WO2009092865A1 - Procédé pour rouir, lisser et cotonner des fibres de liber, et pour le retrait de lignine d'origine végétale - Google Patents

Procédé pour rouir, lisser et cotonner des fibres de liber, et pour le retrait de lignine d'origine végétale Download PDF

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WO2009092865A1
WO2009092865A1 PCT/FI2009/050059 FI2009050059W WO2009092865A1 WO 2009092865 A1 WO2009092865 A1 WO 2009092865A1 FI 2009050059 W FI2009050059 W FI 2009050059W WO 2009092865 A1 WO2009092865 A1 WO 2009092865A1
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Prior art keywords
retting
fiber
fibers
fungus
fusarium
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PCT/FI2009/050059
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English (en)
Inventor
Tiina HÄRKÄSALMI
Pekka Maijala
Sari Galkin
Annele Hatakka
Minna Nykter
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Haerkaesalmi Tiina
Pekka Maijala
Sari Galkin
Annele Hatakka
Minna Nykter
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Publication of WO2009092865A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009092865A1/fr

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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01C—CHEMICAL OR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF NATURAL FILAMENTARY OR FIBROUS MATERIAL TO OBTAIN FILAMENTS OR FIBRES FOR SPINNING; CARBONISING RAGS TO RECOVER ANIMAL FIBRES
    • D01C1/00—Treatment of vegetable material
    • D01C1/04—Bacteriological retting
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/14—Fungi; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/145—Fungal isolates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12R—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES C12C - C12Q, RELATING TO MICROORGANISMS
    • C12R2001/00—Microorganisms ; Processes using microorganisms
    • C12R2001/645—Fungi ; Processes using fungi
    • C12R2001/77—Fusarium

Definitions

  • This invention takes advantage of living biological microbes to modify plant fibers. Especially, this invention focuses on fungus Fusarium sambucinum and its metabolites that can be used for retting, smoothening and cottonizing bast fibers, and for removal of lignin of plant origin.
  • Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall, which gives strong protection and rigidity to the plant. Typically, it is composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, and it can also contain various fats and waxes. Lignified cells are usually called fibers. Fibers are used in many industrial processes as in the pulp and paper industry to produce paper and in the textile industry to produce fiber. In the process of making paper the cellulose fibers are separated from the other structural materials of wood either mechanically or chemically. Cotton is the most widely used and produced cellulose-based textile fiber in the world. Cellulose is the compound that is desired in textile fibers.
  • flax Linum usitatissimum L
  • hemp Ciannabis Sativa L
  • jute Corchoruscapsularis L. and Corchorus olitorius L.
  • gensitra ramie
  • ramie Boehmerica nivea H etA
  • sunn sunn
  • flax fiber is also used in technical textiles as in hoisting belts and fire hoses.
  • Short fibers of flax are suitable for insulation, chipboards, fiberboards, to reinforce plastics, to replace asbestos, to strengthen paper, non-woven products and as absorption medium. Flax is also used in composite materials. Hemp is mainly used for coarse clothing fabrics and because of its strength also in ropes, sails, covers and straps. Other bast fibers include e.g. kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L), urena (Urena lobata L), rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) and nettle (Urtico dioica L).
  • Bast fibers are located in the stem of the fiber plant underneath the bark, where they provide mechanical support for the plant.
  • Fiber plants are annual plants in which the fibers grow in between the outermost bark and wood-like core layer to form fiber bundles.
  • Fiber bundles consist of elementary fibers (single cells) which are held together by a gluing substance called pectin.
  • Pectin A which surrounds fiber bundles
  • pectin B found in between elementary fibers, differ slightly from each other.
  • microbes degrade pectin A and fiber bundles are separated from the surrounding straw.
  • Pectin B which holds the fibers together, is not degraded during normal duration of retting and the structure of fiber bundles is preserved.
  • pectin B will be degraded and elementary fibers are separated from each other. This is called cottonization.
  • the purpose of retting is to remove the pectin that glues the fiber bundles together. This makes it easier to separate the fiber bundles from the wood-like parts of the stem mechanically in such a way that the fiber bundles stay intact.
  • the pulled straw are kept parallel on the field in a swath, to undergo microbiological attack on the pectin bonds.
  • the stems are spread as uniform layers on the field for at least 10 to 30 days. During retting the stems have to be turned in order for retting to take place uniformly.
  • Naturally occurring bacteria and fungi are utilized in dew retting. Many species of fungi belonging to genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium have been isolated from dew retted stems.
  • Enzyme retting means speeding up of natural retting process by adding industrially produced enzyme to the retting water (WO9516808, EP0220913). This way retting can be carried out very rapidly and it can be much better controlled than in the traditional dew retting. Short affined fibers, the so called cottonized fibers, can be obtained by increasing duration of the enzyme retting. Although only 20 to 30 % of the harvest is fibers, all of the harvest has to be dried. Even though there are many patents and commercially available enzymes (e.g. Viscozyme L and Flaxzyme for bast fiber treatment) there are no enzyme retting methods used in industrial scale (Koslowki et al.
  • white-rot fungi belonging to the class Basidiomycetes are known for their ability to degrade lignin and cellulose as well as hemicelluloses.
  • Fungi belonging to the class Ascomycetes are known for their substantial ability to produce enzymes. For instance, fungi Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma
  • Emericella and Fusarium (Gibberella) belong to the class Ascomycetes.
  • a method for hydrolyzing wood by anthraquinone secreting ascomyceteous fungi such as Fusarium tricenetum has been patented (DE4103983).
  • Microbes can be separated from the culture medium by filtration and use only the culture filtrate.
  • the culture filtrate contains e.g. the enzymes secreted by the microbe.
  • Culture filtrate can be further fractionated and/or filtrated in order to remove the proteins from it. Nevertheless, using protein free culture filtrates is not common practice in similar applications.
  • Figure 1 Cultivation of fungus F.sambucinum in pectin containing culture medium. During the three to five week cultivation time the fungus raises the pH of the culture liquid to over 9.
  • FIG. 1 Production of hydrogen peroxide by the fungus F.sambucinum when grown in pectin containing culture medium. Hydrogen peroxide is produced during the first week of cultivation after which it is scarcely found.
  • the fungus used in this invention Fusarium sambucinum var. sambucinum (Gibberella pulicaris), is common all around the world, and G. pulicaris is the type species of the genus Gibberella. Gibberella are the sexual forms of Fusarium. The fungus can infect great number of host plants, but is especially harmful for potato in which it is a causal agent of potato dry rot. G. pulicaris, like many other fungi belonging to the family Gibberella can be toxic and secrete besides different toxins also many others so called secondary metabolites, including colored pigments.
  • Some fungi belonging to Fusarium have been found to be able to degrade to some extent environmentally harmful PAH- compounds and lignin model compounds. It is well known that many environmental factors like the nutrients in the culture medium, temperature, amount of light, etc. can have effect on the production of secondary metabolites by fungi.
  • Cottonization of bast fibers has previously been done by long-lasting retting after which the fiber that is obtained is dark and stiff. It has required vigorous bleaching to obtain light colored cottonized fiber.
  • This invention in hand solves the problems involved with retting and cottonization of flax and hemp by describing the use of microbe, namely Fusarium sambucinum, for retting of bast fiber raw materials.
  • the aim of the retting method described in this invention is, besides to shorten the production line, especially to change the way the material feels and to change the visual characteristics and thus expand the use of fibers.
  • the most notable profits of the invention are the rapidity of the retting and the obtained light color and better spinning qualities of the cottonized fiber.
  • the advantageous method of this invention corresponds most closely to the existing enzyme retting methods of bast fibers.
  • an enzyme fungal culture, lysate, cultivation medium, protein free culture filtrate or other purified fraction of the culture medium after cultivation of fungus Fusarium sambucinum that has the bast fiber cottonizing properties as mentioned in the invention will be used.
  • the retting described by the invention is done in water- containing liquid (so called retting water) into which the fungus Fusarium sambucinum and the fiber to be retted will be added.
  • salt can be added (e.g. 9 mg NaCl/ml) to the retting water.
  • Retting or dyeing will favorably take 2-24 hours and it will be done favorably in +20-+60 0 C, most favorably in room temperature. Mechanical stirring and raising the temperature (40-60 0 C) during the retting will significantly shorten the time needed for the treatment.
  • Straw of various fiber plants and also from plants that are used for linseed production can be used as raw material for the method of this invention.
  • Large amounts of linseed flax straw occur as a by-product of the linseed industry.
  • the straw from linseed is nowadays mainly unexploited.
  • Alone in Western Canada over million metric tons of straw is left unused annually and constitute a major environmental problem for disposal, with most of this residue burned. (Akin et al. 2000, Journal of Polymers and the
  • Linseed fiber is generally considered coarser than required for high quality textiles, but is an option for production of technical-grade fiber for composites, (van Dam et al. 1994; Industrial fiber crops. Study on increased application of domestically produced plant fibers in textiles, pulp and paper production and composite materials. European Commission: EC DGXII-EUR 16101 EN).
  • the fiber to be used for cottonization should be as fine as possible so that the technical quality and appearance of the yarn would be satisfactory (Salmon & Minotte 2005, in the book Bast and other plant fibers, ed. Robert R. Franck. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 94-175).
  • Cottonized fiber flax fibers have been used blended together with e.g. cotton.
  • the percentage of flax in ring spun yarn (50 tex) is 40 % and in 22-66 tex rotor spun yarns 25-50 %. According to a study done in the University of Helsinki, Department of Agrotechnology, the baling and removal of straw from the field increases the required work time two hours per hectare.
  • the straws of the linseed are harvested when the fiber crop is mature and thus the fibers are easily mechanically separated.
  • Cottonization method is based on short fiber methods in which all the fibers are treated together without separating the long fiber bundles from the short tow fibers. Thus the harvesting can be done with normal farm machinery and by baling all the straw together. If the straw is decorticate during the harvest part of the shives are left on the field to loosen the ground. At the same time the fraction of fiber in the bale increases and the cubic weight of the bale grows since the cut up straw can be baled more tightly. Thus, the volume of the cut straw material to be transported is markedly less than the volume of the uncut straw material.
  • the volume of the decorticate straw material was 7.3 m 3 per hectare while the volume of uncut straw material was 18 m 3 per hectare.
  • Fiber that has been treated as described in this invention will be bleached and cottonized. That is to say that the elementary fibers are separated from each other, undamaged, and the raw material is soft (rigidity and strength of the fiber are lower) and the fiber is shiny, cotton like.
  • These elementary fibers fiber length app. 25-50 mm
  • Linseed fibers are cottonized faster than green (unripe) fiber flax fibers.
  • Fiber material that has been treated according to this invention is suitable for use as textile fiber and as raw material for composites.
  • Method of this invention is also suitable for traditional long fiber flax and hemp refining.
  • This treatment can also be done to raw fiber, line flax sliver, roving, yarn or fabric to make them softer, shinier and less stiff.
  • Linen yarns treated this way are suitable for knitwear.
  • most flax and hemp yarns are too stiff to be knitted, and also the dust from linen yarns create problems by causing interruptions in production, straining the machinery and clogging the washing machines during the first few washes.
  • Samples of the microbe were collected during the spring 2001 in Siuntio, research farm of the University of Helsinki, Siggans, from a fiber hemp field, where the vegetation had been left over winter for thermal retting.
  • the barks of the stems infected by the microbe were red/orange, but the fiber material was almost white and cottonized.
  • Pigmented fiber was mixed with salt water (9 mg NaCl/ml) for 5 minutes in homogenizer.
  • Hygicult Yeast and Fungi splints (Orion Diagnostica) were dipped in the liquid. A few days later mycelium was scraped from the splints and transferred to new splints and to malt agar plates.
  • Fungal monoculture was obtained by cultivating it twice through dilution series on potato dextrose agar plates. Fungal monoculture was identified preliminarily by light microscope and was sent to CBS (Centralbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht) for further identification of the exact species.
  • CBS Centralbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht
  • the microbe was found out to belong to the genus Fusarium.
  • CBS further identified the fungus to be Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel var. sambucinum based on the morphology of the fungus. This species is common all around the world and it grows on grain, potato, tree bark and gramineous plants (Samson, R.A. (ed.) Introduction to food- and airborne fungi, 6 th edition, p. 144, CBS, Utrecht, Holland).
  • Fusarium sambucinum ARTl strain has been deposited to the DSMZ microbe collection (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellculturen GmbH) according to the treaty of Budapest with accession number DSM 16924.
  • the fungus is grown to produce asexual spores in order to start liquid cultivations from spores stored in deep freezer.
  • cultivation medium 2 % malt agar plates are used.
  • the fungus is left to grow on plates e.g. in room temperature for a few weeks.
  • the fungus will start to produce asexual spores that can be collected from plates using a small amount (app. 3-4 ml) of sterilized water with the help of a sterilized glass rod and pipette tip.
  • the spores containing water solution will be stored.
  • the spore suspension obtained this way from F. sambucinum plates typically contains 10 000-50 000 spores/ml.
  • the spore suspension is mixed well with 40 % glycerol and frozen. Stored this way the spores stay vital for very long period of time, practically forever.
  • Mycelia are grown in flasks into which sterilized culture liquid has been added.
  • Flasks can be normal laboratory flasks and the ratio of the volume of the liquid and volume of the flask should preferably be app. 1:10, e.g. 20 ml culture liquid in 200 ml flask. For instance 50 ⁇ l of spore suspension will be added to 200 ml of culture liquid.
  • the fungus will be grown in constant light without shaking to produce the highest amount of desired compound/compounds.
  • the light used can be artificial obtained e.g.by fluorescent light or sunlight.
  • Various culture media designed for growing moulds can be used.
  • a good culture medium contains e.g.
  • pectin 1-2 % (w/v) pectin, together with 0.6 g/1 trypton, 0.04 g/1 yeast extract, 0.1 g/1 magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 -7H 2 O) and vitamin solution that will be added through sterile filter to culture medium sterilized by autoclaving.
  • Carboxymethyl cellulose or other plant cell wall based carbon sources can be used instead of pectin so that the fungus will get the carbon it needs for growth. More simple carbon sources as polygalacturonic acid or malt extract can also be used.
  • the pH of the culture medium rises, at 28 days it should be app. 8.5.
  • the proper cultivation time as to when there is the ideal amount of the active compound/compounds produced can be determined.
  • a culture medium that has been let to grow for too long period of time does not act as well as 28 day old fungal pectin culture medium in which the pH has risen over 8.5.
  • the fungal culture is filtrated e.g. through Miracloth in order to separate the mycelium from the culture liquid.
  • Ammonium sulfate is added to the culture liquid gradually until the percentage of ammonium sulfate is 70. Ammonium sulfate lowers the pH of the liquid by 1.5 units.
  • the solution will be mixed for one hour in +4 0 C after which it will be centrifuged for 30 minutes in +5 0 C with 10 000 .rpm.
  • the precipitate formed contains the proteins of the culture liquid. Supernatant is collected and used for fiber treatments. Alternatively, the proteins can be removed by ultrafiltrating the culture liquid through 10 kDa membrane under nitrogen atmosphere.
  • the culture medium that was used contained either pectin or carboxymethyl cellulose.
  • Hydrogen peroxide was measured by using mixture containing 125 ⁇ M xylenol orange and 100 ⁇ M sorbitol, which was mixed with 25 mM FeSO 4 -ammoniumsulfate solution (prepared in 2.5 M sulfuric acid) in 100:1 ratio just prior the measurement.
  • Glucose oxidase activity was measured by using ABTS.
  • the reaction mixture contained 1 ⁇ M ABTS, 100 ⁇ M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5, 2 U horseradish peroxidase (type II, Sigma) and 50 ⁇ mol D-glucose. 100 ⁇ l of sample was mixed with reaction mixture and incubated in 30 0 C. The reaction was followed by spectrophotometer at 420 nm. Laccase activity was measured by using 1 mM 2,6- dimethoxyphenol as substrate for laccase. Reaction mixture contained also 100 ⁇ l of sample and 850 ⁇ l Na-malonate buffer, pH 4.5. Progress of the reaction was followed at 476 nm.
  • F.sambucinum secretes hydrogen peroxide especially during the first week of cultivation when grown on pectin containing medium, as shown in figure 2.
  • Production of hydrogen peroxide is scarce when fungus is grown on cellulose containing medium.
  • Glucose oxidase is the most likely enzyme produced by the fungus to take part in the hydrogen peroxide production in the medium.
  • Catalase activity was also measured from the media. Catalase activity was measured at 240 nm in a reaction mixture that contained 100 ⁇ l of sample together with 800 ⁇ l 100 mM Na-phosphate buffer, pH 6.0 and 100 ⁇ l 100 rnM hydrogen peroxide. The decrease in absorbance was followed in 25 0 C for three minutes.
  • F.sambucinum secretes also catalase. Catalase activity increases after the first week of cultivation and this could explain why hydrogen peroxide disappears from the culture medium. Low laccase activity can be detected only in the later stages of cultivation after three weeks of cultivation. The fungus secretes both hydrogen peroxide and the fore mentioned enzymes independent of light.
  • Washing also had an effect on the amount of extractives compared to untreated raw material.
  • Fiber (app. 2 g abs. dry) was extracted for five hours with pure acetone in Soxhlet- apparatus and the acetone soluble material was weighted and the percentage of abs. dry material was calculated. The proportion of extractives in the raw fiber material was 1.164116 % . During washing almost half of the extractives were removed and the amount was 0.658938 %.
  • Linitest-testdyeing apparatus was used for the mechanical stirring.
  • Linitest-apparatus consists of eight steel 500 ml vessels, which can be filled up to 400 ml. The vessels were placed in waterbath where temperature could be controlled with +/- 1 0 C accuracy. The rotation rate of the apparatus was 36 rpm. The samples together with all the other needed substances were added to the vessels in room temperature and the final temperature of the treatment 57 0 C, (set for 60 0 C) was reached in 30 minutes. After several trials the suitable amount of culture liquid was found to be 14 ml/gram fiber.
  • salt adds the substantivity (the attraction between a substrate and a dye or other substance under the precise conditions of test whereby the latter is selectively extracted from the application medium by the substrate of the cellulose fiber during reactive dyeing, which causes the dye to seek towards the textile material).
  • substantivity the attraction between a substrate and a dye or other substance under the precise conditions of test whereby the latter is selectively extracted from the application medium by the substrate of the cellulose fiber during reactive dyeing, which causes the dye to seek towards the textile material.
  • Treatment liquid (pH 7) culture liquid (pH 8.5) cultivated for 28 days in light, after removal of proteins.
  • Linseed in washing machine with culture liquid without mycelium 1) 3x2.15 h, 3 x 1 ml/g fiber (6 h 45 min; 3 ml/g); 2) 3x2.15 h, 3 x 3 ml/g (6 h 45 min, 9 ml/g).
  • Experiments with protein free culture liquid were carried out with Linitest-apparatus 57 0 C (set for 60 0 C) 1) 2 h and 2) 4 h. Both batches 14 ml of culture liquid per gram fiber.
  • F.sambucinum Greek ella pulicaris
  • F.langsethiae strain 113
  • Taxonomy of fungi placed in the family Fusarium is problematic. The family contains many species whose sexual form is unknown. Both F.poae and F.langsethiae belong to these fungi.
  • F.langsethiae is closely related to Fusarium sporotrichioides (Yli-Mattila et al. 2004, Journal of Food Microbiology 95:267-285), which is also called Dactylium fusarioides. It is noteworthy, that only the asexual form of G.
  • the proteins were removed in order to find out if enzymes were involved in the reaction. Experiments were carried out as two or four hour treatments in Linitest apparatus in 37 0 C and 57 0 C using 14 ml of liquid per 1 gram of fiber. Three 3 gram replicates were done of each sample. Further, extraction of active compounds was tested with benzyl alcohol, after which the water phase was salted out by ammonium sulfate and collected. Controls were done in tab water and saltwater.
  • Linear density [dtex] was determined of the elementary fibers that were separated by hand with a vibroscope (Lenzing AG, Austria). Breaking tenacity [cN/tex] and elongation at break [%] were measured from elementary fibers according to standard SFS-EN ISO 5079, 1995(E) using Alwertron TCT 10 device (SFS 4639). The initial gauge length was 20 mm and constant rate of extension (CRE) that was applied 20 mm/min. For the preliminary tension 200 or 300 mg weight was used. Measurements were done under standard conditions (20.0 +1-2 0 C) when the humidity of the samples was 65.0 %+/-4.0 % (SFS EN ISO 20139, confirmed 2005-8-15; SFS 2600).
  • the lignin content of the fiber was measured using standard method TAPPI T222 om- 88. In the method extractive-free fiber is hydrolyzed with 13.5 M sulphuric acid. Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed and the lignin, so-called Klason-lignin is measured as the unhydrolyzed residue. In order to measure the total lignin content also the so-called soluble lignin was measured spectrophotometrically at 203 nm as described by Dence, CW (1992), The determination of lignin, in: Lin, SY and Dence, CW (Eds.); Springer Series in Wood Science, Methods in Lignin Chemistry, Springer, Berlin, p. 33-61 (Chapter 2.2).
  • detergent water 3-5 ml detergent/ 1 water, fiber to liquid ratio app. 1/10: detergent: 15-39 % zeolite, oxygen based bleach, 5-15 %; anionic and non-ionic tensides, > 5 % soap, phosphate, polycarboxylates, enzymes, pH 10.4 ) and rinsing and 8) raw fiber material.
  • Figure 3 shows the lignin content of linseed after treatment with Fusarium protein free liquid.
  • the amount of extractives in the fibers was measured by using standard method TAPPI T 204 om-88 modified so that the solvent used was acetone. Table 3 shows the results of the analyses. From the results can be concluded that the washing of flax fibers reduced the amount of extractives considerably app. 50 % but the addition of culture liquid of the fungus Fusarium in various treatment sequences had no effect on the amount of acetone extractives.
  • the results in the table 3 are for the following fiber samples: 1) retting with stirring 2 h: Linitest 60 0 C, 14 ml/g; 2) retting with stirring 4 h: Linitest 60 0 C, 14 ml/g; 3) static retting 2 x 6 h; 2 x 0.5 ml/g (12 h; 1.0 ml/g); 4) static retting 3 x 6 h; 3 x 0.5 ml/g (18 h; 1,5 ml/g); 5) static retting 2 x 8 h; 2 x 0.5 ml/g (16 h; 1.0 ml/g); 6) static retting 3 x 8 h; 3 x 0.5 ml/g (24 h; 1.5 ml/g); 7) soaking app.
  • detergent water 3-5 ml detergent/ 1 water, fiber to liquid ratio app. 1/10: detergent: 15-39 % zeolite, oxygen based bleach, 5-15 %; anionic and non-ionic tensides, > 5 % soap, phosphate, polycarboxylates, enzymes, pH 10.4 ) and rinsing and 8) raw fiber material.
  • Figure 4 shows the amount of extractives of linseed Laser after the above mentioned treatments.
  • Fabric hand is a generic term for tactile sensations associated with fabrics that influence consumer preferences.
  • Samples of linseed that had been retted 3 x 6 h/3 x 0.5 ml/g and 2 x 6 h/3 x 0.5 ml/g in room temperature or treated for 2 hours in Linitest apparatus (2h/14 ml/g, 57 0 C) were evaluated to be the softest and best samples. These samples were characterized as being silky, warm, glossy, and because of their pleasing touch suitable for clothing. The washed raw fiber was distinguished from the other samples for being the coarsest, hardest, darkest and dullest.
  • the spinning experiments were carried out at the Tampere University of Technology, Department of Materials Science, The Institute of Fibre Materials Science.
  • the treatment included carding the lap and sliver and rotor spinning.
  • the carding machines were not set specifically for flax instead the settings for cotton were used.
  • the spinning was done to the linseed flax that had been retted in room temperature with protein free culture liquid (3 x 8 h/0.5 ml x 3 per gram of fiber) and to the washing machine treated (mycelium removed) linseed (3 x 2.15 h/3 x 1 ml/g). 20 % of pretreated cotton was added to both batches, so that the portion of flax was 80 %.
  • the rotor speed of rotation was 23-30 U/min x 1000, withdrawal speed 30-50 m/min, delivery speed 0.6-0.9 m/min.

Abstract

Cette invention porte sur un procédé pour rouir et cotonner des matières premières de fibres de liber, dans lequel procédé est utilisé le champignon Fusarium sambucinum. Grâce à l'utilisation du procédé de rouissage selon cette invention, la chaîne de production de fibre peut être rendue plus efficace, mais, avant tout, il peut être utilisé pour affecter les caractéristiques structurelles et visuelles du matériau de fibre.
PCT/FI2009/050059 2008-01-23 2009-01-23 Procédé pour rouir, lisser et cotonner des fibres de liber, et pour le retrait de lignine d'origine végétale WO2009092865A1 (fr)

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FI20085055 2008-01-23
FI20085055A FI20085055A0 (fi) 2008-01-23 2008-01-23 Menetelmä runkokuitujen liottamiseksi, pehmentämiseksi ja cottonisoimiseksi sekä kasvipohjaisten ligniinien poistamiseksi

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CN102747434A (zh) * 2012-04-06 2012-10-24 安徽省华龙麻业有限公司 苎麻复配生物酶脱胶方法
CN102747437A (zh) * 2012-07-16 2012-10-24 武汉纺织大学 序批式苎麻无废生物脱胶方法
CN102747436A (zh) * 2012-05-24 2012-10-24 太仓市名流制衣有限公司 一种夏布的制作工艺
US8475628B1 (en) 2011-03-29 2013-07-02 Hbi Branded Apparel Enterprises, Llc Process and apparatus for orienting bast stalks for decortication
US8635844B1 (en) 2011-03-29 2014-01-28 Hbi Branded Apparel Enterprises, Llc Method for harvesting bast plants

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US8475628B1 (en) 2011-03-29 2013-07-02 Hbi Branded Apparel Enterprises, Llc Process and apparatus for orienting bast stalks for decortication
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