of proMMP-2 in tumor tissues, in which it is overexpressed, thereby facilitating tumor progression (P ei D, 1999, J Biol Chem, 274, 8925-32).
  • MMP-24 transcripts are detected at high levels compared to normal brain tissue in a series of brain tumors, including astrocytomas, glioblastomas and gliomas (Van metter et al, 2004, Neuro-oncol, 3 : 188-99). MMP-24 is predominantly expressed in the brain. (Brain Res. 2000 Mar 31;860(l-2): 174; Biol Chem. 1999 Mar 26;274(13):8925-32 ; Lett. 1999 Dec 3;462(3):261-6).
  • MMP-24 mRNA levels are higher in a series of brain tumors, including astrocytomas and glioblastomas, as compared to levels in normal brain tissue (Llano et al., 1999, Cancer Res, 59(11):2570-6).
  • MMP-24-def ⁇ cient mice are born without obvious morphological abnormalities. No apparent histological defects are observed in the nervous system.
  • MMP-24 deficient mice do not develop neuropathic pain with mechanical allodynia after sciatic nerve injury, though responses to acute noxious stimuli are normal (Uekita et al, FEBS Lett. 2004 Jan 16, 557(l-3): 125-8).
  • MMP-24 expression is increased in infected corneas.
  • MMP-24 MMP-24 in the infected corneas and the inflammatory response.
  • Inflammatory cells such as macrophages and PMNs may play a role in the upregulation of MT-MMPs during corneal infection, which in turn can cause the destruction of corneal tissue (Dong et al, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Dec;42(13):3223-7).
  • MMP-24 expression is increased in diabetes.
  • MMP-24 plays a role in the pathogenesis of renal tubular atrophy and end- stage renal disease (Romanic et al, 2001, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, Aug;281(2):F309-17).
  • MMP-24 is co-localized with senile plaques in Alzheimer brain, indicating possible roles in regulating patho-physiological processes associated with advanced age (Sekine- Aizawa, 2001, Eur J Neurosci, 13(5):935-48).
  • MMP-24 binding protein-drug conjugates can be prepared and used as described herein.
  • a display library is a collection of entities; each entity includes an accessible polypeptide component and a recoverable component that encodes or identifies the polypeptide component.
  • the polypeptide component is varied so that different amino acid sequences are represented.
  • the polypeptide component can be of any length, e.g. from three amino acids to over 300 amino acids.
  • a display library entity can include more than one polypeptide component, for example, the two polypeptide chains of an sFab.
  • a display library can be used to identify proteins that bind to an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14).
  • An example drawn to identifying proteins that bind to MMP- 14 is as follows, and proteins that bind to other MT-MMPs can likewise be identified.
  • the polypeptide component of each member of the library is probed with MMP- 14 (e.g., the catalytic domain of MMP- 14 or other fragment) and if the polypeptide component binds to the MMP- 14, the display library member is identified, typically by retention on a support.
  • MMP- 14 e.g., the catalytic domain of MMP- 14 or other fragment
  • Retained display library members are recovered from the support and analyzed.
  • the analysis can include amplification and a subsequent selection under similar or dissimilar conditions. For example, positive and negative selections can be alternated.
  • the analysis can also include determining the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide component and purification of the polypeptide component for detailed characterization.
  • a variety of formats can be used for display libraries. Examples include the following.
  • Phage Display The protein component is typically covalently linked to a bacteriophage coat protein.
  • the linkage results from translation of a nucleic acid encoding the protein component fused to the coat protein.
  • the linkage can include a flexible peptide linker, a protease site, or an amino acid incorporated as a result of suppression of a stop codon. Phage display is described, for example, in U.S.
  • Bacteriophage displaying the protein component can be grown and harvested using standard phage preparatory methods, e.g. PEG precipitation from growth media. After selection of individual display phages, the nucleic acid encoding the selected protein components can be isolated from cells infected with the selected phages or from the phage themselves, after amplification. Individual colonies or plaques can be picked, the nucleic acid isolated and sequenced.
  • Other Display Formats include cell based display (see, e.g.,
  • WO 03/029456 protein-nucleic acid fusions (see, e.g., US 6,207,446), ribosome display (See, e.g., Mattheakis et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 :9022 and Hanes et al. (2000) Nat Biotechnol 18:1287-92; Hanes et al. (2000) Methods Enzymol. 328:404-30; and Schaffitzel et al. (1999) J Immunol Methods. 231(1-2): 119-35), and E. coli periplasmic display (J Immunol Methods. 2005 Nov 22;PMID: 16337958).
  • Scaffolds useful for display include: antibodies (e.g., Fab fragments, single chain Fv molecules (scFV), single domain antibodies, camelid antibodies, and camelized antibodies); T-cell receptors; MHC proteins; extracellular domains (e.g., fibronectin Type III repeats, EGF repeats); protease inhibitors (e.g., Kunitz domains, ecotin, BPTI, and so forth); TPR repeats; trifoil structures; zinc finger domains; DNA-binding proteins; particularly monomeric DNA binding proteins; RNA binding proteins; enzymes, e.g., proteases (particularly inactivated proteases), RNase; chaperones, e.g., thioredoxin and heat shock proteins; intracellular signaling domains (such as SH2 and SH3 domains); linear and constrained peptides; and linear peptide substrates.
  • Display libraries can include synthetic and/or natural diversity. See, e.g., US 2004-0005709.
  • Display technology can also be used to obtain binding proteins (e.g., antibodies) that bind particular epitopes of a target. This can be done, for example, by using competing non-target molecules that lack the particular epitope or are mutated within the epitope, e.g., with alanine. Such non-target molecules can be used in a negative selection procedure as described below, as competing molecules when binding a display library to the target, or as a pre-elution agent, e.g., to capture in a wash solution dissociating display library members that are not specific to the target.
  • binding proteins e.g., antibodies
  • competing non-target molecules that lack the particular epitope or are mutated within the epitope, e.g., with alanine.
  • Such non-target molecules can be used in a negative selection procedure as described below, as competing molecules when binding a display library to the target, or as a pre-elution agent, e.g., to capture in a wash solution dissociating display
  • display library technology is used in an iterative mode.
  • a first display library is used to identify one or more binding proteins for a target. These identified binding proteins are then varied using a mutagenesis method to form a second display library. Higher affinity binding proteins are then selected from the second library, e.g., by using higher stringency or more competitive binding and washing conditions.
  • the mutagenesis is targeted to regions at the binding interface. If, for example, the identified binding proteins are antibodies, then mutagenesis can be directed to the CDR regions of the heavy or light chains as described herein. Further, mutagenesis can be directed to framework regions near or adjacent to the CDRs.
  • mutagenesis can also be limited to one or a few of the CDRs, e.g., to make precise step-wise improvements.
  • Exemplary mutagenesis techniques include: error-prone PCR, recombination, DNA shuffling, site-directed mutagenesis and cassette mutagenesis.
  • the methods described herein are used to first identify a protein from a display library that binds an an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) with at least a minimal binding specificity for a target or a minimal activity, e.g., an equilibrium dissociation constant for binding of less than 1 nM, 10 nM, or 100 nM.
  • an MT-MMP e.g., MMP- 14
  • the nucleic acid sequence encoding the initial identified proteins are used as a template nucleic acid for the introduction of variations, e.g., to identify a second protein that has enhanced properties (e.g., binding affinity, kinetics, or stability) relative to the initial protein.
  • Off-Rate Selection Since a slow dissociation rate can be predictive of high affinity, particularly with respect to interactions between polypeptides and their targets, the methods described herein can be used to isolate binding proteins with a desired (e.g., reduced) kinetic dissociation rate for a binding interaction to a target.
  • the library is contacted to an immobilized target.
  • the immobilized target is then washed with a first solution that removes non- specifically or weakly bound biomolecules.
  • the bound binding proteins are eluted with a second solution that includes a saturating amount of free target or a target specific high-affinity competing monoclonal antibody, i.e., replicates of the target that are not attached to the particle.
  • the free target binds to biomolecules that dissociate from the target. Rebinding is effectively prevented by the saturating amount of free target relative to the much lower concentration of immobilized target.
  • the second solution can have solution conditions that are substantially physiological or that are stringent.
  • the solution conditions of the second solution are identical to the solution conditions of the first solution. Fractions of the second solution are collected in temporal order to distinguish early from late fractions. Later fractions include biomolecules that dissociate at a slower rate from the target than biomolecules in the early fractions.
  • phage bound to the target can be contacted to bacterial cells.
  • the display library screening methods described herein can include a selection or screening process that discards display library members that bind to a non-target molecule.
  • non-target molecules include streptavidin on magnetic beads, blocking agents such as bovine serum albumin, non-fat bovine milk, any capturing or target immobilizing monoclonal antibody, or non-transfected cells which do not express the target (e.g., an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14, e.g., human MMP- 14) target).
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14, e.g., human MMP- 14
  • a so-called "negative selection" step is used to discriminate between the target and related non-target molecule and a related, but distinct non-target molecules.
  • the display library or a pool thereof is contacted to the non-target molecule.
  • Members of the sample that do not bind the non-target are collected and used in subsequent selections for binding to the target molecule or even for subsequent negative selections.
  • the negative selection step can be prior to or after selecting library members that bind to the target molecule.
  • a screening step is used. After display library members are isolated for binding to the target molecule, each isolated library member is tested for its ability to bind to a non-target molecule (e.g., a non-target listed above). For example, a high- throughput ELISA screen can be used to obtain this data. The ELISA screen can also be used to obtain quantitative data for binding of each library member to the target as well as for cross species reactivity to related targets or subunits of the target (e.g., mouse MMP-14) and also under different condition such as pH6 or pH 7.5. The non-target and target binding data are compared (e.g., using a computer and software) to identify library members that specifically bind to the target.
  • a non-target molecule e.g., a non-target listed above.
  • a high- throughput ELISA screen can be used to obtain this data.
  • the ELISA screen can also be used to obtain quantitative data for binding of each library member to the target as well as for cross species reactivity
  • proteins with a particular property e.g., ability to bind an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14)and/or ability to modulate an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14)
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP- 14
  • MMP-14 e.g., MMP-14
  • protein arrays of antibodies see, e.g., De Wildt et al. (2000) Nat. Biotechnol. 18:989-994
  • lambda gtl 1 libraries two-hybrid libraries and so forth.
  • PRIMATIZED antibodies genetically engineered from cynomolgus macaque monkey and human components, are structurally indistinguishable from human antibodies. They may, therefore, be less likely to cause adverse reactions in humans, making them potentially suited for long-term, chronic treatment " Curr Opin Investig Drugs. (2001) 2(5):635-8.
  • One exemplary type of library presents a diverse pool of polypeptides, each of which includes an immunoglobulin domain, e.g., an immunoglobulin variable domain.
  • the members of the library include primate or "primatized” (e.g., such as human, non-human primate or “humanized”) immunoglobin domains (e.g., immunoglobin variable domains) or chimeric primatized Fabs with human constant regions.
  • Human or humanized immunoglobin domain libraries may be used to identify human or "humanized” antibodies that, for example, recognize human antigens. Because the constant and framework regions of the antibody are human, these antibodies may avoid themselves being recognized and targeted as antigens when administered to humans. The constant regions may also be optimized to recruit effector functions of the human immune system.
  • the in vitro display selection process surmounts the inability of a normal human immune system to generate antibodies against self-antigens.
  • a typical antibody display library displays a polypeptide that includes a VH domain and a VL domain.
  • An "immunoglobulin domain” refers to a domain from the variable or constant domain of immunoglobulin molecules. Immunoglobulin domains typically contain two ⁇ -sheets formed of about seven ⁇ -strands, and a conserved disulphide bond (see, e.g., A. F. Williams and A. N. Barclay, 1988, Ann. Rev. Immunol. 6:381-405).
  • the display library can display the antibody as a Fab fragment (e.g., using two polypeptide chains) or a single chain Fv (e.g., using a single polypeptide chain). Other formats can also be used.
  • the displayed antibody can include one or more constant regions as part of a light and/or heavy chain.
  • each chain includes one constant region, e.g., as in the case of a Fab.
  • additional constant regions are displayed.
  • Antibody libraries can be constructed by a number of processes (see, e.g., de Haard et al, 1999, J. Biol. Chem. 274:18218-30; Hoogenboom et al, 1998, Immunotechnology 4:1-20; Hoogenboom et al., 2000, Immunol Today 21 :371-378, and Hoet et al. (2005) Nat Biotechnol. 23(3)344-8.
  • each process can be combined with those of other processes.
  • the processes can be used such that variation is introduced into a single immunoglobulin domain (e.g., VH or VL) or into multiple immunoglobulin domains (e.g., VH and VL).
  • the variation can be introduced into an immunoglobulin variable domain, e.g., in the region of one or more of CDRl, CDR2, CDR3, FRl, FR2, FR3, and FR4, referring to such regions of either and both of heavy and light chain variable domains.
  • the variation(s) may be introduced into all three CDRs of a given variable domain, or into CDRl and CDR2, e.g., of a heavy chain variable domain. Any combination is feasible.
  • antibody libraries are constructed by inserting diverse oligonucleotides that encode CDRs into the corresponding regions of the nucleic acid.
  • the oligonucleotides can be synthesized using monomeric nucleotides or trinucleotides.
  • Knappik et al., 2000, J. MoL Biol. 296:57-86 describe a method for constructing CDR encoding oligonucleotides using trinucleotide synthesis and a template with engineered restriction sites for accepting the oligonucleotides .
  • an animal e.g., a rodent
  • an MT-MMP e.g., MMP- 14
  • the animal is optionally boosted with the antigen to further stimulate the response.
  • spleen cells are isolated from the animal, and nucleic acid encoding VH and/or VL domains is amplified and cloned for expression in the display library.
  • antibody libraries are constructed from nucleic acid amplified from na ⁇ ve germline immunoglobulin genes.
  • the amplified nucleic acid includes nucleic acid encoding the VH and/or VL domain. Sources of immunoglobulin-encoding nucleic acids are described below.
  • Amplification can include PCR, e.g., with primers that anneal to the conserved constant region, or another amplification method.
  • Nucleic acid encoding immunoglobulin domains can be obtained from the immune cells of, e.g., a primate (e.g., a human), mouse, rabbit, camel, or rodent.
  • the cells are selected for a particular property.
  • B cells at various stages of maturity can be selected.
  • the B cells are na ⁇ ve.
  • fluorescent-activated cell sorting is used to sort B cells that express surface-bound IgM, IgD, or IgG molecules. Further, B cells expressing different isotypes of IgG can be isolated.
  • the B or T cell is cultured in vitro. The cells can be stimulated in vitro, e.g., by culturing with feeder cells or by adding mitogens or other modulatory reagents, such as antibodies to CD40, CD40 ligand or CD20, phorbol myristate acetate, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, or pokeweed mitogen.
  • the cells are isolated from a subject that has a disease of condition described herein, e.g., a cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer), an inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, an ocular condition (e.g., macular degeneration), diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin-invasive activity, angiogenesis, or capillary tube formation
  • a cancer e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer
  • an inflammatory disease e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis
  • rheumatoid arthritis e.g., osteoarthritis
  • an ocular condition e.g., macular degeneration
  • diabetes Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin-invasive activity, angiogenesis, or capillary tube
  • the cells have activated a program of somatic hypermutation.
  • Cells can be stimulated to undergo somatic mutagenesis of immunoglobulin genes, for example, by treatment with antiimmunoglobulin, anti-CD40, and anti-CD38 antibodies (see, e.g., Bergthorsdottir et al, 2001, J. Immunol. 166:2228).
  • the cells are na ⁇ ve.
  • the nucleic acid encoding an immunoglobulin variable domain can be isolated from a natural repertoire by the following exemplary method.
  • the reverse transcription of the first (antisense) strand can be done in any manner with any suitable primer. See, e.g., de Haard et al., 1999, J. Biol. Chem. 274:18218-30.
  • the primer binding region can be constant among different immunoglobulins, e.g., in order to reverse transcribe different isotypes of immunoglobulin.
  • the primer binding region can also be specific to a particular isotype of immunoglobulin.
  • the primer is specific for a region that is 3 ' to a sequence encoding at least one CDR.
  • poly-dT primers may be used (and may be preferred for the heavy-chain genes).
  • a synthetic sequence can be ligated to the 3' end of the reverse transcribed strand.
  • the synthetic sequence can be used as a primer binding site for binding of the forward primer during PCR amplification after reverse transcription.
  • the use of the synthetic sequence can obviate the need to use a pool of different forward primers to fully capture the available diversity.
  • variable domain-encoding gene is then amplified, e.g., using one or more rounds. If multiple rounds are used, nested primers can be used for increased fidelity.
  • the amplified nucleic acid is then cloned into a display library vector.
  • each candidate library member can be further analyzed, e.g., to further characterize its binding properties for the target, e.g., an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14), or for binding to other protein, e.g., another metalloproteinase, e.g., another MT-MMP.
  • Each candidate library member can be subjected to one or more secondary screening assays.
  • the assay can be for a binding property, a catalytic property, an inhibitory property, a physiological property (e.g., cytotoxicity, renal clearance, immunogenicity), a structural property (e.g., stability, conformation, oligomerization state) or another functional property.
  • the same assay can be used repeatedly, but with varying conditions, e.g., to determine pH, ionic, or thermal sensitivities.
  • the assays can use a display library member directly, a recombinant polypeptide produced from the nucleic acid encoding the selected polypeptide, or a synthetic peptide synthesized based on the sequence of the selected polypeptide.
  • the Fabs can be evaluated or can be modified and produced as intact IgG proteins.
  • Exemplary assays for binding properties include the following.
  • Binding proteins can be evaluated using an ELISA assay. For example, each protein is contacted to a microtitre plate whose bottom surface has been coated with the target, e.g., a limiting amount of the target. The plate is washed with buffer to remove non- specifically bound polypeptides. Then the amount of the binding protein bound to the target on the plate is determined by probing the plate with an antibody that can recognize the binding protein, e.g., a tag or constant portion of the binding protein. The antibody is linked to a detection system (e.g. , an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase or horse radish peroxidase (HRP) which produces a colorimetric product when appropriate substrates are provided).
  • a detection system e.g. , an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase or horse radish peroxidase (HRP) which produces a colorimetric product when appropriate substrates are provided.
  • FRET fluorescence resonance energy transfer
  • a fluorophore label on the first molecule (e.g., the molecule identified in the fraction) is selected such that its emitted fluorescent energy can be absorbed by a fluorescent label on a second molecule (e.g., the target) if the second molecule is in proximity to the first molecule.
  • the fluorescent label on the second molecule fluoresces when it absorbs to the transferred energy. Since the efficiency of energy transfer between the labels is related to the distance separating the molecules, the spatial relationship between the molecules can be assessed. In a situation in which binding occurs between the molecules, the fluorescent emission of the 'acceptor' molecule label in the assay should be maximal.
  • a binding event that is configured for monitoring by FRET can be conveniently measured through standard fluorometric detection means, e.g., using a fluorimeter. By titrating the amount of the first or second binding molecule, a binding curve can be generated to estimate the equilibrium binding constant.
  • ALPHASCREENTM Packard Bioscience, Meriden CT
  • ALPHASCREEN TM uses two labeled beads. One bead generates singlet oxygen when excited by a laser. The other bead generates a light signal when singlet oxygen diffuses from the first bead and collides with it. The signal is only generated when the two beads are in proximity.
  • One bead can be attached to the display library member, the other to the target. Signals are measured to determine the extent of binding.
  • SPR Surface Plasmon Resonance
  • the interaction of binding protein and a target can be analyzed using SPR.
  • SPR or Biomolecular Interaction Analysis (BIA) detects biospecific interactions in real time, without labeling any of the interactants. Changes in the mass at the binding surface (indicative of a binding event) of the BIA chip result in alterations of the refractive index of light near the surface (the optical phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR)). The changes in the refractivity generate a detectable signal, which are measured as an indication of real-time reactions between biological molecules.
  • Methods for using SPR are described, for example, in U.S. Patent No.
  • Information from SPR can be used to provide an accurate and quantitative measure of the equilibrium dissociation constant (IQ), and kinetic parameters, including K 0n and K 0Jf , for the binding of a binding protein to a target.
  • IQ equilibrium dissociation constant
  • kinetic parameters including K 0n and K 0Jf
  • Such data can be used to compare different biomolecules.
  • selected proteins from an expression library can be compared to identify proteins that have high affinity for the target or that have a slow K 0Jf .
  • This information can also be used to develop structure-activity relationships (SAR).
  • SAR structure-activity relationships
  • the kinetic and equilibrium binding parameters of matured versions of a parent protein can be compared to the parameters of the parent protein.
  • Variant amino acids at given positions can be identified that correlate with particular binding parameters, e.g., high affinity and slow K off .
  • This information can be combined with structural modeling (e.g., using homology modeling, energy minimization, or structure determination by x-ray crystallography or NMR).
  • structural modeling e.g., using homology modeling, energy minimization, or structure determination by x-ray crystallography or NMR.
  • Binding proteins can be screened for ability to bind to cells which transiently or stably express and display the target of interest on the cell surface.
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • binding proteins can be fluorescently labeled and binding to the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) in the presence of absence of antagonistic antibody can be detected by a change in fluorescence intensity using flow cytometry e.g., a FACS machine.
  • MMP-14 MT- MMP binding antibody
  • MMP-14 protein or a region thereof can be used as an antigen in a non-human animal, e.g., a rodent.
  • the non-human animal includes at least a part of a human immunoglobulin gene.
  • a human immunoglobulin gene For example, it is possible to engineer mouse strains deficient in mouse antibody production with large fragments of the human Ig loci.
  • antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) derived from the genes with the desired specificity may be produced and selected. See, e.g., XENOMOUSETM, Green et al., 1994, Nat. Gen. 7:13-21; U.S. 2003-0070185, WO 96/34096, published Oct. 31, 1996, and WO/1996/033735.
  • a monoclonal antibody is obtained from the non-human animal, and then modified, e.g., humanized or deimmunized.
  • Winter describes a CDR- grafting method that may be used to prepare the humanized antibodies (UK Patent Application GB 2188638A, filed on March 26, 1987; US Patent No. 5,225,539).
  • AU of the CDRs of a particular human antibody may be replaced with at least a portion of a non-human CDR or only some of the CDRs may be replaced with non-human CDRs. It is only necessary to replace the number of CDRs required for binding of the humanized antibody to a predetermined antigen.
  • Humanized antibodies can be generated by replacing sequences of the Fv variable region that are not directly involved in antigen binding with equivalent sequences from human Fv variable regions.
  • General methods for generating humanized antibodies are provided by Morrison, S. L., 1985, Science 229:1202-1207, by Oi et al, 1986, BioTechniques 4:214, and by Queen et al. US Patent Nos. 5,585,089, US 5,693,761 and US 5,693,762.
  • Those methods include isolating, manipulating, and expressing the nucleic acid sequences that encode all or part of immunoglobulin Fv variable regions from at least one of a heavy or light chain. Numerous sources of such nucleic acid are available.
  • nucleic acids may be obtained from a hybridoma producing an antibody against a predetermined target, as described above.
  • the recombinant DNA encoding the humanized antibody, or fragment thereof, can then be cloned into an appropriate expression vector.
  • Immunoglobin MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins may be modified to reduce immunogenicity. Reduced immunogenicity is desirable in MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins intended for use as therapeutics, as it reduces the chance that the subject will develop an immune response against the therapeutic molecule.
  • Techniques useful for reducing immunogenicity of MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins include deletion/modification of potential human T cell epitopes and 'germlining' of sequences outside of the CDRs (e.g., framework and Fc).
  • An MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding antibody may be modified by specific deletion of human T cell epitopes or "deimmunization" by the methods disclosed in WO 98/52976 and WO 00/34317. Briefly, the heavy and light chain variable regions of an antibody are analyzed for peptides that bind to MHC Class II; these peptides represent potential T-cell epitopes (as defined in WO 98/52976 and WO 00/34317).
  • peptide threading For detection of potential T-cell epitopes, a computer modeling approach termed "peptide threading" can be applied, and in addition a database of human MHC class II binding peptides can be searched for motifs present in the VH and VL sequences, as described in WO 98/52976 and WO 00/34317. These motifs bind to any of the 18 major MHC class II DR allotypes, and thus constitute potential T cell epitopes.
  • Potential T-cell epitopes detected can be eliminated by substituting small numbers of amino acid residues in the variable regions, or preferably, by single amino acid substitutions. As far as possible conservative substitutions are made, often but not exclusively, an amino acid common at this position in human germline antibody sequences may be used.
  • nucleic acids encoding V H and V L can be constructed by mutagenesis or other synthetic methods (e.g., de novo synthesis, cassette replacement, and so forth).
  • Mutagenized variable sequence can, optionally, be fused to a human constant region, e.g., human IgGl or K constant regions.
  • a potential T cell epitope will include residues which are known or predicted to be important for antibody function. For example, potential T cell epitopes are usually biased towards the CDRs. In addition, potential T cell epitopes can occur in framework residues important for antibody structure and binding. Changes to eliminate these potential epitopes will in some cases require more scrutiny, e.g., by making and testing chains with and without the change. Where possible, potential T cell epitopes that overlap the CDRs were eliminated by substitutions outside the CDRs. In some cases, an alteration within a CDR is the only option, and thus variants with and without this substitution should be tested.
  • the substitution required to remove a potential T cell epitope is at a residue position within the framework that might be critical for antibody binding.
  • variants with and without this substitution should be tested.
  • several variant deimmunized heavy and light chain variable regions were designed and various heavy/light chain combinations tested in order to identify the optimal deimmunized antibody.
  • the choice of the final deimmunized antibody can then be made by considering the binding affinity of the different variants in conjunction with the extent of deimmunization, i.e., the number of potential T cell epitopes remaining in the variable region.
  • Deimmunization can be used to modify any antibody, e.g., an antibody that includes a non-human sequence, e.g., a synthetic antibody, a murine antibody other non-human monoclonal antibody, or an antibody isolated from a display library.
  • a non-human sequence e.g., a synthetic antibody, a murine antibody other non-human monoclonal antibody, or an antibody isolated from a display library.
  • MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding antibodies are "germlined” by reverting one or more non-germline amino acids in framework regions to corresponding germline amino acids of the antibody, so long as binding properties are substantially retained. Similar methods can also be used in the constant region, e.g., in constant immunoglobulin domains.
  • Antibodies that bind to MT-MMP may be modified in order to make the variable regions of the antibody more similar to one or more germline sequences.
  • an antibody can include one, two, three, or more amino acid substitutions, e.g., in a framework, CDR, or constant region, to make it more similar to a reference germline sequence.
  • One exemplary germlining method can include identifying one or more germline sequences that are similar (e.g., most similar in a particular database) to the sequence of the isolated antibody. Mutations (at the amino acid level) are then made in the isolated antibody, either incrementally or in combination with other mutations.
  • a nucleic acid library that includes sequences encoding some or all possible germline mutations is made.
  • the mutated antibodies are then evaluated, e.g., to identify an antibody that has one or more additional germline residues relative to the isolated antibody and that is still useful (e.g., has a functional activity).
  • as many germline residues are introduced into an isolated antibody as possible.
  • mutagenesis is used to substitute or insert one or more germline residues into a framework and/or constant region.
  • a germline framework and/or constant region residue can be from a germline sequence that is similar (e.g., most similar) to the non-variable region being modified.
  • activity e.g., binding or other functional activity
  • activity of the antibody can be evaluated to determine if the germline residue or residues are tolerated (i.e., do not abrogate activity). Similar mutagenesis can be performed in the framework regions.
  • Selecting a germline sequence can be performed in different ways. For example, a germline sequence can be selected if it meets a predetermined criteria for selectivity or similarity, e.g., at least a certain percentage identity, e.g., at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.5% identity. The selection can be performed using at least 2, 3, 5, or 10 germline sequences. In the case of CDRl and CDR2, identifying a similar germline sequence can include selecting one such sequence.
  • a predetermined criteria for selectivity or similarity e.g., at least a certain percentage identity, e.g., at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.5% identity.
  • the selection can be performed using at least 2, 3, 5, or 10 germline sequences.
  • identifying a similar germline sequence can include selecting one
  • identifying a similar germline sequence can include selecting one such sequence, but may including using two germline sequences that separately contribute to the amino-terminal portion and the carboxy- terminal portion. In other implementations more than one or two germline sequences are used, e.g., to form a consensus sequence.
  • a related variable domain sequence has at least 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 100% of the CDR amino acid positions that are not identical to residues in the reference CDR sequences, residues that are identical to residues at corresponding positions in a human germline sequence (i.e., an amino acid sequence encoded by a human germline nucleic acid).
  • a related variable domain sequence has at least 30, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100% of the FR regions identical to FR sequence from a human germline sequence, e.g., a germline sequence related to the reference variable domain sequence.
  • an antibody which has similar activity to a given antibody of interest, but is more similar to one or more germline sequences, particularly one or more human germline sequences.
  • an antibody can be at least 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.5% identical to a germline sequence in a region outside the CDRs (e.g., framework regions).
  • an antibody can include at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 germline residues in a CDR region, the germline residue being from a germline sequence of similar (e.g., most similar) to the variable region being modified.
  • Germline sequences of primary interest are human germline sequences.
  • the activity of the antibody e.g., the binding activity as measured by K A
  • Germline sequences of human immunoglobin genes have been determined and are available from a number of sources, including the international ImMunoGeneTics information system® (IMGT), available via the world wide web at imgt.cines.fr, and the V BASE directory (compiled by Tomlinson, LA. et al. MRC Centre for Protein Engineering, Cambridge, UK, available via the world wide web at vbase.mrc-cpe.cam.ac.uk).
  • IMGT international ImMunoGeneTics information system®
  • Exemplary germline reference sequences for Vka PP a include: 012/02, 018/08, A20, A30, L14, Ll, L15, L4/18a, L5/L19, L8, L23, L9 ,L24, LI l, L12, Ol l/Ol, A17, Al, A18, A2, A19/A3, A23, A27, Al l, L2/L16, L6, L20, L25, B3, B2, A26/A10, and A14. See, e.g., Tomlinson et al, 1995, EMBO J. 14(18):4628-3.
  • a germline reference sequence for the HC variable domain can be based on a sequence that has particular canonical structures, e.g., 1-3 structures in the Hl and H2 hypervariable loops.
  • the canonical structures of hypervariable loops of an immunoglobulin variable domain can be inferred from its sequence, as described in Chothia et al., 1992, J. MoI. Biol. 227:799-817; Tomlinson et al., 1992, J. MoI. Biol. 227:776-798); and Tomlinson et al., 1995, EMBO J. 14(18):4628-38.
  • Exemplary sequences with a 1-3 structure include: DP-I, DP-8, DP-12, DP-2, DP-25, DP-15, DP-7, DP-4, DP-31, DP-32, DP-33, DP-35, DP- 40, 7-2, hv3005, hv3005O, DP-46, DP-47, DP-58, DP-49, DP-50, DP-51, DP-53, and DP-54.
  • Protein Production Standard recombinant nucleic acid methods can be used to express a protein that binds to MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14).
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • a nucleic acid sequence encoding the protein is cloned into a nucleic acid expression vector.
  • each chain can be cloned into an expression vector, e.g., the same or different vectors, that are expressed in the same or different cells.
  • Antibody Production Some antibodies, e.g., Fabs, can be produced in bacterial cells, e.g., E. coli cells.
  • the vector nucleic acid can be transferred into a bacterial cell that cannot suppress a stop codon.
  • the Fab is not fused to the gene III protein and is secreted into the periplasm and/or media.
  • Antibodies can also be produced in eukaryotic cells.
  • the antibodies e.g., scFv's
  • the antibodies are expressed in a yeast cell such as Pichia (see, e.g., Powers et al., 2001, J. Immunol. Methods. 251 :123-35), Hanseula, or Saccharomyces.
  • antibodies are produced in mammalian cells.
  • Preferred mammalian host cells for expressing the clone antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof include Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO cells) (including dhfr- CHO cells, described in Urlaub and Chasin, 1980, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4216-4220, used with a DHFR selectable marker, e.g., as described in Kaufman and Sharp, 1982, MoI. Biol. 159:601 621), lymphocytic cell lines, e.g., NSO myeloma cells and SP2 cells, COS cells, HEK293T cells (J. Immunol. Methods (2004) 289(l-2):65-80.), and a cell from a transgenic animal, e.g., a transgenic mammal.
  • the cell is a mammary epithelial cell.
  • the recombinant expression vectors may carry additional sequences, such as sequences that regulate replication of the vector in host cells (e.g., origins of replication) and selectable marker genes.
  • the selectable marker gene facilitates selection of host cells into which the vector has been introduced (see e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 4,399,216, 4,634,665 and 5,179,017).
  • the selectable marker gene confers resistance to drugs, such as G418, hygromycin or methotrexate, on a host cell into which the vector has been introduced.
  • Preferred selectable marker genes include the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene (for use in dhff host cells with methotrexate selection/amplification) and the neo gene (for G418 selection).
  • DHFR dihydrofolate reductase
  • a recombinant expression vector encoding both the antibody heavy chain and the antibody light chain is introduced into dhff CHO cells by calcium phosphate- mediated transfection.
  • the antibody heavy and light chain genes are each operatively linked to enhancer/promoter regulatory elements (e.g., derived from SV40, CMV, adenovirus and the like, such as a CMV enhancer/ AdMLP promoter regulatory element or an SV40 enhancer/ AdMLP promoter regulatory element) to drive high levels of transcription of the genes.
  • enhancer/promoter regulatory elements e.g., derived from SV40, CMV, adenovirus and the like, such as a CMV enhancer/ AdMLP promoter regulatory element or an SV40 enhancer/ AdMLP promoter regulatory element
  • the recombinant expression vector also carries a DHFR gene, which allows for selection of CHO cells that have been transfected with the vector using methotrexate selection/amplification.
  • the selected transformant host cells are cultured to allow for expression of the antibody heavy and light chains and intact antibody is recovered from the culture medium.
  • Standard molecular biology techniques are used to prepare the recombinant expression vector, transfect the host cells, select for transformants, culture the host cells and recover the antibody from the culture medium.
  • some antibodies can be isolated by affinity chromatography with a Protein A or Protein G coupled matrix.
  • the antibody production system may produce antibodies in which the Fc region is glycosylated.
  • the Fc domain of IgG molecules is glycosylated at asparagine 297 in the CH2 domain.
  • This asparagine is the site for modification with biantennary-type oligosaccharides. It has been demonstrated that this glycosylation is required for effector functions mediated by Fcg receptors and complement CIq (Burton and Woof, 1992, Adv. Immunol. 51 : 1-84; Jefferis et al, 1998,
  • the Fc domain is produced in a mammalian expression system that appropriately glycosylates the residue corresponding to asparagine 297.
  • the Fc domain can also include other eukaryotic post-translational modifications.
  • Antibodies can also be produced by a transgenic animal.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,849,992 describes a method of expressing an antibody in the mammary gland of a transgenic mammal.
  • a transgene is constructed that includes a milk-specific promoter and nucleic acids encoding the antibody of interest and a signal sequence for secretion.
  • the milk produced by females of such transgenic mammals includes, secreted-therein, the antibody of interest.
  • the antibody can be purified from the milk, or for some applications, used directly.
  • the protein After the protein is prepared (e.g., and purified), it can be conjugated to a drug, as described herein, to prepare a binding protein-drug conjugate.
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • MMP (e.g., MMP-14) can be characterized in a number assays known in the art, including FACS (Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting), immunofluorescence, and immunocytochemistry.
  • MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein is contacted with cells and/or tissues which express or contain the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14), and binding is detected in accordance with the method being used.
  • a fluorescent detection system e.g., fluorescent-labeled secondary antibody
  • a enzymatic system is used for immunocytochemistry are generally used in these assayscan be performed on non-perm.
  • MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins can be characterized as to cellular binding by FACS (Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting) using cells expressing MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14).
  • FACS Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting
  • Individual cells held in a thin stream of fluid are passed through one or more laser beams cause light to scatter and fluorescent dyes to emit light at various frequencies.
  • Photomultiplier tubes (PMT) convert light to electrical signals and cell data is collected. Forward and side scatter are used for preliminary identification of cells. Forward and side scatter are used to exclude debris and dead cells. Fluorescent labeling allows investigation of cell structure and function. Cell autofluorescence is generated by labeling cell structures with fluorescent dyes.
  • FACS collects fluorescence signals in one to several channels corresponding to different laser excitation and fluorescence emission wavelength.
  • Immunofluorescence the most widely used application, involves the staining of cells with antibodies conjugated to fluorescent dyes such as fluorescein and phycoerythrin (PE). This method can be used to label MT-MMP
  • Biotin is used in this two-step detection systems in concert with conjugated steptavidin. Biotin is typically conjugated to proteins via primary amines (i.e., lysines). Usually, between 1.5 and 3 biotin molecules are conjugated to each antibody. A second fluorescently conjugated antibody (streptavidin/PE) is added which is specific for biotin.
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates can be characterized in the same ways.
  • MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding proteins can be characterized in cultured cells expressing the particular MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) antigen.
  • the method generally used is immunocytochemistry. Immunocytochemistry involves the use of antibodies that recognize parts of the receptor that are exposed to the outside environment when expressed at the cell surface (the 'primary antibody'). If the experiment is carried out in intact cells, such an antibody will only bind to surface expressed receptors. Biotinylated or non-biotinylated MT- MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins can be used.
  • the secondary antibody is then either a streptavidin/HRP antibody (for biotinylated MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein) or an anti-human IgG/HRP (for non-biotinylated MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein).
  • the staining can then be detected using an inverted microscope.
  • the assay can be performed in the absence of MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein and in presence of lO ⁇ g/mL of MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein.
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates can be characterized in the same manner.
  • MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins can be characterized in assays that measure their modulatory activity toward MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) or fragments thereof in vitro or in vivo.
  • MMP-14 can be combined with a substrate such as Mca-Pro- Leu-Ala-Cys(Mob)-Trp-Ala-Arg-Dap(Dnp)-NH 2 under assay conditions permitting cleavage by MMP-14.
  • the assay is performed in the absence of the MMP-14 binding protein, and in the presence of increasing concentrations of the MMP-14 binding protein.
  • the concentration of binding protein at which 50% of the MMP-14 activity (e.g., binding to the substrate) is inhibited is the IC 50 value (Inhibitory Concentration 50%) or EC 50 (Effective Concentration 50%) value for that binding protein.
  • IC 50 value Inhibitory Concentration 50%
  • EC 50 Effective Concentration 50%
  • Exemplary binding proteins have an IC 50 value of less than 800 nM, 400 nM, 100 nM, 25 nM, 5 nM, or 1 nM, e.g., as measured in an in vitro assay for inhibition of MMP-14 activity when the MMP-14 is at 2 pM.
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates can be characterized in like fashion.
  • MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins may also be characterized with reference to the activity of the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) on its substrates ⁇ e.g., activation of cell surface pro-MMP-2). Cleavage of cell surface pro-MMP-2 by MMP-14 releases active MMP-2, which can be detected by zymography.
  • the method is based on a SDS gel impregnated with a protein substrate, which is degraded by the proteases resolved during the incubation period. Coomassie blue staining of the gels reveals proteolytic fragments as white bands on a dark blue background. Within a certain range, the band intensity can be related linearly to the amount of the protease loaded.
  • Cells expressing both the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) and MMP-2 are used in this assay.
  • the assay is performed in the absence of the MMP- 14 binding protein, and in the presence of increasing concentrations of the MMP- 14 binding protein.
  • the concentration of binding protein at which 50% of the MMP-2 activity (e.g., binding to the substrate) is inhibited is the IC50 value (Inhibitory Concentration 50%) or EC 50 (Effective Concentration 50%) value for that binding protein.
  • IC50 value Inhibitory Concentration 50%
  • EC 50 Effective Concentration 50%
  • Exemplary binding proteins have an IC50 value of less than 800 nM, 400 nM, 100 nM, 25 nM, 5 nM, or 1 nM, e.g., as measured in an in vitro assay for inhibition of MMP- 14 activity.
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates can be characterized in the same manner.
  • the binding proteins can also be evaluated for selectivity toward the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14).
  • MMP-14 binding protein can be assayed for its potency toward MMP-14 and a panel of MMPs and other enzymes, e.g., MMP-I, -2, -3, -7, -8, -9, -12, -13, - 16, -17, -24, and TACE, and an IC 50 value or EC 50 value can be determined for each MMP.
  • a compound that demonstrates a low IC50 value or EC50 value for the MMP-14, and a higher IC50 value or EC50 value, e.g., at least 2-, 5-, or 10- fold higher, for another MMP within the test panel (e.g., MMP-I, -10) is considered to be selective toward MMP-14.
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates can likesie be characterized.
  • MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins can be evaluated for their ability to inhibit
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • MMP-14 the expansion of tumor cells inside a three-dimensional collagen-matrix can be significantly enhanced in response to MMP-14 overexpression (Hotary et al, 2003 Cell 114:33-45).
  • Addition of an MMP-14 binding protein to this assay can be used to determine the inhibitory properties and other characteristics of the protein.
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates can be characterized in the same manner.
  • a pharmacokinetics study in rat, mice, or monkey can be performed with MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins for determining MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) half-life in the serum.
  • the effect of the binding protein can be assessed in vivo, e.g., in an animal model for a disease, for use as a therapeutic, for example, to treat a disease or condition described herein, e.g., a cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer), an inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, an ocular condition (e.g., macular degeneration), diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin-invasive activity, angiogenesis, or capillary tube formation.
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates can be characterized in the same ways.
  • compositions e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable compositions or pharmaceutical compositions, which include an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, e.g., an antibody molecule, other polypeptide or peptide identified as binding to the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, described herein.
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein can be formulated together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • compositions include therapeutic compositions and diagnostic compositions, e.g., compositions that include labeled MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, for in vivo imaging.
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate for in vivo imaging.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible.
  • the carrier is suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal, or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion), although carriers suitable for inhalation and intranasal administration are also contemplated.
  • the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate may be coated in a material to protect the compound from the action of acids and other natural conditions that may inactivate the compound.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a salt that retains the desired biological activity of the parent compound and does not impart any undesired toxicological effects (see e.g., Berge, S. M., et al., 1977, J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19).
  • Examples of such salts include acid addition salts and base addition salts.
  • Acid addition salts include those derived from nontoxic inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphorous, and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic acids such as aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids, phenyl-substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxy alkanoic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids, and the like.
  • nontoxic inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphorous, and the like
  • nontoxic organic acids such as aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids, phenyl-substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxy alkanoic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids, and the like.
  • Base addition salts include those derived from alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic amines, such as N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, N- methylglucamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, procaine, and the like.
  • compositions may be in a variety of forms. These include, for example, liquid, semi-solid and solid dosage forms, such as liquid solutions (e.g., injectable and infusible solutions), dispersions or suspensions, tablets, pills, powders, liposomes and suppositories.
  • liquid solutions e.g., injectable and infusible solutions
  • dispersions or suspensions tablets, pills, powders, liposomes and suppositories.
  • the form can depend on the intended mode of administration and therapeutic application.
  • Many compositions are in the form of injectable or infusible solutions, such as compositions similar to those used for administration of humans with antibodies.
  • An exemplary mode of administration is parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular).
  • the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate is administered by intravenous infusion or injection.
  • the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate is administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection.
  • parenteral administration and “administered parenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrasternal injection and infusion.
  • the composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, dispersion, liposome, or other ordered structure suitable to high drug concentration.
  • Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the binding protein in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying that yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • a solution can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • Prolonged absorption of injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption, for example, monostearate salts and gelatin.
  • An MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate can be administered by a variety of methods, although for many applications, the preferred route/mode of administration is intravenous injection or infusion.
  • the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate can be administered by intravenous infusion at a rate of less than 30, 20, 10, 5, or 1 mg/min to reach a dose of about 1 to 100 mg/m 2 or 7 to 25 mg/m 2 .
  • the route and/or mode of administration will vary depending upon the desired results.
  • the active compound may be prepared with a carrier that will protect the compound against rapid release, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants, and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Many methods for the preparation of such formulations are available. See, e.g., Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems, J.R. Robinson, ed., 1978, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
  • compositions can be administered with medical devices.
  • a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can be administered with a device, e.g., a needleless hypodermic injection device, a pump, or implant.
  • an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate can be formulated to ensure proper distribution in vivo.
  • the blood-brain barrier (BBB) excludes many highly hydrophilic compounds.
  • the therapeutic compounds disclosed herein cross the BBB (if desired) they can be formulated, for example, in liposomes.
  • liposomes For methods of manufacturing liposomes, see, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 4,522,811; 5,374,548; and 5,399,331.
  • the liposomes may comprise one or more moieties that are selectively transported into specific cells or organs, thus enhance targeted drug delivery (see, e.g., V.V. Ranade, 1989, J. Clin. Pharmacol. 29:685).
  • Dosage regimens are adjusted to provide the optimum desired response (e.g., a therapeutic response). For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.
  • Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subjects to be treated; each unit contains a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
  • the specification for the dosage unit forms can be dictated by and directly dependent on (a) the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of sensitivity in individuals.
  • An exemplary, non-limiting range for a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an antibody disclosed herein is 0.1-20 mg/kg, more preferably 1-10 mg/kg.
  • An anti- MT-MMP (e.g., anti-MMP-14) antibody, or anti-MT-MMP antibody-drug conjugate can be administered, e.g., by intravenous infusion, e.g., at a rate of less than 30, 20, 10, 5, or 1 mg/min to reach a dose of about 1 to 100 mg/m 2 or about 5 to 30 mg/m 2 .
  • appropriate amounts can be proportionally less. Dosage values may vary with the type and severity of the condition to be alleviated. For a particular subject, specific dosage regimens can be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions.
  • compositions disclosed herein may include a "therapeutically effective amount” or a “prophylactically effective amount” of an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, disclosed herein.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic result.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of the composition may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the protein to elicit a desired response in the individual.
  • a therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the composition is outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects.
  • a "therapeutically effective dosage” preferably modulates a measurable parameter, e.g., levels of circulating IgG antibodies by a statistically significant degree or at least about 20%, more preferably by at least about 40%, even more preferably by at least about 60%, and still more preferably by at least about 80% relative to untreated subjects.
  • a measurable parameter e.g., levels of circulating IgG antibodies by a statistically significant degree or at least about 20%, more preferably by at least about 40%, even more preferably by at least about 60%, and still more preferably by at least about 80% relative to untreated subjects.
  • a compound to modulate a measurable parameter can be evaluated in an animal model system predictive of efficacy in human disorders and conditions, e.g., a cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer), an inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, an ocular condition (e.g., macular degeneration), diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin-invasive activity, angiogenesis, or capillary tube formation.
  • a cancer e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer
  • an inflammatory disease e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis
  • rheumatoid arthritis e.g., osteoarthritis
  • an ocular condition e.g., macular degeneration
  • diabetes Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin-
  • prophylactically effective amount refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired prophylactic result. Typically, because a prophylactic dose is used in subjects prior to or at an earlier stage of disease, the prophylactically effective amount will be less than the therapeutically effective amount.
  • an MMP- 14 binding protein is physically associated with a moiety that improves its stabilization and/or retention in circulation, e.g., in blood, serum, lymph, or other tissues, e.g., by at least 1.5, 2, 5, 10, or 50 fold.
  • an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate can be associated with a polymer, e.g., a substantially non-antigenic polymers, such as polyalkylene oxides or polyethylene oxides. Suitable polymers will vary substantially by weight.
  • Polymers having molecular number average weights ranging from about 200 to about 35,000 (or about 1,000 to about 15,000, and 2,000 to about 12,500) can be used.
  • an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate can be conjugated to a water soluble polymer, e.g., hydrophilic polyvinyl polymers, e.g. polyvinylalcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
  • polymers include polyalkylene oxide homopolymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polypropylene glycols, polyoxyethylenated polyols, copolymers thereof and block copolymers thereof, provided that the water solubility of the block copolymers is maintained.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • PEG polypropylene glycol
  • polyoxyethylenated polyols polyoxyethylenated polyols
  • copolymers thereof and block copolymers thereof provided that the water solubility of the block copolymers is maintained.
  • An MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate can also be associated with a carrier protein, e.g., a serum albumin, such as a human serum albumin.
  • a translational fusion can be used to associate the carrier protein with the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate.
  • kits An MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, described herein can be provided in a kit, e.g., as a component of a kit.
  • the kit includes (a) an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate), e.g., a composition that includes an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate), and, optionally (b) informational material.
  • the informational material can be descriptive, instructional, marketing or other material that relates to the methods described herein and/or the use of an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate) for the methods described herein.
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate
  • the informational material of the kits is not limited in its form.
  • the informational material can include information about production of the compound, molecular weight of the compound, concentration, date of expiration, batch or production site information, and so forth.
  • the informational material relates to using the binding protein to treat, prevent, or diagnosis of disorders and conditions, e.g., a cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer), an inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, an ocular condition (e.g., macular degeneration), diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin- invasive activity, angiogenesis, or capillary tube formation.
  • a cancer e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer
  • an inflammatory disease e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • the informational material can include instructions to administer an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, in a suitable manner to perform the methods described herein, e.g., in a suitable dose, dosage form, or mode of administration (e.g., a dose, dosage form, or mode of administration described herein).
  • an MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate e.g., MT-MMP binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate
  • the informational material can include instructions to administer an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, to a suitable subject, e.g., a human, e.g., a human having, or at risk for, a disorder or condition described herein, e.g., a cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer), an inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, an ocular condition (e.g., macular degeneration), diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin-invasive activity, angiogenesis, or capillary tube formation.
  • a suitable subject e.g., a human, e.g., a human having, or at risk for, a disorder or condition described herein, e.g., a cancer (e.g
  • the material can include instructions to administer an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, to a patient with a disorder or condition described herein, e.g., a cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer), an inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, an ocular condition (e.g., macular degeneration), diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin- invasive activity, angiogenesis, or capillary tube formation.
  • a cancer e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer
  • an inflammatory disease e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis
  • rheumatoid arthritis e.g., osteoarthritis
  • an ocular condition e.g., macular
  • An MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate can be provided in any form, e.g., liquid, dried or lyophilized form. It is preferred that an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, be substantially pure and/or sterile.
  • an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate is provided in a liquid solution, the liquid solution preferably is an aqueous solution, with a sterile aqueous solution being preferred.
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate ⁇ MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate ⁇
  • reconstitution generally is by the addition of a suitable solvent.
  • the solvent e.g., sterile water or buffer, can optionally be provided in the kit.
  • the kit can include one or more containers for the composition containing an MT- MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate).
  • the kit contains separate containers, dividers or compartments for the composition and informational material.
  • the composition can be contained in a bottle, vial, or syringe, and the informational material can be contained association with the container.
  • the separate elements of the kit are contained within a single, undivided container.
  • the composition is contained in a bottle, vial or syringe that has attached thereto the informational material in the form of a label.
  • the kit includes a plurality (e.g., a pack) of individual containers, each containing one or more unit dosage forms (e.g., a dosage form described herein) of an MT- MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate.
  • the kit includes a plurality of syringes, ampules, foil packets, or blister packs, each containing a single unit dose of an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate.
  • the containers of the kits can be air tight, waterproof (e.g., impermeable to changes in moisture or evaporation), and/or light-tight.
  • the kit optionally includes a device suitable for administration of the composition, e.g., a syringe, inhalant, dropper (e.g., eye dropper), swab (e.g., a cotton swab or wooden swab), or any such delivery device.
  • a device suitable for administration of the composition e.g., a syringe, inhalant, dropper (e.g., eye dropper), swab (e.g., a cotton swab or wooden swab), or any such delivery device.
  • the device is an implantable device that dispenses metered doses of the binding protein.
  • the disclosure also features a method of providing a kit, e.g., by combining components described herein.
  • Proteins that bind to MT-MMP have therapeutic and prophylactic utilities, particularly in human subjects. These binding proteins are administered to a subject to treat, prevent, and/or diagnose a variety of disorders, including e.g., a cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer), an inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, an ocular condition (e.g., macular degeneration), diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin-invasive activity, angiogenesis, or capillary tube formation, or even to cells in culture, e.g.
  • a cancer e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer
  • an inflammatory disease e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis
  • rheumatoid arthritis e.g., osteoarthritis
  • an ocular condition e
  • Treating includes administering an amount effective to alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve or affect the disorder, the symptoms of the disorder or the predisposition toward the disorder.
  • the treatment may also delay onset, e.g., prevent onset, or prevent deterioration of a disease or condition.
  • Exemplary disorders include a cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer), an inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, an ocular condition (e.g., macular degeneration), diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin-invasive activity, angiogenesis, or capillary tube formation.
  • a cancer e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer
  • an inflammatory disease e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis
  • rheumatoid arthritis e.g., osteoarthritis
  • an ocular condition e.g., macular degeneration
  • Still other disorders that can be treated using an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein- drug conjugate include: aortic aneurysms, periodontitis, autoimmune blistering disorders of the skin, dermal photoaging.
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • MT-MMP binding protein- drug conjugate include: aortic aneurysms, periodontitis, autoimmune blistering disorders of the skin, dermal photoaging.
  • an amount of an target-binding agent effective to prevent a disorder, or a prophylactically effective amount of the binding agent refers to an amount of a target binding agent, e.g., an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate), e.g., an anti- MT-MMP (e.g., anti-MMP-14) antibody (or anti-MT- MMP antibody-drug conjugate)described herein, which is effective, upon single- or multiple- dose administration to the subject, for preventing or delaying the occurrence of the onset or recurrence of a disorder, e.g., a disorder described herein.
  • a target binding agent e.g., an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate)
  • an anti- MT-MMP e.g., anti-MMP-14 antibody
  • a binding agent described herein can be used to reduce angiogenesis in a subject, e.g., to treat a cancer (e.g., a solid tumor) or an angiogenesis-associated disorder.
  • the method includes administering the binding to the subject, e.g., in an amount effective to modulate angiogenesis, a symptom of the disorder, or progression of the disorder.
  • the agent e.g., an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate), e.g., an anti- MT-MMP (e.g., anti-MMP-14) antibody (or anti-MT-MMP antibody-drug conjugate)
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • anti- MT-MMP e.g., anti-MMP-14 antibody
  • anti-MT-MMP antibody-drug conjugate may be administered multiple times (e.g., at least two, three, five, or ten times) before a therapeutically effective amount is attained.
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates
  • Other agents are also described in "Pharmaceutical Compositions.” Suitable dosages of the molecules used can depend on the age and weight of the subject and the particular drug used.
  • the binding proteins (or protein-drug conjugates thereof) can be used as competitive agents to inhibit, reduce an undesirable interaction, e.g., between a natural or pathological agent and the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14).
  • the dose of the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate can be the amount sufficient to block 90%, 95%, 99%, or 99.9% of the activity of MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) in the patient, especially at the site of disease. Depending on the disease, this may require 0.1, 1.0, 3.0, 6.0, or 10.0 mg/Kg. For an IgG having a molecular mass of 150,000 g/mole (two binding sites), these doses correspond to approximately 18 nM, 180 nM, 540 nM, 1.08 ⁇ M, and 1.8 ⁇ M of binding sites for a 5 L blood volume.
  • the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates are used to inhibit an activity (e.g., inhibit at least one activity of, reduce proliferation, migration, growth or viability) of a cell, e.g., a cancer cell in vivo.
  • the binding proteins can be used by themselves or conjugated to an agent, e.g., a cytotoxic drug, cytotoxin enzyme, or radioisotope. This method includes: administering the binding protein alone or attached to an agent (e.g., a cytotoxic drug), to a subject requiring such treatment.
  • MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins that do not substantially inhibit MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) may be used to deliver nanoparticles containing agents, such as toxins, to MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) associated cells or tissues, e.g., tumors.
  • agents such as toxins
  • MT-MMP binding proteins can be conjugated to a drug (to form a MT- MMP binding protein-drug conjugate) and deliver the durg to the MT-MMP associated cells or tissues.
  • the drug can cause a cytotoxic or cytotoxic effect on the cell or tissue.
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding proteins
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates recognize MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) -expressing cells and can bind to cells that are associated with (e.g., in proximity of or intermingled with) cancer cells, e.g., cancerous lung, liver, colon, breast, ovarian, epidermal, laryngeal, and cartilage cells, and particularly metastatic cells thereof
  • cancer cells e.g., cancerous lung, liver, colon, breast, ovarian, epidermal, laryngeal, and cartilage cells, and particularly metastatic cells thereof
  • MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins, or MT- MMP binding protein-drug conjugates can be used to inhibit (e.g., inhibit at least one activity, reduce growth and proliferation, or kill) any such cells and inhibit carcinogenesis.
  • Reducing MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) activity near a cancer can indirectly inhibit (e.g., inhibit at least one activity, reduce growth and proliferation, or kill) the cancer cells which may be dependent on the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) activity for metastasis, activation of growth factors, and so forth.
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • the binding proteins, or binding protein-drug conjugates bind to cells in the vicinity of the cancerous cells, but are sufficiently close to the cancerous cells to directly or indirectly inhibit (e.g., inhibit at least one activity, reduce growth and proliferation, or kill) the cancers cells.
  • the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates can be used to selectively inhibit cells in cancerous tissue (including the cancerous cells themselves and cells associated with or invading the cancer).
  • the binding proteins may be used to deliver an agent (e.g., any of a variety of cytotoxic and therapeutic drugs) to cells and tissues where the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) is present.
  • Exemplary agents include a compound emitting radiation, molecules of plants, fungal, or bacterial origin, biological proteins, and mixtures thereof.
  • the cytotoxic drugs can be intracellularly acting cytotoxic drugs, such as toxins short range radiation emitters, e.g., short range, high energy ⁇ -emitters.
  • a prodrug system can be used.
  • a first binding protein is conjugated with a prodrug which is activated only when in close proximity with a prodrug activator.
  • the prodrug activator is conjugated with a second binding protein, preferably one which binds to a non competing site on the target molecule. Whether two binding proteins bind to competing or non competing binding sites can be determined by conventional competitive binding assays. Exemplary drug prodrug pairs are described in Blakely et al, (1996) Cancer Research, 56:3287 3292.
  • the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates can be used directly in vivo to eliminate antigen-expressing cells via natural complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) or antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
  • the binding proteins described herein can include complement binding effector domain, such as the Fc portions from IgGl, -2, or -3 or corresponding portions of IgM which bind complement.
  • a population of target cells is ex vivo treated with a binding agent described herein and appropriate effector cells. The treatment can be supplemented by the addition of complement or serum containing complement.
  • phagocytosis of target cells coated with a binding protein described herein can be improved by binding of complement proteins.
  • cells coated with the binding protein which includes a complement binding effector domain are lysed by complement.
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP- 14
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates Methods of administering MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding proteins, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates, are described in "Pharmaceutical Compositions.” Suitable dosages of the molecules used will depend on the age and weight of the subject and the particular drug used.
  • the binding proteins can be used as competitive agents to inhibit or reduce an undesirable interaction, e.g., between a natural or pathological agent and the MT- MMP (e.g., MMP-14).
  • the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate can be used to deliver macro and micromolecules, e.g., a gene into the cell for gene therapy purposes into the endothelium or epithelium and target only those tissues expressing the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14).
  • the binding proteins may be used to deliver a variety of cytotoxic drugs including therapeutic drugs, a compound emitting radiation, molecules of plants, fungal, or bacterial origin, biological proteins, and mixtures thereof.
  • the cytotoxic drugs can be intracellularly acting cytotoxic drugs, such as short range radiation emitters, including, for example, short range, high energy ⁇ emitters, as described herein.
  • recombinant nucleic acid techniques can be used to construct a nucleic acid that encodes the binding protein (e.g., antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof) and the cytotoxin (or a polypeptide component thereof) as translational fusions.
  • the recombinant nucleic acid is then expressed, e.g., in cells and the encoded fusion polypeptide isolated.
  • the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate can be coupled to high energy radiation emitters, for example, a radioisotope, such as 131 I, a ⁇ -emitter, which, when localized at a site, results in a killing of several cell diameters.
  • a radioisotope such as 131 I
  • a ⁇ -emitter a radioisotope
  • a radioisotope such as 131 I
  • a ⁇ -emitter e.g., S.E. Order, "Analysis, Results, and Future Prospective of the Therapeutic Use of Radiolabeled Antibody in Cancer Therapy", Monoclonal Antibodies or Cancer Detection and Therapy, R.W. Baldwin et al. (eds.), pp 303 316 (Academic Press 1985).
  • radioisotopes include a emitters, such as 212 Bi, 213 Bi, and 211 At, and b emitters, such as 186 Re and 90 Y.
  • 177 Lu may also be used as both an imaging and cytotoxic agent.
  • Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) using antibodies labeled with 131 1 , 90 Y, and 177 Lu is under intense clinical investigation. There are significant differences in the physical characteristics of these three nuclides and as a result, the choice of radionuclide is very critical in order to deliver maximum radiation dose to a tissue of interest.
  • the higher beta energy particles of 90 Y may be good for bulky tumors.
  • the relatively low energy beta particles of 131 I are ideal, but in vivo dehalogenation of radioiodinated molecules is a major disadvantage for internalizing antibody.
  • 177 Lu has low energy beta particle with only 0.2-0.3 mm range and delivers much lower radiation dose to bone marrow compared to 90 Y.
  • MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding proteins, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates, described herein are useful to treat diseases or conditions in which the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) is implicated, e.g., a disease or condition described herein, or to treat one or more symptoms associated therewith.
  • an MMP- 14 binding protein e.g., MMP- 14 binding IgG or Fab
  • MMP- 14 binding proteins which inhibit MMP- 16 and/or MMP-24 are particularly useful for the treatment of disorders in which these metalloproteases are also implicated.
  • diseases and conditions include a cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer), inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis), atherosclerosis, ocular conditions (e.g., macular degeneration), diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin-invasive activity, angiogenesis, and capillary tube formation.
  • a cancer e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer
  • inflammatory disease e.g., synovitis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis
  • atherosclerosis e.g., macular degeneration
  • diabetes e.g., Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin-invasive activity, angiogenesis, and capillary tube formation.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate is administered to a subject having or suspected of having a disorder in which the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) is implicated, thereby treating (e.g. , ameliorating or improving a symptom or feature of a disorder, slowing, stabilizing or halting disease progression) the disorder.
  • the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate is administered in a therapeutically effective amount.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate is the amount which is effective, upon single or multiple dose administration to a subject, in treating a subject, e.g., curing, alleviating, relieving or improving at least one symptom of a disorder in a subject to a degree beyond that expected in the absence of such treatment.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of the composition may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the compound to elicit a desired response in the individual.
  • a therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the composition is outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects.
  • a therapeutically effective amount can be administered, typically an amount of the compound which is effective, upon single or multiple dose administration to a subject, in treating a subject, e.g., curing, alleviating, relieving or improving at least one symptom of a disorder in a subject to a degree beyond that expected in the absence of such treatment.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of the composition may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the compound to elicit a desired response in the individual.
  • a therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the composition is outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects.
  • a therapeutically effective dosage preferably modulates a measurable parameter, favorably, relative to untreated subjects. The ability of a compound to inhibit a measurable parameter can be evaluated in an animal model system predictive of efficacy in a human disorder.
  • Dosage regimens can be adjusted to provide the optimum desired response (e.g., a therapeutic response). For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.
  • Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subjects to be treated; each unit contains a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
  • MMPs Matrix metalloproteases
  • MMPs such as the MT-MMPs, e.g., MMP-14 (MTl- MMP), MMP- 16 (MT3-MMP), and MMP-24 (MT5-MMP)
  • MMP-14 MTl- MMP
  • MMP- 16 MMP- 16
  • MMP-24 MT5-MMP
  • MMP activity may cause activation of growth factors, suppression of tumor cell apoptosis, destruction of chemokine gradients developed by host immune response, or release of angiogenic factors.
  • MMPs may facilitate tumor growth by promoting the release of cell proliferation factors such as insulin- like growth factors which are bound to specific binding proteins (IGFBPs) (Manes et al., 1997 J. Biol. Chem. 272: 25706-25712).
  • IGFBPs specific binding proteins
  • Collagenases, including MMP-2 have been found at elevated levels in melanoma and in cancers of the colon, breast, lung, prostate, and bladder. Usually, these elevated levels correlate with higher tumor grade and invasiveness.
  • MMP-2 levels are significantly elevated in the serum of patients with metastatic lung cancer, and in those patients with high levels, response to chemotherapy is diminished.
  • MMP-14 which cleaves proMMP-2 to release active MMP-2, is elevated in numerous cancers and can contribute to the growth of tumors, tumor embolism, and the mobility, invasiveness and metastasis of cancer (e.g., CNS tumors (e.g., gliomas), head and neck cancer, oral cavity cancer, laryngeal cancer, chondrosarcoma, breast cancer).
  • CNS tumors e.g., gliomas
  • head and neck cancer e.g., gliomas
  • oral cavity cancer e.g., laryngeal cancer
  • chondrosarcoma chondrosarcoma
  • MMP- 16 and MMP-24 are also elevated in numerous cancers and can contribute to both the growth of tumors and the invasiveness and metastasis of cancer (e.g., breast cancer, laryngeal cancer, ovarian cancer, testicular carcinoma, melanoma, brain tumors (e.g., astrocytomas, glioblastomas, gliomas).
  • cancer e.g., breast cancer, laryngeal cancer, ovarian cancer, testicular carcinoma, melanoma
  • brain tumors e.g., astrocytomas, glioblastomas, gliomas.
  • the disclosure provides methods of treating (e.g. ⁇ slowing, eliminating, or reversing tumor growth, preventing or reducing, either in number or size, metastases, reducing or eliminating tumor cell invasiveness, providing an increased interval to tumor progression, or increasing disease-free survival time) cancer (e.g., breast cancer, including Her2+, Her2-, ER+, ER-, Her2+/ER+, Her2+/ER-, Her2-/ER+, and Her2-/ER- breast cancer), head and neck cancer, oral cavity cancer, laryngeal cancer, chondrosarcoma, ovarian cancer, testicular carcinoma, melanoma, brain tumors (e.g., astrocytomas, glioblastomas, gliomas)) by administering an effective amount of an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein (e.g., an anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof.
  • the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein- drug conjugate) inhibits MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) activity.
  • MMP- 14 binding protein or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate
  • the MMP- 14 binding protein may further inhibit MMP- 16 and/or MMP-24.
  • the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate is administered as a single agent treatment.
  • the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein- drug conjugate is administered in combination with an additional anti-cancer agent.
  • an MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • MMP-14 MT- MMP binding protein-drug conjugate
  • the disclosure further provides methods of modulating (e.g., reducing or preventing) angiogenesis at a tumor site by administering an effective amount of an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, thereby reducing or preventing angiogenesis at the tumor site.
  • an MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate may be administered as a single agent therapy or in combination with additional agents.
  • Also provided are methods for reducing extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation by a tumor comprising administering an effective amount of an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, to a subject, thereby reducing ECM degradation by a tumor in the subject.
  • an MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate e.g., MMP-14
  • Solid tumors include malignancies (e.g., sarcomas, adenocarcinomas, and carcinomas) of the various organ systems, such as those of lung, breast, lymphoid, gastrointestinal (e.g., colon), and genitourinary (e.g., renal, urothelial, or testicular tumors) tracts, pharynx, prostate, and ovary.
  • malignancies e.g., sarcomas, adenocarcinomas, and carcinomas
  • gastrointestinal e.g., colon
  • genitourinary e.g., renal, urothelial, or testicular tumors
  • Exemplary adenocarcinomas include colorectal cancers, renal-cell carcinoma, liver cancer, non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, and cancer of the small intestine.
  • Additional exemplary solid tumors include: fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, gastrointestinal system carcinomas, colon carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, genitourinary system carcinomas, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, chori
  • Metastases of the aforementioned cancers can also be treated or prevented in accordance with the methods described herein.
  • Guidance for determination of a therapeutically effective amount for treatment of cancer may be obtained by reference to in vivo models of the cancer to be treated.
  • the amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, that is a therapeutically effective amount in a rodent or Libechov minipig model of cancer may be used to guide the selection of a dose that is a therapeutically effective amount.
  • nude mouse/tumor xenograft systems e.g., melanoma xenografts; see, e.g., Trikha et al. Cancer Research 62:2824-2833 (2002)
  • murine models of breast cancer or glioma e.g., Kuperwasser et al., Cancer Research 65, 6130-6138, (2005); Bradford et al., Br J Neurosurg. 3(2): 197-210 (1989)).
  • Melanoblastoma-bearing Libechov minipig (MeLiM) is available as an animal model of melanoma (e.g., Boisgard et al., Eur J Nucl Med MoI Imaging 30(6):826- 34 (2003)).
  • Synovitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the synovium, a tissue normally only a few cell layers thick. In synovitis, the synovium can become thickened, more cellular, and engorged with fluid. Synovitis can cause pain and inflammation within the affected joint, and is commonly seen in arthritic conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis).
  • Active synovial MMP-2 is associated with radiographic erosions in patients with early synovitis (Goldbach-Mansky et al, 2000, Arthritis Res, 2:145-153). Synovial tissue expressions of MMP-2, MMP- 14, and TIMP-2 are virtually undetectable in normal synovial tissue samples. The synovial tissue samples of patients with erosive disease have significantly higher levels of active MMP-2 than did those of patients without erosions. This may reflect augmented activation of MMP-2 by the relatively high levels of MMP- 14 and low levels of TIMP-2 seen in these tissues. Thus, active MMP-2 can contribute to the development and/or progression of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
  • the disclosure provides methods of treating (e.g., ameliorating, stabilizing, reducing, or eliminating a symptom of synovitis such as pain, joint swelling, synovial thickening, increased synovial fluid) synovitis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate.
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • Current therapies for synovitis include anti-inflammatory medications (e.g.
  • NSAIDS and ibuprofen cortisone injections into the joint
  • surgical treatment e.g., synovectomy
  • MMP-14 e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • an inhibitory MMP-14 binding protein e.g., an anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof
  • Guidance for determination of a therapeutically effective amount of an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate may be obtained from an animal model of synovitis.
  • Rodent models of synovitis are available, including a rat model of synovitis-like inflammation (Cirino et al., J Rheumatol. 21(5): 824-9 (1994)), and a model of carrageenan synovitis in male Wistar rats (Walsh et al. Lab Invest.78(12): 1513-21 (1998)).
  • Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune, chronic inflammatory disease that causes joint swelling and pain and normally results in joint destruction. RA generally follows a relapsing/remitting course, with "flares" of disease activity interspersed with remissions of disease symptoms.
  • RA is associated with a number of additional inflammatory disorders, including Sjogren's syndrome (dry eyes and mouth caused by inflammation of tear and saliva glands), pleuritis (inflammation of the pleura that causes pain upon deep breath and coughing), rheumatoid nodules (nodular sites of inflammation that develop within the lungs), pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium that causes pain when lying down or leaning forward), Felty syndrome (splenomegaly and leucopenia observed in conjunction with RA, making the subject prone to infection), and vasculitis (an inflammation of the blood vessels which can block blood flow).
  • Sjogren's syndrome dry eyes and mouth caused by inflammation of tear and saliva glands
  • pleuritis inflammation of the pleura that causes pain upon deep breath and coughing
  • rheumatoid nodules nodular sites of inflammation that develop within the lungs
  • pericarditis inflammation of the pericardium that causes pain when lying down
  • Symptoms of active RA include fatigue, lack of appetite, low grade fever, muscle and joint aches, and stiffness. Muscle and joint stiffness are usually most notable in the morning and after periods of inactivity. During flares, joints frequently become red, swollen, painful, and tender, generally as a consequence of synovitis.
  • Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis involves a combination of medications, rest, joint strengthening exercises, and joint protection.
  • Two classes of medications are used in treating rheumatoid arthritis: anti-inflammatory "first- line drugs," and "Disease-Modifying
  • the first-line drugs include NSAIDS (e.g., aspirin, naproxen, ibuprofen, and etodolac) and cortisone (corticosteroids).
  • NSAIDS e.g., aspirin, naproxen, ibuprofen, and etodolac
  • cortisone corticosteroids
  • DMARDS such as gold (e.g., gold salts, gold thioglucose , gold thiomalate, oral gold), methotrexate, sulfasalazine, D- penicillamine, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, and cyclosporine, leflunomide, etanercept, infliximab, anakinra, and adalimumab, and hydroxychloroquine, promote disease remission and prevent progressive joint destruction, but they are not anti-inflammatory agents.
  • gold e.g., gold salts, gold thioglucose , gold thiomalate, oral gold
  • methotrexate e.g., methotrexate
  • sulfasalazine D- penicillamine
  • azathioprine azathioprine
  • cyclophosphamide chlorambucil
  • the disclosure provides methods of treating (e.g., ameliorating, stabilizing, or eliminating one or more symptoms or ameliorating or stabilizing the subject's score on a RA scale) rheumatoid arthritis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, to a subject having or suspected of having RA.
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate e.g., MMP-14 binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, and at least one NSAID and/or DMARDS.
  • rheumatoid arthritis associated disorders Sjogren's syndrome, pleuritis, pulmonary rheumatoid nodules, pericarditis, Felty syndrome, and vasculitis
  • administering a therapeutically effective amount of an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate.
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP- 14
  • RASS Rheumatoid Arthritis Severity Scale
  • ASHI Arthritis Specific Health Index
  • AIMS Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales or Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP- 14
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate may be obtained from animal models of rheumatoid arthritis, such as collagen- induced arthritis (CIA), which is induced, typically in rodents, by immunization with autologous or heterologous type II collagen in adjuvant (Williams et al. Methods MoI Med. 98:207-16 (2004)).
  • CIA collagen- induced arthritis
  • MMP-14 can cause highly focal degradation of the fibrous cap structure of atherosclerotic plaques because of its cell membrane location and the ability to activate several other members of the MMP family including MMP-2.
  • the disclosure provides methods of treating ⁇ e.g., eliminating, ameliorating, or stabilizing a symptom of atherosclerosis, reducing or stabilizing the size or number of atherosclerotic plaques, including plaques in coronary arteries, carotid arteries, and the aorta, reducing or stabilizing arterial stenosis, including coronary artery and carotid artery stenosis, or reducing risk of myocardial infarction) atherosclerosis in a subject having or suspected of having atherosclerosis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate therof.
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • Atherosclerosis Current treatments for atherosclerosis include cholestyramine, colestipol, nicotinic acid, gemfibrozil, probucol, atorvastatin, lovastatin, aspirin, ticlopidine, clopidogrel (inhibitors of platelet clumping) and anti-coagulants.
  • the disclosure also includes methods of treating atherosclerosis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, in addition to another atherosclerosis therapy ⁇ e.g., cholestyramine, colestipol, nicotinic acid, gemfibrozil, probucol, atorvastatin, lovastatin, aspirin, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, or anti-coagulants).
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab
  • Guidance for determining the dosage of MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, that provides a therapeutically effective amount of the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate may be obtained from an animal model of atherosclerosis, such as a hypercholesterolaemic rabbit (Booth et al. NMR Biomed. 3(2):95-100 (1990)), or a apoE-knockout mouse (Ozaki et al, J Clin Invest. 110(3): 331-340 (2002)).
  • Macular Degeneration Macular Degeneration progressively destroys the macula, the central portion of the retina, impairing central vision, leading to difficulty with reading, driving, and/or other daily activities that require fine central vision. While there are a number of different forms of macular degeneration, the most common is age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD presents as either “dry” or “wet”, with the wet type being far more common. In wet AMD, fluid leaking from newly formed subretinal blood vessels (subretinal neovascularization) distorts the macula and impairs vision.
  • subretinal blood vessels subretinal neovascularization
  • Symptoms of AMD include loss or impairment in central vision (generally slowing in dry AMD and rapidly in wet AMD) and abnormal visual perception of straight lines ⁇ e.g., straight lines appear wavy).
  • Supplements of zinc and the antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E and beta-carotene reportedly slow the progression of wet AMD.
  • the disclosure provides methods of treating (e.g., ameliorating vision, stabilizing vision degradation, or reducing the rate of vision degradation) AMD (wet AMD or dry AMD) by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti- MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, to a subject having or suspected of having AMD.
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein e.g., an inhibitory anti- MMP-14 IgG or Fab
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof e.g., MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • another AMD treatment e.g., zinc, vitamin C, vitamin E and/or beta-carotene
  • Guidance regarding the efficacy and dosage an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein can be obtained from an animal model of macular degeneration, e.g., a Coturnix coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) model of macular degeneration (US Pat. No. 5,854,015), or wound creation on the Bruch's membrane of a C57BL/6J mouse, e.g., with a krypton laser (US App. No. 20030181531). Corneal Disease.
  • an animal model of macular degeneration e.g., a Coturnix coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) model of macular degeneration (US Pat. No. 5,854,015)
  • wound creation on the Bruch's membrane of a C57BL/6J mouse e.g., with a krypton laser
  • Keratoconus is a progressive disease where the cornea thins and changes shape. The resulting distortion (astigmatism) frequently causes nearsightedness. Keratoconus may also cause swelling and scarring of the cornea and vision loss.
  • the disclosure provides methods of treating (e.g., improving or stabilizing vision, or improving, stabilizing, reducing eliminating, or preventing corneal scarring) keratoconus in a subject having or suspected of having keratoconus by administering an effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein- drug conjugate thereof.
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP- 14 binding protein
  • an inhibitory MT-MMP e.g., MMP- 14 binding protein
  • an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP- 14 binding protein
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein
  • an animal model of keratoconus e.g., the inbred SKC mouse line, which serves as a model for a subset of keratoconus (Tachibana et al. Investig Ophthalmol Visual Sci, 43:51-57 (2002)).
  • Corneal Infection also provided are methods of treating (e.g., preventing, reducing, stabilizing or eliminating corneal scarring as a result of the infection) corneal infection by administering an effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, to a subject having or suspected of having a corneal infection.
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate) and a therapeutic agent which treats the infectious agent (e.g., an antibiotic or anti-viral agent).
  • infectious agent e.g., an antibiotic or anti-viral agent
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein
  • an animal model of corneal infection e.g., a rabbit model of experimental keratomycosis, in which keratitis is induced with a standardized inoculum of Candida albicans (SC 5314) placed on a debrided cornea (Goldblum et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:1359-1363 (2005)).
  • Osteoarthritis also known as degenerative arthritis, is characterized by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints. Osteoarthritis commonly affects the hands, feet, spine, and large weight-bearing joints, such as the hips and knees. MMP-14 and MMP- 16 have been implicated in osteoarthritis.
  • the disclosure provides methods of treating (e.g., stabilizing, reducing, or eliminating joint pain, stabilizing or improving performance on general health or osteoarthritis scales) osteoarthritis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT- MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT- MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, to a subject having or suspected of having osteoarthritis.
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • an inhibitory MT- MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab
  • MT- MMP binding protein-drug conjugate e.g., MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate
  • the disclosure further provides methods of treating osteoarthritis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, and another osteoarthritis therapy (e.g. acetaminophen, a topical pain-relieving cream, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, nabumetone, or naproxen, or a Cox-2 inhibitor).
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab
  • another osteoarthritis therapy e.g
  • KOOS Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score
  • WOMAC Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthrtis Index
  • SF-36 GHS 36-item Short Form General Health Scale
  • an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein can be obtained from an animal model of osteoarthritis, e.g., injection of mono-iodoacetate (MIA) into the femorotibial joint of rodents which promotes loss of articular cartilage similar to that noted in human osteoarthritis (Guzman et al. Toxicol Pathol. 31(6):619-24 (2003)), or transection of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in canines to induce osteoarthritis (Fife and Brandt J Clin Invest. 84(5): 1432-1439 (1989)).
  • MIA mono-iodoacetate
  • ACL anterior cruciate ligament
  • Type 1 diabetes mellitus sometimes known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), or juvenile onset diabetes mellitus
  • type 2 sometimes known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult onset diabetes mellitus
  • PDR proliferative diabetic retinopathy
  • the disclosure provides methods of treating (e.g., reducing or eliminating dependence on exogenous insulin, reducing fasting serum glucose levels, e.g., 6 hour fasting serum glucose, to below 150, 140, 130, 126, 120, 110, or 100 mg/dL) diabetes (type 1 or type 2) by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti- MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, to a subject having or suspected of having diabetes mellitus.
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • an inhibitory MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof e.g., an inhibitory anti- MMP-14 IgG or
  • the disclosure further provides methods of treating diabetes by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT- MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, in addition to another diabetes mellitus treatment agent.
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • MMP-14 MT- MMP binding protein-drug conjugate
  • agents that increase the insulin output by the pancreas e.g., sulfonylureas (e.g., chlorpropamide and tolbutamide, glyburide, glipizide, and glimepiride) and meglitinides (e.g., repaglinide and nateglinide), agents that decrease hepatic glucose production (e.g., biguanides, metformin), insulin sensitizing agents (e.g., troglitazone, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone), agents that decrease the absorption of carbohydrates from the intestine (e.g., acarbose), agents that effect glycemic control (e.g., pramlintide, exenatide), and combination medications such as glyburide/metformin (GLUCOVANCE®), rosiglitazone/metformin (AVAND AMET®), and glipizide/metform
  • GLUCOVANCE®
  • the disclosure provides a method of treating (e.g., preventing, stabilizing, reducing, or eliminating vision deterioration) PDR by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, to a subject having or suspected of having PDR.
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP- 14 binding protein
  • an inhibitory MT-MMP e.g., MMP- 14 binding protein
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate e.g., MT-MMP binding protein binding protein-drug conjugate
  • an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein can be obtained from an animal model of diabetes, e.g., the ob/ob mouse (Kerouz et al. J. Clin. Invest. 100:3164-3172 (1997)), the db/db mouse (Koenig and Cerami Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 72(9): 3687-3691 (1975)), the Zucker fatty rat (Orci et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 87(24):9953-7 (1990)), or rats made diabetic by daily low- dose intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) (Me et al. J Clin Invest. 105:955-965 (2000)).
  • STZ intraperitoneal streptozotocin
  • AD Alzheimer's Disease
  • clumps asmyloid plaques
  • tangled bundles of fibers neuroofibrillary tangles
  • Symptoms of AD include memory loss, language deterioration, impaired ability to mentally manipulate visual information, poor judgment, confusion, restlessness, and mood swings.
  • Eventually AD destroys cognition, personality, and the ability to function.
  • the early symptoms of AD which include forgetfulness and loss of concentration, are often missed because they resemble natural signs of aging.
  • AD Alzheimer's disease 2019
  • tacrine COGNEX®
  • donepezil ARICEPT®
  • rivastigmine EXELON®
  • galantamine REMINYL®
  • memantine NAMEND ATM
  • other drugs that may affect AD progression include nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), statins, folic acid, gingko biloba, and vitamins E, B6, and B12.
  • NSAIDS nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
  • statins folic acid
  • gingko biloba and vitamins E, B6, and B12.
  • the disclosure provides methods of treating (e.g., stabilizing, ameliorating, eliminating, or preventing a symptom of AD or slowing or eliminating disease progression) by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti- MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, to a subject having or suspected of having AD.
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein e.g., an inhibitory anti- MMP-14 IgG or Fab
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP- 14 binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate
  • an additional AD treatment e.g., tacrine COGNEX®), donepezil (ARICEPT®), rivastigmine (EXELON®), and galantamine (REMINYL®), memantine (NAMENDATM)
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP- 14 binding protein
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein
  • transgenic mice expressing a human or mouse APP or presenilin can be used. Some of these transgenic mice develop a progressive neurologic disorder generally within a year from birth (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,877,399; 6,037,521; 5,894,078; 5,850,003; and 5,898,094). Certain transgenic animal models have been described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,612,486; 5,387,742; 5,720,936; 5,877,015, and 5,811,633, and in Ganes et. al. (1995) Nature 373:523.
  • Mammary morphogenesis involves epithelial "invasion" of adipose tissue, a process akin to invasion by breast cancer cells, although the former is a highly regulated developmental process.
  • Mammary gland branching morphogenesis is dependent, in part, on the extracellular matrix (ECM), ECM-receptors (e.g., integrins), ECM-degrading enzymes (e.g., MMPs) and MMP inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)).
  • ECM extracellular matrix
  • MMPs ECM-degrading enzymes
  • MMP inhibitors tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases
  • the disclosure provides methods of inhibiting (e.g., preventing, reducing, or eliminating) inappropriate mammary gland remodeling by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT- MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT- MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, to a subject having or suspected of having inappropriate mammary gland remodeling.
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • an inhibitory MT- MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab
  • Also provided are methods for prophylaxis or treatment e.g., reducing risk of developing breast cancer, or preventing, eliminating, reducing, or stabilizing precancerous breast lesions
  • precancerous breast lesions or activity by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti- MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, to a subject having or suspected of having breast tissue precancerous lesions or activity.
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • an inhibitory MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof e.g., MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof
  • an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein can be obtained from an animal model of mammary carcinogenesis, such as transgenic mice overexpressing MMP-14 in mammary gland under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat-promoter (Ha et al. Cancer Research 61 :984-990, (2001)), or transgenic mice model in which rat stromelysin-1 expression is augmented in breast tissue (Lochter et al. J Biol Chem 272:5007-5015 (1997)) can be used.
  • an animal model of mammary carcinogenesis such as transgenic mice overexpressing MMP-14 in mammary gland under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat-promoter (Ha et al. Cancer Research 61 :984-990, (2001)
  • MMP-2, MMP-14 and MMP- 16 are increased within 1 hour after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the ischemic core (Chang et al. 2003, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab., 23(12):1408-19).
  • the expression patterns are consistent with secretion of proMMP-2 and its activators in the ischemic core, perhaps from separate cell compartments.
  • the rapid and coordinate appearance of pro-MMP-2 and its activation apparatus suggest that in the primate striatum this protease may participate in matrix injury during focal cerebral ischemia.
  • the disclosure provides methods of treating (e.g., reducing or eliminating a symptomof cerebral ischemia, such as a deficit/impairment in speech, movement, vision, or understanding) cerebral ischemia by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein- drug conjugate thereof, to a subject having or suspected of having cerebral ischemia.
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • an inhibitory MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • MT-MMP binding protein- drug conjugate thereof e.g., MT-MMP binding protein- drug conjugate thereof
  • Current medical treatment of cerebral ischemia includes anticoagulation with heparin and heparin-like agents (low molecular heparin and heparinoid), and aspirin.
  • the disclosure further provides methods of treating cerebral ischemia by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT- MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT- MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, and an additional cerebral ischemia treatment to a subject having or suspected of having cerebral ischemia.
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • an inhibitory MT- MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • MT- MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP- 14 binding protein
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein
  • an animal model of cerebral ischemia e.g., acute stroke model middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and the direct distal MCAO model (Schneider et al. J. Clin. Invest. 115:2083-2098 (2005); Taguchi et al. J. Clin. Invest. 114:330-338 (2004)).
  • MCAO middle cerebral artery occlusion
  • Endometriosis involves the proliferation of endometrial tissue outside of the endometrial cavity, typically throughout the peritoneum, and can cause significant pain (e.g. , pelvic pain, pain upon defecation, dyspareunia) and infertility.
  • Lesions may be "classical” (pigmented, e.g., dark blue, dark brown, or black and may be cystic) or "non-classical” (generally non-pigmented).
  • Non-classical lesions are commonly found in patients with more 'aggressive' disease (e.g., significant pain).
  • MMP-2 and MMP-14 mRNA expression levels in clinically aggressive pigmented lesions are significantly higher than those in normal eutopic endometrium.
  • progestational agents including acetate, norethynodrel, megestrol acetate, dydrogesterone, norethisterone, and lynestrenol; danazol, a synthetic, 3-isoxazole derivative of 17 ethinyl-testosterone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), destruction of lesions, e.g., with laparoscopy.
  • the disclosure provides methods for treating (e.g., reducing, stabilizing, or eliminating a symptom of endometriosis such as pain or infertility) endometriosis in a subject having or suspected of having endometriosis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof.
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • an inhibitory MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab
  • a progestational agent acetate, norethynodrel, megestrol acetate, dydrogesterone, norethisterone, and lynestrenol
  • danazol gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein
  • an animal model of endometriosis e.g., surgically-induced endometriosis involving autotransplantation of biopsies of uterus into the abdomen (Berkley et al. (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA 101:11094-98).
  • Fibrin-Invasive Activity Cross-linked fibrin is deposited in tissues surrounding wounds, inflammatory sites, or tumors and serves not only as a supporting substratum for trafficking cells, but also as a structural barrier to invasion. Invading cells can use proteinases to access the fibrin matrix with proteolysis purposefully restricted to the pericellular milieu of the ingressing cells.
  • MMP- 14 may participate fibrin-invasive events, as fibroblasts from MMP-14-null mice display an early defect in invasion. However, MMP-14-deleted fibroblasts can circumvent this early deficiency and exhibit compensatory fibrin-invasive activity.
  • the MMP- 14- independent process is sensitive to MMP inhibitors that target membrane-anchored MMPs (Hotary et al., 2002 J Exp Med. 195(3):295-308).
  • the disclosure provides methods of modulating fibrin invasive activity by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., a Fab or IgG, that inhibits the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14)), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, to a subject in need of fibrin invasive activity modulation.
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein
  • a Fab or IgG that inhibits the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14)
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein
  • a model of fibrin invasive activity e.g., a cell invasion assay (Trikha et al. Cancer Research 62:2824-2833 (2002)).
  • MMPs The role of MMPs in angiogenesis is dual and complex. The relevance of these enzymes as positive regulators of tumor angiogenesis has been largely demonstrated. However MMPs have also been reported to act as inhibitors of angiogenesis, by recent descriptions of mechanisms by which these enzymes negatively regulate angiogenesis have contributed to increase the functional complexity of this proteolytic system in cancer. A number of MMPs are able to cleave the precursors of angiostatin and endostatin, and generate the active forms of these endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis (Cornelius et al., 1998, J. Immunol. 161 :6845-52; Ferreras et al, 2000, FEBS Lett. 486(3):247-251). Human endothelial cell (EC) tube formation induced by the chemokines CCL2 and CXCL8 is highly dependent on MMP- 14 activity.
  • EC Human endothelial cell
  • the disclosure provides methods of modulating (e.g., inhibiting) inappropriate angiogenesis or capillary tube formation by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein (e.g., an anti- MT-MMP (e.g., anti-MMP-14) IgG or Fab that inhibits the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14)), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, to a subject in need of modulation of inappropriate angiogenesis or capillary tube formation.
  • a MT-MMP e.g., MMP- 14 binding protein
  • an anti- MT-MMP e.g., anti-MMP-14
  • IgG or Fab that inhibits the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14)
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof e.g., MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate
  • an additional angiogenesis or capillary tube formation modulating agent such as a VEGF or Tiel inhibitor.
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein
  • a model of angiogenesis e.g., a
  • the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins described herein, e.g., anti- MT- MMP (e.g., anti-MMP-14) Fabs or IgGs, (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates thereof) can be administered in combination with one or more of the other therapies for treating a disease or condition associated with MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) activity, e.g., a disease or condition described herein.
  • a disease or condition associated with MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) activity e.g., a disease or condition described herein.
  • an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate can be used therapeutically or prophylactically with surgery, another MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) inhibitor, e.g., a small molecule inhibitor, another anti- MT-MMP (e.g., anti-MMP-14) Fab or IgG (e.g., another Fab or IgG described herein) (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof), peptide inhibitor, or small molecule inhibitor.
  • another MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) inhibitor e.g., a small molecule inhibitor
  • another anti- MT-MMP e.g., anti-MMP-14
  • Fab or IgG e.g., another Fab or IgG described herein
  • MMP-14 inhibitors examples include neovastat, marimastat, BAY 12-9566 and prinomastat.
  • One or more small-molecule MMP inhibitors can be used in combination with one or more MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding proteins, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates, described herein.
  • the combination can result in a lower dose of the small-molecule inhibitor being needed, such that side effects are reduced.
  • the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding proteins, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates, described herein can be administered in combination with one or more of the other therapies for treating cancers, including, but not limited to: surgery; radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
  • proteins (or drug conjugates thereof) that inhibit MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) or that inhibit a downstream event of MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) activity can also be used in combination with other anticancer therapies, such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgery, or administration of a second agent.
  • the second agent can be a Tie-1 inhibitor (e.g., Tie-1 binding proteins; see e.g., U.S. Ser. No. 11/199,739 and PCT/US2005/0284, both filed August 9, 2005).
  • the second agent can be one that targets or negatively regulates the VEGF signaling pathway. Examples of this latter class include VEGF antagonists (e.g., anti-VEGF antibodies such as bevacizumab) and VEGF receptor antagonists (e.g., anti- VEGF receptor antibodies).
  • VEGF antagonists e.g., anti-VEGF antibodies such as bevacizumab
  • VEGF receptor antagonists e.g., anti- VEGF receptor antibodies.
  • One particularly preferred combination includes bevacizumab.
  • the second agent is an inhibitor of plasmin, such as a kunitz domain- containing protein or polypeptide (e.g., a plasmin-inhibiting kunitz domain disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,010,880, such as a protein or polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence MHSFCAFKAETGPCRARFDRWFFNIFTRQCEEFIYGGCEGNQNRFESLEECKKMCTR D (SEQ ID NO: )).
  • the second agent is an agent that binds to Her2, such as a Her2 -binding antibody (e.g., trastuzumab).
  • the combination can further include 5 -FU and leucovorin, and/or irinotecan.
  • Inhibitorsof MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • the MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate disclosed herein
  • an agent that targets Her2 e.g., a Her2 -binding antibody such as trastuzumab
  • the second therapy is an agent that binds Her2, such as a Her2 -binding antibody (e.g., trastuzumab).
  • the dose of the Her2 binding agent may be reduced from the dose of the Her2 binding agent when administered not in combination with an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate) (e.g., is at least 10%, 25%, 40%, or 50% less than the dose of the Her2 binding agent when administered not in combination with a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate)).
  • an MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14 binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate)
  • the dose of trastuzumab when administered in a combination therapy with an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, is less than about 4.0, 3.6, 3.0, 2.4, or 2 mg/kg as an initial (loading) dose, and less than about 2.0, 1.8, 1.5, 1.2, or 1 mg/kg in subsequent doses.
  • MT-MMP e.g., MMP-14
  • the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates) described herein can also be administered in combination with one or more other therapies for treating ocular disorders, such as surgical or medical (e.g., administration of a second agent) therapies.
  • a second agent e.g., administration of a second agent
  • an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT- MMP binding protein-drug conjugate may be administered in conjunction with (e.g., before, during, or after) laser surgery (laser photocoagulation or photocoagulation therapy).
  • the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate can be administered in combination with a second agent, such as a VEGF antagonist (e.g., an anti-VEGF antibody such as bevacizumab or ranibizumab) or a VEGF receptor antagonist (e.g., anti-VEGF receptor antibodies).
  • a VEGF antagonist e.g., an anti-VEGF antibody such as bevacizumab or ranibizumab
  • a VEGF receptor antagonist e.g., anti-VEGF receptor antibodies
  • the term "combination” refers to the use of the two or more agents or therapies to treat the same patient, wherein the use or action of the agents or therapies overlap in time.
  • the agents or therapies can be administered at the same time (e.g., as a single formulation that is administered to a patient or as two separate formulations administered concurrently) or sequentially in any order. Sequential administrations are administrations that are given at different times.
  • the time between administration of the one agent and another agent can be minutes, hours, days, or weeks.
  • an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, described herein can also be used to reduce the dosage of another therapy, e.g., to reduce the side-effects associated with another agent that is being administered, e.g., to reduce the side-effects of an anti-VEGF antibody such as bevacizumab.
  • a combination can include administering a second agent at a dosage at least 10, 20, 30, or 50% lower than would be used in the absence of the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate.
  • a subject can be treated for an angiogenesis-associated disorder, e.g., a cancer, by administering to the subject a first and second agent.
  • an angiogenesis-associated disorder e.g., a cancer
  • the first agent modulates early stage angiogenesis and the second agent modulates a subsequent stage of angiogenesis or also modulates early stage angiogenesis.
  • the first and second agents can be administered using a single pharmaceutical composition or can be administered separately.
  • the first agent is a VEGF pathway antagonist (e.g., an inhibitor of a VEGF (e.g., VEGF-A, -B, or -C) or a VEGF receptor (e.g., KDR or VEGF receptor III (Flt4)) or a bFGF pathway antagonist (e.g., an antibody that binds to bFGF or a bFGF receptor).
  • VEGF pathway antagonists are also described, herein and elsewhere.
  • the second agent inhibits or decreases the mobility or invasiveness of tumor cells.
  • the second agent comprises an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate.
  • the second agent is an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, described herein.
  • An early stage of tumor angiogenesis can include a signal from the tumor, e.g., secretion of VEGF, to stimulate the growth of new blood vessels from the host and infiltration of the tumor by the vessels.
  • VEGF can, for example, stimulate proliferation of endothelial cells that are then assembled into blood vessels.
  • a late stage of tumor growth can include metastasis, mobility and invasiveness of tumor cells. This mobility and invasiveness may involve the action of matrix metalloproteinases, e.g., MT-MMPs, e.g., MMP-14, MMP-16, or MMP-24.
  • an effective therapy to treat angiogenesis-related disorders can involve a combination of an agent that modulates an early stage angiogenesis (e.g., VEGF pathway antagonists, e.g., anti-VEGF (e.g., bevacizumab) or anti-VEGF receptor (e.g., anti-KDR) antibodies; or antagonists of other pro-angiogenic pathways, e.g., anti-bFGF antibodies or anti-bFGF receptor (e.g., anti-bFGF receptor-1, -2, -3) antibodies) and an agent that modulates a late stage of tumor growth can include metastasis, mobility and invasiveness of tumor cells s (e.g., antagonists of an MT-MMP, e.g., antagonists of MMP-14, MMP-16, or MMP-24 (e.g., anti-MMP-14 antibodies (e.g., an antibody disclosed herein)), of MMP-16 (e.g., anti-MMP-14 antibodies that cross react with MMP-16), or
  • VEGF receptor antagonists include inhibitors of a VEGF (e.g., VEGF-A, - B, or -C, for example bevacizumab), modulators of VEGF expression (e.g., INGN-241, oral tetrathiomolybdate, 2-methoxyestradiol, 2-methoxyestradiol nanocrystal dispersion, bevasiranib sodium, PTC-299, Veglin), inhibitors of a VEGF receptor (e.g., KDR or VEGF receptor III (Flt4), for example anti-KDR antibodies, VEGFR2 antibodies such as CDP-791, IMC-112 IB, VEGFR2 blockers such as CT-322), VEGFR3 antibodies such as mF4-31Cl from Imclone Systems, modulators of VEGFR expression (e.g., VEGFRl expression modulator Sirna-027) or inhibitors of VEGF receptor downstream signaling.
  • a VEGF e
  • Exemplary inhibitors of VEGF include bevacizumab, pegaptanib, ranibizumab, NEOVASTAT ® , AE-941, VEGF Trap, and PI-88.
  • Exemplary VEGF receptor antagonists include inhibitors of VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity.
  • 4-[4-(l-Amino-l-methylethyl)phenyl]-2-[4-(2-morpholin-4-yl- ethyl)phenylamino]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile JNJ- 17029259 is one of a structural class of 5- cyanopyrimidines that are orally available, selective, nanomolar inhibitors of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGF-R2).
  • VEGF antagonist agents are broad specificity tyrosine kinase inhibitors, e.g., SU6668 (see, e.g., Bergers, B.
  • agents that down regulate VEGF receptors on the cell surface such as fenretinide, and agents which inhibit VEGF receptor downstream signaling, such as squalamine
  • the second agent or therapy can also be another anti-cancer agent or therapy.
  • anti-cancer agents include, e.g., anti-microtubule agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, antimetabolites, mitotic inhibitors, alkylating agents, intercalating agents, agents capable of interfering with a signal transduction pathway, agents that promote apoptosis, radiation, and antibodies against other tumor-associated antigens (including naked antibodies, immunotoxins and radioconjugates).
  • anti-cancer agents examples include antitubulin/antimicrotubule, e.g., paclitaxel, vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, vinorelbin, taxotere; topoisomerase I inhibitors, e.g., irinotecan, topotecan, camptothecin, doxorubicin, etoposide, mitoxantrone, daunorubicin, idarubicin, teniposide, amsacrine, epirubicin, merbarone, piroxantrone hydrochloride; antimetabolites, e.g., 5 fluorouracil (5 FU), methotrexate, 6 mercaptopurine, 6 thioguanine, fludarabine phosphate, cytarabine/Ara C, trimetrexate, gemcitabine, acivicin, alanosine, pyrazofurin, N- Phos
  • a combination therapy can include administering an agent that reduces the side effects of other therapies.
  • the agent can be an agent that reduces the side effects of anticancer treatments.
  • the agent can be leucovorin.
  • Combination therapies that include administering an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, or other binding protein described herein can also be used to treat a subject having or at risk for another angiogenesis related disorder (e.g., a disorder other than cancer, e.g., disorders that include undesired endothelial cell proliferation or undesirable inflammation, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis).
  • angiogenesis related disorder e.g., a disorder other than cancer, e.g., disorders that include undesired endothelial cell proliferation or undesirable inflammation, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis.
  • the beads were then rinsed three times with 2% MTRIS/0.1% Tween, transferred to a fresh tube and washed an additional three times with 2% MTRIS/0.1% Tween, and transferred to a fresh tube and washed a final time with Round 1 TRIS buffer (50 mM TRIS ; 50 mM CaCl 2 ; 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5).
  • Round 1 TRIS buffer 50 mM TRIS ; 50 mM CaCl 2 ; 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5.
  • Strategy II Round 1 -strategy II on bMMP-14 with depletion on Carboxilic beads- TIMP-2-bMMP-14 complex.
  • TIMP-2 was coupled to carboxylic beads, then complexed with a combination of biotinylated MMP- 14 (500 nM each). The complexed beads were incubated with a 100 fold excess of FAB310 library that had been previously depleted by incubation with streptavidin beads and carboxylic beads. Elution/washing was carried out as for Strategy I.
  • 384-well plates were coated with biotinylated BSA (2 ⁇ g/ml in 50 mM TRIS; 5 mM CaCl 2 ; 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5), then washed 3 times with 50 mM TRIS ; 5 mM CaCl 2 ; 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5; 0.1% Tween.
  • biotinylated MMP- 14 (1 ⁇ g/ml) was captured in 50 mM TRIS; 5 mM CaCl 2 ; 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5.
  • Exemplary Fabs that bind to human MMP- 14 were identified and designated as: M0030-A04, M0030-D08, M0031-A02, M0031-A04, M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0031- HlO, M0032-B07, M0032-B09, M0033-F02, M0033-H07, M0035-F02, M0036-D02, M0036-F02, M0036-H08, M0037-A08, M0037-B10, M0037-C03, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0037-H09, M0038-B06, M0038-C05, M0038-C06, M0038-D06, M0038-E05, M0038-E06, M0038-E12, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0038-H06, M0039-B07, M0039-D02, M00
  • CAG CGT GGC AAC TGG CCC CGG ACG TTC GGC CAA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAA ATC AAA
  • CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCC TCC CTG TCT GCA TCT GTG GGA GAC AGA GTC GCC ATC ACT TGC CGC GCA AGT CAG AGC ATC
  • GTC AGC AAC TAC ATA GCC TGG TAC CAG CAA AAA CCT GGC CAG GCT
  • CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA GGC ACC CTG TCT TTG TCT CCA GGG GAA AGA GCC ACC CTC TCC TGC AGG GCC AGT CAG AGT GTT

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Abstract

Protein-drug conjugates that bind to membrane type matrix metalloproteinases and methods of using such protein-drug conjugates are described.

Description

METALLOPROTEINASE BINDING PROTEINS
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority to U.S. Application Serial No. 61/024,703, filed on January 30, 2008. The disclosure of the prior application is considered part of (and is incorporated by reference in) the disclosure of this application.
BACKGROUND
The membrane type (MT)- matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a sub-group of membrane-anchored MMPs that are major mediators of pericellular proteolysis and physiological activators of pro-MMP-2. MT-MMPs activate the zymogenic form of MMP-2 (pro-MMP-2 or pro-gelatinase A) (Hernandez-Barrantes et al, 2002, Semin. Cancer Biol, 12:131-8 ; Zucker et al, 2003, Curr Top Dev Biol, 54: 1-74). MMP-2, in turn, can activate pro-MMP-9 (Toth et al, 2003, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 308:386-95). The MT-MMPs comprise six members of plasma-tethered MMPs, which include four type I transmembrane enzymes (MMP- 14, -15, -16, and -24) and two glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored enzymes (MMP-17, and -25) (Zhao et al, 2004, J Biol Chem, 279: 8592-8601). In addition to being potent extracellular matrix (ECM)-degrading enzymes, the type I transmembrane MT- MMPs can also initiate a cascade of zymogen activation on the cell surface.
SUMMARY
The MT-MMPs include MTl-MMP (MMP-14), MT2-MMP (MMP-15), MT3-MMP (MMP- 16), MT4-MMP (MMP-17), MT5-MMP (MMP-24), and MT6-MMP (MMP-25). As described herein, proteins (e.g., antibodies) that bind to an MT-MMP are useful in the treatment of disorders, e.g., angiogenesis-related disorders. Such binding proteins can be conjugated to a drug (e.g., to form an MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate) and used therapeutically. This disclosure relates, in part, to MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates, the preparation of these conjugates, and uses thereof. The conjugates can be used, e.g., in the treatment of disorders, e.g., for the treatment of angiogenesis-related disorders.
In one aspect, the disclosure features a membrane type (MT)- matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) binding protein-drug conjugate that includes a MT-MMP binding protein and a drug. The MT-MMP binding protein can bind one or more of: MTl-MMP, MT2-MMP, MT3-MMP, MT4-MMP, MT5-MMP, and MT6-MMP. In one embodiment, the binding protein binds to MMP-14, MMP-16 and MMP-24. In another embodiment, the MT- MMP binding protein binds to MMP-14.
In one embodiment, the binding protein comprises at least one immunoglobulin variable region, and the protein binds to and inhibits an MT-MMP (e.g., MTl-MMP; MT2- MMP; MT3-MMP; MT4-MMP; MT5-MMP; MT6-MMP and combinations thereof).
In one embodiment, the drug is a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent. The cytotoxic agent can be, e.g., selected from the group consisting of an auristatin, a DNA minor groove binding agent, a DNA minor groove alkylating agent, an enediyne, a lexitropsin, a duocarmycin, a taxane, a puromycin, a dolastatin, a podophyllotoxin, a baccatin derivative, a cryptophysin, a combretastatin, a maytansinoid, and a vinca alkaloid. In one embodiment, the cytotoxic agent is an auristatin and, e.g., the auristatin is selected from AFP, MMAF, MMAE, AEB, AEVB and auristatin E. In one embodiment, the auristatin is AFP or MMAF. In another embodiment, the cytotoxic agent is a maytansinoid and, e.g., the maytansinoid is selected from a maytansinol, maytansine, DMl, DM2, DM3 and DM4. In one embodiment, the maytansinoid is DMl. In another embodiment, the cytotoxic agent is selected from paclitaxel, docetaxel, CC-1065, SN-38, topotecan, morpholino-doxorubicin, rhizoxin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, dolastatin- 10, echinomycin, combretatstatin, calicheamicin, and netropsin. In another embodiment, the cytotoxic agent is an auristatin, a maytansinoid, or calicheamicin.
In one embodiment, the cytotoxic agent is an antitubulin agent and, e.g., the antitubulin agent is selected from AFP, MMAP, MMAE, AEB, AEVB, auristatin E, vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, vinorelbine, VP- 16, camptothecin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, epothilone A, epothilone B, nocodazole, colchicines, colcimid, estramustine, cemadotin, discodermolide, maytansinol, maytansine, DMl, DM2, DM3, DM4 and eleutherobin.
In one embodiment, the MT-MMP binding protein (e.g., antibody) is conjugated to the drug (e.g., cytotoxic agent) via a linker. In one embodiment, the linker is cleavable under intracellular conditions, e.g., the cleavable linker is a peptide linker cleavable by an intracellular protease. In one embodiment, the linker is a peptide linker, e.g., a dipeptide linker, e.g., a val-cit linker or a phe-lys linker. In one embodiment, the cleavable linker is hydrolyzable at a pH of less than 5.5, e.g., the hydrolyzable linker is a hydrazone linker. In another embodiment, the cleavable linker is a disulfide linker. In one embodiment, the binding protein comprises a heavy chain (HC) immunoglobulin variable domain sequence and a light chain (LC) immunoglobulin variable domain sequence and the first and second immunoglobulin variable domain sequences form an antigen binding site that binds to an MT-MMP. In one embodiment, the first and second immunoglobulin variable domain sequences form an antigen binding site that binds to MMP- 14 (e.g., human MMP-14) and includes one or more of the following characteristics:
(a) a human CDR or human framework region;
(b) a primate CDR or primate framework region;
(c) the HC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence comprises one or more CDRs that are at least 85% identical to a CDR of a LC variable domain of M0030-A04, M0030-
D08, M0031-A02, M0031-A04, M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0031-H10, M0032-B07, M0032-B09, M0033-F02, M0033-H07, M0035-F02, M0036-D02, M0036-F02, M0036-H08, M0037-A08, M0037-B10, M0037-C03, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0037-H09, M0038- B06, M0038-C05, M0038-C06, M0038-D06, M0038-E05, M0038-E06, M0038-E12, M0038- FOl, M0038-F08, M0038-H06, M0039-B07, M0039-D02, M0039-D10, M0039-G05,
M0039-G07, M0039-H08, M0040-A03, M0040-A06, M0040-A08, M0040-A11, M0040- B06, M0040-B08, M0040-C10, M0040-D08, M0040-F03, M0040-G04, M0040-H04, M0040-H09, M0041-A05, M0041-B03, M0041-B11, M0041-C11, M0041-D03, M0041- D08, M0041-E11, M0041-H09, M0041-H11, M0042-B07, M0042-G12, M0043-A09, M0043-C03, M0043-F01, M0043-G01, M0043-G02, M0044-B03, M0044-D08, M0044-E01, or M0044-E05;
(d) the LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence comprises one or more CDRs that are at least 85% identical to a CDR of a HC variable domain of M0030-A04, M0030- D08, M0031-A02, M0031-A04, M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0031-H10, M0032-B07, M0032-B09, M0033-F02, M0033-H07, M0035-F02, M0036-D02, M0036-F02, M0036-H08, M0037-A08, M0037-B10, M0037-C03, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0037-H09, M0038- B06, M0038-C05, M0038-C06, M0038-D06, M0038-E05, M0038-E06, M0038-E12, M0038- FOl, M0038-F08, M0038-H06, M0039-B07, M0039-D02, M0039-D10, M0039-G05, M0039-G07, M0039-H08, M0040-A03, M0040-A06, M0040-A08, M0040-A11, M0040- B06, M0040-B08, M0040-C10, M0040-D08, M0040-F03, M0040-G04, M0040-H04,
M0040-H09, M0041-A05, M0041-B03, M0041-B11, M0041-C11, M0041-D03, M0041- D08, M0041-E11, M0041-H09, M0041-H11, M0042-B07, M0042-G12, M0043-A09, M0043-C03, M0043-F01, M0043-G01, M0043-G02, M0044-B03, M0044-D08, M0044-E01, or M0044-E05;
(e) the LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a LC variable domain of M0030-A04, M0030-D08, M0031-A02, M0031-A04, M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0031-H10, M0032-B07, M0032-B09, M0033-F02, M0033-H07, M0035-F02, M0036-D02, M0036-F02, M0036-H08, M0037-A08, M0037-B10, M0037-C03, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0037-H09, M0038-B06, M0038-C05, M0038-C06, M0038-D06, M0038-E05, M0038-E06, M0038-E12, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0038-H06, M0039-B07, M0039-D02, M0039-D10, M0039-G05, M0039-G07, M0039-H08, M0040-A03, M0040-A06, M0040- A08, M0040-A11, M0040-B06, M0040-B08, M0040-C10, M0040-D08, M0040-F03,
M0040-G04, M0040-H04, M0040-H09, M0041-A05, M0041-B03, M0041-B11, M0041- CI l, M0041-D03, M0041-D08, M0041-E11, M0041-H09, M0041-H11, M0042-B07, M0042-G12, M0043-A09, M0043-C03, M0043-F01, M0043-G01, M0043-G02, M0044-B03, M0044-D08, M0044-E01, or M0044-E05; (f) the HC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a
HC variable domain of M0030-A04, M0030-D08, M0031-A02, M0031-A04, M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0031-H10, M0032-B07, M0032-B09, M0033-F02, M0033-H07, M0035-F02, M0036-D02, M0036-F02, M0036-H08, M0037-A08, M0037-B10, M0037-C03, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0037-H09, M0038-B06, M0038-C05, M0038-C06, M0038-D06, M0038-E05, M0038-E06, M0038-E12, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0038-H06, M0039-B07, M0039-D02, M0039-D10, M0039-G05, M0039-G07, M0039-H08, M0040-A03, M0040-A06, M0040- A08, M0040-A11, M0040-B06, M0040-B08, M0040-C10, M0040-D08, M0040-F03, M0040-G04, M0040-H04, M0040-H09, M0041-A05, M0041-B03, M0041-B11, M0041- CI l, M0041-D03, M0041-D08, M0041-E11, M0041-H09, M0041-H11, M0042-B07, M0042-G12, M0043-A09, M0043-C03, M0043-F01, M0043-G01, M0043-G02, M0044-B03, M0044-D08, M0044-E01, or M0044-E05; and
(g) the protein binds an epitope bound by M0030-A04, M0030-D08, M0031-A02, M0031-A04, M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0031-H10, M0032-B07, M0032-B09, M0033-F02, M0033-H07, M0035-F02, M0036-D02, M0036-F02, M0036-H08, M0037-A08, M0037-B10, M0037-C03, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0037-H09, M0038-B06, M0038-C05, M0038-C06, M0038-D06, M0038-E05, M0038-E06, M0038-E12, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0038-H06, M0039-B07, M0039-D02, M0039-D10, M0039-G05, M0039-G07, M0039-H08, M0040- A03, M0040-A06, M0040-A08, M0040-A11, M0040-B06, M0040-B08, M0040-C10, M0040-D08, M0040-F03, M0040-G04, M0040-H04, M0040-H09, M0041-A05, M0041- B03, M0041-B11, M0041-C11, M0041-D03, M0041-D08, M0041-E11, M0041-H09, M0041-H11, M0042-B07, M0042-G12, M0043-A09, M0043-C03, M0043-F01, M0043-G01, M0043-G02, M0044-B03, M0044-D08, M0044-E01, or M0044-E05, or an epitope that overlaps with such epitope. In one embodiment, the binding protein has the following characteristic: the HC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a HC variable domain of M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0033-H07, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0038-E06, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0039-H08, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, or M0043- G02; or (b) the LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a
LC variable domain of M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0033-H07, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0038-E06, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0039-H08, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, or M0043- G02.
In one embodiment, the binding protein has the following characteristics: (a) the HC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a
HC variable domain of M0038-F01, M0033-H07 or M0039-H08; or
(b) the LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a LC variable domain of M0038-F01, M0033-H07 or M0039-H08.
In one embodiment, the HC and LC variable domain sequences are components of the same polypeptide chain or the HC and LC variable domain sequences are components of different polypeptide chains.
In one embodiment, the binding protein binds to MMP- 16 or MMP-24. In one embodiment, the binding protein has the following characteristics: (a) the HC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a
HC variable domain of M0031-C02, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, M0038-F01, M0033-H07or M0043-G02; or
(b) the LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a LC variable domain of M0031-C02, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, M0038-F01, M0033-H07or M0043-G02.
In one embodiment, the HC and LC variable domain sequences are components of the same polypeptide chain or the HC and LC variable domain sequences are components of different polypeptide chains. In one embodiment, the binding protein binds an MT-MMP with a dissociation constant (KD) of less than 100 nM or less than 10 nM. In one embodiment, the binding protein binds MMP-14 (e.g., human MMP-14) with a dissociation constant (KD) of less than 100 nM or less than 10 nM. In one embodiment, the binding protein inhibits a human MT- MMP activity (e.g., a human MMP-14 activity). In one embodiment, the binding protein has one or more of the following characteristics: the binding protein binds the catalytic domain of human MMP-14; the binding protein modulates MMP-14 binding to proMMP-2; and the binding protein inhibits MMP-14 activation of proMMP-2. In one embodiment, the binding protein inhibits MMP-14 activation of pro-MMP2 in vitro in PMA-activated HT-1080 cells. In one embodiment, the binding protein is capable of binding to tumor cells expressing MMP-14. The cells can be, e.g., HT-1080, LNCaP, MDA-MB-231, or PC3 cells.
In one embodiment, the binding protein is an IgG. In another embodiment, the binding protein is a soluble Fab. In one embodiment, the binding protein is a human or humanized antibody or is non-immunogenic in a human. In one embodiment, the binding protein comprises a human antibody framework region. In one embodiment, the binding protein comprises a human Fc domain.
In one aspect, the disclosure includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising a conjugate described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
In another aspect, the disclosure includes a method of modulating an MT-MMP activity (e.g., MTl-MMP; MT2-MMP; MT3-MMP; MT4-MMP; MT5-MMP; or MT6-MMP activity). The method comprises: contacting an MT-MMP (e.g., MTl-MMP; MT2-MMP; MT3-MMP; MT4-MMP; MT5-MMP; or MT6-MMP) with a conjugate described herein, thereby modulating the activity of the MT-MMP (e.g., MTl-MMP; MT2-MMP; MT3-MMP; MT4-MMP; MT5-MMP; or MT6-MMP).
In one embodiment, MT-MMP activity is modulated in a human subject.
In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of treating cancer. The method comprises: administering, to a subject, a conjugate described herein in an amount sufficient to treat a cancer in the subject.
In one embodiment, the cancer is head and neck cancer, oral cavity cancer, laryngeal cancer, chondrosarcoma, breast cancer, laryngeal cancer, ovarian cancer, testicular carcinoma, melanoma, or brain tumors. In one embodiment, the method further comprises providing to the subject a second therapy that is an anti-cancer therapy. In one embodiment, the second therapy comprises administering a chemotherapeutic. In one embodiment, the second therapy comprises administering an agent that antagonizes signaling through a VEGF pathway. In one embodiment, the second therapy comprises administering bevacizumab. In another embodiment, the second therapy comprises administering 5 -FU, leucovorin, or irinotecan. In one embodiment, the second therapy comprises administering a Tiel inhibitor.
In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of modulating metastatic activity in a subject. The method comprises: administering, to the subject, a conjugate described herein in an amount sufficient to modulate metastatic activity.
In one embodiment, the protein inhibits one or more of: tumor growth, tumor embolism, tumor mobility, tumor invasiveness, and cancer cell proliferation.
In one embodiment, the method further comprises providing to the subject a second therapy that is an anti-cancer therapy. In one embodiment, the second therapy comprises administering a chemotherapeutic. In one embodiment, the second therapy comprises administering an agent that antagonizes signaling through a VEGF pathway. In one embodiment, the second therapy comprises administering bevacizumab. In another embodiment, the second therapy comprises administering 5 -FU, leucovorin, or irinotecan. In one embodiment, the second therapy comprises administering a Tiel inhibitor.
In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of treating an inflammatory disease, the method comprising: administering, to a subject, a conjugate described herein in an amount sufficient to treat the inflammatory disease. In one embodiment, the method further comprises providing to the subject a second therapy that is an anti-inflammatory therapy.
In another embodiment, the disclosure features a method of treating an ocular condition, the method comprising: administering, to a subject, a conjugate described herein in an amount sufficient to treat the ocular condition. In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of treating rheumatoid arthritis, the method comprising: administering, to a subject, a conjugate described herein in an amount sufficient to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
In one embodiment, the method further comprises providing, to the subject, a second therapy that is an anti-rheumatoid arthritis therapy. In one embodiment, the second therapy comprises administering one or more of the following agents: aspirin, naproxen, ibuprofen, etodolac, cortisone, antacids, sucralfate, proton-pump inhibitors, misoprostol, gold, methotrexate, sulfasalazine, D-penicillamine, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, cyclosporine, leflunomide, etanercept, infliximab, anakinra, adalimumab, and hydroxychloroquine .
In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of treating osteoarthritis, the method comprising: administering a conjugate described herein in an amount sufficient to treat the osteoarthritis. In one embodiment, the method further comprises providing a second therapy that is an anti-osteoarthritis therapy.
In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of treating diabetes, the method comprising: administering, to a subject, a conjugate described herein in an amount sufficient to treat diabetes.
In one embodiment, the method further comprises providing, to the subject, a second therapy that is a diabetes therapy. In one embodiment, the second therapy comprises administering one or more of the following agents: sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, metformin, troglitazone, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, acarbose, pramlintide, exenatide, glyburide/metformin (Glucovance), rosiglitazone/metformin (Avandamet), and glipizide/metformin (Metaglip).
In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of treating Alzheimer's Disease, the method comprising: administering, to a subject, a conjugate described herein in an amount sufficient to treat Alzheimer's Disease.
In one embodiment, the method further comprises providing, to the subject, a second therapy that is an Alzheimer's Disease therapy. In one embodiment, the second therapy comprises administering one or more of the following agents: tacrine (COGNEX®), donepezil (ARICEPT®), rivastigmine (EXELON®), galantamine (REMINYL®), memantine (NAMEND A™), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), statins, folic acid, gingko biloba, vitamin E, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12.
In another aspect, the invention features a method of delivering a drug to a tumor, the method comprising administering a conjugate described herein to a subject who has or is suspected of having a tumor.
The methods described herein can further comprise administering a second MMP inhibitor in combination with one or more conjugates described herein. In one embodiment, the MMP inhibitors are small molecule inhibitors. In one embodiment, the small molecule inhibit is selected from one or more of: neovastat, marimastat, BAY 12-9566, or prinomastat. In one embodiment, the MMP inhibitor includes another MT-MMP (e.g., MTl-MMP; MT2- MMP; MT3-MMP; MT4-MMP; MT5-MMP; or MT6-MMP) binding protein, e.g., a MMP- 14 binding protein. In one embodiment, the additional MMP- 14 binding protein is one or more of M0030-A04, M0030-D08, M0031-A02, M0031-A04, M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0031-H10, M0032-B07, M0032-B09, M0033-F02, M0033-H07, M0035-F02, M0036-D02, M0036-F02, M0036-H08, M0037-A08, M0037-B10, M0037-C03, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0037-H09, M0038-B06, M0038-C05, M0038-C06, M0038-D06, M0038-E05, M0038-E06, M0038-E12, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0038-H06, M0039-B07, M0039-D02, M0039-D10, M0039-G05, M0039-G07, M0039-H08, M0040-A03, M0040-A06, M0040-A08, M0040- AIl, M0040-B06, M0040-B08, M0040-C10, M0040-D08, M0040-F03, M0040-G04, M0040-H04, M0040-H09, M0041-A05, M0041-B03, M0041-B11, M0041-C11, M0041-D03, M0041-D08, M0041-E11, M0041-H09, M0041-H11, M0042-B07, M0042-G12, M0043-A09, M0043-C03, M0043-F01, M0043-G01, M0043-G02, M0044-B03, M0044-D08, M0044-E01, and M0044-E05.
This disclosure relates, inter alia, to proteins that bind MMP- 14, herein referred to as "MMP- 14 binding proteins " methods of identifying and using such proteins, methods of preparing drug conjugates of these proteins, and uses thereof. These proteins include antibodies and antibody fragments (e.g., primate antibodies and Fabs, especially human antibodies and Fabs) that bind to and/or inhibit MMP- 14 (e.g., human MMP- 14). The MMP- 14 binding proteins can be conjugated to a drug, and the conjugates can be used in the treatment of diseases, particularly human disease, such as cancer, in which excess or inappropriate activity of MMP- 14 features. The conjugates may have tolerable low or no toxicity.
Some of these binding proteins also bind to and/or inhibit other type I transmembrane enzymes, such as MMP- 16 and MMP-24, and thus the conjugates described herein can be used to target these MMPs as well. The ability to inhibit two or more of MMP- 14, 16, and 24 is useful for treating diseases and conditions to which these MMPs collectively contribute. In one aspect, the disclosure features a drug conjugate of a protein (e.g., an isolated protein) that binds to MMP-14 (e.g., human MMP-14) and includes at least one immunoglobulin variable region. For example, the protein includes a heavy chain (HC) immunoglobulin variable domain sequence and a light chain (LC) immunoglobulin variable domain sequence. In one embodiment, the MMP 14 binding protein-drug conjugate binds to and inhibits MMP-14, e.g., human MMP-14.
The binding protein portion of the MMP 14 binding protein-drug conjugate can include one or more of the following characteristics: (a) a human CDR or human framework region; (b) the HC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence comprises one or more CDRs that are at least 85, 88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% identical to a CDR of a LC variable domain described herein; (c) the LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence comprises one or more CDRs that are at least 85, 88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% identical to a CDR of a HC variable domain described herein; (d) the LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85, 88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% identical to a LC variable domain described herein; (e) the HC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85, 88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% identical to a HC variable domain described herein; (f) the protein binds an epitope bound by a protein described herein, or an epitope that overlaps with such epitope; and (g) a primate CDR or primate framework region.
The binding protein contained in the MMP 14 binding protein-drug conjugate can bind to MMP-14, e.g., human MMP-14, with a binding affinity of at least 105, 106, 107 ,108, 109, 1010 and 1011 M"1. In one embodiment, the protein binds to MMP-14 with a Kog- slower than 1 x 10"3, 5 x 10"4 s"1, or 1 x 10"4 s"1. In one embodiment, the protein binds to MMP-14 with a K0n faster than 1 x 102, 1 x 103, or 5 x 103 M 1S 1. In one embodiment, the protein inhibits human MMP-14 activity, e.g., with a Ki of less than 10"5, 10"6, 10"7 ,10"8, 10"9, and 10"10 M. The protein can have, for example, an IC50 of less than 100 nM, 10 nM or 1 nM. For example, the protein modulates MMP- 14 binding to proMMP-2, e.g., by inhibiting activation of proMMP-2. The protein may inhibit MMP- 14 activation of pro-MMP2 in vitro in PMA- activated HT-1080 cells. The affinity of the protein for MMP-14 can be characterized by a KD of less than 100 nm, less than 10 nM, or less than 2.4 nM. In one embodiment, the binding protein contained in the MMP 14 binding protein- drug conjugate binds the catalytic domain of human MMP-14, e.g., the protein contacts residues in or near the active site of MMP-14.
In one embodiment, the binding protein contained in the MMP 14 binding protein- drug conjugate also binds to MMP- 16 and/or MMP-24, e.g., with a binding affinity of at least 105, 106, 107 ,108, 109, 1010 and 1011 M"1. For example, the protein binds to both MMP-14 and to MMP-16 or MMP-24 with a binding affinity of at least 105, 106, 107 ,108, 109, 1010 and 1011 M"1.
In a preferred embodiment, the binding protein contained in the MMP 14 binding protein-drug conjugate is a human antibody having the light and heavy chains of antibodies picked from the list comprising M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0033-H07, M0037-C09, M0037- DOl, M0038-E06, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0039-H08, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, and M0043-G02. In a preferred embodiment, the protein is a human antibody having its heavy chain picked from the list comprising M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0033-H07, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0038-E06, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0039-H08, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, and M0043-G02. In a preferred embodiment, the protein is a human antibody having its light chain picked from the list comprising M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0033-H07, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0038-E06, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0039-H08, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, and M0043-G02. In a preferred embodiment, the protein is a human antibody having one or more heavy chain CDRs picked from the corresponding CDRs of the list of heavy chains comprising M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0033-H07, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0038-E06, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0039-H08, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, and M0043-G02. In a preferred embodiment, the protein is a human antibody having one or more light chain CDRs picked from the corresponding CDRs of the list of heavy chains comprising M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0033-H07, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0038-E06, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0039-H08, M0040-A06, M0040-A11 , and M0043-G02.
In one embodiment, the HC and LC variable domain sequences are components of the same polypeptide chain. In another, the HC and LC variable domain sequences are components of different polypeptide chains. For example, the binding protein contained in the MMP14 binding protein-drug conjugate is an IgG., e.g., IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4. The binding protein can be a soluble Fab. In other implementations the protein includes a Fab2', scFv, minibody, scFv::Fc fusion, Fab ::HS A fusion, HSA::Fab fusion, Fab::HSA::Fab fusion, or other molecule that comprises the antigen combining site of one of the binding proteins herein. The VH and VL regions of these Fabs can be provided as IgG, Fab, Fab2, Fab2', scFv, PEGylated Fab, PEGylated scFv, PEGylated Fab2, VH::CH1 ::HSA+LC, HSA::VH::CH1+LC, LC::HSA + VH::CH1, HSA::LC + VH::CH1, or other appropriate construction.
In one embodiment, the binding protein contained in the MMP 14 binding protein- drug conjugate is a human or humanized antibody or is non-immunogenic in a human. For example, the protein includes one or more human antibody framework regions, e.g., all human framework regions. In one embodiment, the protein includes a human Fc domain, or an Fc domain that is at least 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% identical to a human Fc domain.
In one embodiment, the binding protein contained in the MMP 14 binding protein- drug conjugate is a primate or primatized antibody or is non-immunogenic in a human. For example, the protein includes one or more primate antibody framework regions, e.g., all primate framework regions. In one embodiment, the protein includes a primate Fc domain, or an Fc domain that is at least 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% identical to a primate Fc domain. "Primate" includes humans {Homo sapiens), chimpanzees {Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus (bonobos)), gorillas {Gorilla gorilla), gibons, monkeys, lemurs, aye-ayes (Daubentonia madagascariensis), and tarsiers.
In some embodiments, the affinity of the primate antibody for MMP- 14 is characterized by a KD of less than 1.2 nM.
In certain embodiments, the binding protein contained in the MMP 14 binding protein- drug conjugate includes no sequences from mice or rabbits (e.g., is not a murine or rabbit antibody).
In one embodiment, the binding protein contained in the MMP 14 binding protein- drug conjugate is capable of binding to tumor cells expressing MMP-14, e.g., to HT-1080 (a human fibrosarcoma cell line), LNCaP (human prostate carcinoma), MDA-MB-231 (human, Caucasian, breast, adenocarcinoma), or PC3 (Human prostatic cancer cells) cells.
In one embodiment, the binding protein contained in the MMP 14 binding protein- drug conjugate is physically associated with a nanoparticle, and can be used to guide a nanoparticle to a cell expressing MMP- 14 on the cell surface. In one embodiment, the protein causes effector cells (CDC or ADCC) to kill a cell which expresses MMP-14.
A binding protein contained in the MMP 14 binding protein-drug conjugate described herein can be provided as a pharmaceutical composition, e.g., including a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition can be at least 10, 20, 30, 50, 75, 85, 90, 95, 98, 99, or 99.9% free of other protein species.
The MMP 14 binding protein-drug conjugate described herein can be provided as a pharmaceutical composition, e.g., including a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition can be at least 10, 20, 30, 50, 75, 85, 90, 95, 98, 99, or 99.9% free of other protein species.
In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of modulating MMP-14 activity. The method includes: contacting an MMP-14 with an MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugate (e.g., in a human subject), thereby modulating MMP-14 activity.
In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of treating cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer). The method includes: administering, to a subject, an MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugate in an amount sufficient to treat a cancer in the subject. For example, the cancer is head and neck cancer, oral cavity cancer, laryngeal cancer, chondrosarcoma, breast cancer (which may be estrogen receptor positive (ER+), estrogen receptor negative (ER-), Her2 positive (Her2+), Her2 negative (Her2-), or a combination thereof, e.g., ER+/Her2+, ER+/Her2-, ER-./Her2+, or ER-/Her2-), laryngeal cancer, ovarian cancer, testicular carcinoma, melanoma, or brain tumors (e.g., astrocytomas, glioblastomas, gliomas).
MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugates are useful to modulate metastatic activity in a subject. The conjugate can be administered, to the subject, in an amount effective to modulate metastatic activity in the subject. For example, the conjugate inhibits one or more of: tumor growth, tumor embolism, tumor mobility, tumor invasiveness, and cancer cell proliferation.
The methods disclosed herein relating to the treatment cancer (e.g. , treating cancer and/or modulation of metastatic activity) can further include providing to the subject a second therapy that is an anti-cancer therapy, e.g., administration of a chemotherapeutic, e.g., an agent that antagonizes signaling through a VEGF pathway, e.g., bevacizumab (AVASTIN®). In one embodiment, the second therapy includes administering 5 -FU, leucovorin, and/or irinotecan. In one embodiment, the second therapy includes administering a Tiel inhibitor (e.g., an anti-Tie 1 antibody). In one embodiment, the second therapy is an inhibitor of plasmin (e.g., a kunitz domain disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,010,880, such as a protein or polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence
MHSFCAFKAETGPCRARFDRWFFNIFTRQCEEFIYGGCEGNQNRFESLEECKKMCTR D (SEQ ID NO: 1). Inhibitors of MMP-14 (e.g., the MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugates disclosed herein) can potentiate the activity of an agent that targets Her2 (e.g., a Her2 -binding antibody such as trastuzumab). Accordingly, in one embodiment, the second therapy is an agent that binds Her2, such as a Her2 -binding antibody (e.g., trastuzumab). In some such embodiments, the dose of the Her2 binding agent is reduced from the dose of the Her2 binding agent when administered not in combination with an MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugate (e.g., is at least 10%, 25%, 40%, or 50% less than the dose of the Her2 binding agent when administered not in combination with a MMP-14 binding protein).
In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of treating an ocular condition. The method includes: administering, to a subject, an MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugate in an amount sufficient to treat the ocular condition. In one embodiment, the method further includes administering a second agent an agent that antagonizes signaling through a VEGF pathway, e.g., bevacizumab or ranibizumab. In one embodiment where the second agent is a VEGF pathway inhibitor (e.g., bevacizumab or ranibizumab), the ocular condition is age- related macular degeneration, such as wet age-related macular degeneration. In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of treating an inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, rheumatoid arthritis). The method includes: administering, to a subject, an MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugate in an amount sufficient to treat the inflammatory disease. The method can further include providing to the subject a second therapy that is an anti-inflammatory therapy. For example, particularly for rheumatoid arthritis, the second therapy comprises administering one or more of the following agents: aspirin, naproxen, ibuprofen, etodolac, cortisone (corticosteroids), antacids, sucralfate, proton-pump inhibitors, misoprostol, gold (e.g., gold salts, gold thioglucose , gold thiomalate, oral gold), methotrexate, sulfasalazine, D-penicillamine, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, cyclosporine, leflunomide, etanercept, infliximab, anakinra, adalimumab, and/or hydroxychloroquine.
In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of treating osteoarthritis. The method includes: administering, to a subject, an MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugate in an amount sufficient to treat the the osteoarthritis. The method can further include providing to the subject a second therapy that is an anti-osteoarthritis therapy.
In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of treating diabetes. The method includes: administering, to a subject, an MMP- 14 binding protein-drug conjugate in an amount sufficient to treat diabetes. The method can further include providing to the subject a second therapy that is a diabetes therapy. For example, the second therapy comprises administering one or more of the following agents: sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, metformin, troglitazone, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, acarbose, pramlintide, exenatide, glyburide/metformin (GLUCOVANCE®), rosiglitazone/metformin (AVAND AMET®), and/or glipizide/metformin (METAGLIP® ) .
In another aspect, the disclosure features a method of treating Alzheimer's Disease. The method includes: administering, to a subject, an MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugate in an amount sufficient to treat Alzheimer's Disease. The method can further include providing to the subject a second therapy that is an Alzheimer's Disease therapy. For example, the second therapy comprises administering one or more of the following agents: tacrine (COGNEX®), donepezil (ARICEPT®), rivastigmine (EXELON®), galantamine (REMINYL®), memantine (NAMEND A™), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), statins, folic acid, gingko biloba, vitamin E, vitamin B6, and/or vitamin B 12.
Other exemplary therapeutic methods that include administering an MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugate are described below. An MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugate described herein can be administered in combination with one or more other MMP inhibitors, e.g., small molecule inhibitors, e.g., broad specificity inhibitors. In one embodiment, the small molecule inhibitors are one or more of neovastat, marimastat, BAY 12-9566, or prinomastat. In another embodiment, the one or more MMP inhibitors include another MMP- 14 binding protein (e.g., optionally, as a drug conjugate).
MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugates are useful for targeted delivery of an agent to a subject (e.g., a subject who has or is suspected of having a tumor), e.g., to direct the agent to a tumor in the subject. For example, an MMP-14 binding protein that is coupled to an anti-tumor agent (such as a chemotherapeutic, toxin, drug, or a radionuclide (e.g., 131I ,90Y, 177Lu)) can be administered to a subject who has or is suspected of having a tumor. In one aspect, the disclosure features the use of an MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugate described herein for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disorder described herein, e.g., a cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer), an inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, an ocular condition (e.g., macular degeneration), diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin-invasive activity, or dysregulated or inappropriate angiogenesis. Still other disorders that can be treated using a medicament comprising an MMP- 14 binding protein-drug conjugate include: aortic aneurysms, periodontitis, autoimmune blistering disorders of the skin, dermal photoaging.
The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIGURE IA and IB show a series of graphs depicting the determination of Ki values of MMP- 14 binding proteins.
FIGURE 2 is a reproduction of a gelatin zymogram.
FIGURE 3 shows a series of graphs depicting the binding of germlined antibodies (539C-M0038F01 Germline and 539C-M0033-H07 Germline) to MMP- 14.
FIGURE 4 shows a series of graphs depicting the determination of IC50 values (against 2 pM hMMP-14) for two germlined antibodies (539C-M0038F01 Germline and 539C-M0033-H07 Germline) as compared to the parental antibodies.
FIGURE 5 shows reproductions of gelatin zymograms performed with germlined antibodies 539C-M0038F01 Geneart and 539C-M0033-H07 Geneart.
FIGURE 6 A shows photomicrographs of three dimensional cultures of HUVEC treated with vehicle, M0038 FOl at various doses, or suramin. FIGURE 6B shows a graph summarizing measurements of tube length from the same experiment.
FIGURE 7 shows a graph summarizing results of an experiment examining the effect of an MMP- 14 binding antibody (M0038-F01) on growth of tumors derived from MDA-MB- 231 cells orthotopically injected into the mammary fat pads of female Balb/c mice. The y- axis is tumor volume (in cubic millimeters) and the x-axis is time (in weeks), starting at initiation of dosing.
FIGURE 8 shows a graph summarizing results of an experiment examining the effect of a range of doses of an MMP- 14 binding antibody (M0038-FO 1 ) on growth of tumors derived from MDA-MB-231 cells orthotopically injected into the mammary fat pads of female Balb/c mice. The y-axis is tumor volume (in cubic millimeters) and the x-axis is time
(in weeks), starting at initiation of dosing. FIGURE 9 shows a graph summarizing results of an experiment examining the effect of a range of doses of an MMP- 14 binding antibody (M0038-F01) on growth of MD A-MB- 435 GFP breast tumors orthotopically transplanted into the mammary fat pads of female Balb/c mice (described in Example 15). The y-axis is tumor volume (in cubic millimeters) and the x-axis is time (in weeks), starting at initiation of dosing
FIGURE 1OA shows a graph summarizing results of an experiment examining the effect of a range of doses of an MMP- 14 binding antibody (M0038-F01) on growth of B 16Fl melanoma tumors implanted subcutaneous Iy (described in Example 16). The y-axis is tumor volume (in cubic millimeters) and the x-axis is time (in weeks), starting at initiation of dosing.
FIGURE 1OB shows the quantification of the lung nodules after treatment with Dox, M0038F01 and isotpype-matched antibody control on B 16Fl melanoma metastasis. The y- axis is total number of lung nodules.
FIGURE 11 shows a graph summarizing results from an experiment examining the effect of a range of doses of an MMP- 14 binding antibody (M0038-FO 1 ) on growth of PC3 prostate tumors in mice (described in Example 17). The y-axis is tumor volume (in cubic millimeters) and the x-axis is time (in weeks), starting at initiation of dosing.
FIGURE 12 shows a graph summarizing results from an experiment examining the effect of a range of doses of an MMP- 14 binding antibody (M0038-F01 or "FOl") on growth of BT474 breast tumors in mice (described in Example 18). The y-axis is tumor volume (in cubic millimeters) and the x-axis is time (in days), starting at initiation of dosing.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Matrix metalloproteinases function in the physiological remodeling of the extracellular matrix, e.g., during tissue morphogenesis, growth, uterine cycling and postpartum involution, tissue repair, and angiogenesis. Three proteases that have these activities are MMP-14, MMP-16, and MMP-24. The disclosure provides drug conjugates of these MMP-14 binding proteins, including conjugates of MMP-14 binding proteins that inhibit MMP-14 binding activity. The drug conjugates described herein contain MMP-14 binding proteins taught by the disclosure that may also bind, and in some embodiments also inhibit, MMP- 16 and/or MMP-24.
The disclosure also provides drug conjugates of MT-MMPs generally, e.g., drug conjugates of MTl-MMP (MMP-14), MT2-MMP (MMP-15), MT3-MMP (MMP-16), MT4-
MMP (MMP-17), MT5-MMP (MMP-24), and MT6-MMP (MMP-25). These conjugates can be used to inhibit MT-MMP activity, e.g., in the treatment of disease, e.g., an angiogenesis related disorder.
The term "conjugate" or "drug conjugate" refers to the association of a drug (e.g., a drug described herein) with another entity. The association can be via a covalent linkage, for example, and/or may optionally involve the use of a linker (e.g., chemical and/or amino acid linker). A "binding protein-drug conjugate" refers to the association of a drug (e.g., a drug described herein) with a binding protein (e.g., an antibody). The association can be via a covalent linkage, for example, and/or may involve the use of a linker.
The term "drug" as used herein means an element, compound, or molecular entity, including, e.g., a pharmaceutical, therapeutic, or pharmacologic compound. Drugs can be natural or synthetic or a combination thereof. Drugs useful for the methods and binding protein-drug conjugates described herein are those that exert a therapeutic effect, e.g., cytotoxic, cytostatic, or immunosuppressive effect.
The term "binding protein" refers to a protein that can interact with a target molecule. This term is used interchangeably with "ligand." An "MMP-14 binding protein" refers to a protein that can interact with MMP-14, and includes, in particular, proteins that preferentially interact with and/or inhibit MMP-14. For example, the MMP-14 binding protein is an antibody.
The term "antibody" refers to a protein that includes at least one immunoglobulin variable domain or immunoglobulin variable domain sequence. For example, an antibody can include a heavy (H) chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VH), and a light (L) chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VL). In another example, an antibody includes two heavy (H) chain variable regions and two light (L) chain variable regions. The term "antibody" encompasses antigen-binding fragments of antibodies (e.g., single chain antibodies, Fab and sFab fragments, F(ab')2, Fd fragments, Fv fragments, scFv, and domain antibodies (dAb) fragments (de Wildt et al, Eur J Immunol. 1996; 26(3):629-39.)) as well as complete antibodies. An antibody can have the structural features of IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM (as well as subtypes thereof). Antibodies may be from any source, but primate (human and non-human primate) and primatized are preferred The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed "complementarity determining regions" ("CDR"), interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed "framework regions" ("FR"). The extent of the framework region and CDRs has been precisely defined (see, Kabat, E.A., et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 91-3242, and Chothia, C. et al. (1987) J. MoI. Biol. 196:901-917, see also www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk). Kabat definitions are used herein. Each VH and VL is typically composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FRl , CDRl , FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4.
As used herein, an "immunoglobulin variable domain sequence" refers to an amino acid sequence which can form the structure of an immunoglobulin variable domain such that one or more CDR regions are positioned in a conformation suitable for an antigen binding site. For example, the sequence may include all or part of the amino acid sequence of a naturally-occurring variable domain. For example, the sequence may omit one, two or more N- or C-terminal amino acids, internal amino acids, may include one or more insertions or additional terminal amino acids, or may include other alterations. In one embodiment, a polypeptide that includes an immunoglobulin variable domain sequence can associate with another immunoglobulin variable domain sequence to form an antigen binding site, e.g., a structure that preferentially interacts with an MMP- 14 protein, e.g., the MMP- 14 catalytic domain.
The VH or VL chain of the antibody can further include all or part of a heavy or light chain constant region, to thereby form a heavy or light immunoglobulin chain, respectively. In one embodiment, the antibody is a tetramer of two heavy immunoglobulin chains and two light immunoglobulin chains, wherein the heavy and light immunoglobulin chains are interconnected by, e.g., disulfide bonds. In IgGs, the heavy chain constant region includes three immunoglobulin domains, CHl, CH2 and CH3. The light chain constant region includes a CL domain. The variable region of the heavy and light chains contains a binding domain that interacts with an antigen. The constant regions of the antibodies typically mediate the binding of the antibody to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) and the first component (CIq) of the classical complement system. The light chains of the immunoglobulin may be of types kappa or lambda. In one embodiment, the antibody is glycosylated. An antibody can be functional for antibody- dependent cytotoxicity and/or complement-mediated cytotoxicity. One or more regions of an antibody can be human or effectively human. For example, one or more of the variable regions can be human or effectively human. For example, one or more of the CDRs can be human, e.g., HC CDRl, HC CDR2, HC CDR3, LC CDRl, LC CDR2, and LC CDR3. Each of the light chain CDRs can be human. HC CDR3 can be human. One or more of the framework regions can be human, e.g., FRl, FR2, FR3, and FR4 of the HC or LC. For example, the Fc region can be human. In one embodiment, all the framework regions are human, e.g., derived from a human somatic cell, e.g., a hematopoietic cell that produces immunoglobulins or a non-hematopoietic cell. In one embodiment, the human sequences are germline sequences, e.g., encoded by a germline nucleic acid. In one embodiment, the framework (FR) residues of a selected Fab can be convertered to the amino-acid type of the corresponding residue in the most similar primate germline gene, especially the human germline gene. One or more of the constant regions can be human or effectively human. For example, at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 92, 95, 98, or 100% of an immunoglobulin variable domain, the constant region, the constant domains (CHl, CH2, CH3, CLl), or the entire antibody can be human or effectively human.
All or part of an antibody can be encoded by an immunoglobulin gene or a segment thereof. Exemplary human immunoglobulin genes include the kappa, lambda, alpha (IgAl and IgA2), gamma (IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4), delta, epsilon and mu constant region genes, as well as the many immunoglobulin variable region genes. Full-length immunoglobulin "light chains" (about 25 KDa or about 214 amino acids) are encoded by a variable region gene at the NH2 -terminus (about 110 amino acids) and a kappa or lambda constant region gene at the COOH— terminus. Full-length immunoglobulin "heavy chains" (about 50 KDa or about 446 amino acids), are similarly encoded by a variable region gene (about 116 amino acids) and one of the other aforementioned constant region genes, e.g., gamma (encoding about 330 amino acids). The length of human HC varies considerably because HC CDR3 varies from about 3 amino-acid residues to over 35 amino-acid residues.
The term "antigen-binding fragment" of a full length antibody refers to one or more fragments of a full-length antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to a target of interest. Examples of binding fragments encompassed within the term "antigen-binding fragment" of a full length antibody include (i) a Fab fragment, a monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, CL and CHl domains; (ii) a F(ab')2 fragment, a bivalent fragment including two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the VH and CHl domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al, (1989) Nature 341 :544-546), which consists of a VH domain; and (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR) that retains functionality. Furthermore, although the two domains of the Fv fragment, VL and VH, are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the VL and VH regions pair to form monovalent molecules known as single chain Fv (scFv). See e.g., US patents 5,260,203, 4,946,778, and 4,881,175; Bird et al. (1988) Science 242:423-426; and Huston et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879- 5883.
Antibody fragments can be obtained using any appropriate technique including conventional techniques known to those with skill in the art. The term "monospecific antibody" refers to an antibody that displays a single binding specificity and affinity for a particular target, e.g., epitope. This term includes a "monoclonal antibody" or "monoclonal antibody composition," which as used herein refer to a preparation of antibodies or fragments thereof of single molecular composition, irrespective of how the antibody was generated.
An "effectively human" immunoglobulin variable region is an immunoglobulin variable region that includes a sufficient number of human framework amino acid positions such that the immunoglobulin variable region does not elicit an immunogenic response in a normal human. An "effectively human" antibody is an antibody that includes a sufficient number of human amino acid positions such that the antibody does not elicit an immunogenic response in a normal human.
A "humanized" immunoglobulin variable region is an immunoglobulin variable region that is modified to include a sufficient number of human framework amino acid positions such that the immunoglobulin variable region does not elicit an immunogenic response in a normal human. Descriptions of "humanized" immunoglobulins include, for example, US 6,407,213 and US 5,693,762.
As used herein, "binding affinity" refers to the apparent association constant or IQ. The Ka is the reciprocal of the dissociation constant (IQ). A binding protein may, for example, have a binding affinity of at least 105, 106, 107 ,108, 109, 1010 and 1011 M"1 for a particular target molecule, e.g., MMP-14, MMP-16, or MMP-24. Higher affinity binding of a binding protein to a first target relative to a second target can be indicated by a higher Ka (or a smaller numerical value IQ) for binding the first target than the Ka (or numerical value IQ) for binding the second target. In such cases, the binding protein has specificity for the first target (e.g., a protein in a first conformation or mimic thereof) relative to the second target (e.g., the same protein in a second conformation or mimic thereof; or a second protein). Differences in binding affinity (e.g., for specificity or other comparisons) can be at least 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 37.5, 50, 70, 80, 91, 100, 500, 1000, or 105 fold. Binding affinity can be determined by a variety of methods including equilibrium dialysis, equilibrium binding, gel filtration, ELISA, surface plasmon resonance, or spectroscopy (e.g., using a fluorescence assay). Exemplary conditions for evaluating binding affinity are in TRIS-buffer (5OmM TRIS, 15OmM NaCl, 5mM CaCl2 at pH7.5). These techniques can be used to measure the concentration of bound and free binding protein as a function of binding protein (or target) concentration. The concentration of bound binding protein ([Bound]) is related to the concentration of free binding protein ([Free]) and the concentration of binding sites for the binding protein on the target where (N) is the number of binding sites per target molecule by the following equation: [Bound] = N • [Free]/((1/Ka) + [Free]).
It is not always necessary to make an exact determination of Ka, though, since sometimes it is sufficient to obtain a quantitative measurement of affinity, e.g., determined using a method such as ELISA or FACS analysis, is proportional to K3, and thus can be used for comparisons, such as determining whether a higher affinity is, e.g., 2-fold higher, to obtain a qualitative measurement of affinity, or to obtain an inference of affinity, e.g., by activity in a functional assay, e.g., an in vitro or in vivo assay.
An "isolated composition" refers to a composition that is removed from at least 90% of at least one component of a natural sample from which the isolated composition can be obtained. Compositions produced artificially or naturally can be "compositions of at least" a certain degree of purity if the species or population of species of interests is at least 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 80, 90, 92, 95, 98, or 99% pure on a weight-weight basis.
An "epitope" refers to the site on a target compound that is bound by a binding protein (e.g., an antibody such as a Fab or full length antibody). In the case where the target compound is a protein, the site can be entirely composed of amino acid components, entirely composed of chemical modifications of amino acids of the protein (e.g., glycosyl moieties), or composed of combinations thereof. Overlapping epitopes include at least one common amino acid residue, glycosyl group, phosphate group, sulfate group, or other molecular feature.
Calculations of "homology" or "sequence identity" between two sequences (the terms are used interchangeably herein) are performed as follows. The sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). The optimal alignment is determined as the best score using the GAP program in the GCG software package with a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5. The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position (as used herein amino acid or nucleic acid "identity" is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid "homology"). The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences. In a preferred embodiment, the length of a reference sequence aligned for comparison purposes is at least 30%, preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably at least 60%, and even more preferably at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 100% of the length of the reference sequence. For example, the reference sequence may be the length of the immunoglobulin variable domain sequence. As used herein, the term "substantially identical" (or "substantially homologous") is used herein to refer to a first amino acid or nucleic acid sequence that contains a sufficient number of identical or equivalent (e.g., with a similar side chain, e.g., conserved amino acid substitutions) amino acid residues or nucleotides to a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence such that the first and second amino acid or nucleic acid sequences have (or encode proteins having) similar activities, e.g., a binding activity, a binding preference, or a biological activity. In the case of antibodies, the second antibody has the same specificity and has at least 50%, at least 25%, or at least 10% of the affinity relative to the same antigen.
Sequences similar or homologous (e.g., at least about 85% sequence identity) to the sequences disclosed herein are also part of this application. In some embodiments, the sequence identity can be about 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or higher. In addition, substantial identity exists when the nucleic acid segments hybridize under selective hybridization conditions (e.g., highly stringent hybridization conditions), to the complement of the strand. The nucleic acids may be present in whole cells, in a cell lysate, or in a partially purified or substantially pure form. As used herein, the term "hybridizes under low stringency, medium stringency, high stringency, or very high stringency conditions" describes conditions for hybridization and washing. Guidance for performing hybridization reactions can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6. Aqueous and nonaqueous methods are described in that reference and either can be used. Specific hybridization conditions referred to herein are as follows: (1) low stringency hybridization conditions in 6X sodium chloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 450C, followed by two washes in 0.2X SSC, 0.1% SDS at least at 5O0C (the temperature of the washes can be increased to 550C for low stringency conditions); (2) medium stringency hybridization conditions in 6X SSC at about 450C, followed by one or more washes in 0.2X SSC, 0.1% SDS at 6O0C; (3) high stringency hybridization conditions in 6X SSC at about 450C, followed by one or more washes in 0.2X SSC, 0.1% SDS at 650C; and (4) very high stringency hybridization conditions are 0.5M sodium phosphate, 7% SDS at 650C, followed by one or more washes at 0.2X SSC, 1% SDS at 650C. Very high stringency conditions (4) are the preferred conditions and the ones that should be used unless otherwise specified. The disclosure includes nucleic acids that hybridize with low, medium, high, or very high stringency to a nucleic acid described herein or to a complement thereof, e.g., nucleic acids encoding a binding protein described herein. The nucleic acids can be the same length or within 30, 20, or 10% of the length of the reference nucleic acid. The nucleic acid can correspond to a region encoding an immunoglobulin variable domain sequence described herein.
An MMP- 14 binding protein may have mutations (e.g., at least one, two, or four, and/or less than 15, 10, 5, or 3) relative to a binding protein described herein (e.g., a conservative or non-essential amino acid substitutions), which do not have a substantial effect on protein function. Whether or not a particular substitution will be tolerated, i.e., will not adversely affect biological properties, such as binding activity can be predicted, e.g., by evaluating whether the mutation is conservative or by the method of Bowie, et al. (1990) Science 247: 1306-1310. A "conservative amino acid substitution" is one in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine). It is possible for many framework and CDR amino acid residues to include one or more conservative substitutions.
Motif sequences for biopolymers can include positions which can be varied amino acids. For example, the symbol "X" in such a context generally refers to any amino acid (e.g., any of the twenty natural amino acids or any of the nineteen non-cysteine amino acids). Other allowed amino acids can also be indicated for example, using parentheses and slashes. For example, "(A/W/F/N/Q)" means that alanine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, asparagine, and glutamine are allowed at that particular position.
A "non-essential" amino acid residue is a residue that can be altered from the wild- type sequence of the binding agent, e.g., the antibody, without abolishing or more preferably, without substantially altering a biological activity, whereas changing an "essential" amino acid residue results in a substantial loss of activity.
The term "cognate ligand" refers to a naturally occurring ligand of an MMP- 14, including naturally occurring variants thereof (e.g., splice variants, naturally occurring mutants, and iso forms).
Statistical significance can be determined by any art known method. Exemplary statistical tests include: the Students T-test, Mann Whitney U non-parametric test, and Wilcoxon non-parametric statistical test. Some statistically significant relationships have a P value of less than 0.05 or 0.02. Particular binding proteins may show a difference, e.g., in specificity or binding, that are statistically significant (e.g., P value < 0.05 or 0.02). The terms "induce", "inhibit", "potentiate", "elevate", "increase", "decrease" or the like, e.g., which denote distinguishable qualitative or quantitative differences between two states, and may refer to a difference, e.g., a statistically significant difference, between the two states.
MT-MMP Binding Proteins
The disclosure provides proteins that bind to an MT-MMP (e.g., MTl-MMP (MMP- 14), MT2-MMP (MMP-15), MT3-MMP (MMP-16), MT4-MMP (MMP-17), MT5-MMP (MMP-24), or MT6-MMP (MMP-25)) (e.g., a human MT-MMP) and include at least one immunoglobin variable region. For example, the MMP- 14 binding protein includes a heavy chain (HC) immunoglobulin variable domain sequence and a light chain (LC) immunoglobulin variable domain sequence. Drug conjugates of these proteins can be prepared. The MT-MMP binding protein may be an isolated protein (e.g., at least 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99% free of other proteins).
An MT-MMP binding protein may additionally inhibit the MT-MMP, e.g., human MT-MMP. In one embodiment, the protein binds the catalytic domain of the human MT- MMP, e.g., the protein contacts residues in or near the active site of the MT-MMP.
In certain embodiments, the MMP- 14 binding protein also binds to another MT-MMP family member, and may inhibit the other family member.
MT-MMP binding proteins may be antibodies. MT-MMP binding antibodies may have their HC and LC variable domain sequences included in a single polypeptide (e.g., scFv), or on different polypeptides (e.g., IgG or Fab).
MMP-14 Binding Proteins
The disclosure provides proteins that bind to MMP-14 (e.g., human MMP-14) and include at least one immunoglobin variable region. For example, the MMP-14 binding protein includes a heavy chain (HC) immunoglobulin variable domain sequence and a light chain (LC) immunoglobulin variable domain sequence. A number of exemplary MMP-14 binding proteins are described herein. Drug conjugates of these proteins can be prepared.
The MMP-14 binding protein may be an isolated protein (e.g., at least 70, 80, 90, 95, or 99% free of other proteins). The MMP-14 binding protein may additionally inhibit MMP-14, e.g., human
MMP-14. In one embodiment, the protein binds the catalytic domain of human MMP-14, e.g., the protein contacts residues in or near the active site of MMP-14.
In certain embodiments, the MMP-14 binding protein also binds to MMP- 16 and/or MMP-24. Additionally, the MMP-14 binding protein may also inhibit MMP- 16 and/or MMP-24.
Exemplary MMP-14 binding proteins include M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0033-H07, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0038-E06, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0039-H08, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, and M0043-G02.
MMP-14 binding proteins may be antibodies. MMP-14 binding antibodies may have their HC and LC variable domain sequences included in a single polypeptide (e.g., scFv), or on different polypeptides (e.g., IgG or Fab). Drug Conjugates
The MT-MMP binding proteins described herein can be conjugated to a drug (e.g., a cytotoxic, cytostatic, or immunomodulatory agent). The conjugates can be used therapeutically or prophylactically, e.g., the binding protein can target the drug, e.g., in vivo, e.g., to a site of disease (e.g., a tumor or site of undesired angiogenesis), e.g., such that the drug affects the site of disease (e.g., causes a cytostatic or cytotoxic effect on tumor cells).
In some embodiments, the binding protein itself has therapeutic or prophylactic efficacy (e.g., the protein can inhibit the MT-MMP to which it binds, or cause a cytostatic or cytotoxic effect on the cell expressing the MT-MMP to which the protein binds). The binding protein-drug conjugate can be used such that the binding protein and drug both contribute (e.g., additively or synergistically) to an effect on the MT-MMP (e.g., a therapeutic effect, e.g., in vivo, e.g., to a site of disease (e.g., a tumor or site of undesired angiogenesis). The drug and/or binding protein can be, for example, cytotoxic, cytostatic or otherwise prevent or reduce the ability of a targeted cell to divide and/or survive (e.g., when the drug is taken up or internalized by the targeted cell and/or upon binding of the binding protein to the MT-MMP). For example, if the targeted cell is a cancer cell, the drug and/or binding protein can prevent or reduce the ability of the cell to divide and/or metastasize.
Useful classes of drugs that can be used in the binding protein-drug conjugates described herein include cytotoxic or immunomodulatory agents such as, for example, antitubulin agents, auristatins, DNA minor groove binders, DNA replication inhibitors, alkylating agents (e.g., platinum complexes such as cis-platin, mono(platinum), bis(platinum) and tri-nuclear platinum complexes and carboplatin), anthracyclines, antibiotics, antifolates, antimetabolites, chemotherapy sensitizers, duocarmycins, etoposides, fluorinated pyrimidines, ionophores, lexitropsins, nitrosoureas, platinols, pre-forming compounds, purine antimetabolites, puromycins, radiation sensitizers, steroids, maytansinoids, taxanes, topoisomerase inhibitors, vinca alkaloids, or the like.
Individual cytotoxic or immunomodulatory agents include, for example, an androgen, anthramycin (AMC), asparaginase, 5-azacytidine, azathioprine, bleomycin, busulfan, buthionine sulfoximine, camptothecin, carboplatin, carmustine (BSNU), CC- 1065, chlorambucil, cisplatin, colchicine, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, cytidine arabinoside, cytochalasin B, dacarbazine, dactinomycin (actinomycin), daunorubicin, decarbazine, docetaxel, doxorubicin, an estrogen, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, 5-fluorouracil, gramicidin D, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, ifosfamide, irinotecan, lomustine (CCNU), mechlorethamine, melphalan, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, mithramycin, mitomycin C, mitoxantrone, nitroimidazole, paclitaxel, plicamycin, procarbazine, rapamycin (Sirolimus), streptozotocin, tenoposide, 6-thioguanine, thioTEPA, topotecan, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, VP- 16 and VM-26. In some typical embodiments, the drug comprises a cytotoxic agent. Suitable cytotoxic agents include, for example, dolastatins (e.g., auristatin E, AFP, MMAF, MMAE), DNA minor groove binders (e.g., enediynes and lexitropsins), duocarmycins, taxanes (e.g., paclitaxel and docetaxel), puromycins, vinca alkaloids, CC-1065, SN-38, topotecan, morpholino-doxorubicin, rhizoxin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, echinomycin, combretastatin, netropsin, epothilone A and B, estramustine, cryptophysins, cemadotin, maytansinoids (e.g., maytansine, maytansinol, DMl, DM2, Dm3 or DM4), discodermolide, eleutherobin, and mitoxantrone.
In some embodiments, the drug is a cytotoxic agent such as AFP, MMAF, MMAE, AEB, AEVB, auristatin E, paclitaxel, docetaxel, CC-1065, SN-38, topotecan, morpholino- doxorubicin, rhizoxin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, dolastatin-10, echinomycin, combretatstatin, chalicheamicin, maytansine, DM-I, or netropsin.
In some embodiments, the drug is a cytotoxic agent that comprises a conventional chemotherapeutic such as, for example, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, melphalan, vinca alkaloids, methotrexate, mitomycin C or etoposide. In some embodiments, the drug can be a combined therapy, such as CHOP (Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Prednisolone and Vincristine), CHOP-R (Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin Vincristine, Prednisolone, and rituximab) or ABVD (Doxorubicin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine and Dacarbazine). Agents such as CC-1065 analogues (e.g., DCl), calicheamicin, maytansine, analogues of dolastatin 10, rhizoxin, and palytoxin can also be used. In specific embodiments, the drug can be a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent that comprises auristatin E (also known in the art as dolastatin-10) or a derivative thereof. Typically, the auristatin E derivative is, e.g., an ester formed between auristatin E and a keto acid. For example, auristatin E can be reacted with paraacetyl benzoic acid or benzoylvaleric acid to produce AEB and AEVB, respectively. Other auristatin derivatives include AFP, MMAF, and MMAE. The synthesis and structure of auristatin E and its derivatives are described in US 20030083263 and US 20050009751, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,323,315; 6,239,104; 6,034,065; 5,780,588; 5,665,860; 5,663,149; 5,635,483; 5,599,902; 5,554,725; 5,530,097; 5,521,284; 5,504,191; 5,410,024; 5,138,036; 5,076,973; 4,986,988; 4,978,744; 4,879,278; 4,816,444; and 4,486,414. In some preferred embodiments, MMAF or AFP is used.
In specific embodiments, the drug is a cytotoxic agent that comprises a DNA minor groove binding agent. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,130,237. For example, in some embodiments, the minor groove binding agent is a CBI compound. In other embodiments, the minor groove binding agent is an enediyne (e.g., calicheamicin).
Examples of anti-tubulin agents that can be used in the MT-MMP binding protein- drug conjugates include, but are not limited to, taxanes (e.g., TAXOL® (paclitaxel), TAXOTERE® (docetaxel)), T67 (Tularik), vinca alkyloids (e.g., vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, and vinorelbine), and dolastatins (e.g., auristatin E, AFP, MMAF, MMAE, AEB, AEVB). Other antitubulin agents include, for example, baccatin derivatives, taxane analogs (e.g., epothilone A and B), nocodazole, colchicine and colcimid, estramustine, cryptophysins, cemadotin, maytansinoids, combretastatins, discodermolide, eleutherobin, rhizoxin/maytansine, auristatin dolastatin 10 MMAE, and peloruside A. In some embodiments, the drug is a cytotoxic agent such as an anti-tubulin agent. In some embodiments, the anti-tubulin agent is an auristatin, a vinca alkaloid, a podophyllotoxin, a taxane, a baccatin derivative, a cryptophysin, a maytansinoid, a combretastatin, or a dolastatin. In some embodiments, the antitubulin agent is AFP, MMAP, MMAE, AEB, AEVB, auristatin E, vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, vinorelbine, VP- 16, camptothecin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, epothilone A, epothilone B, nocodazole, colchicines, colcimid, estramustine, cemadotin, discodermolide, maytansine, DM-I, DM2, DM3, DM4 or eleutherobin.
In some embodiments, the cytotoxic agent comprises a maytansinoid, another group of anti-tubulin agents. For example, in specific embodiments, the maytansinoid is maytansine or DM-I (ImmunoGen, Inc.; see also Chari et al. Cancer Res. 52:127-131 (1992)). In some embodiments, sterically hindered thiol and disulfide-containing maytansinoids in which the alpha-carbon atom bearing the sulfur atom bears one or two alkyl substituents are used in the binding protein-drug conjugate, e.g., US 2007-0292422; US 2007-0264266.
In some embodiments, the drug comprises an agent that acts to disrupt DNA. The drug may be selected from enediynes (e.g., calicheamicin and esperamicin) and non-enediyne small molecule agents (e.g., bleomycin, methidiumpropyl-EDTA-Fe(II)). Other useful drugs include daunorubicin, doxorubicin, distamycin A, cisplatin, mitomycin C, ecteinascidins, duocarmycin/CC-1065, and bleomycin/pepleomycin. In other embodiments, the drug can comprise an alkylating agent such as Asaley NSC 167780, AZQ NSC 182986, BCNU NSC 409962, Busulfan NSC 750, carboxyphthalatoplatinum NSC 271674, CBDCA NSC 241240, CCNU NSC 79037, CHIP NSC 256927, chlorambucil NSC 3088, chlorozotocin NSC 178248, cis-platinum NSC 119875, clomesone NSC 338947, cyanomorpholinodoxorubicin NSC 357704, cyclodisone NSC 348948, dianhydrogalactitol NSC 132313, fluorodopan NSC 73754, hepsulfam NSC 329680, hycanthone NSC 142982, melphalan NSC 8806, methyl CCNU NSC 95441, mitomycin C NSC 26980, mitozolamide NSC 353451, nitrogen mustard NSC 762, PCNU NSC 95466, piperazine NSC 344007, piperazinedione NSC 135758, pipobroman NSC 25154, porfiromycin NSC 56410, spirohydantoin mustard NSC 172112, teroxirone NSC
296934, tetraplatin NSC 363812, thio-tepa NSC 6396, triethylenemelamine NSC 9706, uracil nitrogen mustard NSC 34462, or Yoshi-864 NSC 102627.
In some embodiments, the drug can comprise an antimitotic agent such as allocolchicine NSC 406042, Halichondrin B NSC 609395, colchicine NSC 757, colchicine derivative NSC 33410, dolastatin 10 NSC 376128 (NG~auristatin derived), maytansine NSC 153858, rhizoxin NSC 332598, taxol NSC 125973, taxol derivative NSC 608832, thiocolchicine NSC 361792, trityl cysteine NSC 83265, vinblastine sulfate NSC 49842, or vincristine sulfate NSC 67574.
In other embodiments, the drug can comprise an topoisomerase I inhibitor such as camptothecin NSC 94600, camptothecin, Na salt NSC 100880, aminocamptothecin NSC 603071, camptothecin derivative NSC 95382, camptothecin derivative NSC 107124, camptothecin derivative NSC 643833, camptothecin derivative NSC 629971, camptothecin derivative NSC 295500, camptothecin derivative NSC 249910, camptothecin derivative NSC 606985, camptothecin derivative NSC 374028, camptothecin derivative NSC 176323, camptothecin derivative NSC 295501, camptothecin derivative NSC 606172, camptothecin derivative NSC 606173, camptothecin derivative NSC 610458, camptothecin derivative NSC 618939, camptothecin derivative NSC 610457, camptothecin derivative NSC 610459, camptothecin derivative NSC 606499, camptothecin derivative NSC 610456, camptothecin derivative NSC 364830, camptothecin derivative NSC 606497, or morpholinodoxorubicin NSC 354646.
In other embodiments, the drug can comprise an topoisomerase II inhibitor such as doxorubicin NSC 123127, amonafide NSC 308847, m-AMSA NSC 249992, anthrapyrazole derivative NSC 355644, pyrazoloacridine NSC 366140, bisantrene HCL NSC 337766, daunorubicin NSC 82151, deoxydoxorubicin NSC 267469, mitoxantrone NSC 301739, menogaril NSC 269148, N,N-dibenzyl daunomycin NSC 268242, oxanthrazole NSC 349174, rubidazone NSC 164011, VM-26 NSC 122819, or VP-16 NSC 141540.
In other embodiments, the drug can comprise an RNA or DNA antimetabolite such as L-alanosine NSC 153353, 5-azacytidine NSC 102816, 5-fluorouracil NSC 19893, acivicin NSC 163501, aminopterin derivative NSC 132483, aminopterin derivative NSC 184692, aminopterin derivative NSC 134033, an antifol NSC 633713, an antifol NSC 623017, Baker's soluble antifol NSC 139105, dichlorallyl lawsone NSC 126771, brequinar NSC 368390, ftorafur (pro-drug) NSC 148958, 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine NSC 264880, methotrexate NSC 740, methotrexate derivative NSC 174121 , N-(phosphonoacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA) NSC 224131, pyrazofurin NSC 143095, trimetrexate NSC 352122, 3-HP NSC 95678, 2'-deoxy-5- fluorouridine NSC 27640, 5-HP NSC 107392, alpha-TGDR NSC 71851, aphidicolin glycinate NSC 303812, ara-C NSC 63878, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine NSC 127716, beta-TGDR NSC 71261, cyclocytidine NSC 145668, guanazole NSC 1895, hydroxyurea NSC 32065, inosine glycodialdehyde NSC 118994, macbecin 11 NSC 330500, pyrazoloimidazole NSC 51143, thioguanine NSC 752, or thiopurine NSC 755. See also US 2007-0292441.
The abbreviation "AFP" refers to dimethylvaline-valine-dolaisoleuine-dolaproine- phenylalanine-p-phenylened-iamine (e.g., see Formula XVI in US 2006-0233794).
The abbreviation "MAE" refers to monomethyl auristatin E (see Formula XI in US 2006-0233794).
The abbreviation "AEB" refers to an ester produced by reacting auristatin E with paraacetyl benzoic acid (e.g., see Formula XX in US 2006-0233794).
The abbreviation "AEVB" refers to an ester produced by reacting auristatin E with benzoylvaleric acid (e.g., see Formula XXI in US 2006-0233794). The abbreviation "MMAF" refers to dovaline-valine-dolaisoleunine-dolaproine- phenylalanine (e.g., see Formula IVIV in US 2006-0233794).
The abbreviations "fk" and "phe-lys" refer to the linker phenylalanine-lysine.
The abbreviations "vc" and "val-cit" refer to the linker valine-citrulline.
In some embodiments, the drug is a cytotoxic agent selected from the group consisting of an auristatin, a DNA minor groove binding agent, a DNA minor groove alkylating agent, an enediyne, a lexitropsin, a duocarmycin, a taxane, a puromycin, a dolastatin, a maytansinoid, and a vinca alkaloid.
In some embodiments, the drug is a cytotoxic agent such as AFP or MMAF. In some embodiments, the drug is an immunosuppressive agent such as gancyclovir, etanercept, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, rapamycin, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, methotrexate, Cortisol, aldosterone, dexamethasone, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, a 5 -lipoxygenase inhibitor, or a leukotriene receptor antagonist. See generally US 2007-0292441 ; US 2007-0292422; US 2007-0264266; and US
2006-0233794.
Linkers
The binding proteins described herein can be associated with a drug to form a binding protein-drug conjugate by being linked to the drug directly. In some embodiments, the binding protein is directly conjugated to the drug. Alternatively, the binding proteins described herein can be associated with a drug to form a binding protein-drug conjugate by use of a linker region between the drug and the binding protein. In some embodiments, the binding protein is conjugated to the drug via a linker. The linker can be cleavable under intracellular conditions, e.g., such that cleavage of the linker releases the drug from the binding protein in the intracellular environment. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is a peptide linker cleavable by an intracellular protease. In some embodiments, the peptide linker is a dipeptide linker.
In some embodiments, the dipeptide linker is a val-cit (vc) linker or a phe-lys (fk) linker. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is hydrolyzable at a pH of less than 5.5. In some embodiments, the hydrolyzable linker is a hydrazone linker. In some embodiments, the cleavable linker is a disulfide linker.
For example, in some embodiments, the linker is cleavable by a cleaving agent that is present in the intracellular environment (e.g., within a lysosome or endosome or caveolea). The linker can be, e.g., a peptidyl linker that is cleaved by an intracellular peptidase or protease enzyme, including, but not limited to, a lysosomal or endosomal protease. In some embodiments, the peptidyl linker is at least two amino acids long or at least three amino acids long. Cleaving agents can include cathepsins B and D and plasmin, which are known to hydro lyze dipeptide drug derivatives resulting in the release of active drug inside target cells (see, e.g., Dubowchik and Walker Pharm. Therapeutics 83:67-123 (1999)). In some embodiments, peptidyl linkers are cleavable by enzymes that are present in targeted cells (e.g., cancer cells). For example, a peptidyl linker that is cleavable by the thiol-dependent protease cathepsin-B, which is highly expressed in cancerous tissue, can be used (e.g., a Phe- Leu or a Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly linker). Other such linkers are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,214,345. In some embodiments, the peptidyl linker cleavable by an intracellular protease is a Val-Cit (vc) linker or a Phe-Lys linker (fk) (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,214,345, which describes the synthesis of doxorubicin with the val-cit linker). One advantage of using intracellular proteolytic release of the drug is that the drug can be attenuated when conjugated and the serum stabilities of the conjugates are typically high.
In some preferred embodiments, a vc linker is used in the binding protein-drug conjugates described herein. For example, a binding protein-vcAFP or a binding protein- vcMMAF conjugate (e.g., an MT-MMP binding protein-vcAFP (e.g., MMP-14 binding protein- vcAFP) or an MT-MMP binding protein- vcMMAF (e.g., MMP-14 binding protein- vcMMAF) conjugate) is prepared.
In other embodiments, the cleavable linker is pH-sensitive, i.e., sensitive to hydrolysis at certain pH values. For example, the pH-senstive linker is hydro lyzable under acidic conditions. For example, an acid-labile linker that is hydrolyzable in the lysosome (e.g., a hydrazone, semicarbazone, thiosemicarbazone, cis-aconitic amide, orthoester, acetal., ketal., or the like) can be used. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,122,368; 5,824,805; 5,622,929; Dubowchik and Walker Pharm. Therapeutics 83:67-123 (1999); Neville et al. Biol. Chem. 264:14653-14661 (1989). Such linkers are relatively stable under neutral pH conditions, such as those in the blood, but are unstable at below pH 5.5 or 5.0, the approximate pH of the lysosome. In certain embodiments, the hydrolyzable linker is a thioether linker (such as, e.g., a thioether attached to the therapeutic agent via an acylhydrazone bond (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,622,929)).
In yet other embodiments, the linker is cleavable under reducing conditions (e.g., a disulfide linker). A variety of disulfide linkers are known in the art, including, for example, those that can be formed using SATA (N-succinimidyl-S-acetylthioacetate), SPDP (N- succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate), SPDB (N-succinimidyl-3-(2- pyridyldithio)butyrate) and SMPT (N-succinimidyl-oxycarbonyl-alpha-methyl-alpha-(2- pyridyl-dithio)toluene)- , SPDB and SMPT (See, e.g., Thorpe et al. Cancer Res. 47:5924- 5931 (1987); Wawrzynczak et al., In Immunoconjugates: Antibody Conjugates in Radioimagery and Therapy of Cancer (C. W. Vogel ed., Oxford U. Press, 1987). See also U.S. Pat. No. 4,880,935.
In yet other embodiments, the linker is a malonate linker (Johnson et al. Anticancer Res. 15:1387-93 (1995)), a maleimidobenzoyl linker (Lau et al. Bioorg-Med-Chem. 3(10): 1299-1304 (1995), or a 3'-N-amide analog (Lau et al. Bioorg-Med-Chem. 3(10): 1305- 12 (1995)).
In some embodiments, the linker is not substantially sensitive to the extracellular environment. As used herein, "not substantially sensitive to the extracellular environment," in the context of a linker, means that no more than about 20%, typically no more than about 15%, more typically no more than about 10%, and even more typically no more than about 5%, no more than about 3%, or no more than about 1% of the linkers, in a sample of a binding protein-drug conjugate, are cleaved when the binding protein-drug conjugate is present in an extracellular environment (e.g., in plasma). Whether a linker is not substantially sensitive to the extracellular environment can be determined, for example, by incubating independently with plasma both (a) the binding protein-drug conjugate (the "conjugate sample") and (b) an equal molar amount of unconjugated binding protein or drug (the "control sample") for a predetermined time period (e.g., 2, 4, 8, 16, or 24 hours) and then comparing the amount of unconjugated binding protein or drug present in the conjugate sample with that present in control sample, as measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.
In other, non-mutually exclusive embodiments, the linker promotes cellular internalization. In certain embodiments, the linker promotes cellular internalization when conjugated to the drug (i.e., in the milieu of the linker-drug moiety of the binding protein- drug conjugate described herein). In yet other embodiments, the linker promotes cellular internalization when conjugated to both the drug and the binding protein.
A variety of linkers that can be used with the present compositions and methods are described in WO 2004010957.
In some embodiments, the binding protein-drug conjugates described herein are used therapeutically in the treatment of a disorder (e.g., an angiogenesis related disorder, e.g., cancer). In certain embodiments, it is desirable to only target a binding protein-drug conjugate to a cell that expresses the target to which the binding protein binds (e.g., to only target an MMP- 14 expressing cell to which an MMP- 14 binding protein binds, and not target a nearby "bystander" cell), e.g., to minimize toxicity. In other embodiments, it is desirable to target a binding protein-drug conjugate to a cell expressing the target to which the binding protein binds and also to bystander cells (e.g., to elicit a "bystander effect"), e.g., to target (e.g., and kill) endothelial cells of blood vessels innervating a tumor. In some embodiments, a binding protein-drug conjugate (e.g., an MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate (e.g., MMP- 14 binding protein-drug conjugate) can be engineered to exert a precise killing of only antigen-presenting cells without damaging proximal antigen-negative tissues, e.g., by preparing thioether-linked conjugates. Alternatively, it can be engineered to produce a bystander effect, e.g., by preparing disulfϊde-linked conjugates. For example, many solid tumors express targets (e.g., antigens) in a heterogeneous fashion and are populated with both target-positive and target-negative cells. The bystander cytotoxicity associated with disulfide linker-containing conjugates provides a rationale for treatment of sites of a disorder (e.g., tumors) with binding protein-drug conjugates even if the sites exhibit heterogeneous target expression. The bystander effect adds a degree of nonselective killing activity. Potentially, this could be a drawback if normal cells in tissues surrounding the site of disorder (e.g., tumor) are affected. However, as a potential advantage, the bystander cytotoxicity may damage tissues intricately involved in supporting the disorder, such as endothelial cells and pericytes of tumor neovasculature, or tumor stromal cells, resulting, for example, in enhanced antitumor activity of the binding protein-drug conjugate against tumors expressing the antigen either homogeneously or heterogeneously. See also Kovtum et al. Cancer Res. 66:3214 (2006).
Techniques for conjugating therapeutic agents to proteins (such as binding proteins, e.g., MT-MMP binding proteins) are known. See, e.g., Arnon et al., "Monoclonal Antibodies For Immunotargeting Of Drugs In Cancer Therapy," in Monoclonal Antibodies And Cancer Therapy (Reisfeld et al eds., Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1985); Hellstrom et al., "Antibodies For Drug Delivery," in Controlled Drug Delivery (Robinson et al. eds., Marcel Deiker, Inc., 2nd ed. 1987); Thorpe, "Antibody Carriers Of Cytotoxic Agents In Cancer Therapy: A Review," in Monoclonal Antibodies '84: Biological And Clinical Applications (Pinchera et al. eds., 1985); "Analysis, Results, and Future Prospective of the Therapeutic Use of Radiolabeled Antibody In Cancer Therapy," in Monoclonal Antibodies For Cancer Detection And Therapy (Baldwin et al. eds., Academic Press, 1985); and Thorpe et al. Immunol. Rev. 62:119-58 (1982). See also, e.g., US 2006-0233794 and PCT publication WO 89/12624.
Matrix Metalloproteinases Matrix-Type Metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs)
Membrane-type MMPs (MT-MMPs) play a pivotal role in pericellular proteolysis. The MT-MMPs can be divided into two subgroups, the transmembrane type (MT-MMP-I, - 2, -3, -5) and the glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-anchored forms (MT- MMP-4 and -6). Like most MMPs, the GPI-anchored type are sensitive to all members of the TIMP-family, but the transmembrane MT-MMPs are inhibited by TIMP-2, -3, -4, but are relatively insensitive to TIMP-I inhibition. The cytoplasmic tail of the transmembrane MT-MMPs interacts with intracellular proteins that regulate the subcellular trafficking of the enzymes from the Golgi to the cell surface, and to specific membrane domains, for instance to protruding structures called 'invadopodia' in invasive cancer cells
Examples of the substrates for each MT-MMP are as folows:
MTl-MMP (also known as MMP- 14): The substrates of MTl-MMP include MMP-2, collagen I, collagen II, collagen III, fϊbronectin, gelatin, laminin. MT2-MMP (also known as MMP- 15): The substrates of MT2-MMP include MMP-2, collagen I, collagen II, collagen III, fϊbronectin, laminin nidogen.
MT3-MMP (also known as MMP-16): The substrates of MT3-MMP include MMP-2, collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin.
MT4-MMP (also known as MMP- 17): The substrates of MT4-MMP include fibrin (fibrinogen).
MT5-MMP (also known as MMP-24): The substrates of MT5-MMP include MMP-2, gelatin, fibronectin, chondroitin, and dermitin sulfate proteoglycans.
MT6-MMP (also known as MMP-25): The substrates of MT6-MMP include MMP-2, gelatin, collagen IV, and fibronectin. Proteins that bind to these MT-MMPs can be identified, prepared, and used as described herein. Further, MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates of such proteins can be prepared and used as described herein.
MMP- 14 MMP- 14 is encoded by a gene designated as MMPl 4, matrix metalloproteinase-14 precursor. Synonyms for MMP- 14 include matrix metalloproteinase 14 (membrane -inserted), membrane-type- 1 matrix metalloproteinase, membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase 1, MMP-14, MMP-Xl, MTlMMP, MTl-MMP, MTMMPl, MT-MMP 1.
MT-MMPs have similar structures, including a signal peptide, a prodomain, a catalytic domain, a hinge region, and a hemopexin domain (Wang, et al., 2004, J Biol Chem, 279:51148-55). According to SwissProt entry P50281, the signal sequence of MMP-14 precursor includes amino acid residues 1-20. The pro-peptide includes residues 21-111. Cys93 is annotated as a possible cysteine switch. Residues 112 through 582 make up the mature, active protein. The catalytic domain includes residues 112-317. The hemopexin domains includes residues 318-523. The transmembrane segment comprises residues 542 through 562.
MMP- 14 can be shed from cells or found on the surface of cells, tethered by a single transmembrane amino-acid sequence. See, e.g., Osnkowski et al. (2004, J Cell Physiol, 200:2-10).
An exemplary amino acid sequence of human MMP 14 is shown in Table 1 :
Table 1 : Amino-acid sequence of human MMP 14
MSPAPRPPRCLLLPLLTLGTALASLGSAQSSSFSPEAWLQQYGYLPPGDLRTHTQRSPQSLS AAIAAMQKFYGLQVTGKADADTMKAMRRPRCGVPDKFGAEIKANVRRKRYAIQGLKWQHNEI
TFCIQNYTPKVGEYATYEAIRKAFRVWESATPLRFREVPYAYIREGHEKQADIMIFFAEGFH
GDSTPFDGEGGFLAHAYFPGPNIGGDTHFDSAEPWTVRNEDLNGNDIFLVAVHELGHALGLE
HSSDPSAIMAPFYQWMDTENFVLPDDDRRGIQQLYGGESGFPTKMPPQPRTTSRPSVPDKPK
NPTYGPNICDGNFDTVAMLRGEMFVFKERWFWRVRNNQVMDGYPMPIGQFWRGLPASINTAY ERKDGKFVFFKGDKHWVFDEASLEPGYPKHIKELGRGLPTDKIDAALFWMPNGKTYFFRGNK
YYRFNEELRAVDSEYPKNIKVWEGIPESPRGSFMGSDEVFTYFYKGNKYWKFNNQKLKVEPG
YPKSALRDWMGCPSGGRPDEGTEEETEVIIIEVDEEGGGAVSAAAVVLPVLLLLLVLAVGLA
VFFFRRHGTPRRLLYCQRSLLDKV (SEQ ID NO:2; Genbank Accession No. CAA88372.1). An exemplary amino acid sequence of mouse MMP 14 is shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Amino-acid sequence of mouse MMP 14
MSPAPRPSRSLLLPLLTLGTALASLGWAQGSNFSPEAWLQQYGYLPPGDLRTHTQRSPQSLSAAIAAM QKFYGLQVTGKADLATMMAMRRPRCGVPDKFGTEIKANVRRKRYAIQGLKWQHNEITFCIQNYTPKVG EYATFEAIRKAFRVWESATPLRFREVPYAYIREGHEKQADIMILFAEGFHGDSTPFDGEGGFLAHAYF PGPNIGGDTHFDSAEPWTVQNEDLNGNDIFLVAVHELGHALGLEHSNDPSAIMSPFYQWMDTENFVLP DDDRRGIQQLYGSKSGSPTKMPPQPRTTSRPSVPDKPKNPAYGPNICDGNFDTVAMLRGEMFVFKERW FWRVRNNQVMDGYPMPIGQFWRGLPASINTAYERKDGKFVFFKGDKHWVFDEASLEPGYPKHIKELGR GLPTDKIDAALFWMPNGKTYFFRGNKYYRFNEEFRAVDSEYPKNIKVWEGIPESPRGSFMGSDEVFTY FYKGNKYWKFNNQKLKVEPGYPKSALRDWMGCPSGRRPDEGTEEETEVII IEVDEEGSGAVSAAAWL PVLLLLLVLAVGLAVFFFRRHGTPKRLLYCQRSLLDKV
SEQ ID NO:4; GenBank Accession No. NP 032634.2.
An exemplary MMP- 14 protein can include the human or mouse MMP- 14 amino acid sequence, a sequence that is 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to one of these sequences, or a fragment thereof, e.g., a fragment without the signal sequence or prodomain.
Table 3 shows a sequence alignment of the exemplary human MMP- 14 (hMMP-14) amino acid sequence with the exemplary mouse MMP- 14 (mMMP-14) amino acid sequence. A "-" in the mMMP14 entries indicates that the amino acid is the same as shown for hMMP14.
Table 3: Comparison of human and murine MMP 14
50 MΞPAPRPPRC LLLPLLTLGT ALAΞLGΞAQΞ ΞΞFΞPEAWLQ QYGYLPPGDL 50 S-S W—G -N
100 RTHTQRΞPQΞ LΞAAIAAMQK FYGLQVTGKA DADTMKAMRR PRCGVPDKFG 100 -LA—M
150 AEIKANVRRK RYAIQGLKWQ HNEITFCIQN YTPKVGEYAT YEAIRKAFRV 150 T F
200 WEΞATPLRFR EVPYAYIREG HEKQADIMIF FAEGFHGDΞT PFDGEGGFLA
200 L
250 HAYFPGPNIG GDTHFDΞAEP WTVRNEDLNG NDIFLVAVHE LGHALGLEHΞ
250 Q
300 ΞDPΞAIMAPF YQWMDTENFV LPDDDRRGIQ QLYGGEΞGFP TKMPPQPRTT
300 N Ξ— SK—Ξ-
350 ΞRPΞVPDKPK NPTYGPNICD GNFDTVAMLR GEMFVFKERW FWRVRNNQVM
350 A
400 DGYPMPIGQF WRGLPAΞINT AYERKDGKFV FFKGDKHWVF DEAΞLEPGYP
400
450 KHIKELGRGL PTDKIDAALF WMPNGKTYFF RGNKYYRFNE ELRAVDΞEYP
450 -F
500 KNIKVWEGIP EΞPRGΞFMGΞ DEVFTYFYKG NKYWKFNNQK LKVEPGYPKΞ
500
550 ALRDWMGCPΞ GGRPDEGTEE ETEVIIIEVD EEGGGAVΞAA AVVLPVLLLL
550 R Ξ
582 LVLAVGLAVF FFRRHGTPRR LLYCQRΞLLD (SEQ ID NO: 2)
Figure imgf000039_0001
582 K-
(SEQ ID NO:3)
These exemplary hMMP-14 and mMMP-14 sequences are identical at 558 of 580 positions, about 96.2% identity. Despite a relatively high degree of similarity, their activity toward different substrates, including proMMP-2 and type I collagen, varies (Wang, et al., 2004, J Biol Chem, 279:51148-55).
MMP-14-deficient mice were generated by gene targeting (Holmbeck, et al., 1999, Cell, 99:81-92). MMP- 14 deficiency causes craniofacial dysmorphism, arthritis, osteopenia, dwarfism, and fibrosis of soft tissues, but the mice are viable. The expression of MMP- 14 in tumors is reviewed in Sato et al. (Sato, et al., 2005, Cancer Sci, 96:212-7), Zucker et al. (Zucker and Vacirca, 2004, Cancer Metastasis Rev, 23:101-17), and Bauvois (Bauvois, 2004, Oncogene, 23:317-29). Increased expression of MT-MMPs has previously been reported to correlate with increasing grade of malignancy in gliomas, a relationship shared with alterations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. One mechanism of EGFR- mediated invasiveness in gliomas may involve the induction of MTl-MMP (Van metter et al, 2004, Neuro-oncoL, 6(3): 188-99).
MMP- 14 is regulated by chemokines monocyte-chemoattractant protein- l/ccl2 and interleukin-8/CXCL8 in endothelial cells during angiogenesis (Galvez et al, 2005, J Biol Chem, 280(2): 1292-8). MMP-14 activity is also regulated by ERK 1/2- and p38 MAPK- modulated TIMP-2 expression which controls TGF -beta 1 -induced pericellular collagenolysis (Munshi et al, 2004, J Biol Chem, 279(37):39042-50). Blockade of the ERK pathway suppress the expression of MMP-3, -9, and -14, and CD44 and markedly inhibits the invasiveness of tumor cells (Tanimura et al, 2003, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 304(4):801-6). During angiogenesis, MMP-14 contributes to the specific up-regulation of VEGF-A through activation of Src tyrosine kinase pathways perhaps involving the cleavage of CD44 (Sounni et al, 2004, J Biol Chem, 279(14): 13564-74).
MMP-14 has a number of endogenous inhibitors. TIMP-2 binds MMP-14 and anchors MMP-14 to cell surface and acts as a "receptor" for proMMP-2 (progelatinase A), such that the latter can be activated efficiently in a localized fashion (Murphy, et al., 2003, Biochem Soc Symp, 65-80). TIMP-2, TIMP-3, and TIMP-4 inhibit MMP-14, but TIMP-I does not (Lee, et al., 2003, J Biol Chem, 278:40224-30). TIMPs typically are slow, tight binding inhibitors.
MMP-14 activates pro-MMP-2 causing a cascade of proteolysis that facilitates the mobility and invasiveness of tumor cells (Berno, et al., 2005, Endocr Relat Cancer, 12:393- 406; Anilkumar, et al., 2005, Faseb J, 19:1326-8; Itoh and Seiki, 2005, J Cell Physiol; Lopez de Cicco, et al., 2005, Cancer Res, 65:4162-71; El Bedoui, et al., 2005, Cardiovasc Res, 67:317-25; Cao, et al., 2005, Thromb Haemost, 93:770-8; Sato, et al., 2005, Cancer Sci, 96:212-7; Dong, et al., 2005, Am J Pathol, 166:1173-86; Philip, et al., 2004, Glycoconj J, 21 :429-41; Guo, et al., 2005, Am J Pathol, 166:877-90; Grossman, 2005, Urol Oncol, 23:222; Gilles, et al., 2001, J Cell Sci, 114:2967-76). Studies propose that this activation process requires both active MTl-MMP and the TIMP-2-bound MTl-MMP (Strongin et al, 1995, J Biol Chem, 270, 5331-5338 ; Butler et al, 1998, J Biol Chem, 273: 871-80 ; Kinoshita et al, 1998, J Biol Chem, 273, 16098-103). The TIMP-2 in the latter complex binds, through its C-terminal domain, to the hemopexin domain of pro-MMP-2, which may localize the zymogen close to the active MTl-MMP (Butler et al, 1998, J Biol Chem, 273: 871-80; Kinoshita et al, 1998). In addition to proMMP-2, MMP- 14 cleaves other substrates, such as collagen triple- helical structure (Minond, et al., 2004, Biochemistry, 43: 11474-81), fibrin (Kluft, 2003, Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb, 33:425-9), Matrigel (Cao, et al., 2005, Thromb Haemost, 93:770-8), other extracellular matrix components (Sato, et al., 2005, Cancer Sci, 96:212-7), CD44 (Suenaga, et al., 2005, Oncogene, 24:859-68), and various other proteins (Hwang, et al., 2004, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1702:79-87). MMP-14 can promote the activation of pro- collagenase 2 and -3, a potent collageno lytic protease (Knauper et al, 1996, J Biol Chem, 271 : 17124-31; Woessner et Nagase, 2000).
MMP-14 has been implicated in many disease states, including, e.g.: tumor growth (Trisciuoglio, et al., 2005, J Cell Physiol), tumor embolism (Cao, et al., 1996, J Biol Chem, 271 :30174-80), angiogenesis (Haas, 2005, Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 83: 1-7; (Handsley and Edwards, 2005, Int J Cancer, 115:849-60; (Roebuck, et al., 2005, Am J Clin Pathol, 123:405- 14; (Pilorget, et al., 2005, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab), and cell proliferation (Aoki, et al., 2005, J Biochem (Tokyo), 137:95-9). Accordingly, proteins that bind and/or inhibit MMP-14 can be used to treat and/or diagnose these conditions. As MMP-14 is implicated in the progression of laryngeal cancer, MMP-14 may serve as a reliable marker in estimating invasive and metastatic potency of laryngeal cancer. Suppressing expression of MMP-14 may inhibit the invasion and metastases of laryngeal cancer (Sun, Li, 2004, Chin Med Sci J, 19(3): 170-3). Thus, MMP-14 binding proteins can be used to treat or prevent metastatic cancers, e.g., metastatic laryngeal cancer. MMP-14 is implicated in several non-oncological diseases including: rheumatoid arthritis (Itoh and Seiki, 2005, J Cell Physiol, ; (Distler, et al., 2005, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102:2892-7); osteoarthritis (Tchetina, et al., 2005, J Rheumatol, 32:876-86); diabetes (inter alia, (Savinov, et al., 2005, J Biol Chem, 280:27755-8; Giebel, et al., 2005, Lab Invest, 85:597-607; Raymond, et al., 2004, J Vase Surg, 40: 1190-8); and atherosclerosis (Stawowy, et al., 2005, Circulation, 111 :2820-7; May, et al., 2005, Thromb Haemost, 93:710-5;
Rajavashisth, et al., 1999, Circulation, 99:3103-9). The role of MMPs in development, normal processes, and cancer is reviewed in Folgueras et al., Int. J. Dev. Biol. 48:411-424 (2004). Accordingly, proteins that bind and/or inhibit MMP- 14 are useful to treat and/or diagnose these conditions.
Proteins that bind to MMP- 14 can be identified, prepared, and used as described herein. Further, MMP- 14 binding protein-drug conjugates can be prepared and used as described herein.
MMP- 16
Matrix metalloproteinase-16 (also known as MMP- 16, membrane type-3 matrix metalloproteinase, or MT3-MMP) is expressed in a variety of normal (Takino et al, 1995, J Biol Chem, 270: 23013-20 ; Yoshiyama et al, 1998, Acta Neuropathol, 96: 347-50 ; Shofuda et al, 2001, Ann. NY Acad Sci, 947:337-40 ; Nutall et al, 2003, MoI Cancer Res, 1 :333-45) and tumor tissues (Nutall et al, 2003, MoI Cancer Res, 1 :333-45 ; Kitagawa et al, 1999, J Urol, 162:905-9 ; Ohnishi et al, 2001, Eur J dermatol, 11 :420-3). MMP- 16 is involved in the remodeling of both the normal and diseased mammary gland either directly or indirectly by activation of other MMPs. Non invasive breast cancer (MCF-7) express notably less MMPs than invasive breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) (Kousidou et al. 2005, Int J Oncol, 26(4): 1101-9 ; Szabova et al. 2005, J Cell Physiol, 205(1): 123-32). MMP-16 plays a role in extracellular matrix turnover not only by activating proMMP-2 but also by acting directly on ECM macromolecules. MMP-16 is involved in capillary tube formation (Lafleur et al, 2002, J Cell
Sci.,115(Pt 17):3427-38.et al. 2004, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89(l l):5828-36 ; et al. 2002, J Cell Sci ; Plaisier et al, 2004, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89(l l):5828-36.) and matrix remodeling of blood vessels (Shofuda et al. 1997, J Biol Chem, 272(15):9749-54). MMP-16 is an alternate pro-invasive factor that drives fibrin-invasive activity (Kang et al, 2000, Faseb J, 14(15):2559-68; 2002, et al. J Exp Med, 195(3):295-308).
MMP-16 shows increased expression in osteoarthritis (at P < 0.01) (Kevorkian et al. 2004, Arthritis Rheum., 50(1): 131-41). MMP-16 is intensely expressed in synovium of rheumatoid arthritis patients (Pap et al. 2000, Arthritis Rheum., 43(6): 1226-32). Expression of MMP-16 is also increased in human atherosclerotic plaque (Uzui et al. 2002, Circulation, 106(24):3024-30).
MMP-16 is expressed in the ovarian cancers (Stadlmann et al. 2003, Eur J Cancer, 39(17):2499-505). Expression of MMP-2, MMP-16, and VEGF is increased in testicular carcinoma (Konaka et al. 1999, J Urol, 161(l):342-8), and MMP-16 shows increased expression in the testicular cancer associated with increased metastatic potential (Koshida et al. 2000, Hinyokika Kiyo, 46(10):775-81). Expression of MMP-16 is higher in carcinomas, especially clear cell carcinoma, than in normal parenchyma.
MMP-16 is expressed in primary and metastatic melanoma cells. Double immunofluorescence demonstrates a consistent colocalization of MMP-16/MMP-2 in metastatic melanoma cells. The colocalization of MMP-16 and MMP-2 in nodular and metastatic melanoma cells indicates that MT-MMPs and MMP-2 may cooperate in the invasive and metastatic process of melanoma cells (Ohnishi et al. 2001, Eur J Dermatol, l l(5):420-3; Iida et al. 2001, J Biol Chem, 276(22): 18786-94). Like MMP-14, MMP-16 is implicated in the progression of laryngeal cancer. Thus, MMP-14 binding proteins that also bind and/or inhibit MMP-16 can be used to treat or prevent metastatic cancers, e.g., metastatic laryngeal cancer.
Basal MMP-16 mRNA expression has a pattern similar to that of MMP-14 but is not up-regulated by collagen (Gilles et al. 1997, Lab Invest, 76(5):651-60). MMP-14 is implicated in collagen-stimulated MMP-2 activation. This mechanism may be employed in vivo by both tumor-associated fibroblasts and EMT-derived carcinoma cells to facilitate increased invasion and/or metastasis. In human invasive breast carcinomas, there is a correlation between the expression of MMP-14 and -16, immuno localization of MMP-14 and proMMP-2 activation (Ueno et al. 1997, Cancer Res, 57(10):2055-60). MMP-16 and TIMP- 2 mRNA expressions are significantly increased in diabetic rat kidneys (Wan et al.2004, Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 24(12): 1391-4).
Proteins that bind to MMP-16 can be identified, prepared, and used as described herein. Further, MMP-16 binding protein-drug conjugates can be prepared and used as described herein.
MMP-24
Matrix metalloproteinase-24 (also known as MMP-24, membrane type-5 matrix metalloproteinase, or MT5-MMP) has been identified and cloned from a human brain cDNA library (Llano et al., 1999, Cancer Res, 59(l l):2570-6). While sharing similar domain structure with other MT-MMPs, the cytoplasmic tail of MMP-24 is the most divergent, having only 50% identity with those of MMP-14 and -16 (Pei D, 1999, J Biol Chem, 274, 8925-32). MMP-24 is expressed predominantly in the brain and at low levels in the kidney, pancreas, and lung. MMP-24 has been shown to play a role in axonal growth (Hayashita- Kinoh et al., 2001, Cell Growth Differ, 12, 573-58). Human MMP-24 gene maps to 20ql l .2, a region frequently amplified in tumors from diverse sources, suggesting that MMP-24 may play a role in the progression of cancer. The catalytic domain of MMP-24 exhibits a potent proteolytic activity against proMMP-2, leading to the generation of the Mr 62,000 active form of this enzyme. MMP-24 may contribute to the activation of proMMP-2 in tumor tissues, in which it is overexpressed, thereby facilitating tumor progression (P ei D, 1999, J Biol Chem, 274, 8925-32).
MMP-24 transcripts are detected at high levels compared to normal brain tissue in a series of brain tumors, including astrocytomas, glioblastomas and gliomas (Van metter et al, 2004, Neuro-oncol, 3 : 188-99). MMP-24 is predominantly expressed in the brain. (Brain Res. 2000 Mar 31;860(l-2): 174; Biol Chem. 1999 Mar 26;274(13):8925-32 ; Lett. 1999 Dec 3;462(3):261-6).
MMP-24 mRNA levels are higher in a series of brain tumors, including astrocytomas and glioblastomas, as compared to levels in normal brain tissue (Llano et al., 1999, Cancer Res, 59(11):2570-6). MMP-24-defϊcient mice are born without obvious morphological abnormalities. No apparent histological defects are observed in the nervous system. However, MMP-24 deficient mice do not develop neuropathic pain with mechanical allodynia after sciatic nerve injury, though responses to acute noxious stimuli are normal (Uekita et al, FEBS Lett. 2004 Jan 16, 557(l-3): 125-8). MMP-24 expression is increased in infected corneas. There is good correlation between the overexpression of MMP-24 in the infected corneas and the inflammatory response. Inflammatory cells such as macrophages and PMNs may play a role in the upregulation of MT-MMPs during corneal infection, which in turn can cause the destruction of corneal tissue (Dong et al, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001 Dec;42(13):3223-7). MMP-24 expression is increased in diabetes. MMP-24 plays a role in the pathogenesis of renal tubular atrophy and end- stage renal disease (Romanic et al, 2001, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, Aug;281(2):F309-17).
MMP-24 is co-localized with senile plaques in Alzheimer brain, indicating possible roles in regulating patho-physiological processes associated with advanced age (Sekine- Aizawa, 2001, Eur J Neurosci, 13(5):935-48).
Proteins that bind to MMP-24 can be identified, prepared, and used as described herein. Further, MMP-24 binding protein-drug conjugates can be prepared and used as described herein. Display Libraries
A display library is a collection of entities; each entity includes an accessible polypeptide component and a recoverable component that encodes or identifies the polypeptide component. The polypeptide component is varied so that different amino acid sequences are represented. The polypeptide component can be of any length, e.g. from three amino acids to over 300 amino acids. A display library entity can include more than one polypeptide component, for example, the two polypeptide chains of an sFab. In one exemplary implementation, a display library can be used to identify proteins that bind to an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14). An example drawn to identifying proteins that bind to MMP- 14 is as follows, and proteins that bind to other MT-MMPs can likewise be identified. In a selection, the polypeptide component of each member of the library is probed with MMP- 14 (e.g., the catalytic domain of MMP- 14 or other fragment) and if the polypeptide component binds to the MMP- 14, the display library member is identified, typically by retention on a support.
Retained display library members are recovered from the support and analyzed. The analysis can include amplification and a subsequent selection under similar or dissimilar conditions. For example, positive and negative selections can be alternated. The analysis can also include determining the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide component and purification of the polypeptide component for detailed characterization.
A variety of formats can be used for display libraries. Examples include the following.
Phage Display: The protein component is typically covalently linked to a bacteriophage coat protein. The linkage results from translation of a nucleic acid encoding the protein component fused to the coat protein. The linkage can include a flexible peptide linker, a protease site, or an amino acid incorporated as a result of suppression of a stop codon. Phage display is described, for example, in U.S. 5,223,409; Smith (1985) Science 228:1315-1317; WO 92/18619; WO 91/17271; WO 92/20791; WO 92/15679; WO 93/01288; WO 92/01047; WO 92/09690; WO 90/02809; de Haard et al. (1999) J. Biol. Chem 274:18218-30; Hoogenboom et al. (1998) Immunotechnology 4:1-20; Hoogenboom et al. (2000) Immunol Today 2:371-8 and Hoet et al. (2005) Nat Biotechnol. 23(3)344-8. Bacteriophage displaying the protein component can be grown and harvested using standard phage preparatory methods, e.g. PEG precipitation from growth media. After selection of individual display phages, the nucleic acid encoding the selected protein components can be isolated from cells infected with the selected phages or from the phage themselves, after amplification. Individual colonies or plaques can be picked, the nucleic acid isolated and sequenced. Other Display Formats. Other display formats include cell based display (see, e.g.,
WO 03/029456), protein-nucleic acid fusions (see, e.g., US 6,207,446), ribosome display (See, e.g., Mattheakis et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 :9022 and Hanes et al. (2000) Nat Biotechnol 18:1287-92; Hanes et al. (2000) Methods Enzymol. 328:404-30; and Schaffitzel et al. (1999) J Immunol Methods. 231(1-2): 119-35), and E. coli periplasmic display (J Immunol Methods. 2005 Nov 22;PMID: 16337958).
Scaffolds. Scaffolds useful for display include: antibodies (e.g., Fab fragments, single chain Fv molecules (scFV), single domain antibodies, camelid antibodies, and camelized antibodies); T-cell receptors; MHC proteins; extracellular domains (e.g., fibronectin Type III repeats, EGF repeats); protease inhibitors (e.g., Kunitz domains, ecotin, BPTI, and so forth); TPR repeats; trifoil structures; zinc finger domains; DNA-binding proteins; particularly monomeric DNA binding proteins; RNA binding proteins; enzymes, e.g., proteases (particularly inactivated proteases), RNase; chaperones, e.g., thioredoxin and heat shock proteins; intracellular signaling domains (such as SH2 and SH3 domains); linear and constrained peptides; and linear peptide substrates. Display libraries can include synthetic and/or natural diversity. See, e.g., US 2004-0005709.
Display technology can also be used to obtain binding proteins (e.g., antibodies) that bind particular epitopes of a target. This can be done, for example, by using competing non- target molecules that lack the particular epitope or are mutated within the epitope, e.g., with alanine. Such non-target molecules can be used in a negative selection procedure as described below, as competing molecules when binding a display library to the target, or as a pre-elution agent, e.g., to capture in a wash solution dissociating display library members that are not specific to the target.
Iterative Selection. In one preferred embodiment, display library technology is used in an iterative mode. A first display library is used to identify one or more binding proteins for a target. These identified binding proteins are then varied using a mutagenesis method to form a second display library. Higher affinity binding proteins are then selected from the second library, e.g., by using higher stringency or more competitive binding and washing conditions. In some implementations, the mutagenesis is targeted to regions at the binding interface. If, for example, the identified binding proteins are antibodies, then mutagenesis can be directed to the CDR regions of the heavy or light chains as described herein. Further, mutagenesis can be directed to framework regions near or adjacent to the CDRs. In the case of antibodies, mutagenesis can also be limited to one or a few of the CDRs, e.g., to make precise step-wise improvements. Exemplary mutagenesis techniques include: error-prone PCR, recombination, DNA shuffling, site-directed mutagenesis and cassette mutagenesis. In one example of iterative selection, the methods described herein are used to first identify a protein from a display library that binds an an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) with at least a minimal binding specificity for a target or a minimal activity, e.g., an equilibrium dissociation constant for binding of less than 1 nM, 10 nM, or 100 nM. The nucleic acid sequence encoding the initial identified proteins are used as a template nucleic acid for the introduction of variations, e.g., to identify a second protein that has enhanced properties (e.g., binding affinity, kinetics, or stability) relative to the initial protein. Off-Rate Selection. Since a slow dissociation rate can be predictive of high affinity, particularly with respect to interactions between polypeptides and their targets, the methods described herein can be used to isolate binding proteins with a desired (e.g., reduced) kinetic dissociation rate for a binding interaction to a target.
To select for slow dissociating binding proteins from a display library, the library is contacted to an immobilized target. The immobilized target is then washed with a first solution that removes non- specifically or weakly bound biomolecules. Then the bound binding proteins are eluted with a second solution that includes a saturating amount of free target or a target specific high-affinity competing monoclonal antibody, i.e., replicates of the target that are not attached to the particle. The free target binds to biomolecules that dissociate from the target. Rebinding is effectively prevented by the saturating amount of free target relative to the much lower concentration of immobilized target.
The second solution can have solution conditions that are substantially physiological or that are stringent. Typically, the solution conditions of the second solution are identical to the solution conditions of the first solution. Fractions of the second solution are collected in temporal order to distinguish early from late fractions. Later fractions include biomolecules that dissociate at a slower rate from the target than biomolecules in the early fractions.
Further, it is also possible to recover display library members that remain bound to the target even after extended incubation. These can either be dissociated using chaotropic conditions or can be amplified while attached to the target. For example, phage bound to the target can be contacted to bacterial cells.
Selecting or Screening for Specificity. The display library screening methods described herein can include a selection or screening process that discards display library members that bind to a non-target molecule. Examples of non-target molecules include streptavidin on magnetic beads, blocking agents such as bovine serum albumin, non-fat bovine milk, any capturing or target immobilizing monoclonal antibody, or non-transfected cells which do not express the target (e.g., an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14, e.g., human MMP- 14) target). In one implementation, a so-called "negative selection" step is used to discriminate between the target and related non-target molecule and a related, but distinct non-target molecules. The display library or a pool thereof is contacted to the non-target molecule. Members of the sample that do not bind the non-target are collected and used in subsequent selections for binding to the target molecule or even for subsequent negative selections. The negative selection step can be prior to or after selecting library members that bind to the target molecule.
In another implementation, a screening step is used. After display library members are isolated for binding to the target molecule, each isolated library member is tested for its ability to bind to a non-target molecule (e.g., a non-target listed above). For example, a high- throughput ELISA screen can be used to obtain this data. The ELISA screen can also be used to obtain quantitative data for binding of each library member to the target as well as for cross species reactivity to related targets or subunits of the target (e.g., mouse MMP-14) and also under different condition such as pH6 or pH 7.5. The non-target and target binding data are compared (e.g., using a computer and software) to identify library members that specifically bind to the target.
Other Exemplary Expression Libraries
Other types of collections of proteins (e.g., expression libraries) can be used to identify proteins with a particular property (e.g., ability to bind an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14)and/or ability to modulate an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14)), including, e.g., protein arrays of antibodies (see, e.g., De Wildt et al. (2000) Nat. Biotechnol. 18:989-994), lambda gtl 1 libraries, two-hybrid libraries and so forth. Exemplary Libraries
It is possible to immunize a non-human primate and recover primate antibody genes that can be displayed on phage (see below). From such a library, one can select antibodies that bind the antigen used in immunization. See, for example, Vaccine. (2003) 22(2):257-67 or Immunogenetics. (2005) 57(10):730-8. Thus one could obtain primate antibodies that bind and inhibit MMP- 14 by immunizing a chimpanzee or macaque and using a variety of means to select or screen for primate antibodies that bind and inhibit an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14). One can also make chimeras of primatized Fabs with human constant regions, see Curr Opin MoI Ther. (2004) 6(6):675-83. "PRIMATIZED antibodies, genetically engineered from cynomolgus macaque monkey and human components, are structurally indistinguishable from human antibodies. They may, therefore, be less likely to cause adverse reactions in humans, making them potentially suited for long-term, chronic treatment " Curr Opin Investig Drugs. (2001) 2(5):635-8.
One exemplary type of library presents a diverse pool of polypeptides, each of which includes an immunoglobulin domain, e.g., an immunoglobulin variable domain. Of interest are display libraries where the members of the library include primate or "primatized" (e.g., such as human, non-human primate or "humanized") immunoglobin domains (e.g., immunoglobin variable domains) or chimeric primatized Fabs with human constant regions. Human or humanized immunoglobin domain libraries may be used to identify human or "humanized" antibodies that, for example, recognize human antigens. Because the constant and framework regions of the antibody are human, these antibodies may avoid themselves being recognized and targeted as antigens when administered to humans. The constant regions may also be optimized to recruit effector functions of the human immune system. The in vitro display selection process surmounts the inability of a normal human immune system to generate antibodies against self-antigens.
A typical antibody display library displays a polypeptide that includes a VH domain and a VL domain. An "immunoglobulin domain" refers to a domain from the variable or constant domain of immunoglobulin molecules. Immunoglobulin domains typically contain two β-sheets formed of about seven β-strands, and a conserved disulphide bond (see, e.g., A. F. Williams and A. N. Barclay, 1988, Ann. Rev. Immunol. 6:381-405). The display library can display the antibody as a Fab fragment (e.g., using two polypeptide chains) or a single chain Fv (e.g., using a single polypeptide chain). Other formats can also be used. As in the case of the Fab and other formats, the displayed antibody can include one or more constant regions as part of a light and/or heavy chain. In one embodiment, each chain includes one constant region, e.g., as in the case of a Fab. In other embodiments, additional constant regions are displayed. Antibody libraries can be constructed by a number of processes (see, e.g., de Haard et al, 1999, J. Biol. Chem. 274:18218-30; Hoogenboom et al, 1998, Immunotechnology 4:1-20; Hoogenboom et al., 2000, Immunol Today 21 :371-378, and Hoet et al. (2005) Nat Biotechnol. 23(3)344-8. Further, elements of each process can be combined with those of other processes. The processes can be used such that variation is introduced into a single immunoglobulin domain (e.g., VH or VL) or into multiple immunoglobulin domains (e.g., VH and VL). The variation can be introduced into an immunoglobulin variable domain, e.g., in the region of one or more of CDRl, CDR2, CDR3, FRl, FR2, FR3, and FR4, referring to such regions of either and both of heavy and light chain variable domains. The variation(s) may be introduced into all three CDRs of a given variable domain, or into CDRl and CDR2, e.g., of a heavy chain variable domain. Any combination is feasible. In one process, antibody libraries are constructed by inserting diverse oligonucleotides that encode CDRs into the corresponding regions of the nucleic acid. The oligonucleotides can be synthesized using monomeric nucleotides or trinucleotides. For example, Knappik et al., 2000, J. MoL Biol. 296:57-86 describe a method for constructing CDR encoding oligonucleotides using trinucleotide synthesis and a template with engineered restriction sites for accepting the oligonucleotides .
In another process, an animal, e.g., a rodent, is immunized with an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14). The animal is optionally boosted with the antigen to further stimulate the response. Then spleen cells are isolated from the animal, and nucleic acid encoding VH and/or VL domains is amplified and cloned for expression in the display library.
In yet another process, antibody libraries are constructed from nucleic acid amplified from naϊve germline immunoglobulin genes. The amplified nucleic acid includes nucleic acid encoding the VH and/or VL domain. Sources of immunoglobulin-encoding nucleic acids are described below. Amplification can include PCR, e.g., with primers that anneal to the conserved constant region, or another amplification method.
Nucleic acid encoding immunoglobulin domains can be obtained from the immune cells of, e.g., a primate (e.g., a human), mouse, rabbit, camel, or rodent. In one example, the cells are selected for a particular property. B cells at various stages of maturity can be selected. In another example, the B cells are naϊve.
In one embodiment, fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) is used to sort B cells that express surface-bound IgM, IgD, or IgG molecules. Further, B cells expressing different isotypes of IgG can be isolated. In another preferred embodiment, the B or T cell is cultured in vitro. The cells can be stimulated in vitro, e.g., by culturing with feeder cells or by adding mitogens or other modulatory reagents, such as antibodies to CD40, CD40 ligand or CD20, phorbol myristate acetate, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, or pokeweed mitogen. In another embodiment, the cells are isolated from a subject that has a disease of condition described herein, e.g., a cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer), an inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, an ocular condition (e.g., macular degeneration), diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin-invasive activity, angiogenesis, or capillary tube formation In another embodiment, the cells are isolated from a transgenic non-human animal that includes a human immunoglobulin locus.
In one preferred embodiment, the cells have activated a program of somatic hypermutation. Cells can be stimulated to undergo somatic mutagenesis of immunoglobulin genes, for example, by treatment with antiimmunoglobulin, anti-CD40, and anti-CD38 antibodies (see, e.g., Bergthorsdottir et al, 2001, J. Immunol. 166:2228). In another embodiment, the cells are naϊve.
The nucleic acid encoding an immunoglobulin variable domain can be isolated from a natural repertoire by the following exemplary method. First, RNA is isolated from the immune cell. Full length (i.e., capped) mRNAs are separated (e.g. by degrading uncapped RNAs with calf intestinal phosphatase). The cap is then removed with tobacco acid pyrophosphatase and reverse transcription is used to produce the cDNAs.
The reverse transcription of the first (antisense) strand can be done in any manner with any suitable primer. See, e.g., de Haard et al., 1999, J. Biol. Chem. 274:18218-30. The primer binding region can be constant among different immunoglobulins, e.g., in order to reverse transcribe different isotypes of immunoglobulin. The primer binding region can also be specific to a particular isotype of immunoglobulin. Typically, the primer is specific for a region that is 3 ' to a sequence encoding at least one CDR. In another embodiment, poly-dT primers may be used (and may be preferred for the heavy-chain genes). A synthetic sequence can be ligated to the 3' end of the reverse transcribed strand. The synthetic sequence can be used as a primer binding site for binding of the forward primer during PCR amplification after reverse transcription. The use of the synthetic sequence can obviate the need to use a pool of different forward primers to fully capture the available diversity.
The variable domain-encoding gene is then amplified, e.g., using one or more rounds. If multiple rounds are used, nested primers can be used for increased fidelity. The amplified nucleic acid is then cloned into a display library vector.
Secondary Screening Methods After selecting candidate library members that bind to a target, each candidate library member can be further analyzed, e.g., to further characterize its binding properties for the target, e.g., an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14), or for binding to other protein, e.g., another metalloproteinase, e.g., another MT-MMP. Each candidate library member can be subjected to one or more secondary screening assays. The assay can be for a binding property, a catalytic property, an inhibitory property, a physiological property (e.g., cytotoxicity, renal clearance, immunogenicity), a structural property (e.g., stability, conformation, oligomerization state) or another functional property. The same assay can be used repeatedly, but with varying conditions, e.g., to determine pH, ionic, or thermal sensitivities. As appropriate, the assays can use a display library member directly, a recombinant polypeptide produced from the nucleic acid encoding the selected polypeptide, or a synthetic peptide synthesized based on the sequence of the selected polypeptide. In the case of selected Fabs, the Fabs can be evaluated or can be modified and produced as intact IgG proteins. Exemplary assays for binding properties include the following.
ELISA. Binding proteins can be evaluated using an ELISA assay. For example, each protein is contacted to a microtitre plate whose bottom surface has been coated with the target, e.g., a limiting amount of the target. The plate is washed with buffer to remove non- specifically bound polypeptides. Then the amount of the binding protein bound to the target on the plate is determined by probing the plate with an antibody that can recognize the binding protein, e.g., a tag or constant portion of the binding protein. The antibody is linked to a detection system (e.g. , an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase or horse radish peroxidase (HRP) which produces a colorimetric product when appropriate substrates are provided). Homogeneous Binding Assays. The ability of a binding protein described herein to bind a target can be analyzed using a homogenous assay, i.e., after all components of the assay are added, additional fluid manipulations are not required. For example, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) can be used as a homogenous assay (see, for example, Lakowicz et al, U.S. Patent No. 5,631,169; Stavrianopoulos, et al, U.S. Patent No.
4,868,103). A fluorophore label on the first molecule (e.g., the molecule identified in the fraction) is selected such that its emitted fluorescent energy can be absorbed by a fluorescent label on a second molecule (e.g., the target) if the second molecule is in proximity to the first molecule. The fluorescent label on the second molecule fluoresces when it absorbs to the transferred energy. Since the efficiency of energy transfer between the labels is related to the distance separating the molecules, the spatial relationship between the molecules can be assessed. In a situation in which binding occurs between the molecules, the fluorescent emission of the 'acceptor' molecule label in the assay should be maximal. A binding event that is configured for monitoring by FRET can be conveniently measured through standard fluorometric detection means, e.g., using a fluorimeter. By titrating the amount of the first or second binding molecule, a binding curve can be generated to estimate the equilibrium binding constant.
Another example of a homogenous assay is ALPHASCREEN™ (Packard Bioscience, Meriden CT). ALPHASCREEN ™ uses two labeled beads. One bead generates singlet oxygen when excited by a laser. The other bead generates a light signal when singlet oxygen diffuses from the first bead and collides with it. The signal is only generated when the two beads are in proximity. One bead can be attached to the display library member, the other to the target. Signals are measured to determine the extent of binding.
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). The interaction of binding protein and a target can be analyzed using SPR. SPR or Biomolecular Interaction Analysis (BIA) detects biospecific interactions in real time, without labeling any of the interactants. Changes in the mass at the binding surface (indicative of a binding event) of the BIA chip result in alterations of the refractive index of light near the surface (the optical phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR)). The changes in the refractivity generate a detectable signal, which are measured as an indication of real-time reactions between biological molecules. Methods for using SPR are described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,641,640; Raether, 1988, Surface Plasmons Springer Verlag; Sjolander and Urbaniczky, 1991, Anal. Chem. 63:2338-2345; Szabo et al, 1995, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 5:699-705 and on-line resources provide by BIAcore International AB (Uppsala, Sweden).
Information from SPR can be used to provide an accurate and quantitative measure of the equilibrium dissociation constant (IQ), and kinetic parameters, including K0n and K0Jf, for the binding of a binding protein to a target. Such data can be used to compare different biomolecules. For example, selected proteins from an expression library can be compared to identify proteins that have high affinity for the target or that have a slow K0Jf. This information can also be used to develop structure-activity relationships (SAR). For example, the kinetic and equilibrium binding parameters of matured versions of a parent protein can be compared to the parameters of the parent protein. Variant amino acids at given positions can be identified that correlate with particular binding parameters, e.g., high affinity and slow Koff. This information can be combined with structural modeling (e.g., using homology modeling, energy minimization, or structure determination by x-ray crystallography or NMR). As a result, an understanding of the physical interaction between the protein and its target can be formulated and used to guide other design processes.
Cellular Assays. Binding proteins can be screened for ability to bind to cells which transiently or stably express and display the target of interest on the cell surface. For example, MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins can be fluorescently labeled and binding to the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) in the presence of absence of antagonistic antibody can be detected by a change in fluorescence intensity using flow cytometry e.g., a FACS machine.
Other Exemplary Methods for Obtaining MT-MMP binding antibodies
In addition to the use of display libraries, other methods can be used to obtain a MT- MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding antibody. For example, to obtain an MMP-14 binding antibody, MMP-14 protein or a region thereof can be used as an antigen in a non-human animal, e.g., a rodent.
In one embodiment, the non-human animal includes at least a part of a human immunoglobulin gene. For example, it is possible to engineer mouse strains deficient in mouse antibody production with large fragments of the human Ig loci. Using the hybridoma technology, antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) derived from the genes with the desired specificity may be produced and selected. See, e.g., XENOMOUSE™, Green et al., 1994, Nat. Gen. 7:13-21; U.S. 2003-0070185, WO 96/34096, published Oct. 31, 1996, and WO/1996/033735. In another embodiment, a monoclonal antibody is obtained from the non-human animal, and then modified, e.g., humanized or deimmunized. Winter describes a CDR- grafting method that may be used to prepare the humanized antibodies (UK Patent Application GB 2188638A, filed on March 26, 1987; US Patent No. 5,225,539). AU of the CDRs of a particular human antibody may be replaced with at least a portion of a non-human CDR or only some of the CDRs may be replaced with non-human CDRs. It is only necessary to replace the number of CDRs required for binding of the humanized antibody to a predetermined antigen.
Humanized antibodies can be generated by replacing sequences of the Fv variable region that are not directly involved in antigen binding with equivalent sequences from human Fv variable regions. General methods for generating humanized antibodies are provided by Morrison, S. L., 1985, Science 229:1202-1207, by Oi et al, 1986, BioTechniques 4:214, and by Queen et al. US Patent Nos. 5,585,089, US 5,693,761 and US 5,693,762. Those methods include isolating, manipulating, and expressing the nucleic acid sequences that encode all or part of immunoglobulin Fv variable regions from at least one of a heavy or light chain. Numerous sources of such nucleic acid are available. For example, nucleic acids may be obtained from a hybridoma producing an antibody against a predetermined target, as described above. The recombinant DNA encoding the humanized antibody, or fragment thereof, can then be cloned into an appropriate expression vector.
Reducing Immunogenicity of MT-MMP Binding Proteins
Immunoglobin MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins (e.g., IgG or Fab MMP-14 binding proteins) may be modified to reduce immunogenicity. Reduced immunogenicity is desirable in MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins intended for use as therapeutics, as it reduces the chance that the subject will develop an immune response against the therapeutic molecule. Techniques useful for reducing immunogenicity of MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins include deletion/modification of potential human T cell epitopes and 'germlining' of sequences outside of the CDRs (e.g., framework and Fc).
An MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding antibody may be modified by specific deletion of human T cell epitopes or "deimmunization" by the methods disclosed in WO 98/52976 and WO 00/34317. Briefly, the heavy and light chain variable regions of an antibody are analyzed for peptides that bind to MHC Class II; these peptides represent potential T-cell epitopes (as defined in WO 98/52976 and WO 00/34317). For detection of potential T-cell epitopes, a computer modeling approach termed "peptide threading" can be applied, and in addition a database of human MHC class II binding peptides can be searched for motifs present in the VH and VL sequences, as described in WO 98/52976 and WO 00/34317. These motifs bind to any of the 18 major MHC class II DR allotypes, and thus constitute potential T cell epitopes. Potential T-cell epitopes detected can be eliminated by substituting small numbers of amino acid residues in the variable regions, or preferably, by single amino acid substitutions. As far as possible conservative substitutions are made, often but not exclusively, an amino acid common at this position in human germline antibody sequences may be used. Human germline sequences are disclosed in Tomlinson, LA. et al., 1992, J. MoL Biol. 227:776-798; Cook, G. P. et al., 1995, Immunol Today Vol. 16 (5): 237-242; Chothia, D. et al., 1992, J. MoI. Bio. 227:799-817. The V BASE directory provides a comprehensive directory of human immunoglobulin variable region sequences (compiled by Tomlinson, LA. et al. MRC Centre for Protein Engineering, Cambridge, UK). After the deimmunizing changes are identified, nucleic acids encoding VH and VL can be constructed by mutagenesis or other synthetic methods (e.g., de novo synthesis, cassette replacement, and so forth). Mutagenized variable sequence can, optionally, be fused to a human constant region, e.g., human IgGl or K constant regions.
In some cases a potential T cell epitope will include residues which are known or predicted to be important for antibody function. For example, potential T cell epitopes are usually biased towards the CDRs. In addition, potential T cell epitopes can occur in framework residues important for antibody structure and binding. Changes to eliminate these potential epitopes will in some cases require more scrutiny, e.g., by making and testing chains with and without the change. Where possible, potential T cell epitopes that overlap the CDRs were eliminated by substitutions outside the CDRs. In some cases, an alteration within a CDR is the only option, and thus variants with and without this substitution should be tested. In other cases, the substitution required to remove a potential T cell epitope is at a residue position within the framework that might be critical for antibody binding. In these cases, variants with and without this substitution should be tested. Thus, in some cases several variant deimmunized heavy and light chain variable regions were designed and various heavy/light chain combinations tested in order to identify the optimal deimmunized antibody. The choice of the final deimmunized antibody can then be made by considering the binding affinity of the different variants in conjunction with the extent of deimmunization, i.e., the number of potential T cell epitopes remaining in the variable region. Deimmunization can be used to modify any antibody, e.g., an antibody that includes a non-human sequence, e.g., a synthetic antibody, a murine antibody other non-human monoclonal antibody, or an antibody isolated from a display library.
MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding antibodies are "germlined" by reverting one or more non-germline amino acids in framework regions to corresponding germline amino acids of the antibody, so long as binding properties are substantially retained. Similar methods can also be used in the constant region, e.g., in constant immunoglobulin domains.
Antibodies that bind to MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14), e.g., an antibody described herein, may be modified in order to make the variable regions of the antibody more similar to one or more germline sequences. For example, an antibody can include one, two, three, or more amino acid substitutions, e.g., in a framework, CDR, or constant region, to make it more similar to a reference germline sequence. One exemplary germlining method can include identifying one or more germline sequences that are similar (e.g., most similar in a particular database) to the sequence of the isolated antibody. Mutations (at the amino acid level) are then made in the isolated antibody, either incrementally or in combination with other mutations. For example, a nucleic acid library that includes sequences encoding some or all possible germline mutations is made. The mutated antibodies are then evaluated, e.g., to identify an antibody that has one or more additional germline residues relative to the isolated antibody and that is still useful (e.g., has a functional activity). In one embodiment, as many germline residues are introduced into an isolated antibody as possible. In one embodiment, mutagenesis is used to substitute or insert one or more germline residues into a framework and/or constant region. For example, a germline framework and/or constant region residue can be from a germline sequence that is similar (e.g., most similar) to the non-variable region being modified. After mutagenesis, activity (e.g., binding or other functional activity) of the antibody can be evaluated to determine if the germline residue or residues are tolerated (i.e., do not abrogate activity). Similar mutagenesis can be performed in the framework regions.
Selecting a germline sequence can be performed in different ways. For example, a germline sequence can be selected if it meets a predetermined criteria for selectivity or similarity, e.g., at least a certain percentage identity, e.g., at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.5% identity. The selection can be performed using at least 2, 3, 5, or 10 germline sequences. In the case of CDRl and CDR2, identifying a similar germline sequence can include selecting one such sequence. In the case of CDR3, identifying a similar germline sequence can include selecting one such sequence, but may including using two germline sequences that separately contribute to the amino-terminal portion and the carboxy- terminal portion. In other implementations more than one or two germline sequences are used, e.g., to form a consensus sequence.
In one embodiment, with respect to a particular reference variable domain sequence, e.g., a sequence described herein, a related variable domain sequence has at least 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 100% of the CDR amino acid positions that are not identical to residues in the reference CDR sequences, residues that are identical to residues at corresponding positions in a human germline sequence (i.e., an amino acid sequence encoded by a human germline nucleic acid). In one embodiment, with respect to a particular reference variable domain sequence, e.g., a sequence described herein, a related variable domain sequence has at least 30, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100% of the FR regions identical to FR sequence from a human germline sequence, e.g., a germline sequence related to the reference variable domain sequence.
Accordingly, it is possible to isolate an antibody which has similar activity to a given antibody of interest, but is more similar to one or more germline sequences, particularly one or more human germline sequences. For example, an antibody can be at least 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 99.5% identical to a germline sequence in a region outside the CDRs (e.g., framework regions). Further, an antibody can include at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 germline residues in a CDR region, the germline residue being from a germline sequence of similar (e.g., most similar) to the variable region being modified. Germline sequences of primary interest are human germline sequences. The activity of the antibody (e.g., the binding activity as measured by KA) can be within a factor or 100, 10, 5, 2, 0.5, 0.1, and 0.001 of the original antibody.
Germline sequences of human immunoglobin genes have been determined and are available from a number of sources, including the international ImMunoGeneTics information system® (IMGT), available via the world wide web at imgt.cines.fr, and the V BASE directory (compiled by Tomlinson, LA. et al. MRC Centre for Protein Engineering, Cambridge, UK, available via the world wide web at vbase.mrc-cpe.cam.ac.uk).
Exemplary germline reference sequences for VkaPPa include: 012/02, 018/08, A20, A30, L14, Ll, L15, L4/18a, L5/L19, L8, L23, L9 ,L24, LI l, L12, Ol l/Ol, A17, Al, A18, A2, A19/A3, A23, A27, Al l, L2/L16, L6, L20, L25, B3, B2, A26/A10, and A14. See, e.g., Tomlinson et al, 1995, EMBO J. 14(18):4628-3. A germline reference sequence for the HC variable domain can be based on a sequence that has particular canonical structures, e.g., 1-3 structures in the Hl and H2 hypervariable loops. The canonical structures of hypervariable loops of an immunoglobulin variable domain can be inferred from its sequence, as described in Chothia et al., 1992, J. MoI. Biol. 227:799-817; Tomlinson et al., 1992, J. MoI. Biol. 227:776-798); and Tomlinson et al., 1995, EMBO J. 14(18):4628-38. Exemplary sequences with a 1-3 structure include: DP-I, DP-8, DP-12, DP-2, DP-25, DP-15, DP-7, DP-4, DP-31, DP-32, DP-33, DP-35, DP- 40, 7-2, hv3005, hv3005O, DP-46, DP-47, DP-58, DP-49, DP-50, DP-51, DP-53, and DP-54.
Protein Production Standard recombinant nucleic acid methods can be used to express a protein that binds to MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14). Generally, a nucleic acid sequence encoding the protein is cloned into a nucleic acid expression vector. Of course, if the protein includes multiple polypeptide chains, each chain can be cloned into an expression vector, e.g., the same or different vectors, that are expressed in the same or different cells. Antibody Production. Some antibodies, e.g., Fabs, can be produced in bacterial cells, e.g., E. coli cells. For example, if the Fab is encoded by sequences in a phage display vector that includes a suppressible stop codon between the display entity and a bacteriophage protein (or fragment thereof), the vector nucleic acid can be transferred into a bacterial cell that cannot suppress a stop codon. In this case, the Fab is not fused to the gene III protein and is secreted into the periplasm and/or media.
Antibodies can also be produced in eukaryotic cells. In one embodiment, the antibodies (e.g., scFv's) are expressed in a yeast cell such as Pichia (see, e.g., Powers et al., 2001, J. Immunol. Methods. 251 :123-35), Hanseula, or Saccharomyces.
In one preferred embodiment, antibodies are produced in mammalian cells. Preferred mammalian host cells for expressing the clone antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof include Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO cells) (including dhfr- CHO cells, described in Urlaub and Chasin, 1980, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:4216-4220, used with a DHFR selectable marker, e.g., as described in Kaufman and Sharp, 1982, MoI. Biol. 159:601 621), lymphocytic cell lines, e.g., NSO myeloma cells and SP2 cells, COS cells, HEK293T cells (J. Immunol. Methods (2004) 289(l-2):65-80.), and a cell from a transgenic animal, e.g., a transgenic mammal. For example, the cell is a mammary epithelial cell.
In addition to the nucleic acid sequence encoding the diversified immunoglobulin domain, the recombinant expression vectors may carry additional sequences, such as sequences that regulate replication of the vector in host cells (e.g., origins of replication) and selectable marker genes. The selectable marker gene facilitates selection of host cells into which the vector has been introduced (see e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 4,399,216, 4,634,665 and 5,179,017). For example, typically the selectable marker gene confers resistance to drugs, such as G418, hygromycin or methotrexate, on a host cell into which the vector has been introduced. Preferred selectable marker genes include the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene (for use in dhff host cells with methotrexate selection/amplification) and the neo gene (for G418 selection).
In an exemplary system for recombinant expression of an antibody, or antigen- binding portion thereof, a recombinant expression vector encoding both the antibody heavy chain and the antibody light chain is introduced into dhff CHO cells by calcium phosphate- mediated transfection. Within the recombinant expression vector, the antibody heavy and light chain genes are each operatively linked to enhancer/promoter regulatory elements (e.g., derived from SV40, CMV, adenovirus and the like, such as a CMV enhancer/ AdMLP promoter regulatory element or an SV40 enhancer/ AdMLP promoter regulatory element) to drive high levels of transcription of the genes. The recombinant expression vector also carries a DHFR gene, which allows for selection of CHO cells that have been transfected with the vector using methotrexate selection/amplification. The selected transformant host cells are cultured to allow for expression of the antibody heavy and light chains and intact antibody is recovered from the culture medium. Standard molecular biology techniques are used to prepare the recombinant expression vector, transfect the host cells, select for transformants, culture the host cells and recover the antibody from the culture medium. For example, some antibodies can be isolated by affinity chromatography with a Protein A or Protein G coupled matrix. For antibodies that include an Fc domain, the antibody production system may produce antibodies in which the Fc region is glycosylated. For example, the Fc domain of IgG molecules is glycosylated at asparagine 297 in the CH2 domain. This asparagine is the site for modification with biantennary-type oligosaccharides. It has been demonstrated that this glycosylation is required for effector functions mediated by Fcg receptors and complement CIq (Burton and Woof, 1992, Adv. Immunol. 51 : 1-84; Jefferis et al, 1998,
Immunol. Rev. 163:59-76). In one embodiment, the Fc domain is produced in a mammalian expression system that appropriately glycosylates the residue corresponding to asparagine 297. The Fc domain can also include other eukaryotic post-translational modifications. Antibodies can also be produced by a transgenic animal. For example, U.S. Patent No. 5,849,992 describes a method of expressing an antibody in the mammary gland of a transgenic mammal. A transgene is constructed that includes a milk-specific promoter and nucleic acids encoding the antibody of interest and a signal sequence for secretion. The milk produced by females of such transgenic mammals includes, secreted-therein, the antibody of interest. The antibody can be purified from the milk, or for some applications, used directly.
After the protein is prepared (e.g., and purified), it can be conjugated to a drug, as described herein, to prepare a binding protein-drug conjugate.
Characterization of MT-MMP Binding Proteins Binding of MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins to cells expressing the MT-
MMP (e.g., MMP-14) can be characterized in a number assays known in the art, including FACS (Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting), immunofluorescence, and immunocytochemistry. MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein is contacted with cells and/or tissues which express or contain the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14), and binding is detected in accordance with the method being used. For example, a fluorescent detection system (e.g., fluorescent-labeled secondary antibody) employed for FACS and immunofluorescence analysis, or a enzymatic system is used for immunocytochemistry are generally used in these assayscan be performed on non-perm. MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins can be characterized as to cellular binding by FACS (Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting) using cells expressing MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14). Individual cells held in a thin stream of fluid are passed through one or more laser beams cause light to scatter and fluorescent dyes to emit light at various frequencies. Photomultiplier tubes (PMT) convert light to electrical signals and cell data is collected. Forward and side scatter are used for preliminary identification of cells. Forward and side scatter are used to exclude debris and dead cells. Fluorescent labeling allows investigation of cell structure and function. Cell autofluorescence is generated by labeling cell structures with fluorescent dyes. FACS collects fluorescence signals in one to several channels corresponding to different laser excitation and fluorescence emission wavelength. Immunofluorescence, the most widely used application, involves the staining of cells with antibodies conjugated to fluorescent dyes such as fluorescein and phycoerythrin (PE). This method can be used to label MT-MMP
(e.g., MMP-14) on the cell surface of MDA-MB-231 cells using biotinylated MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins. Biotin is used in this two-step detection systems in concert with conjugated steptavidin. Biotin is typically conjugated to proteins via primary amines (i.e., lysines). Usually, between 1.5 and 3 biotin molecules are conjugated to each antibody. A second fluorescently conjugated antibody (streptavidin/PE) is added which is specific for biotin. MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates can be characterized in the same ways.
MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding proteins can be characterized in cultured cells expressing the particular MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) antigen. The method generally used is immunocytochemistry. Immunocytochemistry involves the use of antibodies that recognize parts of the receptor that are exposed to the outside environment when expressed at the cell surface (the 'primary antibody'). If the experiment is carried out in intact cells, such an antibody will only bind to surface expressed receptors. Biotinylated or non-biotinylated MT- MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins can be used. The secondary antibody is then either a streptavidin/HRP antibody (for biotinylated MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein) or an anti-human IgG/HRP (for non-biotinylated MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein). The staining can then be detected using an inverted microscope. The assay can be performed in the absence of MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein and in presence of lOμg/mL of MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein. MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates can be characterized in the same manner.
MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins can be characterized in assays that measure their modulatory activity toward MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) or fragments thereof in vitro or in vivo. For example, MMP-14 can be combined with a substrate such as Mca-Pro- Leu-Ala-Cys(Mob)-Trp-Ala-Arg-Dap(Dnp)-NH2 under assay conditions permitting cleavage by MMP-14. The assay is performed in the absence of the MMP-14 binding protein, and in the presence of increasing concentrations of the MMP-14 binding protein. The concentration of binding protein at which 50% of the MMP-14 activity (e.g., binding to the substrate) is inhibited is the IC50 value (Inhibitory Concentration 50%) or EC50 (Effective Concentration 50%) value for that binding protein. Within a series or group of binding proteins, those having lower IC50 or EC50 values are considered more potent inhibitors of MMP-14 than those binding proteins having higher IC50 or EC50 values. Exemplary binding proteins have an IC50 value of less than 800 nM, 400 nM, 100 nM, 25 nM, 5 nM, or 1 nM, e.g., as measured in an in vitro assay for inhibition of MMP-14 activity when the MMP-14 is at 2 pM. MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates can be characterized in like fashion.
MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins may also be characterized with reference to the activity of the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) on its substrates {e.g., activation of cell surface pro-MMP-2). Cleavage of cell surface pro-MMP-2 by MMP-14 releases active MMP-2, which can be detected by zymography. The method is based on a SDS gel impregnated with a protein substrate, which is degraded by the proteases resolved during the incubation period. Coomassie blue staining of the gels reveals proteolytic fragments as white bands on a dark blue background. Within a certain range, the band intensity can be related linearly to the amount of the protease loaded. Cells expressing both the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) and MMP-2 are used in this assay. For example, the assay is performed in the absence of the MMP- 14 binding protein, and in the presence of increasing concentrations of the MMP- 14 binding protein. The concentration of binding protein at which 50% of the MMP-2 activity (e.g., binding to the substrate) is inhibited is the IC50 value (Inhibitory Concentration 50%) or EC50 (Effective Concentration 50%) value for that binding protein. Within a series or group of binding proteins, those having lower IC50 or EC50 values are considered more potent inhibitors of MMP- 14 than those binding proteins having higher IC50 or EC50 values. Exemplary binding proteins have an IC50 value of less than 800 nM, 400 nM, 100 nM, 25 nM, 5 nM, or 1 nM, e.g., as measured in an in vitro assay for inhibition of MMP- 14 activity. MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates can be characterized in the same manner.
The binding proteins can also be evaluated for selectivity toward the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14). For example, a MMP-14 binding protein can be assayed for its potency toward MMP-14 and a panel of MMPs and other enzymes, e.g., MMP-I, -2, -3, -7, -8, -9, -12, -13, - 16, -17, -24, and TACE, and an IC50 value or EC50 value can be determined for each MMP. In one embodiment, a compound that demonstrates a low IC50 value or EC50 value for the MMP-14, and a higher IC50 value or EC50 value, e.g., at least 2-, 5-, or 10- fold higher, for another MMP within the test panel (e.g., MMP-I, -10) is considered to be selective toward MMP-14. MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates can likesie be characterized. MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins can be evaluated for their ability to inhibit
MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) in a cell based assay. For example, the expansion of tumor cells inside a three-dimensional collagen-matrix can be significantly enhanced in response to MMP-14 overexpression (Hotary et al, 2003 Cell 114:33-45). Addition of an MMP-14 binding protein to this assay can be used to determine the inhibitory properties and other characteristics of the protein. MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates can be characterized in the same manner.
A pharmacokinetics study in rat, mice, or monkey can be performed with MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins for determining MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) half-life in the serum. Likewise, the effect of the binding protein can be assessed in vivo, e.g., in an animal model for a disease, for use as a therapeutic, for example, to treat a disease or condition described herein, e.g., a cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer), an inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, an ocular condition (e.g., macular degeneration), diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin-invasive activity, angiogenesis, or capillary tube formation. MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates can be characterized in the same ways.
Pharmaceutical Compositions
In another aspect, the disclosure provides compositions, e.g., pharmaceutically acceptable compositions or pharmaceutical compositions, which include an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, e.g., an antibody molecule, other polypeptide or peptide identified as binding to the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, described herein. The MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein can be formulated together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutical compositions include therapeutic compositions and diagnostic compositions, e.g., compositions that include labeled MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, for in vivo imaging.
A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. Preferably, the carrier is suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal, or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion), although carriers suitable for inhalation and intranasal administration are also contemplated. Depending on the route of administration, the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, may be coated in a material to protect the compound from the action of acids and other natural conditions that may inactivate the compound.
A pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a salt that retains the desired biological activity of the parent compound and does not impart any undesired toxicological effects (see e.g., Berge, S. M., et al., 1977, J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19). Examples of such salts include acid addition salts and base addition salts. Acid addition salts include those derived from nontoxic inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphorous, and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic acids such as aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids, phenyl-substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxy alkanoic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids, and the like. Base addition salts include those derived from alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic amines, such as N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, N- methylglucamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, procaine, and the like.
The compositions may be in a variety of forms. These include, for example, liquid, semi-solid and solid dosage forms, such as liquid solutions (e.g., injectable and infusible solutions), dispersions or suspensions, tablets, pills, powders, liposomes and suppositories. The form can depend on the intended mode of administration and therapeutic application. Many compositions are in the form of injectable or infusible solutions, such as compositions similar to those used for administration of humans with antibodies. An exemplary mode of administration is parenteral (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular). In one embodiment, the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, is administered by intravenous infusion or injection. In another preferred embodiment, the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, is administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection.
The phrases "parenteral administration" and "administered parenterally" as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrasternal injection and infusion.
The composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, dispersion, liposome, or other ordered structure suitable to high drug concentration. Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the binding protein in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying that yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof. The proper fluidity of a solution can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Prolonged absorption of injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption, for example, monostearate salts and gelatin. An MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, can be administered by a variety of methods, although for many applications, the preferred route/mode of administration is intravenous injection or infusion. For example, for therapeutic applications, the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, can be administered by intravenous infusion at a rate of less than 30, 20, 10, 5, or 1 mg/min to reach a dose of about 1 to 100 mg/m2 or 7 to 25 mg/m2. The route and/or mode of administration will vary depending upon the desired results. In certain embodiments, the active compound may be prepared with a carrier that will protect the compound against rapid release, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants, and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Many methods for the preparation of such formulations are available. See, e.g., Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems, J.R. Robinson, ed., 1978, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Pharmaceutical compositions can be administered with medical devices. For example, in one embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can be administered with a device, e.g., a needleless hypodermic injection device, a pump, or implant.
In certain embodiments, an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, can be formulated to ensure proper distribution in vivo. For example, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) excludes many highly hydrophilic compounds. To ensure that the therapeutic compounds disclosed herein cross the BBB (if desired), they can be formulated, for example, in liposomes. For methods of manufacturing liposomes, see, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 4,522,811; 5,374,548; and 5,399,331. The liposomes may comprise one or more moieties that are selectively transported into specific cells or organs, thus enhance targeted drug delivery (see, e.g., V.V. Ranade, 1989, J. Clin. Pharmacol. 29:685).
Dosage regimens are adjusted to provide the optimum desired response (e.g., a therapeutic response). For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subjects to be treated; each unit contains a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms can be dictated by and directly dependent on (a) the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of sensitivity in individuals.
An exemplary, non-limiting range for a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an antibody disclosed herein is 0.1-20 mg/kg, more preferably 1-10 mg/kg. An anti- MT-MMP (e.g., anti-MMP-14) antibody, or anti-MT-MMP antibody-drug conjugate, can be administered, e.g., by intravenous infusion, e.g., at a rate of less than 30, 20, 10, 5, or 1 mg/min to reach a dose of about 1 to 100 mg/m2 or about 5 to 30 mg/m2. For binding proteins smaller in molecular weight than an antibody, appropriate amounts can be proportionally less. Dosage values may vary with the type and severity of the condition to be alleviated. For a particular subject, specific dosage regimens can be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions.
The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may include a "therapeutically effective amount" or a "prophylactically effective amount" of an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, disclosed herein. A "therapeutically effective amount" refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired therapeutic result. A therapeutically effective amount of the composition may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the protein to elicit a desired response in the individual. A therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the composition is outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects. A "therapeutically effective dosage" preferably modulates a measurable parameter, e.g., levels of circulating IgG antibodies by a statistically significant degree or at least about 20%, more preferably by at least about 40%, even more preferably by at least about 60%, and still more preferably by at least about 80% relative to untreated subjects. The ability of a compound to modulate a measurable parameter, e.g., a disease-associated parameter, can be evaluated in an animal model system predictive of efficacy in human disorders and conditions, e.g., a cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer), an inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, an ocular condition (e.g., macular degeneration), diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin-invasive activity, angiogenesis, or capillary tube formation. Alternatively, this property of a composition can be evaluated by examining the ability of the compound to modulate a parameter in vitro.
A "prophylactically effective amount" refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired prophylactic result. Typically, because a prophylactic dose is used in subjects prior to or at an earlier stage of disease, the prophylactically effective amount will be less than the therapeutically effective amount.
Stabilization and Retention
In one embodiment, an MMP- 14 binding protein is physically associated with a moiety that improves its stabilization and/or retention in circulation, e.g., in blood, serum, lymph, or other tissues, e.g., by at least 1.5, 2, 5, 10, or 50 fold. For example, an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, can be associated with a polymer, e.g., a substantially non-antigenic polymers, such as polyalkylene oxides or polyethylene oxides. Suitable polymers will vary substantially by weight. Polymers having molecular number average weights ranging from about 200 to about 35,000 (or about 1,000 to about 15,000, and 2,000 to about 12,500) can be used. For example, an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, can be conjugated to a water soluble polymer, e.g., hydrophilic polyvinyl polymers, e.g. polyvinylalcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone. A non-limiting list of such polymers include polyalkylene oxide homopolymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polypropylene glycols, polyoxyethylenated polyols, copolymers thereof and block copolymers thereof, provided that the water solubility of the block copolymers is maintained.
An MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, can also be associated with a carrier protein, e.g., a serum albumin, such as a human serum albumin. For example, a translational fusion can be used to associate the carrier protein with the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate. Kits
An MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, described herein can be provided in a kit, e.g., as a component of a kit. For example, the kit includes (a) an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate), e.g., a composition that includes an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate), and, optionally (b) informational material. The informational material can be descriptive, instructional, marketing or other material that relates to the methods described herein and/or the use of an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate) for the methods described herein.
The informational material of the kits is not limited in its form. In one embodiment, the informational material can include information about production of the compound, molecular weight of the compound, concentration, date of expiration, batch or production site information, and so forth. In one embodiment, the informational material relates to using the binding protein to treat, prevent, or diagnosis of disorders and conditions, e.g., a cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer), an inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, an ocular condition (e.g., macular degeneration), diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin- invasive activity, angiogenesis, or capillary tube formation. In one embodiment, the informational material can include instructions to administer an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, in a suitable manner to perform the methods described herein, e.g., in a suitable dose, dosage form, or mode of administration (e.g., a dose, dosage form, or mode of administration described herein). In another embodiment, the informational material can include instructions to administer an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, to a suitable subject, e.g., a human, e.g., a human having, or at risk for, a disorder or condition described herein, e.g., a cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer), an inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, an ocular condition (e.g., macular degeneration), diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin-invasive activity, angiogenesis, or capillary tube formation. For example, the material can include instructions to administer an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, to a patient with a disorder or condition described herein, e.g., a cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer), an inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, an ocular condition (e.g., macular degeneration), diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin- invasive activity, angiogenesis, or capillary tube formation. The informational material of the kits is not limited in its form. In many cases, the informational material, e.g., instructions, is provided in print but may also be in other formats, such as computer readable material.
An MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, can be provided in any form, e.g., liquid, dried or lyophilized form. It is preferred that an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, be substantially pure and/or sterile. When an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, is provided in a liquid solution, the liquid solution preferably is an aqueous solution, with a sterile aqueous solution being preferred. When an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate ^ is provided as a dried form, reconstitution generally is by the addition of a suitable solvent. The solvent, e.g., sterile water or buffer, can optionally be provided in the kit.
The kit can include one or more containers for the composition containing an MT- MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate). In some embodiments, the kit contains separate containers, dividers or compartments for the composition and informational material. For example, the composition can be contained in a bottle, vial, or syringe, and the informational material can be contained association with the container. In other embodiments, the separate elements of the kit are contained within a single, undivided container. For example, the composition is contained in a bottle, vial or syringe that has attached thereto the informational material in the form of a label. In some embodiments, the kit includes a plurality (e.g., a pack) of individual containers, each containing one or more unit dosage forms (e.g., a dosage form described herein) of an MT- MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate. For example, the kit includes a plurality of syringes, ampules, foil packets, or blister packs, each containing a single unit dose of an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate. The containers of the kits can be air tight, waterproof (e.g., impermeable to changes in moisture or evaporation), and/or light-tight.
The kit optionally includes a device suitable for administration of the composition, e.g., a syringe, inhalant, dropper (e.g., eye dropper), swab (e.g., a cotton swab or wooden swab), or any such delivery device. In one embodiment, the device is an implantable device that dispenses metered doses of the binding protein. The disclosure also features a method of providing a kit, e.g., by combining components described herein.
Treatments Proteins that bind to MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) and identified by the method described herein and/or detailed herein (or protein-drug conjugates thereof) have therapeutic and prophylactic utilities, particularly in human subjects. These binding proteins are administered to a subject to treat, prevent, and/or diagnose a variety of disorders, including e.g., a cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer), an inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, an ocular condition (e.g., macular degeneration), diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin-invasive activity, angiogenesis, or capillary tube formation, or even to cells in culture, e.g. in vitro or ex vivo. Treating includes administering an amount effective to alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve or affect the disorder, the symptoms of the disorder or the predisposition toward the disorder. The treatment may also delay onset, e.g., prevent onset, or prevent deterioration of a disease or condition.
Exemplary disorders include a cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer), an inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, atherosclerosis), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, an ocular condition (e.g., macular degeneration), diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin-invasive activity, angiogenesis, or capillary tube formation. Some of these disorders are discussed above. Still other disorders that can be treated using an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein- drug conjugate, include: aortic aneurysms, periodontitis, autoimmune blistering disorders of the skin, dermal photoaging. As used herein, an amount of an target-binding agent effective to prevent a disorder, or a prophylactically effective amount of the binding agent refers to an amount of a target binding agent, e.g., an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate), e.g., an anti- MT-MMP (e.g., anti-MMP-14) antibody (or anti-MT- MMP antibody-drug conjugate)described herein, which is effective, upon single- or multiple- dose administration to the subject, for preventing or delaying the occurrence of the onset or recurrence of a disorder, e.g., a disorder described herein.
A binding agent described herein can be used to reduce angiogenesis in a subject, e.g., to treat a cancer (e.g., a solid tumor) or an angiogenesis-associated disorder. The method includes administering the binding to the subject, e.g., in an amount effective to modulate angiogenesis, a symptom of the disorder, or progression of the disorder. The agent (e.g., an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate), e.g., an anti- MT-MMP (e.g., anti-MMP-14) antibody (or anti-MT-MMP antibody-drug conjugate)) may be administered multiple times (e.g., at least two, three, five, or ten times) before a therapeutically effective amount is attained.
Methods of administering MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates, and other agents are also described in "Pharmaceutical Compositions." Suitable dosages of the molecules used can depend on the age and weight of the subject and the particular drug used. The binding proteins (or protein-drug conjugates thereof) can be used as competitive agents to inhibit, reduce an undesirable interaction, e.g., between a natural or pathological agent and the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14). The dose of the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, can be the amount sufficient to block 90%, 95%, 99%, or 99.9% of the activity of MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) in the patient, especially at the site of disease. Depending on the disease, this may require 0.1, 1.0, 3.0, 6.0, or 10.0 mg/Kg. For an IgG having a molecular mass of 150,000 g/mole (two binding sites), these doses correspond to approximately 18 nM, 180 nM, 540 nM, 1.08 μM, and 1.8 μM of binding sites for a 5 L blood volume.
In one embodiment, the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates, are used to inhibit an activity (e.g., inhibit at least one activity of, reduce proliferation, migration, growth or viability) of a cell, e.g., a cancer cell in vivo. The binding proteins can be used by themselves or conjugated to an agent, e.g., a cytotoxic drug, cytotoxin enzyme, or radioisotope. This method includes: administering the binding protein alone or attached to an agent (e.g., a cytotoxic drug), to a subject requiring such treatment. For example, MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins that do not substantially inhibit MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) may be used to deliver nanoparticles containing agents, such as toxins, to MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) associated cells or tissues, e.g., tumors. Such MT-MMP binding proteins can be conjugated to a drug (to form a MT- MMP binding protein-drug conjugate) and deliver the durg to the MT-MMP associated cells or tissues. E.g., the drug can cause a cytotoxic or cytotoxic effect on the cell or tissue.
Because the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins (and MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates) recognize MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) -expressing cells and can bind to cells that are associated with (e.g., in proximity of or intermingled with) cancer cells, e.g., cancerous lung, liver, colon, breast, ovarian, epidermal, laryngeal, and cartilage cells, and particularly metastatic cells thereof, MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins, or MT- MMP binding protein-drug conjugates, can be used to inhibit (e.g., inhibit at least one activity, reduce growth and proliferation, or kill) any such cells and inhibit carcinogenesis. Reducing MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) activity near a cancer can indirectly inhibit (e.g., inhibit at least one activity, reduce growth and proliferation, or kill) the cancer cells which may be dependent on the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) activity for metastasis, activation of growth factors, and so forth.
Alternatively, the binding proteins, or binding protein-drug conjugates, bind to cells in the vicinity of the cancerous cells, but are sufficiently close to the cancerous cells to directly or indirectly inhibit (e.g., inhibit at least one activity, reduce growth and proliferation, or kill) the cancers cells. Thus, the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates, can be used to selectively inhibit cells in cancerous tissue (including the cancerous cells themselves and cells associated with or invading the cancer). The binding proteins may be used to deliver an agent (e.g., any of a variety of cytotoxic and therapeutic drugs) to cells and tissues where the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) is present. Exemplary agents include a compound emitting radiation, molecules of plants, fungal, or bacterial origin, biological proteins, and mixtures thereof. The cytotoxic drugs can be intracellularly acting cytotoxic drugs, such as toxins short range radiation emitters, e.g., short range, high energy α-emitters.
To target MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) expressing cells, particularly cancerous cells, a prodrug system can be used. For example, a first binding protein is conjugated with a prodrug which is activated only when in close proximity with a prodrug activator. The prodrug activator is conjugated with a second binding protein, preferably one which binds to a non competing site on the target molecule. Whether two binding proteins bind to competing or non competing binding sites can be determined by conventional competitive binding assays. Exemplary drug prodrug pairs are described in Blakely et al, (1996) Cancer Research, 56:3287 3292.
The MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates, can be used directly in vivo to eliminate antigen-expressing cells via natural complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) or antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The binding proteins described herein can include complement binding effector domain, such as the Fc portions from IgGl, -2, or -3 or corresponding portions of IgM which bind complement. In one embodiment, a population of target cells is ex vivo treated with a binding agent described herein and appropriate effector cells. The treatment can be supplemented by the addition of complement or serum containing complement. Further, phagocytosis of target cells coated with a binding protein described herein can be improved by binding of complement proteins. In another embodiment target, cells coated with the binding protein which includes a complement binding effector domain are lysed by complement.
Methods of administering MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding proteins, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates, are described in "Pharmaceutical Compositions." Suitable dosages of the molecules used will depend on the age and weight of the subject and the particular drug used. The binding proteins can be used as competitive agents to inhibit or reduce an undesirable interaction, e.g., between a natural or pathological agent and the MT- MMP (e.g., MMP-14).
The MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, can be used to deliver macro and micromolecules, e.g., a gene into the cell for gene therapy purposes into the endothelium or epithelium and target only those tissues expressing the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14). The binding proteins may be used to deliver a variety of cytotoxic drugs including therapeutic drugs, a compound emitting radiation, molecules of plants, fungal, or bacterial origin, biological proteins, and mixtures thereof. The cytotoxic drugs can be intracellularly acting cytotoxic drugs, such as short range radiation emitters, including, for example, short range, high energy α emitters, as described herein.
In the case of polypeptide toxins, recombinant nucleic acid techniques can be used to construct a nucleic acid that encodes the binding protein (e.g., antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof) and the cytotoxin (or a polypeptide component thereof) as translational fusions. The recombinant nucleic acid is then expressed, e.g., in cells and the encoded fusion polypeptide isolated.
Alternatively, the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, can be coupled to high energy radiation emitters, for example, a radioisotope, such as 131I, a γ-emitter, which, when localized at a site, results in a killing of several cell diameters. See, e.g., S.E. Order, "Analysis, Results, and Future Prospective of the Therapeutic Use of Radiolabeled Antibody in Cancer Therapy", Monoclonal Antibodies or Cancer Detection and Therapy, R.W. Baldwin et al. (eds.), pp 303 316 (Academic Press 1985). Other suitable radioisotopes include a emitters, such as 212Bi, 213Bi, and 211At, and b emitters, such as 186Re and 90Y. Moreover, 177 Lu may also be used as both an imaging and cytotoxic agent.
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) using antibodies labeled with 1311 ,90Y, and 177Lu is under intense clinical investigation. There are significant differences in the physical characteristics of these three nuclides and as a result, the choice of radionuclide is very critical in order to deliver maximum radiation dose to a tissue of interest. The higher beta energy particles of 90Y may be good for bulky tumors. The relatively low energy beta particles of 131I are ideal, but in vivo dehalogenation of radioiodinated molecules is a major disadvantage for internalizing antibody. In contrast, 177Lu has low energy beta particle with only 0.2-0.3 mm range and delivers much lower radiation dose to bone marrow compared to 90Y. In addition, due to longer physical half-life (compared to 90Y), the residence times are higher. As a result, higher activities (more mCi amounts) of 177Lu labeled agents can be administered with comparatively less radiation dose to marrow. There have been several clinical studies investigating the use of 177Lu labeled antibodies in the treatment of various cancers. (Mulligan T et al, 1995, Clin. Cane. Res. 1 : 1447-1454; Meredith RF, et al, 1996, J. Nucl. Med. 37:1491-1496; Alvarez RD, et al., 1997, Gynecol. Oncol. 65: 94-101).
Exemplary Diseases and Conditions
MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding proteins, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates, described herein are useful to treat diseases or conditions in which the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) is implicated, e.g., a disease or condition described herein, or to treat one or more symptoms associated therewith. In some embodiments, an MMP- 14 binding protein (e.g., MMP- 14 binding IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, inhibits MMP- 14 activity, and may further inhibit, MMP- 16 and/or MMP-24. MMP- 14 binding proteins which inhibit MMP- 16 and/or MMP-24 are particularly useful for the treatment of disorders in which these metalloproteases are also implicated.
Examples of such diseases and conditions include a cancer (e.g., metastatic cancer, e.g., metastatic breast cancer), inflammatory disease (e.g., synovitis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis), atherosclerosis, ocular conditions (e.g., macular degeneration), diabetes, Alzheimer's Disease, cerebral ischemia, endometriosis, fibrin-invasive activity, angiogenesis, and capillary tube formation. A therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, is administered to a subject having or suspected of having a disorder in which the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) is implicated, thereby treating (e.g. , ameliorating or improving a symptom or feature of a disorder, slowing, stabilizing or halting disease progression) the disorder.
The MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, is administered in a therapeutically effective amount. A therapeutically effective amount of an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, is the amount which is effective, upon single or multiple dose administration to a subject, in treating a subject, e.g., curing, alleviating, relieving or improving at least one symptom of a disorder in a subject to a degree beyond that expected in the absence of such treatment. A therapeutically effective amount of the composition may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the compound to elicit a desired response in the individual. A therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the composition is outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects.
A therapeutically effective amount can be administered, typically an amount of the compound which is effective, upon single or multiple dose administration to a subject, in treating a subject, e.g., curing, alleviating, relieving or improving at least one symptom of a disorder in a subject to a degree beyond that expected in the absence of such treatment. A therapeutically effective amount of the composition may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the compound to elicit a desired response in the individual. A therapeutically effective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects of the composition is outweighed by the therapeutically beneficial effects. A therapeutically effective dosage preferably modulates a measurable parameter, favorably, relative to untreated subjects. The ability of a compound to inhibit a measurable parameter can be evaluated in an animal model system predictive of efficacy in a human disorder.
Dosage regimens can be adjusted to provide the optimum desired response (e.g., a therapeutic response). For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided doses may be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reduced or increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subjects to be treated; each unit contains a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
Cancer
Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), such as the MT-MMPs, e.g., MMP-14 (MTl- MMP), MMP- 16 (MT3-MMP), and MMP-24 (MT5-MMP), are believed to contribute to cancer by cleaving components of the ECM and basement membranes, thereby allowing cancer cells to penetrate and infiltrate the subjacent stromal matrix. Additionally, a number of growth- factor receptors, cell adhesion molecules, chemokines, cytokines, apoptotic ligands, and angiogenic factors are substrates of MMPs. Hence, MMP activity may cause activation of growth factors, suppression of tumor cell apoptosis, destruction of chemokine gradients developed by host immune response, or release of angiogenic factors. MMPs may facilitate tumor growth by promoting the release of cell proliferation factors such as insulin- like growth factors which are bound to specific binding proteins (IGFBPs) (Manes et al., 1997 J. Biol. Chem. 272: 25706-25712). Collagenases, including MMP-2, have been found at elevated levels in melanoma and in cancers of the colon, breast, lung, prostate, and bladder. Usually, these elevated levels correlate with higher tumor grade and invasiveness. MMP-2 levels are significantly elevated in the serum of patients with metastatic lung cancer, and in those patients with high levels, response to chemotherapy is diminished. Likewise, MMP-14, which cleaves proMMP-2 to release active MMP-2, is elevated in numerous cancers and can contribute to the growth of tumors, tumor embolism, and the mobility, invasiveness and metastasis of cancer (e.g., CNS tumors (e.g., gliomas), head and neck cancer, oral cavity cancer, laryngeal cancer, chondrosarcoma, breast cancer).
MMP- 16 and MMP-24 are also elevated in numerous cancers and can contribute to both the growth of tumors and the invasiveness and metastasis of cancer (e.g., breast cancer, laryngeal cancer, ovarian cancer, testicular carcinoma, melanoma, brain tumors (e.g., astrocytomas, glioblastomas, gliomas).
Accordingly, the disclosure provides methods of treating (e.g. ^slowing, eliminating, or reversing tumor growth, preventing or reducing, either in number or size, metastases, reducing or eliminating tumor cell invasiveness, providing an increased interval to tumor progression, or increasing disease-free survival time) cancer (e.g., breast cancer, including Her2+, Her2-, ER+, ER-, Her2+/ER+, Her2+/ER-, Her2-/ER+, and Her2-/ER- breast cancer), head and neck cancer, oral cavity cancer, laryngeal cancer, chondrosarcoma, ovarian cancer, testicular carcinoma, melanoma, brain tumors (e.g., astrocytomas, glioblastomas, gliomas)) by administering an effective amount of an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein (e.g., an anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof. In some embodiments, the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein- drug conjugate) inhibits MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) activity. In some embodiments, an MMP- 14 binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate) is used and the MMP- 14 binding protein may further inhibit MMP- 16 and/or MMP-24.
In certain embodiments, the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, is administered as a single agent treatment. In other embodiments, the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein- drug conjugate, is administered in combination with an additional anti-cancer agent.
Also provided are methods of preventing or reducing risk of developing cancer, by administering an effective amount of an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT- MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, to a subject at risk of developing cancer, thereby reducing the subject's risk of developing a cancer.
The disclosure further provides methods of modulating (e.g., reducing or preventing) angiogenesis at a tumor site by administering an effective amount of an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, thereby reducing or preventing angiogenesis at the tumor site. The MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, may be administered as a single agent therapy or in combination with additional agents.
Also provided are methods for reducing extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation by a tumor, comprising administering an effective amount of an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, to a subject, thereby reducing ECM degradation by a tumor in the subject.
The disclosed methods are useful in the prevention and treatment of solid tumors, soft tissue tumors, and metastases thereof. Solid tumors include malignancies (e.g., sarcomas, adenocarcinomas, and carcinomas) of the various organ systems, such as those of lung, breast, lymphoid, gastrointestinal (e.g., colon), and genitourinary (e.g., renal, urothelial, or testicular tumors) tracts, pharynx, prostate, and ovary. Exemplary adenocarcinomas include colorectal cancers, renal-cell carcinoma, liver cancer, non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, and cancer of the small intestine. Additional exemplary solid tumors include: fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, gastrointestinal system carcinomas, colon carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, genitourinary system carcinomas, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervical cancer, endocrine system carcinomas, testicular tumor, lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma. Metastases of the aforementioned cancers can also be treated or prevented in accordance with the methods described herein. Guidance for determination of a therapeutically effective amount for treatment of cancer may be obtained by reference to in vivo models of the cancer to be treated. For example, the amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, that is a therapeutically effective amount in a rodent or Libechov minipig model of cancer may be used to guide the selection of a dose that is a therapeutically effective amount. A number of rodent models of human cancers are available, including nude mouse/tumor xenograft systems (e.g., melanoma xenografts; see, e.g., Trikha et al. Cancer Research 62:2824-2833 (2002)) and murine models of breast cancer or glioma (e.g., Kuperwasser et al., Cancer Research 65, 6130-6138, (2005); Bradford et al., Br J Neurosurg. 3(2): 197-210 (1989)). A melanoblastoma-bearing Libechov minipig (MeLiM) is available as an animal model of melanoma (e.g., Boisgard et al., Eur J Nucl Med MoI Imaging 30(6):826- 34 (2003)).
Synovitis
Synovitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the synovium, a tissue normally only a few cell layers thick. In synovitis, the synovium can become thickened, more cellular, and engorged with fluid. Synovitis can cause pain and inflammation within the affected joint, and is commonly seen in arthritic conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis).
Active synovial MMP-2 is associated with radiographic erosions in patients with early synovitis (Goldbach-Mansky et al, 2000, Arthritis Res, 2:145-153). Synovial tissue expressions of MMP-2, MMP- 14, and TIMP-2 are virtually undetectable in normal synovial tissue samples. The synovial tissue samples of patients with erosive disease have significantly higher levels of active MMP-2 than did those of patients without erosions. This may reflect augmented activation of MMP-2 by the relatively high levels of MMP- 14 and low levels of TIMP-2 seen in these tissues. Thus, active MMP-2 can contribute to the development and/or progression of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
The disclosure provides methods of treating (e.g., ameliorating, stabilizing, reducing, or eliminating a symptom of synovitis such as pain, joint swelling, synovial thickening, increased synovial fluid) synovitis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate. Also provided are methods which combine MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate) therapy with additional therapies. Current therapies for synovitis include anti-inflammatory medications (e.g. NSAIDS and ibuprofen), cortisone injections into the joint, and surgical treatment (e.g., synovectomy). One or more of these treatments can be used in combination with an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MMP-14 binding protein, e.g., an anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab) (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof) to treat this condition.
Guidance for determination of a therapeutically effective amount of an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, may be obtained from an animal model of synovitis. Rodent models of synovitis are available, including a rat model of synovitis-like inflammation (Cirino et al., J Rheumatol. 21(5): 824-9 (1994)), and a model of carrageenan synovitis in male Wistar rats (Walsh et al. Lab Invest.78(12): 1513-21 (1998)).
Rheumatoid Arthritis and Associated Conditions Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune, chronic inflammatory disease that causes joint swelling and pain and normally results in joint destruction. RA generally follows a relapsing/remitting course, with "flares" of disease activity interspersed with remissions of disease symptoms. RA is associated with a number of additional inflammatory disorders, including Sjogren's syndrome (dry eyes and mouth caused by inflammation of tear and saliva glands), pleuritis (inflammation of the pleura that causes pain upon deep breath and coughing), rheumatoid nodules (nodular sites of inflammation that develop within the lungs), pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardium that causes pain when lying down or leaning forward), Felty syndrome (splenomegaly and leucopenia observed in conjunction with RA, making the subject prone to infection), and vasculitis (an inflammation of the blood vessels which can block blood flow). MMP- 14 and MMP- 16 have been implicated in rheumatoid arthritis.
Symptoms of active RA include fatigue, lack of appetite, low grade fever, muscle and joint aches, and stiffness. Muscle and joint stiffness are usually most notable in the morning and after periods of inactivity. During flares, joints frequently become red, swollen, painful, and tender, generally as a consequence of synovitis.
Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis involves a combination of medications, rest, joint strengthening exercises, and joint protection. Two classes of medications are used in treating rheumatoid arthritis: anti-inflammatory "first- line drugs," and "Disease-Modifying
Antirheumatic Drugs" (DMARDs). The first-line drugs, include NSAIDS (e.g., aspirin, naproxen, ibuprofen, and etodolac) and cortisone (corticosteroids). DMARDS, such as gold (e.g., gold salts, gold thioglucose , gold thiomalate, oral gold), methotrexate, sulfasalazine, D- penicillamine, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, and cyclosporine, leflunomide, etanercept, infliximab, anakinra, and adalimumab, and hydroxychloroquine, promote disease remission and prevent progressive joint destruction, but they are not anti-inflammatory agents.
The disclosure provides methods of treating (e.g., ameliorating, stabilizing, or eliminating one or more symptoms or ameliorating or stabilizing the subject's score on a RA scale) rheumatoid arthritis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, to a subject having or suspected of having RA. Additionally provided are methods of treating RA by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, and at least one NSAID and/or DMARDS.
Further provided are methods of treating (e.g., ameliorating, stabilizing, or eliminating one or more symptoms) rheumatoid arthritis associated disorders (Sjogren's syndrome, pleuritis, pulmonary rheumatoid nodules, pericarditis, Felty syndrome, and vasculitis) by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate.
Scales useful for assessing RA and symptoms of RA include the Rheumatoid Arthritis Severity Scale (RASS; Bardwell et al, (2002) Rheumatology 41(l):38-45), SF-36 Arthritis Specific Health Index (ASHI; Ware et al., (1999) Med. Care. 37(5 Suppl):MS40-50), Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales or Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2 (AIMS or AIMS2; Meenan et al. (1992) Arthritis Rheum. 35(1): 1-10); the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), HAQII, or modified HAQ (see, e.g., Pincus et al. (1983) Arthritis Rheum. 26(11): 1346-53). Guidance for the determination of the dosage that delivers a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, may be obtained from animal models of rheumatoid arthritis, such as collagen- induced arthritis (CIA), which is induced, typically in rodents, by immunization with autologous or heterologous type II collagen in adjuvant (Williams et al. Methods MoI Med. 98:207-16 (2004)).
Atherosclerosis
Induction of MMP- 14 is linked to the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques associated with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (Ray et al, 2004, Circ Res, 95: 1082-90). MMP-14 can cause highly focal degradation of the fibrous cap structure of atherosclerotic plaques because of its cell membrane location and the ability to activate several other members of the MMP family including MMP-2. Accordingly, the disclosure provides methods of treating {e.g., eliminating, ameliorating, or stabilizing a symptom of atherosclerosis, reducing or stabilizing the size or number of atherosclerotic plaques, including plaques in coronary arteries, carotid arteries, and the aorta, reducing or stabilizing arterial stenosis, including coronary artery and carotid artery stenosis, or reducing risk of myocardial infarction) atherosclerosis in a subject having or suspected of having atherosclerosis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate therof. Current treatments for atherosclerosis include cholestyramine, colestipol, nicotinic acid, gemfibrozil, probucol, atorvastatin, lovastatin, aspirin, ticlopidine, clopidogrel (inhibitors of platelet clumping) and anti-coagulants. The disclosure also includes methods of treating atherosclerosis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, in addition to another atherosclerosis therapy {e.g., cholestyramine, colestipol, nicotinic acid, gemfibrozil, probucol, atorvastatin, lovastatin, aspirin, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, or anti-coagulants). Guidance for determining the dosage of MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, that provides a therapeutically effective amount of the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, may be obtained from an animal model of atherosclerosis, such as a hypercholesterolaemic rabbit (Booth et al. NMR Biomed. 3(2):95-100 (1990)), or a apoE-knockout mouse (Ozaki et al, J Clin Invest. 110(3): 331-340 (2002)).
Ocular Conditions
Macular Degeneration. Macular degeneration progressively destroys the macula, the central portion of the retina, impairing central vision, leading to difficulty with reading, driving, and/or other daily activities that require fine central vision. While there are a number of different forms of macular degeneration, the most common is age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD presents as either "dry" or "wet", with the wet type being far more common. In wet AMD, fluid leaking from newly formed subretinal blood vessels (subretinal neovascularization) distorts the macula and impairs vision. Symptoms of AMD include loss or impairment in central vision (generally slowing in dry AMD and rapidly in wet AMD) and abnormal visual perception of straight lines {e.g., straight lines appear wavy). Supplements of zinc and the antioxidants vitamin C, vitamin E and beta-carotene reportedly slow the progression of wet AMD.
The disclosure provides methods of treating (e.g., ameliorating vision, stabilizing vision degradation, or reducing the rate of vision degradation) AMD (wet AMD or dry AMD) by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti- MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, to a subject having or suspected of having AMD. Also provided are methods of treating AMD by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, with another AMD treatment {e.g., zinc, vitamin C, vitamin E and/or beta-carotene).
Guidance regarding the efficacy and dosage an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein can be obtained from an animal model of macular degeneration, e.g., a Coturnix coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) model of macular degeneration (US Pat. No. 5,854,015), or wound creation on the Bruch's membrane of a C57BL/6J mouse, e.g., with a krypton laser (US App. No. 20030181531). Corneal Disease. Peak expression of MMP- 14 and -16 shows a good correlation with the overall inflammatory response in intracorneal diseases (Dong et al. 2000, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 41(13):4189-94). Keratoconus is a progressive disease where the cornea thins and changes shape. The resulting distortion (astigmatism) frequently causes nearsightedness. Keratoconus may also cause swelling and scarring of the cornea and vision loss.
The disclosure provides methods of treating (e.g., improving or stabilizing vision, or improving, stabilizing, reducing eliminating, or preventing corneal scarring) keratoconus in a subject having or suspected of having keratoconus by administering an effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein- drug conjugate thereof.
Guidance regarding the efficacy and dosage an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein can be obtained from an animal model of keratoconus, e.g., the inbred SKC mouse line, which serves as a model for a subset of keratoconus (Tachibana et al. Investig Ophthalmol Visual Sci, 43:51-57 (2002)).
Corneal Infection. Also provided are methods of treating (e.g., preventing, reducing, stabilizing or eliminating corneal scarring as a result of the infection) corneal infection by administering an effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, to a subject having or suspected of having a corneal infection. Additionally, methods are provided for treatment of corneal infection by administering a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate) and a therapeutic agent which treats the infectious agent (e.g., an antibiotic or anti-viral agent).
Guidance regarding the efficacy and dosage an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein can be obtained from an animal model of corneal infection, e.g., a rabbit model of experimental keratomycosis, in which keratitis is induced with a standardized inoculum of Candida albicans (SC 5314) placed on a debrided cornea (Goldblum et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:1359-1363 (2005)). Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative arthritis, is characterized by the breakdown and eventual loss of the cartilage of one or more joints. Osteoarthritis commonly affects the hands, feet, spine, and large weight-bearing joints, such as the hips and knees. MMP-14 and MMP- 16 have been implicated in osteoarthritis. The disclosure provides methods of treating (e.g., stabilizing, reducing, or eliminating joint pain, stabilizing or improving performance on general health or osteoarthritis scales) osteoarthritis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT- MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT- MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, to a subject having or suspected of having osteoarthritis.
Current medical treatment of osteoarthritis includes conservative measures (e.g., rest, weight reduction, physical and occupational therapy) and medications such as acetaminophen, pain-relieving creams applied to the skin over the joints such as capsaicin, salycin, methyl salicylate, and menthol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, nabumetone, and naproxen, and Cox-2 inhibitors. The disclosure further provides methods of treating osteoarthritis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, and another osteoarthritis therapy (e.g. acetaminophen, a topical pain-relieving cream, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, nabumetone, or naproxen, or a Cox-2 inhibitor). Scales useful for the assessment of osteoarthritis include the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS; Roos et al. (1998) J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 28(2):88-96), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthrtis Index (WOMAC; Roos et al. (2003) Health Qual. Life Outcomes 1(1): 17), and the 36-item Short Form General Health Scale (SF-36 GHS), as well as other assessment tools known in the art.
Guidance regarding the efficacy and dosage an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein can be obtained from an animal model of osteoarthritis, e.g., injection of mono-iodoacetate (MIA) into the femorotibial joint of rodents which promotes loss of articular cartilage similar to that noted in human osteoarthritis (Guzman et al. Toxicol Pathol. 31(6):619-24 (2003)), or transection of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in canines to induce osteoarthritis (Fife and Brandt J Clin Invest. 84(5): 1432-1439 (1989)).
Diabetes
There are two major types of diabetes mellitus, called type 1 (sometimes known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), or juvenile onset diabetes mellitus) and type 2 (sometimes known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult onset diabetes mellitus). MMP-14 and MMP-24 have been implicated in diabetes. Pro-MMP2 is efficiently activated in the fϊbrovascular tissues of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), probably through interaction with MMP-14 and TIMP2, suggesting that MMP2 and MTl- MMP may be involved in the formation of the fibro vascular tissues and in the pathogenesis of PDR.
The disclosure provides methods of treating (e.g., reducing or eliminating dependence on exogenous insulin, reducing fasting serum glucose levels, e.g., 6 hour fasting serum glucose, to below 150, 140, 130, 126, 120, 110, or 100 mg/dL) diabetes (type 1 or type 2) by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti- MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, to a subject having or suspected of having diabetes mellitus.
The disclosure further provides methods of treating diabetes by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT- MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, in addition to another diabetes mellitus treatment agent. A number of additional treatment agents are known, including agents that increase the insulin output by the pancreas (e.g., sulfonylureas (e.g., chlorpropamide and tolbutamide, glyburide, glipizide, and glimepiride) and meglitinides (e.g., repaglinide and nateglinide), agents that decrease hepatic glucose production (e.g., biguanides, metformin), insulin sensitizing agents (e.g., troglitazone, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone), agents that decrease the absorption of carbohydrates from the intestine (e.g., acarbose), agents that effect glycemic control (e.g., pramlintide, exenatide), and combination medications such as glyburide/metformin (GLUCOVANCE®), rosiglitazone/metformin (AVAND AMET®), and glipizide/metformin (METAGLIP®).
Also provided are methods of treating disorders secondary to diabetes, such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and microangiopathy. Accordingy, the disclosure provides a method of treating (e.g., preventing, stabilizing, reducing, or eliminating vision deterioration) PDR by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, to a subject having or suspected of having PDR. Also provided are methods of treating (e.g., preventing, stabilizing, reducing, or eliminating a symptom) microangiopathy by administering a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, to a subject having or suspected of having microangiopathy. Guidance regarding the efficacy and dosage an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein can be obtained from an animal model of diabetes, e.g., the ob/ob mouse (Kerouz et al. J. Clin. Invest. 100:3164-3172 (1997)), the db/db mouse (Koenig and Cerami Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 72(9): 3687-3691 (1975)), the Zucker fatty rat (Orci et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 87(24):9953-7 (1990)), or rats made diabetic by daily low- dose intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) (Me et al. J Clin Invest. 105:955-965 (2000)).
Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized in the brain by abnormal clumps (amyloid plaques) and tangled bundles of fibers (neurofibrillary tangles) composed of misplaced proteins. Symptoms of AD include memory loss, language deterioration, impaired ability to mentally manipulate visual information, poor judgment, confusion, restlessness, and mood swings. Eventually AD destroys cognition, personality, and the ability to function. The early symptoms of AD, which include forgetfulness and loss of concentration, are often missed because they resemble natural signs of aging. Current medical treatments for AD include as tacrine (COGNEX®), donepezil (ARICEPT®), rivastigmine (EXELON®), and galantamine (REMINYL®), memantine (NAMEND A™), other drugs that may affect AD progression include nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), statins, folic acid, gingko biloba, and vitamins E, B6, and B12.
The disclosure provides methods of treating (e.g., stabilizing, ameliorating, eliminating, or preventing a symptom of AD or slowing or eliminating disease progression) by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti- MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, to a subject having or suspected of having AD. Also provided are methods for treatment of AD by administering to a subject having or suspected of having AD a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate) and an additional AD treatment (e.g., tacrine COGNEX®), donepezil (ARICEPT®), rivastigmine (EXELON®), and galantamine (REMINYL®), memantine (NAMENDA™)).
Guidance regarding the efficacy and dosage an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein can be obtained from an animal model of AD. For example, transgenic mice expressing a human or mouse APP or presenilin can be used. Some of these transgenic mice develop a progressive neurologic disorder generally within a year from birth (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,877,399; 6,037,521; 5,894,078; 5,850,003; and 5,898,094). Certain transgenic animal models have been described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,612,486; 5,387,742; 5,720,936; 5,877,015, and 5,811,633, and in Ganes et. al. (1995) Nature 373:523.
Mammary Gland Remodeling
Mammary morphogenesis involves epithelial "invasion" of adipose tissue, a process akin to invasion by breast cancer cells, although the former is a highly regulated developmental process. Mammary gland branching morphogenesis is dependent, in part, on the extracellular matrix (ECM), ECM-receptors (e.g., integrins), ECM-degrading enzymes (e.g., MMPs) and MMP inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)). Increased MMP- 14 expression is associated with increased mammary carcinogenesis and MMP-2 contributes to mammary gland branching morphogenesis during puberty. Accordingly, provided herein are methods of inhibiting inappropriate mammary gland remodeling and for prophylaxis or treatment of precancerous lesions/activity in breast tissue.
The disclosure provides methods of inhibiting (e.g., preventing, reducing, or eliminating) inappropriate mammary gland remodeling by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT- MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT- MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, to a subject having or suspected of having inappropriate mammary gland remodeling. Also provided are methods for prophylaxis or treatment (e.g., reducing risk of developing breast cancer, or preventing, eliminating, reducing, or stabilizing precancerous breast lesions) precancerous breast lesions or activity by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti- MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, to a subject having or suspected of having breast tissue precancerous lesions or activity. Guidance regarding the efficacy and dosage an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein can be obtained from an animal model of mammary carcinogenesis, such as transgenic mice overexpressing MMP-14 in mammary gland under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat-promoter (Ha et al. Cancer Research 61 :984-990, (2001)), or transgenic mice model in which rat stromelysin-1 expression is augmented in breast tissue (Lochter et al. J Biol Chem 272:5007-5015 (1997)) can be used.
Cerebral Ischemia
Expression of MMP-2, MMP-14 and MMP- 16 are increased within 1 hour after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the ischemic core (Chang et al. 2003, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab., 23(12):1408-19). The expression patterns are consistent with secretion of proMMP-2 and its activators in the ischemic core, perhaps from separate cell compartments. The rapid and coordinate appearance of pro-MMP-2 and its activation apparatus suggest that in the primate striatum this protease may participate in matrix injury during focal cerebral ischemia. The disclosure provides methods of treating (e.g., reducing or eliminating a symptomof cerebral ischemia, such as a deficit/impairment in speech, movement, vision, or understanding) cerebral ischemia by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein- drug conjugate thereof, to a subject having or suspected of having cerebral ischemia.
Current medical treatment of cerebral ischemia includes anticoagulation with heparin and heparin-like agents (low molecular heparin and heparinoid), and aspirin. The disclosure further provides methods of treating cerebral ischemia by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT- MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT- MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, and an additional cerebral ischemia treatment to a subject having or suspected of having cerebral ischemia. Guidance regarding the efficacy and dosage an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein can be obtained from an animal model of cerebral ischemia, e.g., acute stroke model middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and the direct distal MCAO model (Schneider et al. J. Clin. Invest. 115:2083-2098 (2005); Taguchi et al. J. Clin. Invest. 114:330-338 (2004)).
Endometriosis
Endometriosis involves the proliferation of endometrial tissue outside of the endometrial cavity, typically throughout the peritoneum, and can cause significant pain (e.g. , pelvic pain, pain upon defecation, dyspareunia) and infertility. Lesions may be "classical" (pigmented, e.g., dark blue, dark brown, or black and may be cystic) or "non-classical" (generally non-pigmented). Non-classical lesions are commonly found in patients with more 'aggressive' disease (e.g., significant pain). MMP-2 and MMP-14 mRNA expression levels in clinically aggressive pigmented lesions are significantly higher than those in normal eutopic endometrium.
Current endometriosis treatments include progestational agents, including acetate, norethynodrel, megestrol acetate, dydrogesterone, norethisterone, and lynestrenol; danazol, a synthetic, 3-isoxazole derivative of 17 ethinyl-testosterone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), destruction of lesions, e.g., with laparoscopy. The disclosure provides methods for treating (e.g., reducing, stabilizing, or eliminating a symptom of endometriosis such as pain or infertility) endometriosis in a subject having or suspected of having endometriosis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., an inhibitory MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, e.g., an inhibitory anti-MMP-14 IgG or Fab), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof. Also provided are methods for treating endometriosis by in a subject having or suspected of having endometriosis by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, and an additional endometriosis treatment (e.g., a progestational agent (acetate, norethynodrel, megestrol acetate, dydrogesterone, norethisterone, and lynestrenol), danazol, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), or laparoscopic lesion removal/destruction).
Guidance regarding the efficacy and dosage an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein can be obtained from an animal model of endometriosis, e.g., surgically-induced endometriosis involving autotransplantation of biopsies of uterus into the abdomen (Berkley et al. (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA 101:11094-98).
Fibrin-Invasive Activity Cross-linked fibrin is deposited in tissues surrounding wounds, inflammatory sites, or tumors and serves not only as a supporting substratum for trafficking cells, but also as a structural barrier to invasion. Invading cells can use proteinases to access the fibrin matrix with proteolysis purposefully restricted to the pericellular milieu of the ingressing cells. MMP- 14 may participate fibrin-invasive events, as fibroblasts from MMP-14-null mice display an early defect in invasion. However, MMP-14-deleted fibroblasts can circumvent this early deficiency and exhibit compensatory fibrin-invasive activity. The MMP- 14- independent process is sensitive to MMP inhibitors that target membrane-anchored MMPs (Hotary et al., 2002 J Exp Med. 195(3):295-308).
The disclosure provides methods of modulating fibrin invasive activity by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (e.g., a Fab or IgG, that inhibits the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14)), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, to a subject in need of fibrin invasive activity modulation. In some embodiments, an MMP-14 binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof) is utilized and the MMP-14 binding protein further binds MMP- 16, or further binds and inhibits MMP- 16.
Guidance regarding the efficacy and dosage an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein can be obtained from a model of fibrin invasive activity, e.g., a cell invasion assay (Trikha et al. Cancer Research 62:2824-2833 (2002)).
Angiogenesis and Capillary Tube Formation
The role of MMPs in angiogenesis is dual and complex. The relevance of these enzymes as positive regulators of tumor angiogenesis has been largely demonstrated. However MMPs have also been reported to act as inhibitors of angiogenesis, by recent descriptions of mechanisms by which these enzymes negatively regulate angiogenesis have contributed to increase the functional complexity of this proteolytic system in cancer. A number of MMPs are able to cleave the precursors of angiostatin and endostatin, and generate the active forms of these endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis (Cornelius et al., 1998, J. Immunol. 161 :6845-52; Ferreras et al, 2000, FEBS Lett. 486(3):247-251). Human endothelial cell (EC) tube formation induced by the chemokines CCL2 and CXCL8 is highly dependent on MMP- 14 activity.
The disclosure provides methods of modulating (e.g., inhibiting) inappropriate angiogenesis or capillary tube formation by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein (e.g., an anti- MT-MMP (e.g., anti-MMP-14) IgG or Fab that inhibits the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14)), or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof, to a subject in need of modulation of inappropriate angiogenesis or capillary tube formation. Also provided are methods in which inappropriate angiogenesis or capillary tube formation is modulated by administering a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, and an additional angiogenesis or capillary tube formation modulating agent, such as a VEGF or Tiel inhibitor.
Guidance regarding the efficacy and dosage an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, which will deliver a therapeutically effective amount of the protein can be obtained from a model of angiogenesis, e.g., a
Matrigel-based angiogenesis assay in nude rats, or in a model of capillary tube formation, e.g., endothelial MC-based sprouting assay (Trikha et al. Cancer Research 62:2824-2833 (2002)) or a capillary tube formation assay or an angiogenesis assay as described in U.S. Ser. No. 11/199,739 and PCT/US2005/0284, both filed August 9, 2005.
Combination Therapies
The MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins described herein, e.g., anti- MT- MMP (e.g., anti-MMP-14) Fabs or IgGs, (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates thereof) can be administered in combination with one or more of the other therapies for treating a disease or condition associated with MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) activity, e.g., a disease or condition described herein. For example, an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, can be used therapeutically or prophylactically with surgery, another MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) inhibitor, e.g., a small molecule inhibitor, another anti- MT-MMP (e.g., anti-MMP-14) Fab or IgG (e.g., another Fab or IgG described herein) (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate thereof), peptide inhibitor, or small molecule inhibitor. Examples of MMP-14 inhibitors that can be used in combination therapy with an MMP-14 binding protein described herein include neovastat, marimastat, BAY 12-9566 and prinomastat. One or more small-molecule MMP inhibitors can be used in combination with one or more MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding proteins, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates, described herein. For example, the combination can result in a lower dose of the small-molecule inhibitor being needed, such that side effects are reduced. The MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding proteins, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates, described herein can be administered in combination with one or more of the other therapies for treating cancers, including, but not limited to: surgery; radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. For example, proteins (or drug conjugates thereof) that inhibit MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) or that inhibit a downstream event of MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) activity (e.g., cleavage of pro-MMP-2 to MMP-2) can also be used in combination with other anticancer therapies, such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgery, or administration of a second agent. For example, the second agent can be a Tie-1 inhibitor (e.g., Tie-1 binding proteins; see e.g., U.S. Ser. No. 11/199,739 and PCT/US2005/0284, both filed August 9, 2005). As another example, the second agent can be one that targets or negatively regulates the VEGF signaling pathway. Examples of this latter class include VEGF antagonists (e.g., anti-VEGF antibodies such as bevacizumab) and VEGF receptor antagonists (e.g., anti- VEGF receptor antibodies). One particularly preferred combination includes bevacizumab. As a further example, the second agent is an inhibitor of plasmin, such as a kunitz domain- containing protein or polypeptide (e.g., a plasmin-inhibiting kunitz domain disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,010,880, such as a protein or polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence MHSFCAFKAETGPCRARFDRWFFNIFTRQCEEFIYGGCEGNQNRFESLEECKKMCTR D (SEQ ID NO: )). As another example, the second agent is an agent that binds to Her2, such as a Her2 -binding antibody (e.g., trastuzumab). The combination can further include 5 -FU and leucovorin, and/or irinotecan. Inhibitorsof MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) (e.g., the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, disclosed herein) can potentiate the activity of an agent that targets Her2 (e.g., a Her2 -binding antibody such as trastuzumab). Accordingly, in one combination therapy for the treatment of breast cancer, the second therapy is an agent that binds Her2, such as a Her2 -binding antibody (e.g., trastuzumab). When an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, is used in a combination therapy with a Her2 binding agent, the dose of the Her2 binding agent may be reduced from the dose of the Her2 binding agent when administered not in combination with an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate) (e.g., is at least 10%, 25%, 40%, or 50% less than the dose of the Her2 binding agent when administered not in combination with a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate)). For example, the dose of trastuzumab, when administered in a combination therapy with an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, is less than about 4.0, 3.6, 3.0, 2.4, or 2 mg/kg as an initial (loading) dose, and less than about 2.0, 1.8, 1.5, 1.2, or 1 mg/kg in subsequent doses.
The MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding proteins (or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugates) described herein can also be administered in combination with one or more other therapies for treating ocular disorders, such as surgical or medical (e.g., administration of a second agent) therapies. For example, in treatment of age-related macular degeneration (e.g. , wet age-related macular degeneration), an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT- MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, may be administered in conjunction with (e.g., before, during, or after) laser surgery (laser photocoagulation or photocoagulation therapy). As another example, the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, can be administered in combination with a second agent, such as a VEGF antagonist (e.g., an anti-VEGF antibody such as bevacizumab or ranibizumab) or a VEGF receptor antagonist (e.g., anti-VEGF receptor antibodies).
The term "combination" refers to the use of the two or more agents or therapies to treat the same patient, wherein the use or action of the agents or therapies overlap in time. The agents or therapies can be administered at the same time (e.g., as a single formulation that is administered to a patient or as two separate formulations administered concurrently) or sequentially in any order. Sequential administrations are administrations that are given at different times. The time between administration of the one agent and another agent can be minutes, hours, days, or weeks. The use of an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, described herein can also be used to reduce the dosage of another therapy, e.g., to reduce the side-effects associated with another agent that is being administered, e.g., to reduce the side-effects of an anti-VEGF antibody such as bevacizumab. Accordingly, a combination can include administering a second agent at a dosage at least 10, 20, 30, or 50% lower than would be used in the absence of the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate.
In addition, a subject can be treated for an angiogenesis-associated disorder, e.g., a cancer, by administering to the subject a first and second agent. For example, the first agent modulates early stage angiogenesis and the second agent modulates a subsequent stage of angiogenesis or also modulates early stage angiogenesis. The first and second agents can be administered using a single pharmaceutical composition or can be administered separately. In one embodiment, the first agent is a VEGF pathway antagonist (e.g., an inhibitor of a VEGF (e.g., VEGF-A, -B, or -C) or a VEGF receptor (e.g., KDR or VEGF receptor III (Flt4)) or a bFGF pathway antagonist (e.g., an antibody that binds to bFGF or a bFGF receptor). Other VEGF pathway antagonists are also described, herein and elsewhere. In one embodiment, the second agent inhibits or decreases the mobility or invasiveness of tumor cells. For example, the second agent comprises an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate. For example, the second agent is an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, described herein.
Once a tumor reaches a certain size (e.g., ~ 1-2 mm), the tumor requires new vasculature prior to increasing its mass. An early stage of tumor angiogenesis can include a signal from the tumor, e.g., secretion of VEGF, to stimulate the growth of new blood vessels from the host and infiltration of the tumor by the vessels. VEGF can, for example, stimulate proliferation of endothelial cells that are then assembled into blood vessels. A late stage of tumor growth can include metastasis, mobility and invasiveness of tumor cells. This mobility and invasiveness may involve the action of matrix metalloproteinases, e.g., MT-MMPs, e.g., MMP-14, MMP-16, or MMP-24. Thus, an effective therapy to treat angiogenesis-related disorders can involve a combination of an agent that modulates an early stage angiogenesis (e.g., VEGF pathway antagonists, e.g., anti-VEGF (e.g., bevacizumab) or anti-VEGF receptor (e.g., anti-KDR) antibodies; or antagonists of other pro-angiogenic pathways, e.g., anti-bFGF antibodies or anti-bFGF receptor (e.g., anti-bFGF receptor-1, -2, -3) antibodies) and an agent that modulates a late stage of tumor growth can include metastasis, mobility and invasiveness of tumor cells s (e.g., antagonists of an MT-MMP, e.g., antagonists of MMP-14, MMP-16, or MMP-24 (e.g., anti-MMP-14 antibodies (e.g., an antibody disclosed herein)), of MMP-16 (e.g., anti-MMP-14 antibodies that cross react with MMP-16), or of MMP-24 (e.g., anti- MMP-14 antibodies that cross react with MMP-24). One or more of these agents can be used in combination. One or more of these agents may also be used in combination with other anti-cancer therapies, such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy.
Exemplary VEGF receptor antagonists include inhibitors of a VEGF (e.g., VEGF-A, - B, or -C, for example bevacizumab), modulators of VEGF expression (e.g., INGN-241, oral tetrathiomolybdate, 2-methoxyestradiol, 2-methoxyestradiol nanocrystal dispersion, bevasiranib sodium, PTC-299, Veglin), inhibitors of a VEGF receptor (e.g., KDR or VEGF receptor III (Flt4), for example anti-KDR antibodies, VEGFR2 antibodies such as CDP-791, IMC-112 IB, VEGFR2 blockers such as CT-322), VEGFR3 antibodies such as mF4-31Cl from Imclone Systems, modulators of VEGFR expression (e.g., VEGFRl expression modulator Sirna-027) or inhibitors of VEGF receptor downstream signaling.
Exemplary inhibitors of VEGF include bevacizumab, pegaptanib, ranibizumab, NEOVASTAT®, AE-941, VEGF Trap, and PI-88.
Exemplary VEGF receptor antagonists include inhibitors of VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity. 4-[4-(l-Amino-l-methylethyl)phenyl]-2-[4-(2-morpholin-4-yl- ethyl)phenylamino]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (JNJ- 17029259) is one of a structural class of 5- cyanopyrimidines that are orally available, selective, nanomolar inhibitors of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGF-R2). Additional examples include: PTK- 787/ZK222584( Astra-Zeneca), SU5416, SUl 1248 (Pfizer), and ZD6474 ([N-(4-bromo-2- fluorophenyl)-6-methoxy-7-[(l-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methoxy]quinazolin-4-amine]), vandetanib, cediranib, AG-013958, CP-547632, E-7080, XL-184, L-21649, and ZK-304709. Other VEGF antagonist agents are broad specificity tyrosine kinase inhibitors, e.g., SU6668 (see, e.g., Bergers, B. et al, 2003 J. Clin. Invest. 111 :1287-95), sorafenib, sunitinib, pazopanib, vatalanib, AEE-788, AMG-706, axitinib, BIBF-1120, SU-14813, XL-647, XL- 999, ABT-869, BAY-57-9352, BAY-73-4506, BMS-582664, CEP-7055, CHIR-265, OSI- 930, and TKI-258. Also useful are agents that down regulate VEGF receptors on the cell surface, such as fenretinide, and agents which inhibit VEGF receptor downstream signaling, such as squalamine
The second agent or therapy can also be another anti-cancer agent or therapy. Non- limiting examples of anti-cancer agents include, e.g., anti-microtubule agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, antimetabolites, mitotic inhibitors, alkylating agents, intercalating agents, agents capable of interfering with a signal transduction pathway, agents that promote apoptosis, radiation, and antibodies against other tumor-associated antigens (including naked antibodies, immunotoxins and radioconjugates). Examples of the particular classes of anti-cancer agents are provided in detail as follows: antitubulin/antimicrotubule, e.g., paclitaxel, vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, vinorelbin, taxotere; topoisomerase I inhibitors, e.g., irinotecan, topotecan, camptothecin, doxorubicin, etoposide, mitoxantrone, daunorubicin, idarubicin, teniposide, amsacrine, epirubicin, merbarone, piroxantrone hydrochloride; antimetabolites, e.g., 5 fluorouracil (5 FU), methotrexate, 6 mercaptopurine, 6 thioguanine, fludarabine phosphate, cytarabine/Ara C, trimetrexate, gemcitabine, acivicin, alanosine, pyrazofurin, N- Phosphoracetyl-L-Asparate=PALA, pentostatin, 5 azacitidine, 5 Aza 2' deoxycytidine, ara A, cladribine, 5 fluorouridine, FUDR, tiazofurin, N-[5-[N-(3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-4- oxoquinazolin-6-ylmethyl)-N-methylamino]-2-thenoyl]-L-glutamic acid; alkylating agents, e.g., cisplatin, carboplatin, mitomycin C, BCNU=Carmustine, melphalan, thiotepa, busulfan, chlorambucil, plicamycin, dacarbazine, ifosfamide phosphate, cyclophosphamide, nitrogen mustard, uracil mustard, pipobroman, 4 ipomeanol; agents acting via other mechanisms of action, e.g., dihydrolenperone, spiromustine, and desipeptide; biological response modifiers, e.g., to enhance anti-tumor responses, such as interferon; apoptotic agents, such as actinomycin D; and anti-hormones, for example anti-estrogens such as tamoxifen or, for example antiandrogens such as 4'-cyano-3-(4-fluorophenylsulphonyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl- 3 '-(trifluoromethyl) propionanilide .
A combination therapy can include administering an agent that reduces the side effects of other therapies. The agent can be an agent that reduces the side effects of anticancer treatments. For example, the agent can be leucovorin.
Combination therapies that include administering an MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein, or MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate, or other binding protein described herein can also be used to treat a subject having or at risk for another angiogenesis related disorder (e.g., a disorder other than cancer, e.g., disorders that include undesired endothelial cell proliferation or undesirable inflammation, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis).
The contents of all references, pending patent applications and published patents, cited throughout this application are hereby expressly incorporated by reference. The following examples provide further illustrate and are not limiting.
EXAMPLES
Example 1 : Selection and Screening of Anti-MMP-14 Fabs and IgGs
Two strategies were employed to identify anti-MMP-14 antibodies. Antibodies specific for other MT-MMPs can be identified in a similar manner. Strategy I: A 100-fold excess of the FAB310 library {e.g., an amount of the library that should contain 100 copies of each library member) was depleted of streptavidin-binding antibodies by incubating the library with 200 μL of streptavidin beads for 1 hour at room temperature (RT) with rotation. 500 nM of biotinylated MMP-14 was coupled to streptavidin beads by incubation with 100 μL of streptavidin beads. The MMP- 14 beads were then incubated with the streptavidin-depleted library for 1 hour at RT with rotation. The beads were then rinsed three times with 2% MTRIS/0.1% Tween, transferred to a fresh tube and washed an additional three times with 2% MTRIS/0.1% Tween, and transferred to a fresh tube and washed a final time with Round 1 TRIS buffer (50 mM TRIS ; 50 mM CaCl2 ; 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5).
MMP- 14 binding antibodies were eluted from the beads by re-suspension in 1 mL 2% MTRIS containing 2.5 μM TIMP-2 and incubation for 1 hour at RT with rotation. The beads were then washed three times with 2% MTRIS/0.1% Tween, transferred to a fresh tube and washed three times with TRIS/0.1% Tween, and transferred to a fresh tube and washed a final time with TRIS. 1 mL output was used for infection of 9 mL TGl bacteria (grown to OD60O=O.5). The beads were further eluted by suspension in 1 mL 100 mM TEA for 10 minutes. The supernatant was neutralized with 500 μl TRIS/HCl pH 7.5. 1 mL of the second elution was used for infection of 9 mL TGl bacteria (grown to OD6Oo=O.5). Infections were carried out for 30 minutes at 37 0C in water bath, then amplified in a total volume of 25 mL 2xTY/AG at 30 0C overnight with 250 RPM shaking.
Two additional rounds of selection were carried out under the same conditions as the first round, except that the streptavidin beads were loaded with 100 nM biotinylated MMP- 14 and the number of washes were doubled (6 times with 2% MTRIS/0.1% Tween, 6 times with TRIS/0.1% Tween and 2 times with TRIS), and Round 2/3 Tris buffer (50 mM TRIS ; 5 mM CaCl2 ; 150 mM NaCl pH=7.5) was used for incubation and wash.
Strategy II: Round 1 -strategy II on bMMP-14 with depletion on Carboxilic beads- TIMP-2-bMMP-14 complex.
TIMP-2 was coupled to carboxylic beads, then complexed with a combination of biotinylated MMP- 14 (500 nM each). The complexed beads were incubated with a 100 fold excess of FAB310 library that had been previously depleted by incubation with streptavidin beads and carboxylic beads. Elution/washing was carried out as for Strategy I.
Two additional rounds of selection were carried out, essentially as described for Strategy I, except that only 100 nM of each of MMP-14 were used in the bead complexes.
Pre screening Phage ELISA
384-well plates were coated with biotinylated BSA (2 μg/ml in 50 mM TRIS; 5 mM CaCl2; 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5), then washed 3 times with 50 mM TRIS ; 5 mM CaCl2 ; 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5; 0.1% Tween. Streptavidin was captured on the coated plates by incubation with 10 μg/mL streptavidin in 50 niM TRIS ; 5 niM CaCl2 ; 150 mM NaCl pH 7.5 ; 0.5% Gelatin, followed by a wash with 50 mM TRIS ; 5 mM CaCl2 ; 150 mM NaCl pH=7.5 ; 0.1% Tween. On the day the assay was to be performed, biotinylated MMP- 14 (1 μg/ml) was captured in 50 mM TRIS; 5 mM CaCl2; 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5.
95 clones were picked from each of Round 2 and Round 3 of each selection strategy, producing 12 masterplates. ELISA was run on the MiniTrak-5 deck according to SOP.
Table 4: Phage on Fab ELISA pre-screening
Figure imgf000099_0001
Example 2: DNA Sequences of MMP- 14 Binding Anti-MMP- 14 Fabs
Exemplary Fabs that bind to human MMP- 14 were identified and designated as: M0030-A04, M0030-D08, M0031-A02, M0031-A04, M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0031- HlO, M0032-B07, M0032-B09, M0033-F02, M0033-H07, M0035-F02, M0036-D02, M0036-F02, M0036-H08, M0037-A08, M0037-B10, M0037-C03, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0037-H09, M0038-B06, M0038-C05, M0038-C06, M0038-D06, M0038-E05, M0038-E06, M0038-E12, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0038-H06, M0039-B07, M0039-D02, M0039-D10, M0039-G05, M0039-G07, M0039-H08, M0040-A03, M0040-A06, M0040-A08, M0040- AIl, M0040-B06, M0040-B08, M0040-C10, M0040-D08, M0040-F03, M0040-G04, M0040-H04, M0040-H09, M0041-A05, M0041-B03, M0041-B11, M0041-C11, M0041-D03, M0041-D08, M0041-E11, M0041-H09, M0041-H11, M0042-B07, M0042-G12, M0043-A09, M0043-C03, M0043-F01, M0043-G01, M0043-G02, M0044-B03, M0044-D08, M0044-E01, and M0044-E05. The DNA sequences of these Fab light chain variable regions (LV) and heavy chain variable regions (HV) are shown in Table 5. These Fabs (and full length antibodies thereof) specific for MMP- 14 can be used in the preparation of a MMP- 14 binding protein-drug conjugates. Table 5: DNA sequences of variable regions of MMP- 14 binding antibodies
> M0030-A04 LV
CAG AGC GAA TTG ACT CAG CCA CCC TCA GCG TCT GGG ACC CCC GGG
CAG AGG GTC ACT ATC TCT TGT TCT GGA AGC AGC TCC AAC ATC GGA ATT AAT TTT GTT ACC TGG TAC CAG CAG CTC CCA GGA ACG GCC CCC
AAA CTC CTC ATC TAT ACT AAT AAT CAG CGG CCC TCT GGG GTC CCT
GAC CGA TTC TCT AGC TCC AAG TCT GGC GCC TCA GCC TCC CTG GCC
ATC AGT GGG CTC CAG TCT GAG GAT GAG GCT GCT TAT TAC TGT GCA
GCA TGG GAT GAC AAC CTG AAC GGT CCG GTG TTC GGC GGC GGG ACC AAG CTG ACC GTC CTA
> M0030-A04 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT GTT TAC GAG ATG AAT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC TAT TCT TCT GGT GGC CGT ACT GAT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA GAG GCC CAT TAC TAT GAT AGT AGT GGT CCG CCT GAC TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0030-D08 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCC TCC CTG TCT GCA TCT GTA GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATG ACT TGC CGG GCA GGT CAG AAC ATT
AAA TCC TAT TTA AAT TGG TAT CAG CAG AAG CCA GGG AAA GCC CCT
CAG GTC CTG ATC TAT GCT GCA TCC ACT TTA CAA AGT GGG GTC TCA
TCA AGG TTC CGT GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA CAT TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC AGC GAT CTG CAA CCT GGA GAT TCT GCG ACT TAC TAC TGT CAA CAA AGT TTC AGT ACC CCT CGC AGT TTT GGC CAG GGG ACC AAG CTG
GAG ATC AAA
> M0030-D08 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
ATT TAC CAG ATG TAT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC GTT CCT TCT GGT GGC CTT ACT AAG TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA GAG AGA TTA CGA TAT TTT GAC
TGG TCA GAT CGT GTG GGG GAA TCG GGT GAC TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA
ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0031-A02 LV CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCC TCC CTG TCT GCA TCT
GTA GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC GTC ACT TGC CGG GCA AGT CAG AGC ATT
AGC AGT TAT TTA AAT TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCA GGG AAA GCC CCT
AAA CTC CTG ATC TAT GCT GCA TCC AGT TTG CAA AGT GGG GTC CCA
TCA AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAT TTC ACT CTC ACC ATC AGC AGT CTG CAA CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA ACT TAC TAC TGT CAA
CAG AGT TAC AGT ATC CCG CTC ACT TTC GGC GGA GGG ACC AAG GTG GCG ATC AAA
> M0031-A02 HV GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
AAT TAC TGG ATG CTT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT GGT ATC GTT TCT TCT GGT GGC CGT ACT AAT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGG TTT AGC AGC TCG TTA GGG GCT
TTT GAT ATC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACA ATG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0031-A04 LV CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA GGC ACC CTG TCA TTG TCT
CCA GGG GAA AGA GCC ACC CTC TCC TGC AGG GCC AGT CAG AGT CTT
AGG AAC AGC TAC TTA GCC TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCT GGC CAG GCT
CCC AGG CTC CTC ATC TAT GAT GCA TCC AAC AGG GCC ACT GGC ATC
CCA GCC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGG TCT GGG ACA GAC TTC ACT CTC ACC ATC AGC AGC CTA GAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA GTT TAT TAC TGT
CAG CAG CGT AGC AAC TGG CCT CCG TAC ACT TTT GGC CAG GGG ACC
AAG CTG GAG ATC AAA
> M0031-A04 HV GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
AAT TAC GTT ATG CTT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC CGT CCT TCT GGT GGC CCT ACT AAG TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCT AGG GAC TGG CCC TCT TAC TAC TAC
TAC GGT ATG GAC GTC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACC ACG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC > M0031 -C02 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA CTC TCC CTG CCC GTC ACC
CCT GGA GAG CCG GCC TCC ATC TCC TGC AGG TCT AGT CAG AGC CTC
CTG CAT AGT AAT GGA TAC TAC TAT TTG GAT TGG TAC CTG CAG AAG
CCA GGG CAG TCT CCA CAA CTC CTG ATC TAT TTG GGT TCT TAT CGG GCC TCC GGG GTC CCT GAC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGA TCA GGC ACA
GAT TTT ACA CTG AAA ATC AGC AGT GTG GAG GCT GAA GAT GTT GGG
GTT TAT TAC TGC ATG CAA GCT CTA CAA ACT CCT CTC ACT TTC GGC
GGA GGG ACC AGG GTG GAC ATC AAA > M0031 -C02 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CCT TAC CCT ATG GGT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC GTT TCT TCT GGT GGC CTT ACT CTT TAT GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACT GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA GGG GGA CGG CTT TAC GAT ATT
TTG ACT GGT CAA GGG GCC CCG TTT GAC TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC
CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0031-F01 LV
CAG AGC GAA TTG ACT CAG CCA CCC TCA GTG TCT GGG ACC CCC GGG
CAG AGG GTC ACC ATC TCT TGT TCT GGA ACC AGC GCC AAC ATC GGA
CGT AAT GCT GTA CAC TGG TAC CAG CAG CTC CCA GGA ACG GCC CCC AAA CTC CTC ATT CAT AGT AAT AAC CGG CGG CCC TCA GGG GTC CCT
GAC CGA TTC TCT GGC TCC AAG TCT GGC ACC TCA GCC TCC CTG GCC
ATC AGT GGG CTC CAG TCT GAG GAT GAG GCT GAT TAT TAC TGT GCA
GCA TGG GAG AAC AGC CTG AAT GCC TTT TAT GTC TTC GGA ACT GGG
ACC AAG GTC ACC GTC CTA
> M0031 -F01 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
ACT TAC GAG ATG CAT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC TAT TCT TCT GGT GGC TGG ACT GGT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA TCT CAA CAG TAT TAC GAT TTT
TCC TCT CGC TAC TAC GGC ATG GAC GTC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACC ACG
GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0031-H10 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCC TCC CTG TCT GCA TCT
GTA GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC ACT TGC CGG GCA AGT CAG AGC ATT
AGC AGC TAT TTA AAT TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCA GGG AAA GCC CCT AAG CTC CTG ATC TAT GCT GCA TCC AGT TTG CAA AGT GGG GTC CCA
TCA AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAT TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC AGC AGT CTG CAA CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA ACC TAC TTC TGC CAA
CAG AGT TAT AGT AAT CCT TTC ACT TTC GGC CCT GGG ACC AAA GTG GAT ATC AAA
> M0031-H10 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CAG TAC GTT ATG TGG TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC GTT CCT TCT GGT GGC GTT ACT AAG TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AAA GAC GTC TTC GGT AGT ATT GGT
TAT TAC TAC GTA CCG TTT TTT GAC TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0032-B07 LV
CAG AGC GTC TTG ACT CAG GAG CCC TCA TTG ACT GTG TCC CCA GGA
GGG ACA GTC ACT CTC ACC TGT GCT TCC AAC ACT GGA GCA GTC ACC AGT GGT TCC TAT GCA AAC TGG TTC CAG CAA AAA CCT GGA CTA ACA
CCC AGG GCA CTG ATT TAT AGT GGA ACT AAC AAA TAT TCG TGG ACC
CCT GCC CGA TTC TCA GGC TCC CTC TTT GGG GGC AAG GCA GCC CTG
ACA CTG TCA GGT GTG CTG CCT GAG GAC GAG GCT GAG TAT TAC TGC
CTC GTC TAC TAT GGT GGT GTT TGG GTG TTC GGC GGA GGG ACC AAG CTG ACC GTC CTA
> M0032-B07 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT CCT TAC CTT ATG CAT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC TAT CCT TCT GGT GGC ATT ACT CAG TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA TTT TTC CCT AGT CAC AGG GAC TAT ACG GCG TTC GAC ACC TGG GGC CGG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0032-B09 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCT TCC GTG TCT GCA TCT GTT GGA GAC ACA GTC ACC ATC ACC TGT CGG GCG AGT CAG GGT ATT
AGC ACC TGG TTA GCC TGG TAT CAG CAC AAA CCA GGG AAA GCC CCT
AAA CTC CTC ATA TAT GCT GGA CCC AGT TTG CAG AGT GGG GTC CCA
TCA AGG TTC AGC GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAA TTC ACT CTC ACA
ATC AGC AGC CTG CAC CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA ACT TAT TAC TGT CAA CAA CTT AAT CAC TAC CCG ATG ACC TTC GGC CAA GGG ACA CGA CTG
GAG ATT AAA
> M0032-B09 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
ATT TAC AAG ATG GTT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC GGT TCT TCT GGT GGC CAT ACT CGT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA GCT CCT TAC TAC TAC TAC ATG GAC GTC TGG GGC AAA GGG ACC ACG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0033-F02 LV
CAG AGC GTC TTG ACT CAG CCT GCC TCC GTG TCT GGG TCT CCT GGA
CAG TCG ATC ACC ATC TCC TGC ACT GGA ACC AGC AGT GAC GTT GGT GGT TAT AAC TAT GTC TCC TGG TAC CAA CAA CAC CCA GGC AAA GCC
CCC AAA CTC ATG ATT TAT GAT GTC AGT AAT GGG CCC TCA GGG GTT
TCT AAT CGC CTC TCT GGC TCC AAG TCT GGC AAC ACG GCC TCC CTG
ACC ATC TCT GGG CTC CAG GCT GAG GAC GAG GCT GAT TAT TAC TGC
AGC TCA TAT ACA AGC AGC AGC ACA GGT GTT CGG CGG AGG GAC CAA GCT GAC CGT CCT A
> M0033-F02 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT CAG TAC GCT ATG AAT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TGG ATC GTT TCT TCT GGT GGC TAT ACT CAT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ATG GCT GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGC CTC GTA GCA GCT CGT AAA CTT GAC TAC TGG GGC CAG GGC ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0033-H07 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCC TCC CTG TCT GCA TCT
GTA GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC ACT TGC CGG GCG AGT CAG GGC ATT AGG AAT TTT TTA GCC TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCA GGG AAA GTT CCT
AAG CTC CTG GTC TTT GGT GCA TCC GCT TTG CAA TCG GGG GTC CCA
TCT CGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAT TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC AGC GGC CTG CAG CCT GAG GAT GTT GCA ACT TAT TAC TGT CAA
AAG TAT AAC GGT GTC CCG CTC ACT TTC GGC GGA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAG ATC AAA
> M0033-H07 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT GTT TAC GGT ATG GTT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT GTT ATC TCT TCT TCT GGT GGC TCT ACT TGG TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACC GCC TTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA CCG TTC AGT AGA AGA TAC GGC GTC TTT GAC TAC TGG GGC CAG GGC ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0035-F02 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA GCC ACC CTG TCT TTG TCT
CCA GGG GAA AGA GCC ACC CTC TCC TGC AGG GCC AGT CAG AGT GTT AGC AAT TAC TTA GCC TGG TAC CAA CAA AAA CCT GGC CAG GCT CCC
AGG CTC CTC ATC TAT GAT GCA TCC AAC AGG GCC ACT GGC ATC CCA
GCC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGG TCT GGG ACA GAC TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC AGC AGC CTA GAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA GTT TAT TAC TGT CAG
CAG CGT AGC AAC TGG CCG CTC ACT TTC GGC GGA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAG ATC AAA
> M0035-F02 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT TTT TAC CGT ATG GAG TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC GTT CCT TCT GGT GGC TTT ACT CGT TAT GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA TTT CAC GTA TTA CGA TAT TTT
GAC TGG TTT GGT AAC ACC CAG GAT ACT GAT GCT TTT GAT ATC TGG GGC CAG GGC ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0036-D02 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA GCC ACC CTG TCT TTG TCT
CCA GGG GAA AAA GCC ACC CTC TCC TGC AGG GCC AGT CAG ACT GTT TAC AAC TAC TTA GCC TGG TAC CAG CAA AAA CCT GGC CAG GCT CCC
AGG CTC CTC ATC TAT GAC GCA TTC AAC AGG GCC ACT GGC ATC CCT
GCC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGG TCT GGG ACA GAC TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC AGC AGC CTG GAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA GTT TAT TAC TGT CAG
CAG CGT GGC AAC TGG CCC CGG ACG TTC GGC CAA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAA ATC AAA
> M0036-D02 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT TTT TAC AAG ATG ACT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT GGT ATC TAT CCT TCT GGT GGC CGT ACT GTT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACC GCC ATG TAT TAC TGT GCA AGA GGG CCC CAT TAC TAT GAT AGC CCG GGT GCT TTT GAT ATC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACA ATG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0036-F02 LV
CAG TAC GAA TTG ACT CAG CCA CCC TCG TTG TCC GTG TCC CCA GGA CAG ACA GCC AGC ATC ACC TGC TCT GGA GAG AAA TTG GGG GAA AAA
TTT GCT TCC TGG TAT CAA CGG AGG CCC GGC CAG TCT CCT CTA TTG
ATC ATC TAT CAG GAT AAC AAG CGG CCC TCA GGG ATC CCT GAG CGG
TTC TCT GGC TCC AAT TCT GGA AAC ACA GCC GCT CTG ACC ATC ACC
GGG ACC CAG GCT ATG GAT GAC GCT GAC TAT TAC TGT CAG GCG TGG GAG AGC ACC ACA GCG GTC TTC GGC GGA GGG ACC AAG TTG ACC GTC
CTA
> M0036-F02 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CGT TAC ACT ATG GGT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT CGT ATC TAT TCT TCT GGT GGC AAT ACT GTT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC ACA GCC ACA TAT TAC TGT GCA CGG ACC CGT AGA GAT GGC TAC AAC
CCC TTT GAC TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0036-H08 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCC TCC CTG TCT GCA TCT GTA GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC ACT TGC CGG GCA AGT CAG AGC ATT
AGC AGC TAT TTA AAT TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCA GGG AAA GCC CCT
AAG CTC CTG ATC TAT GCT GCA TCC AGT TTG CAA AGT GGG GTC CCA
TCA AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAT TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC AGC AGT CTG CAA CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA ACT TAC TAC TGT CAA CAG AGT TAC AGT CTC CCC GTG ACG TTT GGC CAA GGG TCC AAG GTG
GAA ATC AAA CGA ACT
> M0036-H08 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CGT TAC TGG ATG GTT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG GAG TGG GTT TCT TAT ATC TAT TCT TCT GGT GGC ATG ACT GGT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCA AGG GGG GGG GAA TAT AGT GGT TTC TTA GGG GTT TGG GGC CAG GGC ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0037-A08 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCT TCC GTG TCT GCT TCT
GTA GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC ACT TGT CGG GCG AGT CAG GGT GTT AGC AGT TAC TTA GCC TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCA GGG AAA GCC CCT
AAG CTC CTG ATC TAT GGT GCA TCC ACT TTG CAA AAT GGG GTC CCA
TCA AGG TTC AGC GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAT TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC AGC AGC CTG CAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCG ACT TAC CAT TGT CAA
CAG GTT CAC AGT TTC CCT CCG ACG TTC GGT CAG GGG ACC AAG GTG GAA ATC AAA
> M0037-A08 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT CAT TAC ATG ATG ATG TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT GGT ATC TCT TCT TCT GGT GGC CGT ACT GGT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGT TTC GGG AAT AGT GGG AGC TAC TCT TGG CGT GCT TTT GAT ATC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACC ACG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0037-B10 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCC TCC CTG TCT GCA TCT GTG GGA GAC AGA GTC GCC ATC ACT TGC CGC GCA AGT CAG AGC ATC
GAC ACC TAT TTA AAT TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCA GGG AAA GCC CCT
AAA CTC CTG ATC TAT GCT GCA TCC AAG TTG GAA GAC GGG GTC CCA
TCA AGA TTC AGT GGC AGT GGA ACT GGG ACA GAT TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC AGA AGT CTG CAA CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA AGT TAT TTC TGT CAA CAG AGC TAC TCT AGT CCA GGG ATC ACT TTC GGC CCT GGG ACC AAG
GTG GAG ATC AAA
> M0037-B10 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
GTT TAC TAT ATG GGT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TAT ATC GGT TCT TCT GGT GGC TGG ACT GAG TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA GAC CTC TCG GCA GTG GCT GGT
CTA GGG GGT GCT TTT GAT ATC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACA ATG GTC ACC
GTC TCA AGC
> M0037-C03 LV CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCT TCC GTG TCT GCA TCT
GTA GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC ACT TGT CGG GCG AGT CAG GGT ATT
AGC AGC TGG TTA GCC TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCA GGG AAA GCC CCT
AAG CTC CTG ATC TAT GCT GCA TCC AGT TTG CAA AGT GGG GTC CCA
TCA AGG TTC AGC GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAT TTC ACT CTC ACC ATC AGC AGC CTG CAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA ACT TAC TAT TGT CAA
CAG GCT AAC AGT TTC CCC TTC GTA ACT TTT GGC CAG GGG ACC AAG
CTG GAG ATC AAA
> M0037-C03 HV GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT ATG TAC CTT ATG ATT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT GTT ATC TCT TCT TCT GGT GGC CAG ACT AAA TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA ACC GAT TTG ACT GGT TAT TCA
GCG GGA GCT TTT GAT ATC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACA ATG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0037-C09 LV CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA CTC TCC CTG CCC GTC ACC
CTT GGA GAG TCG GCC TCC GTC TCC TGC AGG TCT AGT CAG AGC CTC
CTT CAT GAA AAT GGA CAC AAC TAT TTG GAT TGG TAC CTG CAG AAG
CCA GGG CAG TCT CCA CAG CTC CTG ATC TAT TTG GGT TCT AAT CGG
GCC TCC GGG GTC CCT GAC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGA TCA GGC ACA GAT TTT ACA CTG AAA ATC AGC AGA GTG GAG GCT GAG GAT GTT GGG
GTT TAT TAC TGC ATG CAA TCT CTA AAG ACT CCT CCG ACG TTC GGC
CCA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAA ATC AAA
> M0037-C09 HV GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CAT TAC GAG ATG TTT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC TCT CCT TCT GGT GGC CAG ACT CAT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACT GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCC ACA GAT CGG ACG TAT TAC GAT TTT
TGG AGT GGT TAT GGG CCC CTG TGG TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG
GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC > M0037 -D01 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCC TCC CTG TCT GCA TCT
GTC GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC ACT TGC CGG GCA AGT CAG GGC ATT
AGA AAT GAT TTA GGC TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCA GGG AAA GCC CCT
AAG CGC CTG ATC TAT GTT GCA TCC AGT TTG CAA AGT GGG GTC CCA TCA AGG TTC AGC GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAA TTC ACT CTC ACA
ATC AGC AGC CTG CAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA ACT TAT TAC TGT CTA
CAG CAT AAT AGT TAC CCG TGG ACG TTC GGC CAA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAA ATC AAA > M0037-D01 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
ATG TAC ATG ATG ATT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC TAT CCT TCT GGT GGC AAT ACT ATG TAT GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCC ACA GGT GTA TTA CGA TAT TTT GAC
TGG GAT GCT GGG AGC GGT ATG GAC GTC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACC ACG
GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0037 -H09 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA CTC TCC CTG CCC GTC ACC
CCT GGA GAG CCG GCC TCC ATC TCC TGC AGG TCT AGT CAG AGC CTC
CTG CAT GGT AAT GGA AAC AAC TAT TTG GAT TGG TAC CTG CAG AAG CCA GGG CAG TCT CCA CAA CTC CTG ATC TAT TTG GGT TCC AAT CGG
GCC TCC GGG GTC CCT GAC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGA TCA GGC ACA
GAT TTT ACA CTG AAA ATC AGC AGT GTG GAG GCT GAA GAT GTT GGC
GTT TAT TAC TGC ATG CAA GGT CTA CAA ACT CCT CAC ACT TTT GGC
CAG GGG ACC CAG CTG GAG ATC AAA
> M0037 -H09 HV GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CGT TAC TGG ATG GAT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC CGT TCT TCT GGT GGC ATG ACT GGT TAT GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA CAC CGT ACG GGC CGC GGG GCT
TTT GAT ATC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACC ACG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC > M0038-B06 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCC TCC CTG TCT GCA TCT
GTA GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC ACT TGC CGG GCA AGT CAG AGC ATT
AGC AGC TAT TTA AAT TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCA GGG AAA GCC CCT
AAG CTC CTG ATC TAT GCT GCA TCC AGT TTG CAA AGT GGG GTC CCA TCA AGG TTC CGT GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAT TTC AGT CTC ACC
ATC AGC AGT CTG CAA CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA ACT TAC TAC TGT CAA
CAG ACT TAC AGT GGC CTT CCC ACT TTT GGT GGA GGG ACC GTG GTG GAG ATC AAA > M0038-B06 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
TCT TAC GTT ATG GGT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT GTT ATC TCT CCT TCT GGT GGC TGG ACT ACT TAT GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACA GCC ACA TAT TAC TGT GCG AGT CGG GGA GTG GTT ACC AAC CTT
GAC TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC > M0038-C05 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCC TCC CTG TCT GCA TCT
GTA GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC ACT TGC CGG GCA AGT CAG AGC ATT
AGC AGC TAT TTA AAT TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCA GGG AAA GCC CCT
AAG CTC CTG ATC TAT GCT GCA TCC AGT TTG CAA AGT GGG GTC CCA TCA AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGG TCT GGG ACA GAC TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC AGC AGA CTG GAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA GTG TAT TAT TGT CAG
CAG TAT GGT AGC TCA CCC ACG TTC GGC CAA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAA ATC AAA > M0038-C05 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
TCT TAC ATT ATG GTT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT GTT ATC TAT CCT TCT GGT GGC CCT ACT TAT TAT GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGG GAC CCC CGG CTG GAA CGT TTC
TAC TTT GAC TAC TGG GGC CAG GGC ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC > M0038-C06 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA GGC ACC CTG TCT TTG TCT
CCA GGG GAC AGA GCC ACC CTC TCC TGC AGG GCC AGT CAG AGT GTT
GGC AGC GAC TAC TTA GCC TGG TAC CAG CAG AAA CCT GGC CAG GCT
CCC AGG CTC CTC ATC TTT GCT GCG TCC ACC AGG GCC ACC GGC ATC CCA GAC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGG TCT GCG ACA GAC TTC ACT CTC
ACC ATC AGC AGC CTG GAA CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA GTG TAT TTC TGT
CAG CAG TAT GCT AGC CCA CCT CGG ACG TTC GGC CAA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAA ATC AAA > M0038-C06 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
ATG TAC GGT ATG CAT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC TAT TCT TCT GGT GGC TAT ACT GGT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGG GGG AGG GCC GTT GAC CTC TGG
GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0038-D06 LV CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA GCC ACC CTG TCT TTG TCT
CCA GGG GAA AGA GCC ACC CTC TCC TGC AGG GCC AGT CAG AGT GTT
AGC AGC TAC TTA GCC TGG TAC CAA CAG AAA CCT GGC CAG GCT CCC
AGG CTC CTC ATC TAT GAT GCA TCC AAC AGG GCC ACT GGC ATC CCA
GCC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGG TCT GGG ACA GAC TTC ACT CTC ACC ATC AGC AGC CTA GAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA GTT TAT TAC TGT CAG
CAG CGT AGC AAC TGG CCT CTC ACC TTC GGC CAA GGG ACA CGA CTG GAG ATT AAA
> M0038-D06 HV GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
TGG TAC TAT ATG GGT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TAT ATC GGT TCT TCT GGT GGC ATG ACT GGT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACA GCC ACA TAT TAC TGT GCG ATG GTG GGC TTC CTC CCG ACC GTT
GAC TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0038-E05 LV CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCT TCT GTG TCT GCA TCT
GTA GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC ACT TGT CGG GCG AGT CAG CAT ATT
AGC AAC TGG CTA GCC TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCA GGG GAG GCC CCT
AAA CTC CTG ATC TCT GCT GCA TCC AGT TTG CAA AGT GGG GTC CCA
TCA AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAT TTC ACT CTC ACC ATC AGC AGT CTG CAA CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA ACT TAC TAC TGT CAA
CAG AGT TAC AGT ACC CCG CTC ACT TTC GGC GGA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAG ATC AAA
> M0038-E05 HV GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CCT TAC CAT ATG ACT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC TCT TCT TCT GGT GGC CAT ACT GAG TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG ACA GCA TGG GCG GGA TTT ACT TTT
AAC GTC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACA ATG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0038-E06 LV CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA GGC ACC CTG TCC TTG TCT
CCA GGG GAC AGA GCC ACC CTC TCC TGC GGG GCC AGC CAG CTT GTT
GTC AGC AAC TAC ATA GCC TGG TAC CAG CAA AAA CCT GGC CAG GCT
CCC AGA CTC CTC ATG TAT GCT GGA TCC ATC AGG GCC ACT GGC ATC
CCA GAC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGG TCT GGG ACA GAC TTC ACT CTC ACC ATC AGC AGA CTA GAA CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA ATA TAT TAC TGT
CAG CAG CGT AGC AAC TGG CCT TGG ACG TTC GGC CAA GGG ACC AAG
GTG GAA ATC AAA
> M0038-E06 HV GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT CCT TAC GTT ATG CAT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC TCT CCT TCT GGT GGC TGG ACT TAT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC ATG GCT GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA GGG ACT GGA GCC TAC GGT ATG
GAC GTC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACC ACG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0038-E12 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCC TCC CTG TCT GCA TCT GTA GGA GAC AGC GTC ACC ATC ACT TGC CGG GCA AGT CAG AAC ATT
AAC AGT TAT TTA AAT TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCA GGA AAA GCC CCT
AAG CTC CTG ATC TAT GTT GCA TCC AAT TTG CAA AGG GGG GTC CCA
TCA AGG TTC GGT GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAT TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC ACC AGT CTG CAA CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA ACT TAC TCC TGT CAG CAG ACT TAC AGT ACC CCC CTC ACT TTC GGC GGA GGG ACC AAG GTG
GAG ATC AAA
> M0038-E12 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
AAG TAC TGG ATG ATG TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT GTT ATC TAT CCT TCT GGT GGC ATT ACT TAT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC ACT GCA GTC TAC TAT TGT GCG AGA CTA CCT TCT TGG GGG TTT GAT
GCT CTT GAT ATC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACA ATG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0038-F01 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCC TCC CTG TCT GCA TTT GTA GGA GAC AAA GTC ACC ATC ACT TGC CGG GCA AGT CAG AGT GTT
GGC ACC TAT TTA AAT TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA GCA GGG AAA GCC CCT
GAG CTC CTG ATC TAT GCT ACA TCC AAT TTG CGA AGT GGG GTC CCA
TCA AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAT TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC AAC ACT CTG CAA CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA ACT TAC TAC TGT CAA CAG AGT TAC AGT ATC CCT CGG TTT ACT TTC GGC CCT GGG ACC AAA
GTG GAT ATC AAA
> M0038-F01 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CTT TAC TCT ATG AAT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC TAT TCT TCT GGT GGC TCT ACT CTT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA GGT CGG GCT TTT GAT ATC TGG
GGC CAA GGG ACA ATG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0038-F08 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA GGC ACC CTG TCT TTG TCT CCA GGG GAA AGA GCC ACC CTC TCC TGC AGG GCC AGT CAG AGT GTT
AGC AGC AGC TAC TTA GCC TGG TAC CAG CAG AAA CCT GGC CAG GCT
CCC AGG CTC CTC ATC TAT GGT GCA TCC AGC AGG GCC ACT GGC ATC
CCA GAC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGG TCT GGG ACA GAC TTC ACT CTC
ACC ATC AGC AGA CTG GAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA GTG TAT TAC TGT CAG CAC TAT GGT GGC TCA CAG GCT TTC GGC GGA GGG ACC AAG GTG
GAG ATC AAA
> M0038-F08 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CGT TAC AAG ATG TGG TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG GAG TGG GTT TCT GGT ATC CGT CCT TCT GGT GGC CTT ACT CGT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA CGC GGT GAC TAC GTC GGG GGG
TTT GAC TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0038-H06 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA GGC ACC CTG TCT TTG TCT
CCA GGG GAA GGA GCC ACC CTC TCC TGC AGG GCC AGT CAG ATT ATA
AAT CCT TTT TAC GTA GCC TGG TAT CAA CAG AGA CCT GGC CAG GCT
CCC AGG CTC CTC ATC TAT GCT TCA TCC AGG AGG GCC GGT GGC ATC
CCA GAC AGA TTC AGT GGC AGT GCG TCT GGG ACA GAC TTC ACT CTC
ACA ATC AGC AGA CTG GAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA GTC TAT TAC TGT
CAA TAC TTT TAT AAC TCC ATG TGG ACG TTC GGC CAA GGG GCC AAG
GTG GAG ATC AGA
> M0038-H06 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
TGG TAC AAT ATG ACT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT CGT ATC TCT CCT TCT GGT GGC GAT ACT TTT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCT AGA GCT GCG ATA GCA CCT CGT CCG
TAC GGT ATG GAC GTC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACC ACG GTC ACC GTC TCA
AGC
> M0039-B07 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA CTC TCC CTG TCT GCA TCT
GTA GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC ACT TGC CGG GCG AGT CAG GGC ATT
AGC AAT TAT TTA GCC TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCA GGG AAA GTT CCT
AAG CTC CTG ATC TAT GCT GCA TCC ACT TTG CAA TCA GGG GTC CCA
TCT CGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAT TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC AGC AGT CTG CAG CCT GAA GAT GTT GCA ACT TAT TAC TGT CAA
AAG TAT AAC AGT GCC CGC CTC ACT TTC GGC GGA GGG ACC AAG GTG
GAG ATC AAA
> M0039-B07 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CTT TAC CCT ATG CTT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT GGT ATC TCT CCT TCT GGT GGC CAG ACT TTT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCA AGG ATG GCT TAT TAC TCT GGA TAC
TTC GAT CTC TGG GGC CGT GGC ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0039-D02 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCC TCC CTG TCT GCA TCT
GTA GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC ACT TGC CGG GCA AGT CAG AGC ATT
AGC AGC TAT TTA AAT TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCA GGG AAA GCC CCT
AAG CTC CTG ATC TAC GAT GCA TCC AAT TTG GAA ACA GGG GTC CCA
TCA AGG TTC AGT GGA AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAT TTT ACT TTC ACC
ATC AGC AGC CTG CAG CCT GAA GAT ATT GCA ACA TAT TAC TGT CAA
CAG TTT GAT GAT CTC CCG CTC ACT TTC GCC GGA GGG ACG AAG GTG
GAG CTC AAA CGA ACT
> M0039-D02 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CTT TAC GTT ATG ATT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG GAG TGG GTT TCT GGT ATC TAT TCT TCT GGT GGC GAT ACT TAT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGG GGG CAG CAG CTG GGG GGG GGT GCT TTT GAT ATC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACA ATG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0039-D10 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA GAC ACC GTG TCT TTC TCT
CCA GGG GAA AGA GCC TCC CTC TCA TGC CGG GCC AGT CAG AGT GTC CGC AGC GAC TTA GCC TGG TAC CAA CAG AAG CCT GGC CAG GCT CCC
AGG CTG CTC ATC TAT GGT GCA TCC AAC AGG GCC ACT GGC ATC CCA
GTC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGG TCT GGG ACA GAC TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC AGC AGA CTG GAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA GTG TAT TAC TGT CAG
CAG TAT GGT AGC TCA CCC CTA TTC ACT TTC GGC CCT GGG ACC AAA GTG GAT ATC AAA
> M0039-D10 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT ATG TAC AAT ATG GCT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TGG ATC TAT TCT TCT GGT GGC CTT ACT TTG TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTA TAT TAC TGT GCG AAA GGC TCC AAT ACG TAC TAC TTT GAT GCT AGT GGC CTC GGT GCT TTT AAT ATG TGG GGC CAA GGG ACA
ATG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0039-G05 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCC TTC CTG TCT GCA TCT ATA GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC ACT TGC CGG GCC AGT CAG GGC ATT
AAC ACT TTT TTA GCC TGG TAT CAG CAA AAA CCA GGG ATA GCC CCT
AAG CTC CTG ATC TAT GCT GCA TCC ACT CTG CAA AGT GGG GTC CCA
TCA AGG TTC AGC GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAA TTC ACT CTC ACA
ATC AGC AGT CTG CAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA ACT TAT TAC TGT CAG CAG CTT AAT GGT TAC CGC AGC TTC GGA CAA GGG ACA CGA CTA GAG
ATG AAA
> M0039-G05 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
AAT TAC GAG ATG GGT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TGG ATC TAT TCT TCT GGT GGC TAT ACT TCT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC ACA GCC ACG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA GAT CCG TAT TAC TAT GAT AGT
AGT GGT TAT TAC TAC TAC TAC TAC TAC TAC ATG GAC GTC TGG GGC
AAA GGG ACC ACG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0039-G07 LV CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA GGC ACC CTG TCT TTG TCT
CCA GGG GAA AGA GCC ACC CTC TCC TGC AGG GCC AGT CAG AGT GTT
AAC AGC AGG TTC TTG GCC TGG TAC CAG CAG AAA CCT GGC CAG GCT
CCC AGG CTC CTC ATC TAT AGT ACA TCC ACC AGG GCC ACT GGC ATC
CCA GAC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGG TCC GGG ACA GAC TTC ACT CTC ACC ATC AGC AGA CTG GAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCG GTG TAT TAC TGT
CAG CGA TAT GGT AGC TCA CCT ACG TGG ACG TTC GGC CAA GGG ACC
AAG GTG GAA ATC AAA
> M0039-G07 HV GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT CGT TAC GTT ATG GAT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT CGT ATC TCT CCT TCT GGT GGC CAT ACT GAT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCC AGA GAA ACG GTT CGG GGA GTT TAC
TTT GAC TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0039-H08 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA GCC ACC CTG TCT GTG TCT CCA GGG GAA AGA GCC ACC CTC TCC TGC AGG GCC AGT GAG AGT GTT
AAA AAC AAC TTA GCC TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCT GGC CAG GCT CCC
AGG CTC CTC ATC TAT GGT GTT TCC ACC AGG GCC CCT GGT ATC CCA
GCC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGG TCT GGG ACA GAC TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC AGC AGC CTA GAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA GTT TAT TAC TGT CAG CAG CGT AGC AAC TGG CCT CCG GTC ACC TTC GGC CAA GGG ACA CGA
CTG GAG ATT AAA
> M0039-H08 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
GCT TAC AAT ATG GGT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC TCT TCT TCT GGT GGC TAT ACT GGT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA GAT CTT TAC AGG GGC TTT GAC
TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0040-A03 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCT TTT GTG TCT GCA TCT GTC GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC TCT TGT CGG GCG AGT CAC AAT ATT
AAC ACC TGG TTA GCC TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCA GGG AAA GCC CCT
AAC CTC CTG ATC TAT TCT GCA TCC AAT TTG CAA GGT GGG GTC CCA
TCT AGG TTC AGC GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAC TTC ACT CTC ACT
ATC AGC AGC CTG CAG CCT GGA GAT TTT GCG ACT TAC TAT TGT CAA CAG GCT AGC AGT TTC CCT ATC ACC TTC GGC CAA GGG ACA CGA CTG
GAG ATT AAA
> M0040-A03 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
AAT TAC ATG ATG ATT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TGG ATC TCT CCT TCT GGT GGC TAT ACT TTT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA GGA TAT TAC GAT ATT TTG ACT
GGT ATG GTG GGC GGC GGT GCT TTT GAT ATC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACC
ACG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0040-A06 LV CAG GAC ATC GTC ATG ACT CAA ACC CCT CCT AGT TTA CCG GTT AAC
CCG GGT GAA CCT GCC TCC ATC TCC TGC AGG TCT AGT CAG AGC CTC
CTG CAT AGA AAT GGA TAC AAC TAT TTG GAT TGG TAC CTG CAG AAG
CCA GGG CAG TCT CCA CAG CTC CTG ATC CAT TTG GGT TCT TAT CGG
GCC TCC GGG GTC CCT GAC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGA TCA GGC ACA GAT TTT ACA CTG AAA ATC AGC AGA GTG GAG GCT GAG GAT GTT GGG
GTT TAT TAC TGC ATG CAA CCT CTA CAA ACT CCA TTC ACT TTC GGC
CCT GGG ACC AAA GTG GAT ATC AAA
> M0040-A06 HV GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT TAT TAC GGT ATG TAT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC TCT TCT TCT GGT GGC TAT ACT GAT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCA AGG AGG ATT AAG TAT TAC GAT ATT
GAA GGG GAA GGT GCT TTT GAT ATC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACA ATG GTC
ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0040-A08 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA CTC TCC CTG CCC GTC ACC
CCT GGA GAG CCG GCC TCC ATC TCC TGC AGG TCT AGT CAG AGC CTC
CTG CAT AGT AAT GGA TAC AAC TAT TTG GAT TGG TAC CTG CAG AAG
CCA GGG CAG TCT CCA CAG CTC CTG ATC TAT TTG GGT TCT AAT CGG
GCC TCC GGG GTC CCT GAC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGA TCA GGC ACA
GAT TTT ACA CTG AAA ATC AGC AGA GTG GAG GCT GAG GAT GTT GGG
GTT TAT TAC TGC ATG CAA GCT CTA CAA CCT TTC ACT TTC GGC GGA
GGG ACC AAG GTG GAG ATC AAA
> M0040-A08 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
GCT TAC ATG ATG GGT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT GGT ATC TCT TCT TCT GGT GGC CTT ACT TCT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA CCA GCG CTG ATT TAC TAT GAT
AGT AGT GGC CCA AGT GAT GCT TTT GAT ATC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACA
ATG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0040-A11 LV
CAG AGC GCT TTG ACT CAG CCT CCC TCC GCG TCC GGG TCT CCT GGA
CAG TCA GTC ACC ATC TCC TGC ACT GGA ACC AGC AGT GAC GTT GGT
GCT TAT AAC TAT GTC TCC TGG TAC CAA CAG CAC CCA GAC AAA GCC
CCC AAA CTC ATT ATT TAT AAT GTC AAT GAG CGG CCC TCA GGG GTC
CCT GAT CGC TTC TCT GGC TCC AAG TCT GGC AAC ACG GCC TCC CTG
ACC GTC TCT GGG CTC CAG GCT GAG GAT GAG GCT GAT TAT TAC TGT
ACC TCA TAT GCA GGC AGC AAC AAA ATC GGG GTC TCC GGA ACT GGG
ACC AAG GTC ACC GTC CTA
> M0040-A11 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CAT TAC GTT ATG TTT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT CGT ATC GTT CCT TCT GGT GGC GCT ACT ATG TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA GAT CGA CCG CTC TAT GAT AGT
AGT GGT TAC GTT GAC TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC
TCA AGC
> M0040-B06 LV
CAG TAC GAA TTG ACT CAG CCA CCC TCA GCG TCT GGG ACC CCC GGG
CAG AGG GTC ACC ATC TCT TGT TCT GGA AGC AGC TCC AAC ATC GGA
AGG AAT TAT GTA TAC TGG TAC CAG CAG GTC CCA GGA ACG GCC CCC
AAA CTC CTC ATC TAT AGT AAT AAT CAG CGG CCC TCA GGG GTC CCT
GAC CGA TTC TCT GGC TCC AAG TCT GGC ACC TCA GCC TCC CTG GTC
ATC AGT GGG CTC CGG TCC GAG GAT GAG GCT GAT TAT TAC TGT GCA
GCA TGG GAT GCC AGC CTG CGT GGG GTG TTC GGC GGA GGG ACC AAG
CTG ACC GTC CTA
> M0040-B06 HV GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
GTT TAC CCT ATG GTT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TAT ATC TCT CCT TCT GGT GGC TTT ACT TTT TAT GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA GTG CCC GGG GGC AGC AGA CAG
GAT TTT GAT ATC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACA ATG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC > M0040-B08 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCC TCC CTG TCT GCA TCT
GTA GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC ACT TGC CGG GCA AGT CAG AGC ATT
AGC AGC TAT TTA AAT TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCA GGG AAA GCC CCT
AAG CTC CTG ATC TAT GCT GCA TCC AGT TTG CAA AGT GGG GTC CCA TCA AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAT TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC AGC AGT CTG CAA CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA ACT TAC TAC TGT CAA
CAG AGT TAC AGT ACC CCT CGA ACG TTC GGC CAA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAA ATC AAA > M0040-B08 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
TAT TAC AAT GAT ATG GCT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT
TTG GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC TCT CCT TCT GGT GGC AAG ACT GAG TAT GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC
TCT AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG
GAC ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGG AGT GGA AGC TAC ACT CAA
CAT TTT GAC TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC > M0040-C10 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA GCC ACC CTG TCT GCA TCT
GTA GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC ACT TGC CGG GCA AGT CAG ACC ATT
AGC ACC TAT TTA AAT TGG TAT CAA CAC AAA CCA GGG AAA GCC CCT
GAG CTC CTG ATT TAT GCT GCA TCC AGT TTG CAA AGT GGG GTC CCA TCA AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAT TTC ACT CTC CGC
ATC AGC AGT CTG CAA CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA ACT TAC TAC TGT CAA
CAG AGT TAC ACT ACC CCG TGG ACG TTC GGC CAA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAA ATC AAA > M0040-C10 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CGT TAC ATG ATG GTT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC GTT TCT TCT GGT GGC AAG ACT TGG TAT GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACC GCC ATG TAT TAC TGT GCC AGA TGG GAC TGG GGA CCT TTT GAC
TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC > M0040-D08 LV
CAG AGC GCT TTG ACT CAA TCA CCC TCT GCC TCT GCT TCA CTG GGA
TCC TCG GTC AAG CTC ACC TGC ACT CTG GCC AGT GAG CAC AGT GGC
TAC ATC ATC GCA TGG CAT CAG CAG CAA CCA GGG AAG GCC CCT CGG
TTC TTG ATG AAA CTT GAC GGT ACT GGC AAC TTC AAC AAG GGC AGC GGA GTT CCT GAT CGC TTC TCA GGC TAC AGC TCT GGG GCT GAC CGC
TAC CTC ACC ATC TCC AAC CTC CAG TCT GAG GAT GAG GCT GAT TAT
TAC TGT GAG ACC TGG GAC AGT ACC ACT CTT TGG GTG TTC GGC GGG
GGG ACC AAG CTG ACC GTC CTA > M0040-D08 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CAT TAC GGT ATG ACT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC GTT CCT TCT GGT GGC TAT ACT GCT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACA GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT ACC ACA GGT CTC AGC AGC AGC GGT ACA
CGG TGG TTC GAC GCC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC > M0040-F03 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA CTC TCC CTG CCC GTC ACC
CCT GGA GAG CCG GCC TCC ATC TCC TGC AGG TCT GGT CAG AGC CTC
CTG CAT AGT AAT GGA TAC AAC TAT TTG AAT TGG TAC CTG CAG AAG
CCA GGG CAG TCT CCA CAG CTC CTG ATC TAT TTG GGT TCT TAT CGG GCC TCC GGG GTC CCT GAC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGA TCA GGC ACA
GAT TTT ACA CTG AAA ATC AGC AGA GTG GAG GCT GAG GAT GTT GGG
CTT TAT TAC TGC ATG CAA GCT CTA CAA ACT CCT CTC ACT TTC GGC
GTA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAG ATC AAA > M0040-F03 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
ATG TAC GTT ATG TCT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC TCT TCT TCT GGT GGC AAT ACT GGT TAT GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AAG AGT TCG TTA TAT TAC GAT ATT
TTG GCT GGC CCT GGG TTT GAC TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC
ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0040-G04 LV
CAG AGC GTC TTG ACT CAG CCA CCC TCA GCG TCT GGG ACC CCC GGG
CAG AGG GTC ACC ATC TCA TGT TCT GGA AGC AGG ACC AAC ATC GGA
AGT GAT TAT GTA TAT TGG TAC CAG CAA CTC CCA GGA ACG GCC CCC AAA CTC CTC ATC TAT AGG AAT AAT GAG CGG CCC TCA GGG GTC CCT
GAC CGA TTC TCT GGC TTC AAG TCT GGC ACC TCA GCC TCC CTG GCC
ATC AGT GGG CTC CGG TCC GAG GAT GAG GCT GAT TAT TAC TGT GCA
TCA TGG GAT GAC AGG CTG AGT GGT CCG GTT TTC GGC GGA GGG ACC
AAG CTG ACC GTC CTA
> M0040-G04 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CAG TAC CAT ATG CTT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG GAG TGG GTT TCT GTT ATC GTT TCT TCT GGT GGC TTT ACT TTT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA AGC TAC GGT GGA GAT GCT TTT
GAT ATC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACA ATG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0040-H04 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA GAC TCC CTG GCT GTG TCT
CTG GGC GAG AGG GCC ACC CTC AAC TGC AGG TCC AGC CAG AGT GTT
TTA TAC AGC CCC AAC AAT AAG AAC TAC TTA GCT TGG TAC CAG CAG AAA GCA GGA CAG CCA CCT AAG CTG CTC ATT TAC TGG GCA TCT TTC
CGG GAA TCC GGG GTC CCT GAG CGA TTC AGT GGC AGC GGG TCT GGG
ACA GAT TTC ACT CTC ACC ATC AGC AGC CTG CAG GCT GAA GAT GTG
GCA GTT TAT TAC TGT CAG CAA TAT CAT ACT CCT CCC TGG ACG TTC
GGC CAA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAA ATC AAA
> M0040-H04 HV GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
TCT TAC GAT ATG GTT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC TCT CCT TCT GGT GGC AAT ACT CAG TAT GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AAA GTG GCA GCT ATG GCC CCG TGG
TAC TTT GAC TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC > M0040-H09 LV
CAG AGC GAA TTG ACT CAG GAC CCT GCT GTG TCT GTG GCC TTG GGA
CAG GCA GTC ATC ATC ACA TGC CAA GGA GAC AGC CTC AGA ACC TAT
TAT CCA AGC TGG TAC CAA CAG AAG CCA GGA CAG GCC CCT ACA CTT
CTC GTC TAT GGT AAA AAC AAG CGG CCC TCA GGG GTC CCA GAC CGA TTC TCT GGC TCC AGG TCA GGA GAC ACA GCT TCC TTG ATC ATC ACT
GGG GCT CAG GCG GAA GAT GAC GCT GAC TAT TAT TGT AAC TCC CGG
GAC GGC AGT GGT CAC CTT TTT GTC TTC GGA CCT GGG ACC ACG GTC ACC GTC CTC > M0040-H09 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CTT TAC CCT ATG CAG TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TAT ATC CGT TCT TCT GGT GGC AAG ACT CAT TAT GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCT GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA GTA GGA ATG GGC AGT GGC TGG
TAC ACG GGG TAC TTC GAT CTC TGG GGC CGT GGC ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0041 -A05 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCC TCC CTG TCT GCA TCT
GTA GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC ACT TGC CGG GCA AGT CAG AAC ATT
AAC AGC TAT TTA AAT TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCA GGG AAA GCC CCT AAG CTC CTG ATC TAT GCT GCA TCC AGT TTG CAA AGT GGG GTC CCA
TCA AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAT TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC AGC AGT CTG CAA CCT GAA GAT TTT GTA ACT TAC TAC TGT CAA
CAG AGT TAC AGT ACC CCT AAG ACG TTC GGC CAA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAA ATC AAA
> M0041-A05 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
GTT TAC ACT ATG CAT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG GAG TGG GTT TCT GTT ATC TAT CCT TCT GGT GGC CTT ACT ATT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCA CGG AAT AGG GGT TAC TAT GCC CCT
ATG GAC GTC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACC ACG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0041 -B03 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA GCC ACC CTG TCT GCA TCT
GTA GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC TCT TGC CGG GCC AGT CAG AAT ATT
AGT AAT TGG TTG GCC TGG TAT CAG CAG AAG CCA GGC AAA GCC CCT AAA CTC CTC ATC TAC ACT GCA TCC ACT TTG CAC CGT GGG GTC CCA
TCA AGG TTC AGC GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAT TTC ACT CTC ACT
ATC ACC AGC CTG CAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA ACT TAC TAT TGT CAA
CAG GCT AAC ACT TTC CCT TGG ACG TTC GGC CAA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAA ATC AAA
> M0041 -B03 HV GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
ATG TAC ATG ATG TGG TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT GTT ATC TCT TCT TCT GGT GGC TTT ACT TCT TAT GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA CTA AGG TAC AGT AAT TTC GTA
GGC GGT CTG GAC GTC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACC ACG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0041-B11 LV
CAG AGC GTC TTG ACT CAG GAC CCT GCT GTG TCT GTG GCC TTG GGA
CAG ACA GTC AGG ATC ACA TGC CAA GGA GAC AGC CTC AGA AGC TAT
TCT GCA AGT TGG TAC CAG CGG AAG CCA GGA CAG GCC CCT TTA CTT GTC ATC TAT CGT AAA ACC AAC CGG CCC TCA GGG ATC CCA GAC CGG
TTC TCT GGC TCC AGC TCA GGA AAC ACA GCT TCC TTG ACC ATC ACT
GGG GCT CAG GCG GAA GAT GAG TCT GAC TAT TAC TGT AAC TCC CGG
GAC AGC AGT GGT AAC CAC CTA TTC GGC GGA GGG ACC AAA CTG ACC GTC CTA
> M0041 -B11 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CAG TAC TCT ATG CAT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC GTT CCT TCT GGT GGC ATG ACT GCT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AAA ATT TCA CGG GGA AAT GAT GCT
TTT GAT ATC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACA ATG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0041 -C11 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCC TCC CTG TCT GCA TCT
GTT GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC ACT TGC CGG GCA AGT CAG CGA ATT
GGC AGC TAC TTG AAT TGG TAT CAG CAA AAT TCG GGA AAA GCC CCA AGG CTC CTG ATC TAT GGT GCA TCC AAT TTG GAA AGT GGG GTC CCT
TCA AGG TTC AGT GGC CGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAC TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC AGC AGT CTG CAA CCT GAA GAT TTT GCG ACT TAC TAC TGT CAA
CAG AGT AAC AGT ACC CCT CAC ACG TTC GGC CAA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAA ATC AAA
> M0041-C11 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CAG TAC CCT ATG TCT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC GGT CCT GGT GGC TGG ACT TGG TAT GCT
GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT AAG
AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC ACT
GCA GTC TAC TAT TGT GCG AGG ACC GCT ACA CGG ATT TTT GGA GTG
GTT ATT ATG GGT CGC GCT TTT GAT ATC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACA ATG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0041-D03 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCT TCA CTG TCT GCA TCT
GTA GGA GAC AGA ATC ACC GTC ACT TGC CGG GCA AGT CAG AGC ATT ACC AAC TAT TTA AAT TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCA GGG AAA GCC CCT
AAG CTC CTG ATC TAT GCT GCA TCC ACT TTG CAA AGT GGG GTC CCA
TCA AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGG TCT GGG ACA GAC TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC AGC AGA CTG GAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA GTA TAT TAC TGT CAG
CAG TAT GGT AGC TCA CCG ACG TTC GGC CAA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAA GTC AAA > M0041-D03 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
TTT TAC AAT ATG ACT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC TAT TCT TCT GGT GGC AAT ACT GAT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTA TAT TAC TGT GCT AGA GAT TCC CTC TCC CAC TAC TAC
TAC GGT ATG GAC GTC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACC ACG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0041-D08 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA GGC ACC CTG TCT TTG TCT
CCA GGG GAA AGA GCC ACC CTC TCC TGC AGG GCC AGT CAG AGT GTT AGC AGC AGC TAC TTA GCC TGG TAC CAG CAG AAA CCT GGC CAG GCT
CCC AGG CTC CTC ATC TAT GGT GCA TCC AGC AGG GCC ACT GGC ATC
CCA GAC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGG TCT GGG ACA GAC TTC ACT CTC
ACC ATC AGC AGA CTG GAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA GTG TAT TAC TGT
CAG CAG TAT GGT ACC TCA TCG ACG TTC GGC CAA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAA ATC AAA
> M0041-D08 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT TCT TAC CGT ATG TCT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT GGT ATC TCT TCT TCT GGT GGC TTT ACT ATG TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGG GAT ATT TTG ACT GGT TAT TCC TAC GGT ATG GAC GTC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACC ACG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0041-E11 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCT TCC CTG TCT GCA TTT GTA GGA GAC AGA GTC ATC ATC ACT TGC CGG GCA AGC CAG GAC ATT
AGT GTT TAT GTA AAT TGG TAT CAG CAG AGC TCA GGC AAA GCC CCT
AAA CTC CTA ATC TAT GGT GCA TCC AGT TTG CAA AGT GGG GTC CCA
TCA AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAT TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC AGC AGT CTG CAA CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA AGT TAC TTC TGT CAA CAG AGT TAT AAT TTG CCT TTC ACC TTC GGC GGA GGA ACC AAC GTG
CAG ATC AAA
> M0041-E11 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CAG TAC AAT ATG CAG TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT GGT ATC GTT CCT TCT GGT GGC TGG ACT CCT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCA AGA GGG GTG CGC TAC GGG CTT GAC
TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0041-H09 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA GGC ACC CTG TCT TTG TCT CCA GGG GAG AGA GCC ACC CTT TCC TGC AGG GCC AGT CAG AGT CTT
AGC GGC GAC TAC TTA GCC TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA ATT GGC CAG GCT
CCC AGG CTC CTC ATA TTT GGT GCA TCT AGG AGA CCC ACT GGC ATC
CCA GAC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGG TCT GGG ACA GAC TTC GCT CTC
ACC ATC AGC AGA CTG GAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA GTG TAT TAC TGT CAG CAG TAT GGT AGT TTA ATC ACC TTC GGC CAA GGG ACA CGG CTG
GAG ATT AAA > M0041-H09 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
GTT TAC GAG ATG ACT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT GGT ATC GGT TCT TCT GGT GGC ATG ACT TTT TAT
GCC GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCC CGG ATA AGG TAT AGT GGG AGC TAT
GGG TGG CAC TAC ATG GAC GTC TGG GGC AAA GGG ACC ACG GTC ACC
GTC TCA AGC
> M0041-H11 LV
CAG AGC GAA TTG ACT CAG GAC CCT GCT GTG TCT GTG GCC TTG GGA
CAG ACA GTC AGG ATC ACA TGC CAA GGA GAC AGC CTC AGA AGC TAT
TAT GCA AGC TGG TAC CAG CAG AAG CCA GGA CAG GCC CCT GTA CTT
GTC ATC TAT GGT AAA AAC AAC CGG CCC TCA GGG ATC CCA GAC CGA
TTC TCT GGC TCC AGC TCA GGA AAC ACA GCT TCC TTG ACC ATC ACT
GGG GCT CAG GCG GAA GAT GAG GCT GAC TAT TAC TGT AAC TCC CGG
GAC AGC AGT GGT AAC CAT GTG GTA TTC GGC GGA GGG ACC AAG CTG
ACC GTC CTA
> M0041-H11 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
ATG TAC CCT ATG AAT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC TCT TCT TCT GGT GGC TGG ACT AAG TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA GTT TTT TTC GGC TAT GAT AGT
AGT GGT TAC CCT TAC TAC TAC TAC GGT ATG GAC GTC TGG GGC CAA
GGG ACC ACG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0042-B07 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA CTC TCC CTG CCC GTC ACC
CCT GGA GAG CCG GCC TCC ATC TCC TGC AGG TCT AGT CAG AGC CTC
CTA CAT AGT AAT GGA TAC AAC TAT TTG GAT TGG TAT GTG CAG AAG
CCA GGA CAG TCT CCA CAG CTC CTG ATC TAT TTG GGT TCT GGT CGG
GCC TCC GGG GTC CCT GAC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGA TCA GGC ACA
GAT TTT ACA CTG AAA ATC AAC AGA GTG GAG GCT GAG GAT GTT GGG
GTT TAT TAC TGC ATG CAA GCT CTA CAA ACT CCG TGG ACG TTC GGC
CAA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAA ATC AAA
> M0042-B07 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CCT TAC TCT ATG TTT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT GTT ATC TAT CCT TCT GGT GGC GGT ACT ATT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA AGT AGA GAG TCT TGT GAT GCT
GAT ACT TGC TAC CAA TAT TTC CAG GAG TGG GGC CAG GGC ACC CTG
GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0042-G12 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA GGC ACC CTG TCT TTG TCT
CCA GGG GAA AGA GCC ACC CTC TCC TGC AGG GCC AGT CAG AGT GTT
AGC AGC AGC TAC TTA GCC TGG TAC CAG CAG AAA CCT GGC CAG GCT
CCC AGG CTC CTC ATC TAT GGT GCA TCC ATC AGG GCC ACT GGC ATC
CCA GAC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGG TCT GGG ACA GAC TTC ACT CTC
ACC ATC AGC AGA CTG GAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA GTG TAT TAC TGT CAG CAG TAT GGT AGC TCA CCC CCG TAC ACT TTT GGC CAG GGG ACC
AAG CTG GAG ATC AAA
> M0042-G12 HV GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CAT TAC CCT ATG TTT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT GGT ATC TCT TCT TCT GGT GGC TAT ACT ATT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA GGG GGA AGA CGA CAG ACG CGG
CGT ACC AGC GAC TAC TAC TAC GGT ATG GAC GTC TGG GGC CAA GGG
ACC ACG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC > M0043-A09 LV
CAG AGC GTC TTG ACT CAG CCA CCC TCG GTG TCC AAG GAC TTG AGA
CAG ACC GCC ACA CTC ACC TGC ACT GGG AAC AGC AAC AAT GTT GGC
TAC CAA GGA GCA GCT TGG CTG CAG CAG CAC CAG GGC CAC CCT CCC
AAA GTC CTT TCG TAC AGG AAT AAC AAC CGG CCC TCA GGG ATC TCA GAG AGA TTT TCT GCG TCC AGG TCA GGA AAT ACA GCC TCC CTG ACC
ATT ACT GGA CTC CAG CCT GAG GAC GAG GCT GAC TAT TAC TGC TCA
GCG TGG GAC AGC AGC CTC ACT GCT TGG GTC TTC GGC GGA GGG ACC
AAG CTG ACC GTC CTA > M0043-A09 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
TTT TAC GAT ATG ACT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC TGG TCT TCT GGT GGC GTT ACT GAT TAT GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACA GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT ACG AGA GCT AGT AGT GGT TAT TAT GAT
GCT TTT GAT ATC TGG GGC CAA GGG ACA ATG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC > M0043-C03 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA GCC TCC CTG TAT TTG TCT
CCA GGG GAA AGA GCC ACC CTC TCC TGC AGG GCC AGT CAG AGT GTT
AGC AGC AAC TTA GCC TGG TAC CAG CAG AAA CCT GGC CAG GCT CCC
AGG CTC CTC ATC TAT GGT GCA TCC ACC AGG GCC ACT GGT ATC CCA GCC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGG TCT GGG ACA GAG TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC AGC AGC CTG CAG TCT GCA GAT TTT GCC GTT TAT TAC TGT CAG
CAG TAT GAT AAC TGG CCT CCC CTC ACT TTC GGC GGA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAG ATC AAA > M0043-C03 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
TAT TAC GCT ATG GAT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC GGT TCT TCT GGT GGC GAT ACT GTT TAT GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACA GCC ACG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA GAC CCT CGG CAG CCC GGA GTC
TTT GAC TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC > M0043-F01 LV
CAG AGC GCT TTG ACT CAG CCT GCT TCC GTG TCT GGG TCT CCT GGA
CAG TCG ATC ACC ATC TCC TGC ACT GGA ACC AGC AGT GAC ATT GGT
GCT TAT AGG TAT GTC TCC TGG TAC CAA CAG CGC CCA GGC AAA GCC
CCC AAA CTC ATG ATT TTT GAT GTC ACT AAG CGG CCC TCA GGG GTT TCT AAT CGC TTC TCT GGC TTC AAG TCT GGC AAC ACG GCT TCC CTG
ACC ATC TCT GGG CTC CAG GCT GAG GAC GAG GCC GAT TAT TAC TGC AGC TCA TTT ACA AGT GGC AGC ACT TTC GTC TTC GGA ACT GGG ACC AAG GTC ACC GTC CTA
> M0043-F01 HV GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
AAG TAC TCT ATG TAT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC TCT TCT TCT GGT GGC TAT ACT GCT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACT GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG ATT CCT TGG GGT AGT GGG AGT TCC
TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0043-G01 LV CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCT GCC ATG TCT GCA TCT
GTA GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC ACT TGT CGG GCG AGT CAG GGT ATT
AGC AGC TGG TTA GCC TGG TAT CAG CAG AAA CCA GGG AAA GCC CCT
AAG CTC CTG ATC TAT GCT GCA TCC AGT TTG CAA AGT GGG GTC CCA
TCA AGG TTC AGC GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAT TTC ACT CTC ACC ATC AGC AGC CTG CAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA ACT TAC TAT TGT CAA
CAG GCT AAC AGT TTC CCG CTC ACT TTC GGC GGA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAG ATC AAA
> M0043-G01 HV GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
TTT TAC TCT ATG CAT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT GGT ATC TCT TCT TCT GGT GGC GTT ACT AAG TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA GCA CGG TCA ACT CGT GGC TTT
GAC TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0043-G02 LV CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA GGC ACC CTG TCT TTG TCT
CCA GGG GAA AGA GCC ACC CTC TCC TGC AGG GCC AGT CAG AGT GTT
AGC AGC AGC TAC TTA GCC TGG TAC CAG CAG AAA CCT GGC CAG GCT
CCC AGG CTC CTC ATC TAT GGT GCA TCC AGC AGG GCC ACT GGC ATC
CCA GAC AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGG TCT GGG ACA GAC TTC ACT CTC ACC ATC AGC AGA CTG GAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA GTG TAT TAC TGT
CAG TCG GGG GTC ACT TTC GGC GGA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAG ATC AAA
> M0043-G02 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
TGG TAC CCT ATG TTT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT GGT ATC TAT TCT TCT GGT GGC CCT ACT GAT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCA AAA GAT ACC CTA GGG AGG TAT TAC
GAT TTT TGG AGT GGT TAT TCC TAC GGT ATG GAC GTC TGG GGC CAA
GGG ACC ACG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0044-B03 LV CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCT TCC GTG TCT GCA TCT
GTA GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC ACT TGT AGG GCG AGT CAG AAT ATT
TAC AGT TGG TTA GCC TGG TAT CAG CAG AGA CCA GGG AAA GCC CCT
AAG CTC CTG ATC TAC GCT GCA TCC AGT TTA CAT AGT GGG GTC CCA
TCA AGG TTC AGC GGC AGT GGA TCT GGG ACA GAT TTC ACT CTC ACC ATC AGC AGC CTG CAG CCT GAA GAT TTT GCA ACT TAC TAT TGT CAA
CAG GCT AAG AGT TTC CCT GTG ACT TTC GGC GGA GGG ACC AAG GTG GAA ATC AAA
> M0044-B03 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
CAG TAC CAT ATG ATG TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC GGT TCT TCT GGC TAT ACT AAG TAT GCT
GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT AAG
AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC ACG
GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG GGA GCA GTG GCT GGT ACC GGG GCC TTT
GAC TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0044-D08 LV
CAG TAC GAA TTG ACT CAG CCA CTC TCA GTC TCA GTG GCC CTG GGA
CAG ACG GCC AGT ATT TCC TGT TGG GGA CAT AAC ATT AGA ATT AAA
AAT GTA CAC TGG TAC CAG CAG AAG CCA GGC CAG GCC CCT GTG GTG
GTC ATG TAT ATC CCT GAG CGG TTC TCT GGC TCC ACC TCG GGG AAC
ACG GCC ACC CTG ACC ATC AGT GGA GCC CAA GCC GGG GAT GAG GCT
GAC TAT TAT TGT CAA GTG TGG GAC AGC AGC ACT GTG GTG TTC GGC
GGA GGG ACC AAG CTG ACC GTC CTA
> M0044-D08 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
AAG TAC CCT ATG TCT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TCT ATC TGG CCT TCT GGT GGC CAT ACT TTT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AAA AAT CCC GGG CTA CGG TAT GCT
TTT GAT AAC TGG GGC CGA GGG ACA ATG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0044-E01 LV
CAG TAC GAA TTG ACT CAG CCA CCC TCA ACG TCT GGG ACC CCC GGG
CAG ACG GTC ACC ATC TCT TGT TCT GGA AGC ATC TCC AAC ATC GGA
AGA AAT TCT GTA AAC TGG TAC CAG CAG CTC CCA GGA ACG GCC CCC
AAA CTC CTC ATG TTT AGG AAT AAT GAG CGG CCC TCA GGG GTC CCT
GAC CGA TTC TCT GGC TCC AAG TCT GGC ACC TCG GCC TCC CTG GCC
ATC AGT GGG CTC CGG TCC GAG GAT GAG GCT GAT TAT TAC TGT GCA
GCA TGG GGT GAC AGC CTG AGT GGT TCT TAT GTC TTC GGA ACT GGG
ACC AAG GTC ACC GTC CTA
> M0044-E01 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT
TAT TAC GCT ATG GGT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT TAT ATC GTT CCT TCT GGT GGC GAG ACT CGT TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA GAT GGT TAT TAC GAT TTT TGG
AGT GGT TAT TGG TCC TAC TAC TAC TAC GGT ATG GAC GTC TGG GGC
CAA GGG ACC ACG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
> M0044-E05 LV
CAA GAC ATC CAG ATG ACC CAG TCT CCA TCC TCC CTG TCT GCA TCT
GTG GGA GAC AGA GTC ACC ATC ACT TGC CGG GCA AGT CAG AGC ATT
AGC AGC TAT TTA AAT TGG TAT CAG CAA AAA CCA GGG GAA GCC CCT
AAG CTC CTC ATC TAT GCT GCA TCC GCT TTG CAA AGT GGG GTC CCG
TCA AGG TTC AGT GGC AGT GGA CTT GGG ACA GTT TTC ACT CTC ACC
ATC ACC AGC CTG CAA CCT GAA GAT TCT GCA ACT TAC TAT TGT CAA
CAG AGT TAC AGT CCC CCG GTC ACT TTC GGC GGA GGG ACC AAG GTG
GAT ATC AAA > M0044-E05 HV
GAA GTT CAA TTG TTA GAG TCT GGT GGC GGT CTT GTT CAG CCT GGT
GGT TCT TTA CGT CTT TCT TGC GCT GCT TCC GGA TTC ACT TTC TCT CGT TAC CCT ATG TCT TGG GTT CGC CAA GCT CCT GGT AAA GGT TTG
GAG TGG GTT TCT CGT ATC TCT TCT TCT GGT GGC TGG ACT CAG TAT
GCT GAC TCC GTT AAA GGT CGC TTC ACT ATC TCT AGA GAC AAC TCT
AAG AAT ACT CTC TAC TTG CAG ATG AAC AGC TTA AGG GCT GAG GAC
ACG GCC GTG TAT TAC TGT GCG AGA GAG GGT TCT AGT GGG AGC CGT CGT GGT GAC TAC TGG GGC CAG GGA ACC CTG GTC ACC GTC TCA AGC
Example 3: DNA Sequences of MMP- 14 Inhibiting Anti-MMP- 14 Fabs
Exemplary Fabs that bind to and inhibit human MMP- 14 were identified and include: M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0033-H07, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0038-E06, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0039-H08, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, and M0043-G02. The DNA sequences of these antibodies are shown in Table 5. These Fabs (and full length antibodies thereof) specific for MMP- 14 can be used in the preparation of a MMP- 14 binding protein-drug conjugates.
Example 4: Amino Acid Sequences of MMP- 14 Binding Fabs that Inhibit MMP- 14 The amino acid sequences of exemplary Fab heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) variable regions that bind to and inhibit human MMP- 14, the DNA sequence of which are provided in Example 3, are shown in Table 6. In Table 6, the standard numbering of the HC V domain is shown. The length of HC CDR3 varies considerably. By convention, the second cysteine is numbered 92 and the W of the conserved WG motif of FR4 is number 103. If there are more than 9 residues between C92 and W 103, then residues after 102 are numbered 102a, 102b, etc. Table 7 shows the germline (GL) Vlight and Jlight assignments.
Table 8 shows the LCs of the 12 inhibitory Fabs aligned to their germline VJ genes. In the germline sequence, FR regions are bold. In the isolate sequences, departures from GL are shown bold. Table 9 shows the departures from GL as mutations from the isolate to GL, i.e. the mutation that is needed to restore GL sequence to the isolate. In one embodiment, the departures from germline in the FR regions are reverted to GL. Residues at or near the FR- CDR junctions may be involved in interactions with the antigen and so reversions of these residues is more likely to affect affinity than is the reversion of residues far from the junctions. These Fabs (and full length antibodies thereof) specific for MMP- 14 can be used in the preparation of a MMP- 14 binding protein-drug conjugates. Table 6: Amino-acid sequences of Fabs that bind and inhibit human MMP- 14
1 M0031 -C02 SC=SC- O O l Round=SC- 001 -SR- 003
HC
1 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0
1 EVQLLESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS PYPMGWVRQA PGKGLEWVS S
5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9
1 a 5 0 5 0 5 0 2 abc3 5 7 9 2 5
51 IVS SGGLTLY ADSVKGRFT I SRDNSKNTLY LQMNS LRAED TAVYYCARGG
1 1 1 1
9 0 0 0 1
7 2abcd efghi3 5 0 101 RLYDILTGQG APFDYWGQGT LVTVSS
LC
1 QDIQMTQSPL SLPVTPGEPA SISCRSSQSL LHSNGYYYLD WYLQKPGQSP 51 QLLIYLGSYR ASGVPDRFSG SGSGTDFTLK ISSVEAEDVG VYYCMQALQT 101 PLTFGGGTRV DIK
2 M0031-F01 SC=SC-OOl Round=SC-001-SR-003 HC
1 EVQLLESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS TYEMHWVRQA PGKGLEWVSS 51 IYSSGGWTGY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARSQ
101 QYYDFSSRYY GMDVWGQGTT VTVSS LC
1 QSELTQPPSV SGTPGQRVTI SCSGTSANIG RNAVHWYQQL PGTAPKLLIH 51 SNNRRPSGVP DRFSGSKSGT SASLAISGLQ SEDEADYYCA AWENSLNAFY 101 VFGTGTKVTV L
3 M0033-H07 SC=SC-OOl Round=SC-001-SR-003 HC 1 EVQLLESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS VYGMVWVRQA PGKGLEWVSV
51 ISSSGGSTWY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TALYYCARPF
101 SRRYGVFDYW GQGTLVTVSS LC
1 QDIQMTQSPS SLSASVGDRV TITCRASQGI RNFLAWYQQK PGKVPKLLVF 51 GASALQSGVP SRFSGSGSGT DFTLTISGLQ PEDVATYYCQ KYNGVPLTFG
101 GGTKVEIK
4 M0037-C09 SC=SC-OOl Round=SC-001-SR-003 HC
1 EVQLLESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS HYEMFWVRQA PGKGLEWVSS
51 ISPSGGQTHY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCATDR
101 TYYDFWSGYG PLWYWGQGTL VTVSS LC 1 QDIQMTQSPL SLPVTLGESA SVSCRSSQSL LHENGHNYLD WYLQKPGQSP
51 QLLIYLGSNR ASGVPDRFSG SGSGTDFTLK ISRVEAEDVG VYYCMQSLKT
101 PPTFGPGTKV EIK
5 M0037 -D01 SC=SC- O O l Round=SC- 001 -SR- 003
HC
1 EVQLLESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS MYMMIWVRQA PGKGLEWVSS 51 IYPSGGNTMY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCATGV 101 LRYFDWDAGS GMDVWGQGTT VTVSS LC 1 QDIQMTQSPS SLSASVGDRV TITCRASQGI RNDLGWYQQK PGKAPKRLIY 51 VASSLQSGVP SRFSGSGSGT EFTLTISSLQ PEDFATYYCL QHNSYPWTFG 101 QGTKVEIK
6 M0038-E06 SC=SC-OOl Round=SC-001-SR-003 HC
1 EVQLLESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS PYVMHWVRQA PGKGLEWVSS
51 ISPSGGWTYY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED MAVYYCARGT 101 GAYGMDVWGQ GTTVTVSS LC
1 QDIQMTQSPG TLSLSPGDRA TLSCGASQLV VSNYIAWYQQ KPGQAPRLLM
51 YAGSIRATGI PDRFSGSGSG TDFTLTISRL EPEDFAIYYC QQRSNWPWTF
101 GQGTKVEIK
7 M0038-F01 SC=SC-OOl Round=SC-001-SR-003 HC
1 EVQLLESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS LYSMNWVRQA PGKGLEWVSS 51 IYSSGGSTLY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARGR
101 AFDIWGQGTM VTVSS LC
1 QDIQMTQSPS SLSAFVGDKV TITCRASQSV GTYLNWYQQK AGKAPELLIY 51 ATSNLRSGVP SRFSGSGSGT DFTLTINTLQ PEDFATYYCQ QSYSIPRFTF 101 GPGTKVDIK
8 M0038-F08 SC=SC-OOl Round=SC-001-SR-003 HC 1 EVQLLESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS RYKMWWVRQA PGKGLEWVSG
51 IRPSGGLTRY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARRG
101 DYVGGFDYWG QGTLVTVSS LC
1 QDIQMTQSPG TLSLSPGERA TLSCRASQSV SSSYLAWYQQ KPGQAPRLLI 51 YGASSRATGI PDRFSGSGSG TDFTLTISRL EPEDFAVYYC QHYGGSQAFG
101 GGTKVEIK
9 M0039-H08 SC=SC-OOl Round=SC-001-SR-003 HC
1 EVQLLESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS AYNMGWVRQA PGKGLEWVSS
51 ISSSGGYTGY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARDL
101 YRGFDYWGQG TLVTVSS LC 1 QDIQMTQSPA TLSVSPGERA TLSCRASESV KNNLAWYQQK PGQAPRLLIY
51 GVSTRAPGIP ARFSGSGSGT DFTLTISSLE PEDFAVYYCQ QRSNWPPVTF
101 GQGTRLEIK
10 M0040-A06 SC=SC- O O l Round=SC- 001 -SR- 003
HC
1 EVQLLESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS YYGMYWVRQA PGKGLEWVSS
51 ISSSGGYTDY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARRI
101 KYYDIEGEGA FDIWGQGTMV TVSS LC
1 QDIVMTQTPP SLPVNPGEPA SISCRSSQSL LHRNGYNYLD WYLQKPGQSP
51 QLLIHLGSYR ASGVPDRFSG SGSGTDFTLK ISRVEAEDVG VYYCMQPLQT
101 PFTFGPGTKV DIK
11 M0040-A11 SC=SC- O O l Round=SC- 001 -SR- 003 HC
1 EVQLLESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS HYVMFWVRQA PGKGLEWVSR
51 IVPSGGATMY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARDR
101 PLYDSSGYVD YWGQGTLVTV SS
LC
1 QSALTQPPSA SGSPGQSVTI SCTGTSSDVG AYNYVSWYQQ HPDKAPKLII
51 YNVNERPSGV PDRFSGSKSG NTASLTVSGL QAEDEADYYC TSYAGSNKIG
101 VSGTGTKVTV L
12 M0043-G02 SC=SC-OOl Round=SC-001-SR-003 HC
1 EVQLLESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS WYPMFWVRQA PGKGLEWVSG
51 IYSSGGPTDY ADSVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLY LQMNSLRAED TAVYYCAKDT
101 LGRYYDFWSG YSYGMDVWGQ GTTVTVSS
LC
1 QDIQMTQSPG TLSLSPGERA TLSCRASQSV SSSYLAWYQQ KPGQAPRLLI 51 YGASSRATGI PDRFSGSGSG TDFTLTISRL EPEDFAVYYC QSGVTFGGGT 101 KVEIK
Table 7: Types of the light chains of inhibitory Fabs
I solate J V_Class
1 M0031 -C 02 JK4 VK-A3-VK2 8 A3
2 M0031 -F01 JLl VLl-I 6-VL1 Ic
M0033-H07 JK4 VK-A20-VK1 5 A20 M0037-C09 JKl VK-A3-VK2_ 8 A3
5 M0037-D01 JKl VK-A30-VK1 6 A30
6 M0038-E06 JKl VK-A27-VK3 1 A27
7 M0038-F01 JK3 VK-O2-VK1_ 2 02
8 M0038-F08 JK4 VK-A27-VK3 1 A27
9 M00390H08 JK5 VK-L6-VK3_ 5 L6
10 M0040-A06 JK3 VK-A3-VK2 8 _A3
11 M0040-A11 JLl VL2 2c
12 M0043-G02 JK4 VK-A27-VK3 1 A27
Table 8: Alignment of LCs of inhibitory Fabs with their germline sequences
FRl CDRl FR2 CDR2 1 1 2 2 2 33 3333 4 4 5
1 5 0 5 0 3 5 01acdef2345 0 5 0 VKIIA3-JK1 -DIVMTQSPLSLPVTPGEPASISCRSSQSLLHSNGYNYLDWYLQKPGQSPQLLIYLGSNR
MO037-CO9 QDIQMTQSPLSLPVTLGESASVSCRSSQSLLHENGHNYLDWYLQKPGQSPQLLIYLGSNR FR3 CDR3 FR4
1 1
5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 0 0
5 7 0 5 0 5 0 5 8 0 5 0 5
VKI IA3-JKl ASGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDVGVYYCMQALQTPWTFGQGTKVEIK MO037-CO9 ASGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDVGVYYCMQSLKTPPTFGPGTKVEIK
FRl CDRl FR2 CDR2
1 1 2 2 2 33 3333 4 4 5 5
1 5 0 5 0 3 5 01acdef2345 0 5 0 4
VKIIA3-JK4 -DIVMTQSPLSLPVTPGEPASISCRSSQSLLHSNGYNYLDWYLQKPGQSPQLLIYLGSNR M0031-C02 QDIQMTQSPLSLPVTPGEPASISCRSSQSLLHSNGYYYLDWYLQKPGQSPQLLIYLGSYR
FR3 CDR3 FR4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 0 0 5 7 0 5 0 5 0 5 8 0 5 0 5
VKIIA3-JK4 ASGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDVGVYYCMQALQTPLTFGGGTKVEIK M0031-C02 ASGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKISSVEAEDVGVYYCMQALQTPLTFGGGTRVDIK
FRl CDRl FR2 CDR2
1 1 2 2 2 33 3333 4 4 5 1 5 0 5 0 3 5 01acdef2345 0 5 0 VKIIA3-JK3 -DIVMTQSPLSLPVTPGEPASISCRSSQSLLHSNGYNYLDWYLQKPGQSPQLLIYLGSNR
M0040-A06 QDIVMTQTPPSLPVNPGEPASISCRSSQSLLHRNGYNYLDWYLQKPGQSPQLLIHLGSYR
FR3 CDR3 FR4
1 1
5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 0 0
5 7 0 5 0 5 0 5 8 0 5 0 5
VKI IA3-JK3 ASGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDVGVYYCMQALQTPFTFGPGTKVDIK M0040-A06 ASGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDVGVYYCMQPLQTPFTFGPGTKVDIK
FRl CDRl FR2 CDR2
1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
1 5 0 5 0 3 5 0 5 0 5 0 4
VK3L6-JK5 -EIVLTQSPATLSLSPGERATLSCRASQSVSSYLAWYQQKPGQAPRLLIYDASNR
M0039-H08 QDIQMTQSPATLSVSPGERATLSCRASESVKNNLAWYQQKPGQAPRLLIYGVSTR
FR3 CDR3 FR4
1 1
5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 0 0
5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5a 0 5
VK3L6-JK5 ATGIPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQRSNWP-ITFGQGTRLEIK
M0039-H08 APGIPARFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLEPEDFAVYYCQQRSNWPPVTFGQGTRLEIK
FRl CDRl FR2 CDR2 1 1 2 2 2 33 3 4 4 5 5
1 5 0 5 0 3 5 Ola 5 O 5 0 4
VKIIIA27-JK1 -EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGERATLSCRASQSVS S SYLAWYQQKPGQAPRLLIYGAS SR
M0038-E06 QDIQMTQSPGTLSLSPGDRATLSCGASQLWSNYIAWYQQKPGQAPRLLMYAGSIR FR3 CDR3 FR4
1 1
5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5
VKIIIA27-JK1 ATGIPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLEPEDFAVYYCQQYGSSPWTFGQGTKVEIK M0038-E06 ATGIPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLEPEDFAIYYCQQRSNWPWTFGQGTKVEIK
FRl CDRl FR2 CDR2
1 1 2 2 2 33 3 4 4 5 5 1 5 0 5 0 3 5 Ola 5 0 5 0 4
VKIIIA27-JK4 -EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGERATLSCRASQSVS S SYLAWYQQKPGQAPRLLIYGAS SR
M0038-F08 QDIQMTQSPGTLSLSPGERATLSCRASQSVSSSYLAWYQQKPGQAPRLLIYGASSR M0043-G02 QDIQMTQSPGTLSLSPGERATLSCRASQSVSSSYLAWYQQKPGQAPRLLIYGASSR FR3 CDR3 FR4
1 1
5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5
VKIIIA27-JK4 ATGIPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLEPEDFAVYYCQQYGSSPLTFGGGTKVEIK M0038-F08 ATGIPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLEPEDFAVYYCQHYGGSQA-FGGGTKVEIK
M0043-G02 ATGI PDRFSGSGSGTDFTLT I SRLEPEDFAVYYCQS- -GVT- -FGGGTKVE IK FRl CDRl FR2 CDR2
1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
1 5 0 5 0 3 5 0 5 0 5 0 4
VKIA20-JK4 -DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQGISNYLAWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYAASTL
M0033-H07 QDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQGIRNFLAWYQQKPGKVPKLLVFGASAL
FR3 CDR3 FR4
1 1
5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5
VKIA20-JK4 QSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQKYNSAPLTFGGGTKVEIK
M0033-H07 QSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISGLQPEDVATYYCQKYNGVPLTFGGGTKVEIK
FRl CDRl FR2 CDR2
1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
1 5 0 5 0 3 5 0 5 0 5 0 4 VKIA30-JK1 -DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQGIRNDLGWYQQKPGKAPKRLIYAASSL
MO037-DOl QDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQGIRNDLGWYQQKPGKAPKRLIYVASSL
FR3 CDR3 FR4
1 1 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 0 0
5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5
VKIA30-JK1 QSGVPSRFSGSGSGTEFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQHNSYPWTFGQGTKVEIK
MO 037 -DOl QSGVPSRFSGSGSGTEFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCLQHNSYPWTFGQGTKVEIK
FRl CDRl FR2 CDR2
1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
1 5 O 5 0 3 5 O 5 O 5 0 4
VKIO2-JK3 -DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSISSYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYAASSL M0038-F01 QDIQMTQSPSSLSAFVGDKVTITCRASQSVGTYLNWYQQKAGKAPELLIYATSNL
FR3 CDR3 FR4
1 1
5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5
VKIO2-JK3 QSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYSTP-FTFGPGTKVDIK
M0038-F01 RSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTINTLQPEDFATYYCQQSYSIPRFTFGPGTKVDIK
FRl CDRl FR2 CDR2 1 1 2 2 2 33 3 3 4 4 5 5
1 5 91 5 0 3 5 01ab2 5 0 5 0 4 VLl_lc-JLl QSVLTQPPSASGTPGQRVTISCSGSSSNIGSNTVNWYQQLPGTAPKLLIYSNNQR
M0031-F01 QSELTQPPSVSGTPGQRVTISCSGTSANIGRNAVHWYQQLPGTAPKLLIHSNNRR FR3 CDR3 FR4
1 1
5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5abc6 O 5
VLl_lc-JLl PSGVPDRFSGSKSGTSASLAISGLQSEDEADYYCAAWDDSLNG-YVFGTGTKVTVL M0031-F01 PSGVPDRFSGSKSGTSASLAISGLQSEDEADYYCAAWENSLNAFYVFGTGTKVTVL
FRl CDRl FR2 CDR2
1 1 2 2 2 33 3 3 4 4 5 5 1 5 91 5 0 3 5 01abc2 5 0 5 0 4
VL2 2c-JLl QSALTQPPSASGSPGQSVTISCTGTSSDVGGYNYVSWYQQHPGKAPKLMIYEVSKR M0040-A11 QSALTQPPSASGSPGQSVTISCTGTSSDVGAYNYVSWYQQHPDKAPKLIIYNVNER
FR3 CDR3 FR4
1 1
5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 0 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5ab6 0 5
VL2_2c-JLl PSGVPDRFSGSKSGNTASLTVSGLQAEDEADYYCSSYAGSNNFYVFGTGTKVTVL
M0040-A11 PSGVPDRFSGSKSGNTASLTVSGLQAEDEADYYCTSYAGSNKIGVSGTGTKVTVL
Table 9: Non Germline Residues in Inhibitory Fabs
Figure imgf000130_0001
Example 5: ICsn Values for MMP-14 Inhibition of MMP-14 Binding Fabs and IgGs
The IC50 values for MMP-14 inhibition (MMP-14 was at 2 pM) of exemplary MMP- 14 binding Fabs and IgGs are provided in Table 10.
IC50 values for the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein-drug conjugates described herein can likewise be measured.
Table 10: ICsn Values
Figure imgf000131_0001
Example 6: K, values for MMP-14 Inhibition By Anti-MMP-14 IgGs
The K1 values for MMP-14 inhibition by exemplary IgGs are presented in Table 11. K1 studies were performed using an enzymatic assay at substrate [Mca-Pro-Leu-Ala- Cys(Mob)-Trp-Ala-Arg-Dap(Dnp)-NH2] concentrations of 10 μM, 14 μM and 18 μM. These concentrations were chosen based on the finding that the Km for the reaction was 6 μM, and that substrate inhibition occurred at 15-20 μM substrate. The concentration of MMP-14 was 2 nM.
Five MMP-14 binding IgGs were selected for K1 studies: M0043-G02, M0037-D01, M037-C09, M0038-F01, M0033-H07. The results with each IgG is depicted in FIGURE l(a)-l(e), respectively. The highest K1 measured for each of these antibodies is shown in Table 11. K1 values for the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein-drug conjugates described herein can be measured in like manner.
Table 11 : K1 of Human Antibodies that inhibit MMP- 14
Isolate K1
M0043-G02 1 .2 nM
M0037-D01 2 .9 nM
M0037-C09 8 .6 nM
M0038-F01 1 .2 nM
M0033-H07 4 .O nM
Example 7: Cross-reactivity of MMP- 14 Binding IgGs and Fabs Against Other MMPs and TACE
The cross-reactivity of exemplary anti-MMP-14 IgGs and Fabs with other human MMPs and TACE (TNF-alpha converting enzyme) was examined. MMP and TACE enzymatic activity was monitored in the absence and presence of 1 μM anti-MMP-14 IgG antibody. Inhibition (Y) of activity ranged from approximately 50-80% of the reaction rate observed in the absence of antibody. "X" indicates no inhibition was observed. Cross- reactivity was not determined for MMP- 17 because protein activity could not be detected.
For the studies summarized in Table 12, six anti-MMP-14 IgGs were selected for cross-reactivity testings: M0043-G02, M0040-A06, M0037-D01, M037-C09, M0038-F01, M0033-H07. The results are shown in Tables 5-7.
The cross-reactivity of the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein-drug conjugates described herein can similarly be examined.
Table 12: Cross Reactivity of Anti-MMP-14 IgGs with Other MMPs and TACE
Figure imgf000132_0001
Figure imgf000133_0001
Example 8: Cross-reactivity of MMP- 14 Binding Fabs and IgGs with MMP- 16
For the studies summarized in Tables 13 and 14, 100 nM anti-MMP-14 Fab/IgG were incubated with 5 nM MMP 16 for 30 minutes at 300C, 10 μM of substrate was added, and the
MMP- 16 activity was measured.
The cross-reactivity of the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14, MMP- 15, MMP-17, MMP-24, and MMP-25) binding protein-drug conjugates described herein with MMP- 16 can also be measured in this way.
Table 13: Anti hMMP-14 Fab cross-reactivit with MMP- 16
Figure imgf000133_0002
X: Does not inhibit MMP- 16 at [I] = 100 nM level
Table 14: Anti hMMP-14 IgG cross-reactivity against MMP- 16
Figure imgf000134_0001
X: Does not inhibit MMP-16 at [I] = 100 nM level
Example 9: Cross-reactivity of MMP-14 Binding Fabs with MMP-16 and MMP-24
For the studies summarized in Table 15, 1 μM of anti-MMP-14 Fab/IgG (100 nM final inhibitor concentration) were incubated with 5 nM of MMP-16 or 5 nM of MMP-24 for 30 minutes at 300C, 10 μM of substrate was added, and the MMP-16 activity was measured.
The cross-reactivity of the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14, MMP-15, MMP- 17, and MMP- 25) binding protein-drug conjugates described herein with MMP-16 can also be measured by these methods.
Table 15: Anti-hMMP14 Fab Cross-reactivit A ainst MMP-16 and MMP-24
Figure imgf000134_0002
Figure imgf000135_0001
X: Do not inhibit MMP- 16 or MMP-24 at [I] = 100 nM level Y: partially inhibit at [I] = 100 nM level
Example 10: Binding of MMP- 14 IgGs to Tumor Cells Expressing MMP- 14
The ability of twelve biotinylated- MMP- 14 binding IgGs to bind to tumor cells expressing MMP- 14 was evaluated using both immunocytochemistry (ICC) and flow cytometry. The cell lines tested were HT- 1080 (a human fibrosarcoma cell line), LNCaP (human, prostate, carcinoma), MDA-MB-231 (human, Caucasian, breast, adenocarcinoma), or PC3 (Human prostatic cancer cells) cells. MMP-14 is expressed on HT-1080 cells (Cancer Res. (2005) 65(23): 10959-69.). MMP-14 is expressed on PC-3 cells (Oncol Rep. (2006) 15(l):199-206). LNCaP express MMP-14 (Endocrinology (2003) 144(5):1656-1663) at a relatively low level. FGF-I significantly induced MMP-14 expression in LNCaP prostate carcinoma cells (Prostate. (2004) 58(l):66-75). MMP-14 is expressed by MDA-MB-231 cells (Int J Cancer. (2005) 114(4):544-554.).
Cells (2 xlO5) were cultivated on cell culture slides in complete medium. At confluency, cells were washed with PBS and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 minutes at room temperature. Endogenous peroxidases were blocked with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes.
Nonspecific binding sites were blocked by incubation with 10% heat inactivated human serum 10% normal rabbit serum for 30 minutes at room temperature. Cells were then incubated with biotinylated or non-biotinylated MMP-14 binding proteins at lOμg/ml for 2 hours at room temperature. Streptavidin/HRP (1/200, where the MMP-14 binding proteins were biotinylated) or anti human IgG/HRP (1/200, for non-biotinylated MMP-14 binding proteins) was then added for 60 minutes at room temperature. Binding was detected with the substrate AEC+ (25 minutes at room temperature in the dark). Slides were then dried and mounted using Faramount mounting medium. The results are summarized in Table 16. The binding of the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein-drug conjugates described herein to tumor cells expressing one or more of MT-MMPs can likewise be measured.
Table 16: Binding of Anti-MMP-14 IgGs to Tumor Cells Expressing MMP-14
Example 11 : Inhibition of Pro-MMP-2 Activation by MMP-14 by MMP-14 Binding IgGs
The ability of anti-MMP-14 IgGs to inhibit the activation of pro-MMP-2 by MMP-14 was examined by gelatin zymogram experiments performed with PMA-activated HT- 1080 cells. M0033-H07 and M0038-F01 were tested for their ability to inhibit MMP-14 in this assay. HT 1080 cells (well-known to express MMP-14 and MMP-2) were seeded at 5 xlO5 cells/well at Day 0. At Day 1, the cells were cultured in a serum- free medium in presence of either GM6001 (a broad-spectrum hydroxamate-based matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor) at lOμM, or a commercial polyclonal anti-human MMP-14 antibody (this antibody binds, but does not inhibit MMP-14) at lOμg/ml (negative control), or M0038-F01 at lOμg/ml, or M0033-H07 at lOμg/ml. HT- 1080 cells cultured in the presence of 20ng/ml of PMA were used as a positive control. After 3 days of incubation, conditioned media were collected and gelatino lytic activities were analyzed by gelatin zymography as described previously (Maquoi et al, J Biol Chem 2000; 275:11368-78). The results are shown in FIGURE 2. When HT-1080 cells are activated with a phorbol ester, pro-MMP-2 is activated into MMP-2 (lane 1). In presence of GM6001 (lOμM) (lane 2), activation of pro-MMP-2 is completely abolished but expression of pro-MMP-9 is paradoxically stimulated, as described in the litterature (Maquoi E et al, 1999, Ann N Y Acad ScL, 30878:744-6). As expected, the commercial polyclonal anti-MMP- 14 antibody does not affect expression or activation of gelatinases (lane 3). Interestingly, M0038-F01 completely inhibits pro-MMP-2 activation by MMP-14 (lane 4), while M0033- H07 partly inhibited pro-MMP-14 activation by MMP-14 (lane 5). No stimulation of pro- MMP-9 expression was observed in both conditions.
The ability of the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein-drug conjugates described herein to inhibit the activation of pro-MMP-2 by MMP-14 can likewise be examined.
Example 12: Germlining of M0038-F01 and M0033-H07
The sequences of M0038-F01 and M0033-H07 were compared with human germline sequence and modified where possible to achieve identity with the germline. Sequences of the germlined antibodies, designated M0038-F01 germline and M0033-H07 germline are shown in Table 17 (underlined portions indicate the signal sequence). These germlined antibodies can be used in the preparation of a MMP-14 binding protein-drug conjugate.
Germlined antibodies were tested for binding affinity and MMP-14 inhibitory activity in comparison with the parental antibodies.
Binding of M0038F01 germline and 539C-M0033-H07 germline to biotinylated human MMP-14 (bhMMP-14) was tested in an ELISA format essentially as described in previous examples. 539C-M0038-F01 germline was tested against bhMMP-14 both directly adsorbed to the ELISA plate and bound to the plate via streptavidin. 539C-M0033-H07 germline was tested against directly adsorbed bhMMP-14 only. Results, shown in FIGURE 3, indicate that both germlined antibodies retain binding to hMMP-14. IC50's were determined for both germlined antibodies, using 2 pM MMP-14.
Results, shown in FIGURE 4, demonstrate that the IC50's of the germlined antibodies (the panels labeled "Germlined") are the similar to those of the parental antibodies, and that 539C-M0038F01 Germlined has an improved IC50 as compared to the parental antibody. Inhibitory activity of the germlined antibodies was tested in the HT- 1080 zymogram assay. Results are shown in FIGURE 5 (lanes, from left to right, are no antibody, 100 nM antibody, 50 nM antibody, 10 nM antibody, 1 nM antibody, and 0.1 nM antibody). The ratio of pro-MMP-2:MMP-2 indicates the MMP- 14 inhibitory activity of the antibody (higher ratios indicate greater inhibitory activity).
The antibody component of a MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) antibody-drug conjugate described herein can also be germlined and the inhibitory activity of the resulting conjugate can likewise be tested.
Table 17: Sequences of Germlined Antibodies
>MMP-14-M0033H07 germline-Light chain
MGWSCI ILFLVATATGVHSDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQGIRNFLAWYQQKPGKVPKLLIYGA SALQSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDVATYYCQKYNGVPLTFGGGTKVEIKRTVAAPSVFIFPPS DEQLKSGTASWCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHKV YACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC
>MMP-14-M0033H07 germline-Heavy chain
MGWSCI ILFLVATATGAHSEVQLLESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSVYGMVWVRQAPGKGLEWVSVI
SSSGGSTWYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARPFSRRYGVFDYWGQGTLVTVSSA STKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSWTV PSSSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKRVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPE VTCVWDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRWSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKAL PAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVL DSDGSFFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK
>MMP-14-M0038f01 germline-Light chain
MGWSCI ILFLVATATGVHSDIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQSVGTYLNWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYAT
SNLRSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQSYSIPRFTFGPGTKVDIKRTVAAPSVFIFPP
SDEQLKSGTASWCLLNNFYPREAKVQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTLSKADYEKHK VYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC
>MMP-14-M0038f01 germline-Heavy chain
MGWSCI ILFLVATATGAHSEVQLLESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSLYSMNWVRQAPGKGLEWVSSI
YSSGGSTLYADSVKGRFTISRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARGRAFDIWGQGTMVTVSSASTKGP SVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFPAVLQSSGLYSLSSWTVPSSSL GTQTYICNVNHKPSNTKVDKRVEPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCW VDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTKPREEQYNSTYRWSVLTVLHQDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPAPIE KTISKAKGQPREPQVYTLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGS FFLYSKLTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEALHNHYTQKSLSLSPGK
Example 13: Inhibition of Tube Formation by MMP-14 Binding IgGs
Human umbilical vascular endothelium cells (HUVECs) were seeded into MATRIGEL™ basement membrane extract-coated 96 well plates at 20,000 or 40,000 cells in 100 μl/well. The seeded cells were incubated for 30 minutes, then the various test articles were added (vehicle control, M0038-F01 at concentrations ranging from 1 nM to 250 nM, or suramin 8 mg/ml). The cells were incubated at 37° for 18 hours. 100 μl of calcein solution (8 μg/ml) was added 20 minutes prior to image capture. Representative photomicrographs are shown in FIGURE 6A. Tube lengths were also quantified. Tube length measurements are summarized in FIGURE 6B. M0038-F01 dose-dependently inhibits tube formation in the dose-range tested. The ability of the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein-drug conjugates described herein to inhibit tube formation can be examined in the same manner.
Example 14: Inhibition of MDA-MB-231 Tumor Growth and Metastasis by MMP-14 Binding IgGs
Human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with green fluorescent protein (MDA-MB-231 -GFP) were inoculated into the mammary fat pad of female BALB/c nu/nu mice with Matrigel. Animals were monitored for tumor growth, and at week 4-5 post tumor cell inoculation, animals with tumors of 30-50 mm were selected, randomized and divided into experimental groups. Animals were treated with vehicle alone (control, n = 9) doxorubicin (DOX, 5 mg/kg, administered weekly by intraperitoneal (IP) injection for 5 weeks, n = 9, although one animal died during the experiment, between weeks 5 and 6),
MMP-14 binding antibody M0038-F01 (10 mg/kg, administered on alternating days (Q2d) by IP injection for five weeks, n = 8), or an IgG isotype control antibody specific for streptavidin (A2, administered 10 mg/kg, Q2d by IP injection for five weeks, n = 8). Tumor volume was measured weekly, starting at week 5. Additionally, tissue samples of lung, liver, and spleen were taken to assess metastasis.
Tumor volume results are summarized in FIGURE 7. Tumor volumes increased rapidly in animals treated with either vehicle or the isotype control (A2). Tumor growth was substantially inhibited in the animals treated with either DOX or M0038-F01.
There was a statistically significant reduction in lung and liver metastases in animals treated with DOX or M0038-F01 as compared to controls. Metastases to spleen were reduced in DOX and M0038-F01 treated animals, but the difference was not statistically significant in this experiment.
A dose-ranging experiment was performed to examine dose-response to MMP-14 binding antibody M0038-F01. Animals were inoculated with MDA-MB-231 -GFP cells as described above, then selected and randomized, and divided into experimental groups of 8 animals each. Animals were treated with vehicle alone (control), DOX (5 mg/kg weekly by IP injection for 5 weeks), M0038-F01 (0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg Q2d by IP injection for 5 weeks), or the IgG isotype control A2 (10 mg/kg Q2d by IP injection for five weeks). Tumor volume was measured weekly, starting at week 5.
Results from the dose-ranging experiment are summarized in FIGURE 8. As in the previous experiment, tumor volumes increased rapidly in animals treated with either vehicle or the isotype control (A2). Tumor growth was reduced in all M0038-F01 treated animals, with the 10 mg/kg dose being most effective, followed by the 1 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg doses.
Tumor tissue samples were collected on day 35 post-treatment for immunohistochemical analysis. Paraffin-embedded tissue samples were sectioned, stained with CD31 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., Santa Cruz, CA, USA), Ki-67 (DAKO, Carpinteria, CA, USA), MAPK, FAK, phosphoMAPK or phosphoFAK antibodies, visualized with biotinylated secondary antibodies using a VECTASTAIN® ABC (Vector Laboratories Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA), and lightly counterstained with haemotoxylin.
Immunostaining was quantitated by computer-assisted image analysis (Khalili et al. , 2005, Oncogene, 24: 6657-66). While CD31 and KI67 levels were slightly reduced in doxorubincin-treated tumors as compared to both vehicle and IgG isotype (A2) controls,
M0038 -FOl -treated tumors had statistically significant (p<0.05) reductions in both CD31 and KI67. These data are summarized in Table 18. M0038-F01 -treated tumors also had significantly reduced levels of phospho-MAP kinase and phospho-FAK (2.4 ± 0.7 and 4 ± 1.2, respectively) as compared to controls (7.4 ± 0.7; 6.9 ± 0.9 A.U.), but total MAP kinase and FAK levels were essentially the same as in control tumors. Doxorubicin treated resulted in statistically significant reductions (p<0.05) in levels of total MAP kinase (5.8 ±1.9 A.U.) and FAK (6±1 A.U.) as well as phospho-MAP kinase (5.8 ±1.9 A.U.) and phospho-FAK (4±1.2 A.U.) .
Table 18
Treatment CD31 Ki67
Vehicle 5.2 ± 0.75 6 ± 1.38
A2 4.7 ± 0.7 5.9 ± 1.64
DOX 4.08 ± 1.28 5.2 ± 0.84
M0038-F01 2.0 ± 0.6 2.4 ± 1.2
A dose-ranging experiment was performed to examine dose-response to MMP- 14 binding antibody M0038-F01. Animals were inoculated with MDA-MB-231-GFP cells as described above, then selected and randomized, and divided into experimental groups of 8 animals each. Animals were treated with vehicle alone (control), DOX (5 mg/kg weekly by IP injection for 5 weeks), M0038-F01 (0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg Q2d by IP injection for 5 weeks), or the IgG isotype control A2 (10 mg/kg Q2d by IP injection for five weeks). Tumor volume was measured weekly, starting at week 5. Results from the dose-ranging experiment are summarized in FIGURE 8. As in the previous experiment, tumor volumes increased rapidly in animals treated with either vehicle or the isotype control (A2). Tumor growth was reduced in all M0038-F01 treated animals, with the 10 mg/kg dose being most effective, followed by the 1 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg doses.
The ability of the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein-drug conjugates described herein to inhibit MDA-MB-231 tumor growth and metastasis can be examined in like manner.
Example 15: Inhibition of MDA-MB-435 breast tumor growth by MMP-14 binding IgGs Fragments of MDA-MB-435 GFP (MDA-MB-435 cells expressing green fluorescent protein) tumors were transplanted by surgical orthotopic implantation (SOI) into the right second mammary gland. Treatment was started on day 15 after SOI when the volume of primary tumors reached about 85 mm3. Animals were treated with vehicle alone (Control, n = 10), taxotere (10 mg/kg, administered QWx3, i.v., n = 10), MMP-14 binding antibody M0038-F01 (0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg, administered on alternating days (Q2d) by IP injection for five weeks, n = 10), or an IgG isotype control antibody specific for streptavidin (A2, administered 10 mg/kg Q2d by IP injection for five weeks, n = 10). Tumor volume was measured weekly, starting at week 5.
Mice were sacrificed at day 61 after the start of the treatment and tumors (primary and metastases) were identified by fluorescent imaging. Additionally, primary tumors were excised and weighed. The tumor volume results are summarized in FIGURE 9. The administration of 1 or 10 mg/kg doses of M0038-F01 resulted in a reduction of tumor volume, as did administration of taxotere. Tumor mass results are summarized in Table 19 (asterisks indicate values that are significantly different (p < 0.05) compared to Control). Tumor mass results were comparable to tumor volume data. However, M0038-F01 was not effective in reducing lymph node or lung metastases in this experiment. Table 19
Group Tumor Mass (+ SD)
Control 1.44 + 0.85
A2 1.34 + 0.66
F01 0.1 mg/kg 1.54 + 0.91
F01 1 mg/kg 0.86 + 0.21*
F01 10 mg/kg 0.82 + 0.35*
Taxotere 0.59 + 0.59*
The ability of the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP- 14) binding protein-drug conjugates described herein to inhibit MDA-MB-435 breast tumor growth can be examined in like manner.
Example 16: Inhibition of B16 melanoma tumor growth by MMP- 14 binding antibodies
B 16Fl melanoma cells were implanted into Female C57/BL6 (CR) mice (4-6 Weeks old) mice by subcutaneous injection. Animals were monitored for tumor growth and, at day 11 post- implantation, animals were selected, randomized and divided into experimental groups. Animals were treated with vehicle alone (Control, n = 8), doxorubicin (DOX, 5 mg/kg, administered weekly by intraperitoneal (IP) injection, n = 8), MMP-14 binding antibody M0038-F01 (10, 1, or 0.1 mg/kg, administered on alternating days (Q2d) by IP injection, n = 8), or an IgG isotype control antibody specific for streptavidin (A2, administered 10 mg/kg Q2d by IP injection, n = 8).
Results are summarized in FIGURE 1OA. All doses of M0038-F01 were effective in reducing tumor growth in this model, as was doxorubicin.
MMP-14 binding antibodies were also tested in a model of melanoma metastasis. B 16Fl cells were grown in culture, harvested at 85% confluence and inoculated at 5 X 10 5 cells/mouse in 100 μl saline by tail vein injection. Treatment started on Day 1, post inoculation, for 14 days. Animals were treated with vehicle alone (Control, n = 8), doxorubicin (DOX, 5 mg/kg, administered weekly by intraperitoneal (IP) injection, n = 8), MMP-14 binding antibody M0038-F01 (FOl, 10 mg/kg, administered on alternating days (Q2d) by IP injection, n = 8), or an IgG isotype control antibody specific for streptavidin (A2, administered 10 mg/kg Q2d by IP injection, n = 8). On day 15, animals were sacrificed and lungs taken, fixed, and analyzed for the number of metastases (nodules). Results are summarized in FIGURE 1OB. MMP- 14 binding antibody substantially reduced the number of lung melanoma tumors in a dose-dependent manner. The ability of the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein-drug conjugates described herein to inhibit B 16 melanoma tumor growth can be examined in like manner.
Example 17: Inhibition of prostate tumor growth by MMP-14 binding antibodies
PC3 prostate cancer cells were implanted into male nude mice by subcutaneous injection. Animals were monitored for tumor growth, and at week 3 post tumor cell inoculation, animals with tumors of 50-100 mm3 were selected, randomized and divided into experimental groups. Animals were treated with vehicle alone (Control, n = 8), taxotere (10 mg/kg, administered weekly by IP injection, n = 8), MMP-14 binding antibody M0038-F01 (10, 1, or 0.1 mg/kg, administered on alternating days (Q2d) by IP injection, n = 8), or an IgG isotype control antibody specific for streptavidin (A2, administered 10 mg/kg Q2d, n = 8). Tumor volume was measured weekly, starting at week 3.
Results from the dose-ranging experiment are summarized in FIGURE 11. As in the previous experiment, tumor volumes increased rapidly in animals treated with either vehicle or the isotype control (A2). Tumor growth was reduced in all M0038-F01 treated animals, with the 10 mg/kg dose being most effective, followed by the 1 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg doses. Taxotere was extremely effective in this model.
The ability of the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein-drug conjugates described herein to inhibit prostate tumor growth can be examined in like manner.
Example 18: Inhibition of BT747 breast tumor growth by MMP-14 binding antibodies
Fragments (approximately 1 mm3) of BT747 breast cancer tumor fragments were implanted into the flanks of female HRLN CB.17 SCID mice. Tumors were allowed to grow until they reached an average size of 80 - 120 mg, then animals were assorted into six experimental groups often animals each: vehicle alone (Vehicle), trastuzumab (HERCEPTIN®. 20 mg/kg), MMP-14 binding antibody M0038-F01 (10, 1, or 0.1 mg/kg, administered on alternating days (Q2d))or an IgG isotype control antibody specific for streptavidin (A2, 10 mg/kg Q2d). All groups were dosed by intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Tumor volume was measured biweekly. Additionally, a seventh group often animals bearing large tumors (288 mm3) was selected for testing with a combination therapy (M0038-F01, 10 mg/kg Q2d, starting at day 3 plus trastuzumab, 20 mg/kg biweekly, starting at day 4).
Data from the small initial tumor size groups (i.e., initial tumor size 80-120 mm3) showed inhibition of tumor growth by MMP- 14 binding antibody M0038-FO 1 , with the highest dose resulting in the greatest inhibition of tumor growth. Trastuzumab inhibited tumor growth to an extent similar to 10 mg/kg M0038-F01. The effect of the combination of MMP- 14 binding antibody M0038-F01 and trastuzumab on large tumors is unclear, as insufficient animals with large tumors were available to serve as controls for this group, however it was noted that the growth rate of tumors treated with M0038-F01 and trastuzumab was lower than the growth rate of controls of similar size (i.e., the vehicle and A2 controls. Results are summarized graphically in FIGURE 12.
The ability of the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein-drug conjugates described herein to inhibit BT747 breast tumor growth can be examined in like manner.
Example 19: MMP-14 in mouse models of arthritis
Antigen-induced arthritis, a model of rheumatoid arthritis, was induced by intraarticular injection of Streptococcus cell wall (SCW, 25 mg/6 ml) into the knee joints of
C57B16 mice at day 0, 7, 14 and 21. MMP 14 expression in acute phase SCW-induced arthritis (7 days after the first injection of SCW) was examined by immunohistochemical staining using M0038-F01.
M0038-F01, but not an isotype-matched control, strongly stained synovial cells and chondrocytes, as well as macrophages in joint exudate.
Mice were assorted into groups of six animals each and treated (by IP injection) with M0038-F01 (2, 6, or 10 mg/kg), a control isotype-matched antibody (control, 20 mg/ml), or etanercept (ENBREL®, 5 mg/ml) at day 13, 16, 20, and 23. Joint swelling (measured by technecium uptake) was measured at day 15, 16, 22, 23 and 28. M0038-F01 did not have an effect on joint swelling in this experiment.
The ability of the MT-MMP (e.g., MMP-14) binding protein-drug conjugates described herein to affect joint swelling in a mouse model of arthritis_can be examined in like manner. A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A membrane type (MT)- matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) binding protein- drug conjugate comprising a MT-MMP binding protein and a drug.
2. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 1, wherein the MT- MMP binding protein binds one or more of: MTl-MMP, MT2-MMP, MT3-MMP, MT4-MMP, MT5-MMP, and MT6-MMP.
3. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 1, wherein the MT- MMP binding protein binds to MMP-14, MMP-16 or MMP-24.
4. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 1, wherein the MT-
MMP binding protein binds to MMP-14.
5. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 1, wherein the MT- MMP binding protein comprises at least one immunoglobulin variable region.
6. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 1, wherein the MT- MMP binding protein binds to and inhibits an MT-MMP.
7. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 1, wherein the drug is a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent.
8. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 7, wherein the drug is a cytotoxic agent and the cytotoxic agent is selected from the group consisting of an auristatin, a DNA minor groove binding agent, a DNA minor groove alkylating agent, an enediyne, a lexitropsin, a duocarmycin, a taxane, a puromycin, a dolastatin, a podophyllotoxin, a baccatin derivative, a cryptophysin, a combretastatin, a maytansinoid, and a vinca alkaloid.
9. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 8, wherein the cytotoxic agent is an auristatin and the auristatin is selected from the group consisting of AFP, MMAF, MMAE, AEB, AEVB and auristatin E.
10. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 9, wherein the auristatin is AFP or MMAF.
11. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 8, wherein the cytotoxic agent is a maytansinoid and the maytansinoid is selected from the group consisting of a maytansinol, maytansine, DMl, DM2, DM3 and DM4.
12. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 11 , wherein the maytansinoid is DMl.
13. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 7, wherein the drug is a cytotoxic agent and the cytotoxic agent is selected from the group consisting of paclitaxel, docetaxel, CC-1065, SN-38, topotecan, morpholino-doxorubicin, rhizoxin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, dolastatin-10, echinomycin, combretatstatin, calicheamicin, and netropsin.
14. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 7, wherein the drug is a cytotoxic agent and the cytotoxic agent is an auristatin, a maytansinoid, or calicheamicin.
15. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 7, wherein the drug is a cytotoxic agent and the cytotoxic agent is an antitubulin agent.
16. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 15, wherein the antitubulin agent is selected from the group consisting of AFP, MMAP, MMAE,
AEB, AEVB, auristatin E, vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, vinorelbine, VP- 16, camptothecin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, epothilone A, epothilone B, nocodazole, colchicine, colcimid, estramustine, cemadotin, discodermolide, maytansinol, maytansine, DMl, DM2, DM3, DM4 and eleutherobin.
17. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 1, wherein the MT-MMP binding protein is conjugated to the drug via a linker.
18. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 17, wherein the linker is cleavable.
19. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 18, wherein the cleavable linker is hydro lyzable at a pH of less than 5.5.
20. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 18, wherein the cleavable linker is a disulfide linker.
21. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 17, wherein the linker is a peptide linker.
22. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 1, wherein the binding protein comprises a heavy chain (HC) immunoglobulin variable domain sequence and a light chain (LC) immunoglobulin variable domain sequence and the first and second immunoglobulin variable domain sequences form an antigen binding site that binds to an MT-MMP.
23. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 22, wherein the first and second immunoglobulin variable domain sequences form an antigen binding site that binds to MMP- 14 and includes one or more of the following characteristics:
(a) a human CDR or human framework region;
(b) a primate CDR or primate framework region;
(c) the HC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence comprises one or more CDRs that are at least 85% identical to a CDR of a LC variable domain of M0030-
A04, M0030-D08, M0031-A02, M0031-A04, M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0031-H10, M0032-B07, M0032-B09, M0033-F02, M0033-H07, M0035-F02, M0036-D02, M0036-F02, M0036-H08, M0037-A08, M0037-B10, M0037-C03, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0037-H09, M0038-B06, M0038-C05, M0038-C06, M0038-D06, M0038-E05, M0038-E06, M0038-E12, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0038-H06, M0039-B07, M0039-D02, M0039-D10, M0039-G05, M0039-G07, M0039-H08, M0040-A03, M0040-A06, M0040-A08, M0040-A11, M0040-B06, M0040-B08, M0040-C10, M0040-D08, M0040-F03, M0040-G04, M0040-H04, M0040-H09, M0041-A05, M0041-B03, M0041-B11, M0041-C11, M0041-D03, M0041-D08, M0041-E11, M0041-H09, M0041-H11, M0042-B07, M0042-G12, M0043-A09, M0043-C03, M0043-F01, M0043-G01, M0043-G02, M0044-B03, M0044-D08, M0044-E01, or M0044-E05; (d) the LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence comprises one or more
CDRs that are at least 85% identical to a CDR of a HC variable domain of M0030- A04, M0030-D08, M0031-A02, M0031-A04, M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0031-H10, M0032-B07, M0032-B09, M0033-F02, M0033-H07, M0035-F02, M0036-D02, M0036-F02, M0036-H08, M0037-A08, M0037-B10, M0037-C03, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0037-H09, M0038-B06, M0038-C05, M0038-C06, M0038-D06, M0038-E05, M0038-E06, M0038-E12, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0038-H06, M0039-B07, M0039-D02, M0039-D10, M0039-G05, M0039-G07, M0039-H08, M0040-A03, M0040-A06, M0040-A08, M0040-A11, M0040-B06, M0040-B08, M0040-C10, M0040-D08, M0040-F03, M0040-G04, M0040-H04, M0040-H09, M0041-A05, M0041-B03, M0041-B11, M0041-C11, M0041-D03, M0041-D08, M0041-E11, M0041-H09, M0041-H11, M0042-B07, M0042-G12, M0043-A09, M0043-C03, M0043-F01, M0043-G01, M0043-G02, M0044-B03, M0044-D08, M0044-E01, or M0044-E05;
(e) the LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a LC variable domain of M0030-A04, M0030-D08, M0031-A02, M0031-A04, M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0031-H10, M0032-B07, M0032-B09, M0033-F02, M0033-H07, M0035-F02, M0036-D02, M0036-F02, M0036-H08, M0037-A08, M0037-B10, M0037-C03, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0037-H09, M0038-B06, M0038-C05, M0038-C06, M0038-D06, M0038-E05, M0038-E06, M0038-E12, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0038-H06, M0039-B07, M0039-D02, M0039-D10, M0039-G05, M0039-G07, M0039-H08, M0040-A03, M0040-A06, M0040-A08, M0040-A11, M0040-B06, M0040-B08, M0040-C10, M0040-D08, M0040-F03, M0040-G04, M0040-H04, M0040-H09, M0041-A05, M0041-B03, M0041-B11, M0041-C11, M0041-D03, M0041-D08, M0041-E11, M0041-H09, M0041-H11, M0042-B07, M0042-G12, M0043-A09, M0043-C03, M0043-F01, M0043-G01, M0043-G02, M0044-B03, M0044-D08, M0044-E01, or M0044-E05; (f) the HC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a HC variable domain of M0030-A04, M0030-D08, M0031-A02, M0031-A04, M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0031-H10, M0032-B07, M0032-B09, M0033-F02, M0033-H07, M0035-F02, M0036-D02, M0036-F02, M0036-H08, M0037-A08, M0037-B10, M0037-C03, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0037-H09, M0038-B06, M0038-C05, M0038-C06, M0038-D06, M0038-E05, M0038-E06, M0038-E12, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0038-H06, M0039-B07, M0039-D02, M0039-D10, M0039-G05, M0039-G07, M0039-H08, M0040-A03, M0040-A06, M0040-A08, M0040-A11, M0040-B06, M0040-B08, M0040-C10, M0040-D08, M0040-F03, M0040-G04, M0040-H04, M0040-H09, M0041-A05, M0041-B03, M0041-B11, M0041-C11, M0041-D03, M0041-D08, M0041-E11, M0041-H09, M0041-H11, M0042-B07, M0042-G12, M0043-A09, M0043-C03, M0043-F01, M0043-G01, M0043-G02, M0044-B03, M0044-D08, M0044-E01, or M0044-E05; and
(g) the protein binds an epitope bound by M0030-A04, M0030-D08, M0031- A02, M0031-A04, M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0031-H10, M0032-B07, M0032-B09, M0033-F02, M0033-H07, M0035-F02, M0036-D02, M0036-F02, M0036-H08, M0037-A08, M0037-B10, M0037-C03, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0037-H09, M0038-B06, M0038-C05, M0038-C06, M0038-D06, M0038-E05, M0038-E06, M0038-E12, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0038-H06, M0039-B07, M0039-D02, M0039-D10, M0039-G05, M0039-G07, M0039-H08, M0040-A03, M0040-A06, M0040-A08, M0040-A11, M0040-B06, M0040-B08, M0040-C10, M0040-D08, M0040-F03, M0040-G04, M0040-H04, M0040-H09, M0041-A05, M0041-B03, M0041-B11, M0041-C11, M0041-D03, M0041-D08, M0041-E11, M0041-H09, M0041-H11, M0042-B07, M0042-G12, M0043-A09, M0043-C03, M0043-F01, M0043-G01, M0043-G02, M0044-B03, M0044-D08, M0044-E01, or M0044-E05, or an epitope that overlaps with such epitope.
24. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 23, wherein the HC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a HC variable domain of M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0033-H07, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0038-E06, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0039-H08, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, or M0043-G02; or (b) the LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a LC variable domain of M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0033-H07, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0038-E06, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0039-H08, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, or M0043-G02.
25. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 23, wherein
(a) the HC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a HC variable domain of M0038-F01, M0033-H07 or M0039-H08; or
(b) the LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a LC variable domain of M0038-F01, M0033-H07 or M0039-H08.
26. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 23, wherein the HC and LC variable domain sequences are components of the same polypeptide chain or the HC and LC variable domain sequences are components of different polypeptide chains.
27. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 23, wherein the MMP- 14 is human MMP- 14.
28. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 23, wherein the MT-MMP binding protein binds to MMP- 16 or MMP-24.
29. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 28, wherein the MT-MMP binding protein has the following characteristics:
(a) the HC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a HC variable domain of M0031-C02, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0040-A06,
M0040-A11, M0038-F01, M0033-H07or M0043-G02; or
(b) the LC immunoglobulin variable domain sequence is at least 85% identical to a LC variable domain of M0031-C02, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0040-A06, M0040-A11, M0038-F01, M0033-H07or M0043-G02.
30. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 23, wherein the MT-MMP binding protein inhibits a human MT-MMP activity.
31. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 23, wherein the binding protein has one or more of the following characteristics: the binding protein binds the catalytic domain of human MMP- 14; the binding protein modulates MMP- 14 binding to proMMP-2; and the binding protein inhibits MMP- 14 activation of proMMP-2.
32. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 23, wherein the MT-MMP binding protein inhibits MMP- 14 activation of pro-MMP2 in vitro in PMA- activated HT- 1080 cells.
33. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 23, wherein the MT-MMP binding protein is an IgG or a soluble Fab.
34. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 23, wherein the MT-MMP binding protein is a human or humanized antibody or is non-immunogenic in a human.
35. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 23, wherein the MT-MMP binding protein comprises a human antibody framework region.
36. The MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 23, wherein the MT-MMP binding protein comprises a human Fc domain.
37. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the MT-MMP binding protein- drug conjugate of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
38. A method of modulating an MT-MMP activity, the method comprising: contacting an MT-MMP with the MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 1, thereby modulating the activity of the MT-MMP.
39. The method of claim 38, wherein the MT-MMP activity is MTl-MMP; MT2-MMP; MT3-MMP; MT4-MMP; MT5-MMP; or MT6-MMP activity.
40. The method of claim 38, wherein MT-MMP activity is modulated in a human subject.
41. A method of treating cancer in a subject, the method comprising: administering, to the subject, the MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 1 in an amount sufficient to treat a cancer in the subject.
42. The method of claim 41, wherein the cancer is head and neck cancer, oral cavity cancer, laryngeal cancer, chondrosarcoma, breast cancer, laryngeal cancer, ovarian cancer, testicular carcinoma, melanoma, or a brain tumor.
43. The method of claim 41 , wherein the method further comprises providing to the subject a second therapy that is an anti-cancer therapy.
44. A method of modulating metastatic activity in a subject, the method comprising: administering, to the subject, the MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 1 in an amount sufficient to modulate metastatic activity.
45. The method of claim 44, wherein the MT-MMP binding protein inhibits one or more of: tumor growth, tumor embolism, tumor mobility, tumor invasiveness, and cancer cell proliferation.
46. The method of claim 44, wherein the method further comprises providing to the subject a second therapy that is an anti-cancer therapy.
47. A method of treating an inflammatory disease in a subject, the method comprising: administering, to the subject, the MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 1 in an amount sufficient to treat the inflammatory disease.
48. The method of claim 47, wherein the method further comprises providing to the subject a second therapy that is an anti-inflammatory therapy.
49. A method of treating an ocular condition in a subject, the method comprising: administering, to the subject, the MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 1 in an amount sufficient to treat the ocular condition.
50. A method of treating rheumatoid arthritis in a subject, the method comprising: administering, to the subject, the MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 1 in an amount sufficient to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
51. The method of claim 50, wherein the method further comprises providing to the subject a second therapy that is an anti-rheumatoid arthritis therapy.
52. A method of treating osteoarthritis in a subject, the method comprising: administering, to the subject, the MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 1 in an amount sufficient to treat the osteoarthritis.
53. The method of claim 52, wherein the method further comprises providing to the subject a second therapy that is an anti-osteoarthritis therapy.
54. A method of treating diabetes in a subject, the method comprising: administering, to the subject, the MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 1 in an amount sufficient to treat diabetes.
55. The method of claim 54, wherein the method further comprises providing to the subject a second therapy that is a diabetes therapy.
56. A method of treating Alzheimer's Disease in a subject, the method comprising: administering, to the subject, the MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 1 in an amount sufficient to treat Alzheimer's Disease.
57. The method of claim 56, wherein the method further comprises providing to the subject a second therapy that is an Alzheimer's Disease therapy.
58. A method of delivering a drug to a tumor, the method comprising: administering the MT-MMP binding protein-drug conjugate of claim 1 to a subject who has or is suspected of having a tumor.
59. The method of claim 58, wherein the method further comprises administering to the subject a second MMP inhibitor in combination with one or more conjugates described herein.
60. The method of claim 59, wherein the MMP inhibitor is a small molecule inhibitor.
61. The method of claim 59, wherein the MMP inhibitor comprises a second MT-MMP binding protein.
62. The method of claim 61 , wherein the second MT-MMP binding protein is a MMP- 14 binding protein and the MMP- 14 binding protein is one or more of
M0030-A04, M0030-D08, M0031-A02, M0031-A04, M0031-C02, M0031-F01, M0031-H10, M0032-B07, M0032-B09, M0033-F02, M0033-H07, M0035-F02, M0036-D02, M0036-F02, M0036-H08, M0037-A08, M0037-B10, M0037-C03, M0037-C09, M0037-D01, M0037-H09, M0038-B06, M0038-C05, M0038-C06, M0038-D06, M0038-E05, M0038-E06, M0038-E12, M0038-F01, M0038-F08, M0038-H06, M0039-B07, M0039-D02, M0039-D10, M0039-G05, M0039-G07, M0039-H08, M0040-A03, M0040-A06, M0040-A08, M0040-A11, M0040-B06, M0040-B08, M0040-C10, M0040-D08, M0040-F03, M0040-G04, M0040-H04, M0040-H09, M0041-A05, M0041-B03, M0041-B11, M0041-C11, M0041-D03, M0041-D08, M0041-E11, M0041-H09, M0041-H11, M0042-B07, M0042-G12, M0043-A09, M0043-C03, M0043-F01, M0043-G01, M0043-G02, M0044-B03, M0044-D08, M0044-E01, and M0044-E05.
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