WO2009077163A2

WO2009077163A2 - Current generating heating system

Info

Publication number: WO2009077163A2
Application number: PCT/EP2008/010699
Authority: WO
Inventors: Gerhard Schilling
Original assignee: Dynatronic Gmbh
Priority date: 2007-12-17
Filing date: 2008-12-16
Publication date: 2009-06-25
Also published as: DE102007060666A1; WO2009077163A3

Abstract

The invention relates to a heating system for an object, comprising a thermal coupling (5) of at least two heat generators (1), said coupling being controlled by a controller (12), wherein a first heat generator (1) is a conventional heating unit (2) and a second heat generator (1) is a heat source (3) provided on the object. The heating system further comprises a plurality of heat consumers (7) for the alternate heat and current generation. One of the heat consumers (7) comprises a conversion system (11) based on a thermodynamic cyclic process (10), particularly an ORC or Kalina cycle, for the conversion of thermal energy into electric current. The condensation heat occurring during the thermodynamic cyclic process (10) is transferred either to further heat users (7) or to a thermal heat sink (6) available on the object.

Description

Electricity producing heating system

The invention relates to a heating system for an object, with a controlled by a thermal control coupling of at least two heat generators, wherein a first heat generator, a conventional heating system and a second heat source is available on the object heat source, and with multiple heat consumers for reciprocal heat and electricity production ,

For the following description, reference is made to the attached "list of used terms and their meanings" and the "list of abbreviations".

In the brochure "The HTP-Solar POWERSTATION ^® " (as of February 2007) of the HTP-Solar GmbH, Hückelhoven, a concept for a generic heating system for residential objects is presented.Significant components of this system are solar collectors, a hot water tank, a solar / air Heat pump and a heat converter As with conventional solar systems, the solar heat is converted by the solar collectors into heat and released to the solar collector liquid.The heat is fed directly to the hot water storage tank for heating process water, and in the absence of solar radiation, the solar collectors continue to be used In this case, the solar collector liquid dissipates the absorbed energy (heat) to the heat pump operated as a solar heat pump, and the heat pump pumps this heat to a sufficiently high level using technical work. that for heating the domestic water in the hot water tank and for heating the residential object is suitable. If, due to weather conditions, the solar collectors can not absorb enough energy, the heat pump is operated as an air heat pump. In this operating mode, energy from the environment is made available via an integrated air heat exchanger for heating water and for heating the residential object.

A special feature of this system concept is the heat converter, which can convert excess solar energy (especially in summer) of the solar collector liquid into electricity. Taking advantage of the Seebeck effect (between two points of an electrical conductor, which have different temperature, creates an electrical voltage) is generated in a conductor circuit by heating one place with solar collector liquid and cooling another place by outside air, a thermoelectric voltage, which flow a direct current leaves. With the aid of a special inverter, the direct current is converted into alternating current with an output voltage of 230 V and a frequency of 50 Hz. Via a counter, the alternating current can be fed into the network of a power supplier.

Another way to generate electricity with the help of a solar system of a heating system is to first convert the thermal energy delivered by the solar system into mechanical kinetic energy, which in turn is then converted into electrical energy. The heat of the heated solar collector liquid is discharged from the solar circuit via a heat exchanger to a coolant of a coolant circuit. The resulting achieved evaporation of the coolant leads to a large increase in volume of the coolant, which can be used to drive a turbine or a reciprocating engine. The required for the coolant circuit volume contraction of the coolant by cooling and condensation takes place in a condenser in a colder environment. By means of a pump, the liquid coolant is compressed and fed back to the heat exchanger. The efficiency of converting thermal energy into kinetic energy is generally limited by Carnot efficiency in such systems. In addition, in addition to unavoidable thermal losses and losses due to the fact that no ideal gas can be used for such processes as the working medium. The generation of electricity with such a system is not profitable so far, simply because the effects of the dynamically changing solar energy supply and the resulting effects on the overall conversion efficiency (in particular the losses during frequent start-up, etc.) overburden the system concept. This can be countered to some extent by providing a heat storage. However, the dynamically changing solar energy supply leads to the mixing of working medium quantities with different temperatures, which means an unsatisfactory overall conversion efficiency at lower mixing temperatures due to the disproportionate reduction of the Carnot efficiency. Overall, the following boundary conditions and requirements must be taken into account for economic power generation in small thermal plants (in particular for residential properties):

- A high Camot efficiency is only achievable at high temperature differences;

- in the case of a solar system as a primary heat source: the higher the solar collector temperature, the higher the cost price and the thermal losses in the solar collectors;

- A cycle with steam as the working medium is only efficient at very high primary temperatures (> 200 ⁰ C);

- For small low-pressure systems, there is still a lack of a suitable system for the conversion of heat energy into electricity;

- Very high cooling capacities are required for the circulation processes: however, low temperatures are only possible through high production costs (eg ground probe water cooling circuit); and

- For residential properties, only a low noise emission is acceptable.

Furthermore, the problem to be solved is how the various heat generators, heat storage and heat consumers can be thermally coupled with each other most favorably. The invention provides a heating system, the o.g. Meets requirements.

According to the invention, it is provided in a heating system of the aforementioned type that one of the heat consumers has a thermodynamic cyclic process, in particular an ORC or Kalina process, based on the conversion system for the conversion of thermal energy into electrical current, and that the condensation heat occurring in the thermodynamic cycle is transmitted either to further heat consumers or to a thermal heat sink available on the object.

The invention is primarily directed to a heating system for residential objects, with which the spaces of the object and / or the hot water of the object (heat consumers) are heated. For the first time, a system is proposed in which "on a small scale" (ie not in large-scale plant or power plant) a conventional heating system with a thermodynamic cycle, for example, with an ORC cycle (Organic Rankine Cycle) is combined to in this way a To date, ORC systems have rarely been used in the low-load sector because the efficiency of conventional ORC systems is generally considered too low in this area.

As a rule, a solar-assisted heating system has an inverse relationship between the availability of the primary solar energy and the heating demand, ie. H. Although there is a lot of primary energy available in summer, there is little or no need for heating, while the opposite is true in winter. The invention takes advantage of this inverse ratio in that the excess primary energy is converted into electrical power. By multiple resource dual use of the already existing in the solar-assisted heating system components, the solar collectors, the heat storage, the heating system and the radiator, only the cost price of the conversion system plus worthwhile expansions, such as additional collector surface and storage volume to install solar power production. It is advantageously achieved a high overall system utilization of the costly collector surface, since there is no oversupply of solar heat in the summer and in winter, the solar supply is made available through the heating system.

A special feature of the invention is that the components of the heating system are included in the process of power generation, so that the resources of the heating system can be used twice. This significantly reduces the total cost of ownership and allows efficiency-boosting high overall system utilization. The balance between the thermal energy production and the thermal energy requirement is determined and set periodically by the controller preferably according to the following formula:

E _H eiz (t) + E _W q (t) = Eww (t) + E _HW (t) + E _T HDγ (t) + E _Res , (t).

Due to the thermal coupling of a heat sink located on the object to the thermodynamic cycle, a maximum temperature distribution is achieved. Tung between the temperature level of the object located on the thermal source (T _Wq ) and the temperature level of a heat sink located on the object (Tws) achieved.

The theoretically possible Carnot efficiency in the conversion of the thermal energy thus results from the formula:

Η CARNOT ⁼ 1 - Tyvs / Twq

At any given time, a controller independently, on the basis of sensors for detecting process-influencing parameters, sets the most favorable operation by means of changes to the process control variables (such as, for example, the throughput speed of the circuits, etc.).

The power is recovered by means of the thermodynamic cycle process in that the working medium, preferably a coolant with a low boiling point, is evaporated, whereby the evaporation creates a high pressure. This can be taken in the form of volume change work in the expansion of the gas in mechanical kinetic energy and thereby converted into electrical energy. By using a suitable medium for the thermodynamic cycle, z. B. R245fa or a specially developed for this application ORC medium, which in addition to the required good heat transfer properties, also characterized in that the medium in the required condensation temperature range no negative pressure relative to the ambient pressure, since the technically difficult in the long term to under pressure avoiding penetrating air which reduces the efficiency thermodynamic cycle. Furthermore, before the expansion, only the lowest possible overheating of the vaporized gas should be necessary because the energy added during the overheating does not increase the energy yield of the thermodynamic cycle.

For the heating system according to the invention, a control is provided, which preferably based on sensor data each heat exchange between individual components of the heating system by regulating the heat flows occurring so that the most effective and complete transfer of heat energy of each warmer medium takes place on the respective colder. Preferably, the heating system according to the invention is constructed so that one or more heat and / or cold storage is thermally coupled to one or more heat energy generator circuits as well as to one or more consumer circuits / are, whereby a multiple and effective use stored heat energy is enabled. The balance between the thermal energy production and the thermal energy requirement is determined and adjusted periodically by the controller according to the following formula.

E _He iz (t) + Ew, (t) + Espouτ (t) = Eww (t) + EHW W + E _TH Dγ (t) + E _Sp ι _N (t) + E _Res , (t). Particularly advantageous in this case is the use of an additively designed heat accumulator with different temperature levels, in which both the generator and the consumer side (both in the supply and in the return) heat exchange takes place in each case on a selectable, available in the heat storage best possible temperature level. Also, space-saving latent heat storage with a storage medium, which performs a phase change (preferably from solid to liquid) in the required storage temperature range, or thermochemical heat storage can be used.

Another particularity of a preferred embodiment of the heating system according to the invention is that a low temperature level prevailing in the heat storage or at the heat source available at the object (T _Wq ), which is higher than the temperature of the heat sink (T _Ws ), both for electricity production and for heating heat recovery The conventional heating system continues to heat the existing low-temperature level by the remaining temperature range up to a consumption-dependent SoII temperature.

The overall structure of the heating system should be such that each heat energy generator can supply one or more consumers with thermal energy individually or in thermal additive coupling with other generators or storage, any heat consumer. This requirement is technically realized in the overall structure so that each heat generator operates with each heat consumer, each heat storage or with any other heat generator direct heat exchange. In the case of the same heat transfer media is preferably a cost medium exchange intended. To generally increase the energy transfer efficiency, in the heat transfer of different media, counter-rotating heat exchangers are preferred.

Thus, the heating system according to the invention can optionally in a first mode, in which the heat generated or stored by the one or more heat generators for heating or filling the heat storage is produced, in a second mode in which the heat generated to the thermodynamic cycle for Power production is supplied, or a third mode in which the generated heat is supplied to the thermodynamic cycle process for producing electricity, wherein the resulting from the thermodynamic cycle residual heat is used for heating or stored, are operated.

The control of the heating system automatically determines on the basis of previously defined criteria in which of the operating modes the heating system is operated. Also, the controller may use information from the object's utility to facilitate power production in particularly worthwhile periods of time. This information may also include predicted data regarding expected solar radiation.

The preferred option for power generation is a linear conversion system coupled to the thermodynamic cycle with one or more pressure cylinders, a linear generator, a filter and rectifier unit for converting thermodynamic energy into electrical energy. The linear conversion system provides a coupled to the thermodynamic cycle and then specially tuned piston-cylinder unit for conversion of the thermodynamic energy first in kinetic energy, which then generates by means of a specially tuned for this application linear generator electrical energy, which by means of a power converter is converted into an AC voltage suitable for feeding in the grid. A suitable printing cylinder linear generator arrangement is characterized by high overall conversion efficiency, low production costs, quiet operation and long life, since transverse and rotational forces do not exist. Another advantage of this linear system, results from the fact that the piston-cylinder unit is moved by flowing the working medium in a working space of the printing cylinder and the controller automatically determines the beginning and duration of the influx after evaluation of sensor data and thereby a conversion with a maximum achievable under the given circumstances, efficiency causes.

In principle, however, is also a power generation with a coupled to the thermodynamic cycle conversion system with a machine, in particular a specially tuned compressed air motor or turbine, for converting pressure energy into rotational energy, which then by means of a specially tailored for this application generator then in electrical energy is converted.

In this embodiment, further, an intake valve may be provided on the thermodynamic-to-rotational-energy conversion system that is opened by the controller only when a predetermined high conversion efficiency due to sensor data is achievable. The frequent startup and shutdown losses may be reduced by a shutdown mechanism that shuts down the generator as a load to the conversion system when the intake valve is not open, thus allowing idle rotation during the break to continue without load.

Another possibility to minimize these losses occurring in rotation systems is the use of a scroll expander or a DiPietro engine as an engine and the use of a RMT generator. Both components are characterized in the required power range even at low speeds both by a high efficiency in the conversion, as well as by very low start-up and shutdown losses.

Of course, the electrical voltage generated at the generator can also be used elsewhere. Instead of the generation of mains voltage can by means of a suitable converter battery charging, z. For example

Lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles, or suitable voltages in order to obtain hydrogen by means of electrolysis, are generated. Also can the kinetic energy generated by the conversion system elsewhere, e.g. B. are used for cooling room air by means of a "chiller".

According to another particularity of an embodiment of the heating system according to the invention, a cost-effective implementation of the required direct thermal coupling of each heat generator with each heat consumer and heat storage by multiple use of a common heat transfer medium is given. By the heat transfer medium flows through each heat generator, no heat exchangers between the heat generators are required. Furthermore, the heat transfer medium, in each case coupled via a heat exchanger, can also be used as a transport medium for transporting the heat energy generated to each individual heat consumer and to and from the heat store, the heat transfer medium additionally or alternatively also serving as storage medium. The energy flow that is transported via this medium is determined and set periodically by the controller preferably according to the following formula:

E _H e, z (t) + E _W q (t) + EEΓZ SP OUTW = Eww (t) + EHW (t) + E _THD γ (t) + E _{Ore S} pl _N (t)

The same procedure can also be applied on the consumer side. For the direct thermal coupling of the heat storage to each consumer a radiator circuit medium is used as a common heat transfer medium for heat transport to and from the heat and cold storage multiple times, the radiator circuit medium preferably, as cost, simultaneously as a storage medium and / or additionally used as a transport medium for the transport of the generated heat energy and the residual heat of the thermodynamic cycle. The energy flow that this medium transports is periodically determined and set by the controller according to the following formula:

Eez (t) + EHz Sp OUτ (t) + EτHDY residue (t) ⁼ Eκw (t) -

A possible target application is a "power producing solar heating system" for a residential property, comprising a thermal coupling of thermal solar collectors with a conventional heating system, one or more heat storage, a thermodynamic cycle, a conversion system described above for the conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy and a thermal heat sink, e.g. B. an air humidity heat exchanger, a ground collector, a geothermal probe, a body of water, an air cooling or a cold storage.

A significant cost savings in the heating system according to the invention can be achieved by systematically can be dispensed with the purchase of the thermal heat sink by already existing components are used in a dual function as a heat sink. First of all, the environmental cooling system used by the existing thermal solar collectors can be used for this purpose and temporarily stored for the provision of this cold during the solar power production in the existing storage facility. Secondly, this function can be (at least partially) also taken over by the boiler already existing in a conventional heating system (cooled over the chimney). Third, this function (at least in part) can also be met by radiators or underfloor heating. A special radiator in the washroom, which is always heated with residual heat when solar power is produced, could incidentally also be used for drying clothes.

As a result, a construction of the heating system according to the invention as a "power-producing solar heating" from any combination of the previously described cost savings by the unified heat generator and radiator circuits and the dual function already existing in the conventional heating system components in the function of a heat sink is possible to maximum energy yield reach, the structure should continue to be designed so that all non-participating in the prevailing operating state heat generator or heat consumer or heat storage are disconnected via valves so that they are no longer flowed through, but the circuits still remain closed.

Preferably, the structure of the heating system according to the invention is designed so that it can be operated in one or more of the types of operation characterized below. To optimize the energy yield, the most favorable temperature spread should be used. In the following tables, the inevitable thermal losses in the heat transfer are neglected and a preferred temperature range is given, which will be explained later in connection with the specified figures. a) "Exclusive solar power production" operating mode

b) Operating mode "Electricity production from solar storage"

c) operating mode "cool cold storage"

d) Operating mode "Heating and DHW from solar collector heat

e) Operating mode "Heating with solar heat storage"

f) Operating mode "Fill solar tank and WW"

g) "Heating and DHW with heating system" operating mode

h) "Combined heating with heating system and solar collectors" operating mode

i) "Combined heating and electricity production with heating system and solar collectors" operating mode

j) Operating mode "CHP operation: Combined heating and electricity production exclusively from heating system"

k) operating mode "electricity production from stored residual heat"

I) "Standstill" mode: In this operating mode, all circuits are inactive.Of course, from the above tables the combination of several operating modes or the omission of a generator, memory can be used or consumer more modes of operation are formed in some modes, but which will not be explained further here.

How the heating system is operated depends on the current situation. As a rule, the production of heating energy is more efficient than the production of electricity. The controller takes into account but u in the operating mode. a. also the primary energy supply, the (predicted) heating energy demand, the time-dependent efficiency of the heat storage and the relationship between the yield for injected electricity and the actual heating costs. The controller ensures energy management for the site-dependent energy distribution, taking into account determined and predicted process-influencing parameters.

According to one aspect of the invention, there is also provided a series of different operating modes for the purpose of optimally utilizing the solar energy. For example, FIG. 20 shows a sequence of operating modes that is advantageous in summer operation, which enables maximum utilization of solar energy for the purpose of power production, even with small storage volumes, by first using a store as a cold store (heat sink) to operate in operating mode a ) If this reaches a temperature level at which an effective power generation is no longer possible, then the operating mode f) "Fill solar tank", in which the memory acts as a heat accumulator, is changed to "exclusive solar power production" in order to absorb the residual solar energy of a course of the day by bringing the heat storage temperature to a level which allows efficient power generation at a later time once the solar collectors have reached a temperature level in which they act as a heat sink can. In operating modes b) "Electricity production from solar storage" or k) "Electricity production from stored residual heat", the process anergy accumulated during the day makes an effective contribution to electricity generation and thus enables the high degree of utilization of solar energy.

A further target application of the invention as a "power-producing solar heating system" for a residential property results from a reduced and thus cost-effective design of the heating system (cf Figure 20) without direct coupling b) "Electricity production from solar storage" (Figure 10), d) "Heating and DHW from solar collector heat" (Figure 12), g) "Conventional heating and DHW" (Figure 15), h) "heating and WW from solar collector and heating system" (FIG. 16), k) "electricity production from stored residual heat" are not possible and the resulting disadvantages in the energy utilization are reduced by the fact that the process-anergy accumulated during the day predominates Hot water heating is used and in the heat production for heating purposes basically the operating mode j) "CHP operation" is used.Additional advantages result from the use of solar collectors, which are characterized by the lowest possible losses at high collector temperatures (higher 100 ⁰ C) , such as vacuum collectors, in order to achieve the highest possible evaporation temperature of the medium of the thermodynamic cycle (T _{THD Y} - _OUT ). Further advantages according to the invention result from a multi-stage solar collector structure, which is a series circuit of a low-cost collector type, which is responsible for the temperature increase in the low temperature range (> T _Ws ) and is suitable as a heat sink in the night mode due to the low thermal insulation, and of a previously described collector type ( eg vacuum collectors), which is responsible for the higher temperature range.

A further target application of the invention as a "power-producing solar heating system" for a residential property arises when the conventional heating system is a solar-assisted heat pump heating system with which the advantages of a CHP operation and the consequent modes are not possible, but still advantageous, since the required heat sink is realized from a dual function of existing ground collectors or ground probes.

Further advantageous and expedient embodiments of the inventive heating system result from the subclaims. Further details of the invention will become apparent from the following description with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings show:

- Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the thermal couplings of all the components involved and the associated tasks of the intelligent

Energy distribution management of the heating system according to the invention;

Figure 2 is a schematic representation of a possible linear conversion system of thermal to electrical energy;

FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of the required components of a possible situation-controlled linear conversion system from thermal to electrical energy;

Figure 4 is a schematic representation of a possible rotational conversion system from thermal to electrical energy;

FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of the energy distribution management with multiple use of the heat generator medium;

- Figure 6 is a schematic representation of the power distribution management in multiple use of the heating circuit medium;

- Figure 7 shows the schematic structure of a power producing solar heating according to the invention; - Figure 8 is a technical embodiment of the inventive power-producing solar heater;

FIG. 9 shows the operating mode "Exclusive solar direct power production";

10 shows the operating mode "Exclusive power production from solar storage"; FIG. 11 shows the operating mode "cool cold storage";

FIG. 12 shows the operating mode "heating and DHW from solar collector heat";

FIG. 13 shows the operating mode "heating with solar storage heat";

- Figure 14, the operating mode "solar tank fill and WW"; - Figure 15 shows the operating mode "Conventional heating and DHW";

FIG. 16 shows the operating mode "heating and DHW from solar collector and heating system";

- Figure 17 shows the operating mode "Combined heating and electricity production with heating system and solar collectors";

FIG. 18 shows the operating mode "Conventional CHP operation";

FIG. 19 shows the operating mode "power production from residual heat";

- Figure 20, the solar energy utilization during the day (summer operation) and preferred temperature ranges; and FIG. 21 shows a cost-effective embodiment of the heating system according to the invention.

In Figure 1, the individual components of a heating system according to the invention and their inventive thermal coupling 5 are generally indicated: the heat generator 1, comprising a conventional heating system 2 and a thermal heat source 3, an optional heat and / or cold storage 4, a heat sink 6, the heat consumer 7, comprising a hot water heating apparatus 8, a heating circuit 9, and a thermodynamic cycle 10 used by means of a conversion system 11 for converting thermal energy into electrical energy for power production. The operation of this heating system and its individual components is controlled by a central controller 12. The control includes process-influencing control parameters which are continuously recorded by suitable sensors 13 and supplied to the controller 12. The controller 12 is also able to estimate or forecast other parameters relevant to the control of the heating system based on the detected parameters and / or assumptions.

2 comprises a thermodynamic part 501 with a working medium, one or more pressure cylinders 502, a linear generator 503 having a magnet and a coil, a controller 506 acting on both parts, which is part of the central controller 12, a rectifier and filter unit 504, which detects the conditions caused by the magnetic movement have generated voltage pulses to DC voltage, and an inverter 505, which converts the DC voltage into an AC voltage suitable for feeding in the grid.

FIG. 3 shows a situation-controlled linear conversion system by means of a pressure cylinder 600, in which the two work cycles are completely independent of one another (in particular temporally); So there is no predetermined periodic clock sequence as in known multi-stroke engines. Rather, a single work cycle is initiated depending on the situation, i. only if certain criteria are met (in particular a sufficient pressure of the working medium), the controller 609 provides by opening or closing the terminals 605, 606, 607, 608 for the performance of a power stroke. The four ports 605, 606, 607, 608, to which the lines 601, 602 are coupled to the work spaces 603, 604, may be selectively opened or closed by the controller 609. Which of the two working strokes (normal or reverse) is performed depends on the current position of the piston 608.

The expanding working fluid passes through the first conduit 601 into the first working space 603 of the pressure cylinder 600. The control 609 opens the port 605 and closes the port 606. At the same time, the control 609 closes the port 608 of the second conduit and opens the port 607 For example, a force F _{stroke is} exerted on the piston 608, resulting in a movement of the piston 608 to the right (as shown in FIG. 3) while performing work. This process, which ends after a stroke of the piston 608, represents a "normal" power stroke of the pressure cylinder. In the counterclockwise power stroke, the controller 609 closes the open ports 606, 607 and opens the closed ports 605, 608, so that an oppositely directed _{Piston force} -F _HUb and a movement of the piston 608 to the left results.

The regulation of the volume (intake volume) flowing into the working spaces 603 or 604 by means of the control 609, in particular as a function of the available medium pressure or the usable expansion volume, enables a very high efficiency in the conversion of the thermodynamic energy into mechanical kinetic energy. As already mentioned, the control / regulation of the individual circulation processes and the linear generator takes place with the inclusion of process-influencing parameters (thermal energy supply, pressure and temperature of the working medium and the environment, fill levels, etc.), which are measured by a multiplicity of suitable sensors 610 (pressure -, temperature, level sensors, etc.) are provided and supplemented by forecasts. The controller 609 (see the central controller 12) continuously monitors the overall situation taking into account these process-influencing parameters. To achieve an optimal overall efficiency, the control 609 carries out various process controls, such as settings of the fill levels, flow rates of the working media, amount of energy / expansion volume of a work cycle, clock frequency, size of the clock stroke, cycle duration, etc. For example, with low thermal energy supply through the primary circuit, which, without special measures, would mean a reduction of the theoretically possible efficiency (Carnot efficiency) in the thermodynamic conversion of heat energy into mechanical energy, which reduces the flow velocity of the solar collector medium. This allows the solar collector medium to absorb more heat from the solar collectors and higher ORC inlet temperatures T | _N-ORC scores. Through a combination of a reduction in the flow rate and a reduction in the clock frequency of the situation-controlled linear generator, a high overall efficiency in the conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy is thus achieved even with low thermal energy input. Under certain circumstances, the controller 609 may also suspend the power generation process altogether if, based on the sensor data and / or forecasts, this may be expected to result in a higher overall energy conversion efficiency.

Figure 4 illustrates an alternative rotation conversion system which may be used in place of the previously described linear conversion system. The rotation conversion system is coupled to the thermodynamic cycle 701 where first the available thermal energy (heat energy) is converted to thermodynamic energy (vapor pressure). The vapor pressure is then reduced by means of a machine 702, such. As a pressure motor or a turbine, converted into rotational energy. The rotational energy is converted by means of the generator 703 into electrical energy, which A power converter 704 is finally converted into AC power for grid injection. In the controller 705 process-influencing control parameters are included, which are continuously detected by suitable sensors 706 and the controller 705 (part of the central controller 12) are supplied. FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of the energy distribution management by means of a multiple use of the heat generator medium 100 according to the invention, which transports the sum of the generated energy of all heat generators 101, optionally transfers them to a heat storage 102 or absorbs heat energy stored there, and finally to each individual heat consumer 103 transmits.

Figure 6 is a schematic representation of the power distribution management by means of a multiple use of the radiator circuit medium 150 according to the invention, to which the sum of the generated energy of all heat generators 152 is transmitted or optionally receives the heat energy stored in a heat storage 154 or the residual heat of the thermodynamic process 153 and finally to the radiators 151 transported.

Figure 7 illustrates the schematic structure of a power producing solar heating according to the invention, which comprises the following components: a thermal solar collector assembly 50, at least one heat storage 51, a conventional heating system 52, such. As oil, gas, or Holzscheit- or wood pellet heating, a thermodynamic cycle 53, a conversion system 54 for the conversion of pressure energy into electrical energy, an available on the object heat sink 55, such. As a Erdsonden- or Erdkollektor- or ambient air cooling, and at least one radiator circuit 56, which z. B. can also be designed as floor or wall heating. A central controller 57 regulates all circuits and the situation-dependent energy distribution.

FIG. 8 shows an exemplary embodiment of the inventive power-producing solar heating according to FIG. 7 as a total structure, which comprises a common generator circuit 70, a common radiator circuit 71, a thermodynamic circuit 72 and components already described. FIG. 9 describes the components and temperature levels contained in the overall construction according to FIG. 8, which are required for the operating mode "Exclusive solar direct power production".

FIG. 10 describes the components and temperature levels contained in the overall structure according to FIG. 8, which are required for the operating mode "Exclusive power production from solar storage".

8 describes the components and temperature levels contained in the overall construction according to FIG. 8, which are required for the operating mode "cooling cold store." FIG. 12 describes the components and temperature levels contained in the overall structure according to FIG. 8, which are used for the operating mode "heating and DHW from solar collector heat". required are.

FIG. 13 describes the components and temperature levels contained in the overall structure according to FIG. 8 which are required for the operating mode "heating with solar accumulator heat".

FIG. 14 describes the components and temperature levels contained in the overall structure according to FIG. 8, which are required for the operating mode "filling solar tank and DHW".

FIG. 15 describes the components and temperature levels contained in the overall structure according to FIG. 8, which are required for the "conventional heating and DHW" operating mode.

8 shows the components and temperature levels contained in the overall structure according to FIG. 8 which are required for the operating mode "heating and DHW from solar collector and heating system." FIG. 17 describes the components and temperature levels contained in the overall structure according to FIG Heating and electricity production with heating system and solar collectors "are required.

FIG. 18 describes the components and temperature levels contained in the overall structure according to FIG. 8, which are required for the "conventional CHP operation" operating mode. FIG. 19 describes the components and temperature levels contained in the overall construction according to FIG. 8, which are required for the operating mode "power production from residual heat".

FIG. 20 illustrates advantageous utilization of the solar energy in changing operating modes with the preferred temperature ranges for the summer months, which enables maximum utilization of the solar energy for the purpose of power production, even with small storage volumes, by first using the store as a cold store (heat sink) in order to record the heat of condensation of the thermodynamic cycle in the operating mode a) "Exclusive solar power production" If this has reached a temperature level at which effective power generation is no longer possible, then the operating mode f) "Filling the solar tank" is changed Memory acts as a heat storage to accommodate the residual solar energy of a day by the heat storage temperature is brought to a level that allows efficient power generation at a later date when the solar panels reach a temperature level not in which they can act as a heat sink. In operating modes b) "Electricity production from solar storage" or k) "Electricity production from stored residual heat", the process anergy accumulated during the day makes an effective contribution to electricity generation, thus enabling the high degree of utilization of solar energy.

FIG. 20 shows a reduced and thus cost-effective design of the heating system without direct coupling of the generator circuit to the heating circuit, but with the operating modes b) "power production from solar storage" (FIG. 10), d) "heating and DHW from solar collector heat" (FIG ), g) "conventional heating and WW" (Figure 15), h) "heating and WW from solar collector and heating system" (Figure 16), k) "power production from stored residual heat" are not possible and the resulting disadvantages in the energy recovery The fact that the process anergy accumulated during the day is primarily used for warm water heating and that the heat production for heating purposes is generally based on the operating mode j) "CHP operation" is used. Instead of the solar circuit, other possibilities for a thermal primary energy supply can be used, for. B. the use of district heating. The basic operating principle of the heating system according to the invention thereby does not change. The invention has been described with reference to several embodiments.

Of course, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications are possible without departing from the spirit of the invention. In addition, the illustrated embodiments have the character of a sketch. Missing details are not important to the nature of the invention, but may be supplemented by one skilled in the art.

List of used terms and their meanings

Abkürzunqsliste

Claims

claims

A heating system for an object, comprising a thermal coupling (5) of at least two heat generators (1) controlled by a controller (12), wherein a first heat generator (1) comprises a conventional heating system (2) and a second heat generator (1) on the object available heat source (3), and with several heat consumers (7) for reciprocal heat and electricity production, characterized in that one of the heat consumers (7) on a thermodynamic cycle (10), in particular an ORC or Kalina process , based conversion system (11) for the conversion of thermal energy into electrical current, and that the heat of condensation occurring in the thermodynamic cycle (10) is transmitted either to further heat consumers (7) or to an available on the object thermal heat sink (6) ,

2. Heating system according to claim 1, characterized in that the controller (12) balances between thermal energy production and thermal energy demand according to the formula:

E _H eiz (t) + Ewq (t) = Eww (t) + E _HW (t) + EτH _D γ (t) + E _remainder (t) is periodically determined and set, where

E _He i _Z : generated heat energy of the conventional heating system (2) E _Wq : heat energy supply of the heat source

Eww: Energy demand for service water E _{H \ ΛΛ} Energy demand for heating

E _THDY : Energy of the thermodynamic process for conversion into electrical energy (process exergy) E _Remainder : Condensation heat energy (process anergy) t: time.

3. Heating system according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a decisive for the efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle process (10) maximum temperature spread between the temperature level of the object available heat source (T _Wq ) and the temperature level of the object available heat sink (T _Ws ), in particular an air humidity heat exchanger, stored ambient cooling, is provided.

4. Heating system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that for the thermodynamic cycle (10) a medium is used, in which no negative pressure relative to the ambient pressure arises in the condensation temperature range, in particular R245fa.

5. Heating system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that one or more heat and / or cold storage (4) is thermally coupled to one or more heat energy generator circuits as well as one or more consumer circuits thermally / are.

6. Heating system according to claim 5, characterized in that the controller (12) a balance between thermal energy production and thermal energy demand according to the formula

E _H eiz (t) + E _W q (t) + EspOUT (t) = Eww (t) + E _HW (t) + ETHDY (t) + E _S p | _N (t) + E _remainder (t) periodically determined and sets, where

E _He i _Z : generated heat energy of the conventional heating system (2)

E _Wq : Heat energy supply of the heat source

Espouτ: heat energy to be stored

Eww: Energy demand for service water Energy demand for heating

E _THDY : Energy of the thermodynamic process for conversion into electrical energy (process exergy)

Esp iN ^ thermal energy to be taken from the heat accumulator E _remainder : condensation heat energy (process anergy). t: time.

7. Heating system according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that in the heat storage (4) or at the object available heat source (T _Wq ) prevailing low temperature level, which is higher than the temperature of the heat sink (T _Ws ), both for electricity production as also be used to generate heat by conventional heating system (2). existing low temperature level is further heated by the remaining temperature range up to a consumption-dependent setpoint temperature.

8. Heating system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that each heat generator (1) with each heat consumer (7), each heat storage (4) or with any other heat generator (1) direct heat exchange operates, in the case of different heat transfer medium preferably an opposite Heat transfer and in the case of the same heat transfer medium preferably a medium exchange is provided.

9. Heating system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by a to the thermodynamic cycle (501) coupled, linear conversion system (601) with one or more pressure cylinders (502), a linear generator (503), a filtering and rectifying unit (504 ) for the conversion of thermodynamic energy into electrical energy.

10. Heating system according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized by a to the thermodynamic cycle (701) coupled conversion system with a machine (702), in particular a scroll expander, for converting pressure energy into rotational energy, which by means of a generator (703) is converted into electrical energy.

11. Heating system according to claim 10, characterized in that the generator (703) is an RMT generator.

12. Heating system according to one of claims 9 to 11, characterized by a coupling of the conversion system (11) to a producer of battery charging voltages, in particular for lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles, or to a generator for voltages for the production of hydrogen by means of electrolysis.

13. Heating system according to one of claims 9 to 11, characterized by a coupling of the conversion system (11) to a chiller, wherein the kinetic energy generated by the conversion system (11) is used for cooling indoor air.

14. Heating system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by a direct thermal coupling of each heat generator (101) each heat consumer (103) and heat storage (102), in which a common heat transfer medium (100) is used repeatedly by the heat transfer medium (100) flows through each heat generator (101), so that no heat exchangers between the heat generator (101) are required, and in that the heat transfer medium (101), in each case coupled via a heat exchanger, is also used as a transport medium for transporting the heat energy generated to each heat consumer (103) and to and from the heat accumulator (102), the heat transfer medium preferably additionally or alternatively also being used as the storage medium ,

15. Heating system according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the controller (12) automatically determines on the basis of predetermined criteria in which or in which of the following characterized operating modes the heating system is operated: a) operating mode "Exclusive solar power production"