WO2009066911A2 - Gan-based light emitting diode having omnidirectional reflector with 3-dimensional structure and method for fabricating the same - Google Patents

Gan-based light emitting diode having omnidirectional reflector with 3-dimensional structure and method for fabricating the same Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009066911A2
WO2009066911A2 PCT/KR2008/006760 KR2008006760W WO2009066911A2 WO 2009066911 A2 WO2009066911 A2 WO 2009066911A2 KR 2008006760 W KR2008006760 W KR 2008006760W WO 2009066911 A2 WO2009066911 A2 WO 2009066911A2
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Prior art keywords
gan
substrate
quantum dots
structure including
omnidirectional reflector
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PCT/KR2008/006760
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French (fr)
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WO2009066911A3 (en
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Moon-Deock Kim
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Wooree Lst Co., Ltd.
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Publication of WO2009066911A3 publication Critical patent/WO2009066911A3/en

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L33/02—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies
    • H01L33/10—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a light reflecting structure, e.g. semiconductor Bragg reflector
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02104—Forming layers
    • H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
    • H01L21/02367—Substrates
    • H01L21/0237—Materials
    • H01L21/02373—Group 14 semiconducting materials
    • H01L21/02381—Silicon, silicon germanium, germanium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02104—Forming layers
    • H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
    • H01L21/02367—Substrates
    • H01L21/0237—Materials
    • H01L21/0242—Crystalline insulating materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02104—Forming layers
    • H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
    • H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
    • H01L21/02521—Materials
    • H01L21/02538—Group 13/15 materials
    • H01L21/0254—Nitrides
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02104—Forming layers
    • H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
    • H01L21/02518—Deposited layers
    • H01L21/02587—Structure
    • H01L21/0259—Microstructure
    • H01L21/02601—Nanoparticles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02104—Forming layers
    • H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
    • H01L21/02656—Special treatments
    • H01L21/02658—Pretreatments
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L33/02—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies
    • H01L33/04—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies with a quantum effect structure or superlattice, e.g. tunnel junction
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02104—Forming layers
    • H01L21/02365—Forming inorganic semiconducting materials on a substrate
    • H01L21/02436—Intermediate layers between substrates and deposited layers
    • H01L21/02439—Materials
    • H01L21/02455—Group 13/15 materials
    • H01L21/02458—Nitrides
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
    • H01L33/02—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies
    • H01L33/26—Materials of the light emitting region
    • H01L33/30—Materials of the light emitting region containing only elements of Group III and Group V of the Periodic Table
    • H01L33/32—Materials of the light emitting region containing only elements of Group III and Group V of the Periodic Table containing nitrogen

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a gallium nitride (GaN)-based light-emitting diode
  • LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3-dimensional (3D) structure
  • 3D 3-dimensional
  • a GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure and a method of manufacturing the same capable of increasing light extraction efficiency of the LED by forming an omnidirectional reflector without requiring a patterning process such as etching or a regrowth process.
  • a light-emitting diode (hereinafter, referred to as an LED) is a semiconductor device that converts electric current into light. Since a red LED using gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) as a semiconductor material was commercialized in 1962, a nitrogen-doped gallium phosphide (GaP:N) based green LED has been used as a display light source of an electronic device such as information and communication devices.
  • GaAsP gallium arsenide phosphide
  • GaP:N nitrogen-doped gallium phosphide
  • GaN gallium nitride
  • semiconductor layers for emitting green, blue, and white light can be manufactured by combining GaN with such elements as indium (In), aluminum (Al), etc.
  • the GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3-dimensional(3D) structure has been widely used in various fields such as flat panel displays, traffic lights, indoor lightings, high-resolution printing systems, and fiber optic communications.
  • the LED using the GaN-based semiconductor generally has a structure in which a
  • GaN-based semiconductor layer is formed on a substrate, and the GaN-based semiconductor layer includes an n-type cladding layer, an active layer, and a p-type cladding layer.
  • the photon is produced by recombination between an electron and a hole in the active layer, and light is produced as the photon escapes from the LED.
  • total internal reflection inside the LED has to be minimized. Because when all of the light produced from the active layer is reflected repeatedly from the p- type cladding layer, the n-type cladding layer, and the like, a phenomenon in which the light is absorbed in the LED occurs, and this degrades light extraction efficiency.
  • the photonic crystals are formed by performing an etching process on the surface of the p-type cladding layer or performing a deposition process on the p-type cladding layer. This means that additional processes are needed, and a significant decrease in yield occurs. Particularly, in the technique of forming the PSS on the substrate, both the etching process and the regrowth process are required to form the PSS. This causes an obstacle to yield improvement and increases manufacturing costs.
  • GaN GaN-based light-emitting diode
  • LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3-dimensionlal(3D) structure and a method of manufacturing the same, capable of increasing light extraction efficiency of the LED by forming an omnidirectional reflector without requiring a patterning process such as etching or a regrowth process.
  • GaN gallium nitride
  • LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3-dimensional(3D) structure, including: a substrate; an omnidirectional reflector which is formed on the substrate and has a 3D structure including quantum dots; and a GaN-based semiconductor layer formed on the substrate including the omnidirectional reflector.
  • the 3D structure may be made of group III-V compounds, and specifically, a compound of a group III element and nitrogen. More specifically, the 3D structure may be made of a material represented by a general formula In (Al Ga )N (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 x y 1-y
  • the 3D structure including quantum dots have a size of 5 nm to 10 ⁇ m.
  • the substrate may be a sapphire substrate or a silicon substrate, and the
  • GaN semiconductor layer may include an n-type cladding layer, a light-emitting layer, and a p-type cladding layer.
  • a diffuse reflection layer may be further formed on the p-type cladding layer, and the diffuse reflection layer may be photonic crystals.
  • the surface of the substrate may have a roughness of 1 nm to 10
  • a method of manufacturing a GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure including: preparing a sapphire substrate in a chamber; supplying a reactive gas including nitrogen to the chamber; and allowing the reactive gas including nitrogen to react with the sapphire substrate to form a StransM-Krastanov (SK) 3D structure.
  • SK StransM-Krastanov
  • the 3D structure may be made of aluminum nitride (AlN), and the reactive gas may be NH .
  • the surface of the sapphire substrate may be formed to have a roughness of 1 nm to 10 ⁇ m.
  • the 3D structure may be formed by one of thin film growth techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), atomic layer epitaxy (ALE), and vapor phase epitaxy (VPE).
  • MBE molecular beam epitaxy
  • MOCVD metal organic chemical vapor deposition
  • ALE atomic layer epitaxy
  • VPE vapor phase epitaxy
  • the method may further include a step of forming a GaN-based semiconductor layer on the entire surface of the substrate having the 3D structure in the state where the 3D structure is formed.
  • a method of manufacturing a GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure including: preparing a silicon substrate; stacking a group III element on the silicon substrate; supplying a reactive gas including nitrogen to a chamber in the state where the silicon substrate is provided in the chamber, and converting the reactive gas into the state of a plasma; and allowing reactions between the group III element and nitrogen or reactions between the group III element, nitrogen, and the silicon substrate to form a 3D structure on the silicon substrate.
  • the group III element may be aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), or indium (In), and the reaction gas including nitrogen may be N .
  • the 3D structure may be made of a material represented by a general formula In (Al Ga )N (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1). x y 1-y
  • a method of manufacturing a GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure including: preparing a silicon substrate; supplying a gas including a group III element and a reactive gas including a group V element to a chamber in the state where the silicon substrate is prepared in the chamber; and allowing reactions between the gas including the group III element, the reactive gas including the group V element, and the silicon substrate to form a 3D structure on the silicon substrate.
  • the reaction gas including the group V element may be N
  • the gas including the group III element may be a reactive gas including one or more of Al, Ga, and In.
  • the gallium nitride (GaN)-based light-emitting diode (LED) having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3-dimenasional(3D) structure and a method of manufacturing the same have the following advantageous effects.
  • the 3D structure including quantum dots of the omnidirectional reflector is self- assembled on the sapphire substrate or the silicon substrate, so that a patterning process such as etching or a regrowth process is not required. Therefore, it is possible to increase production yield and reduce manufacturing costs.
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view illustrating a configuration of a GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure according to an embodiment
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 are sectional views for explaining a method of manufacturing a GaN- based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure according to the embodiment.
  • FIGS. 4 to 8 are sectional views for explaining a method of manufacturing a GaN- based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure according to another embodiment.
  • GaN gallium nitride
  • LED light-emitting diode
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view illustrating a configuration of a GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure according to an embodiment.
  • the GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure includes a substrate 101 and a GaN- based semiconductor layer 110 formed on the substrate 101.
  • a sapphire (Al O ) substrate 101 or a silicon (Si) substrate 101 As the substrate 101, a sapphire (Al O ) substrate 101 or a silicon (Si) substrate 101
  • the omnidirectional reflector 120 includes a 3D structure including quantum dots (hereinafter, referred to as a 3D structure), or a surface 122 of the substrate 101 and the 3D structure 121 formed on the surface 122. This means that the omnidirectional reflector 120 has a 3D structure.
  • the 3D structure 121 is made of group III-V compounds. According to the embodiment, the 3D structure 121 may be made of a compound of a group III element and nitrogen, and more specifically, may be made of a material represented by a general formula In (Al Ga )N (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1). x y 1-y
  • the 3D structure 121 is formed by a reaction between a reactive gas including aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), and indium (In) or a reactive gas such as ammonia (NH ) and nitrogen gas (N ) and a material forming the substrate 101, that is, Al O or Si.
  • a reactive gas including aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), and indium (In) or a reactive gas such as ammonia (NH ) and nitrogen gas (N )
  • a material forming the substrate 101 reacts with the reactive gas, a space devoid of Al O or Si exists in the surface of the substrate 101. Accordingly, the surface of the substrate 101 becomes uneven and has a surface roughness of 1 nm to 10 ⁇ m.
  • the omnidirectional reflector 120 constituted by the 3D structure 121, or by the 3D structure 121 and the surface 122 of the substrate 101 having the surface roughness, serves to diffuse light produced from the GaN-based semiconductor layer 110.
  • a detailed description of the formation of the 3D structure 121 will be provided later in detail in a description for explaining the method of manufacturing the GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure.
  • the GaN-based semiconductor layer 110 has a structure in which an n-type cladding layer 111, an active layer 112, and a p-type cladding layer 113 are sequentially stacked, and the n-type cladding layer 111, the active layer 112, and the p-type cladding layer 113 may be made of materials represented by a general formula In (Al x y
  • impurities such as Si and magnesium (Mg) may be added thereto.
  • Si may be added to the n-type cladding layer 111
  • Mg may be added to the p-type cladding layer 113.
  • a buffer layer and an n-type contact layer may further be included between the substrate 101 and the n-type cladding layer 111, and a p-type contact layer may further be formed on the p-type cladding layer 113.
  • a diffuse reflection layer (not shown) may further be included.
  • the surface of the p-type cladding layer 113 may be allowed to have a predetermined roughness to serve as the diffuse reflection layer.
  • photonic crystals may be formed thereon to serve as the diffuse reflection layer.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 are sectional views for explaining a method of manufacturing the
  • FIGS. 4 to 8 are sectional views for explaining a method of manufacturing a GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure according to another embodiment.
  • a substrate a sapphire substrate is used, and according to the latter embodiment, a silicon substrate is used.
  • a sapphire substrate 101 is prepared as illustrated in FIG.2.
  • a 3D structure having quantum dots is formed on the sapphire substrate 101 by performing epitaxial growth such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), atomic layer epitaxy (ALE), and vapor phase epitaxy (VPE).
  • MBE molecular beam epitaxy
  • MOCVD metal organic chemical vapor deposition
  • ALE atomic layer epitaxy
  • VPE vapor phase epitaxy
  • the sapphire substrate 101 is provided in a chamber, and a reactive gas
  • NH is supplied to the chamber.
  • a reaction between the NH gas and Al O of the surface of the sapphire substrate 101 occurs as
  • the 3D structure 121 including quantum dots which is formed of aluminum nitride (AlN) (hereinafter, referred to as a 3D structure) is self-assembled on the sapphire substrate 101.
  • the 3D structure 121 may be formed into a shape of dome, pyramid, cylinder, disk, square, or the like.
  • 3 2 3 surface 122 of the sapphire substrate 101 having the roughness constitute the omnidi- rectional reflector 120.
  • a size of AlN that is, the 3D structure 121, density of an AlN distribution, and surface roughness of the sapphire substrate 101 may be controlled.
  • the 3D structure 121 have a size of 5 nm 10 ⁇ m.
  • the GaN-based semiconductor layer 110 is epitaxially grown on the entire surface of the sapphire substrate 101.
  • the GaN-based semiconductor layer 110 may be divided into a plurality of layers, and the plurality of layers include the buffer layer, the n-type contact layer, the n-type cladding layer 111, a light-emitting layer, the p-type cladding layer 113, and the p-type contact layer which are sequentially stacked.
  • the buffer layer, the n-type contact layer, and the p-type contact layer are not shown in the figure.
  • Each of the layers constituting the GaN-based semiconductor layer 110 is grown by MOCVD, MBE, or the like.
  • the buffer layer, the n-type contact layer, the n-type cladding layer 111, the light-emitting layer, the p-type cladding layer 113, and the p-type contact layer may be made of materials represented by the general formula In (Al Ga )N (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1). x y 1-y
  • a process of forming a transparent electrode, a p- electrode, and an n-electrode is performed in the state where the GaN-based semiconductor layer 110 is formed, and the method of manufacturing the GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure according to the embodiment is then completed.
  • a silicon substrate 101 is prepared. Thereafter, the 3D structure 121 is formed on the silicon substrate 101 by epitaxial growth.
  • the epitaxial growth any Mnd of thin film growth technique such as MBE, MOCVD, ALE, and StransM-Krastanov (SK) growth may be used.
  • metal such as Al, Ga, and In is deposited on the silicon substrate 101.
  • metal such as Al, Ga, and In is deposited on the silicon substrate 101.
  • two or more of the three Mnds of the metal Al, Ga, and In may be deposited together.
  • N gas is supplied to the chamber, and the N gas is converted into the state of a plasma to react with one or more Mnds of the metal Al, Ga, and In.
  • reactions between the one or more Mnds of the metal Al, Ga, and In, N, and the silicon substrate 101 may occur.
  • the 3D structure 121 made of a material represented by the general formula In (Al Ga )N (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1) is formed.
  • the 3D structure 121 serves as x y 1-y the omnidirectional reflector 120.
  • a method of forming the 3D structure 121 by using a reactive gas including one or more of Al, Ga, and In may be used.
  • the reactive gas including one or more of Al, Ga, and In and the N 2 gas are supplied to the chamber.
  • the reactive gas including one or more of Al, Ga, and In and the N gas are converted into the state of a plasma so as to enable the one or more of Al, Ga, and In and N react with Si of the surface of the silicon substrate 101, thereby forming the 3D structure 121 made of a material represented by the general formula In (Al Ga )N (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1). x y 1-y
  • the GaN-based semiconductor layer 110 is formed on the entire surface of the silicon substrate 101 having the 3D structure. Conditions in the processes for manufacturing the GaN-based semiconductor layer 110 correspond to those for manufacturing the GaN-based semiconductor layer 110 according to the former embodiment.
  • a process of forming a transparent electrode, a p- electrode, and an n-electrode is performed in the state where the GaN-based semiconductor layer 110 is formed, and the method of manufacturing the GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure according to the latter embodiment is then completed.
  • the gallium nitride (GaN)-based light-emitting diode (LED) having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure disclosed herein may be widely used in various fields such as flat panel displays, traffic lights, indoor lightings, high-resolution printing systems, and fiber optic communications.
  • GaN gallium nitride
  • LED light-emitting diode

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Abstract

Provided are a gallium nitride (GaN)-based light-emitting diode (LED) having an omnidi¬ rectional reflector with a 3-dimensional (3D) structure and a method of manufacturing the same, capable of increasing light extraction efficiency of the LED by forming an omnidirectional reflector without requiring a patterning process such as etching or a regrowth process. The GaN- based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure includes a substrate; an om¬ nidirectional reflector which is formed on the substrate and has a 3D structure including quantum dots; and a GaN-based semiconductor layer formed on the substrate including the omnidirectional reflector.

Description

Description
GAN-BASED LIGHT EMITTING DIODE HAVING OMNIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTOR WITH 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE AND METHOD FOR FABRICATING THE
SAME Technical Field
[1] The present invention relates to a gallium nitride (GaN)-based light-emitting diode
(LED) having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3-dimensional (3D) structure, and more particularly, to a GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure and a method of manufacturing the same, capable of increasing light extraction efficiency of the LED by forming an omnidirectional reflector without requiring a patterning process such as etching or a regrowth process.
[2]
Background Art
[3] A light-emitting diode (hereinafter, referred to as an LED) is a semiconductor device that converts electric current into light. Since a red LED using gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) as a semiconductor material was commercialized in 1962, a nitrogen-doped gallium phosphide (GaP:N) based green LED has been used as a display light source of an electronic device such as information and communication devices.
[4] Recently, an LED using a gallium nitride (GaN)-based semiconductor has been spotlighted. One of the reasons is that semiconductor layers for emitting green, blue, and white light can be manufactured by combining GaN with such elements as indium (In), aluminum (Al), etc. The GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3-dimensional(3D) structure has been widely used in various fields such as flat panel displays, traffic lights, indoor lightings, high-resolution printing systems, and fiber optic communications.
[5] The LED using the GaN-based semiconductor generally has a structure in which a
GaN-based semiconductor layer is formed on a substrate, and the GaN-based semiconductor layer includes an n-type cladding layer, an active layer, and a p-type cladding layer. In this structure, the photon is produced by recombination between an electron and a hole in the active layer, and light is produced as the photon escapes from the LED. [6] Here, in order for the light produced from the active layer of the LED to escape from the LED easily, total internal reflection inside the LED has to be minimized. Because when all of the light produced from the active layer is reflected repeatedly from the p- type cladding layer, the n-type cladding layer, and the like, a phenomenon in which the light is absorbed in the LED occurs, and this degrades light extraction efficiency.
[7] In order to prevent the above and other problems, a technique for forming a diffuse reflection layer inside an LED to enhance the light extraction efficiency has been proposed. As a representative technique, there are 1) a method of forming a diffuse reflection layer into a hexagonal shape on a surface of a p-type cladding layer by performing etching on the surface of the p-type cladding layer [Wei Chin Peng and YewChung Sermon Wu, Applied Physics Letters 88, 181117 (2006)], 2) a method of forming photonic crystals on a p-type cladding layer [Ya-Ju Lee, Hao-Chung Kuo, Tien-Chang Lu and Shing-Chung Wang, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics , 42(12), 1196 (2006)], and 3) a method of forming a patterned sapphire substrate (PSS) on a surface of a sapphire substrate and forming a diffuse reflection layer on a surface of a p-type cladding layer [Hung- Wen Hung, C. C. Kao, J. T. Chu, H. C. Kuo, S. C. Wang, C. C. Yu, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 17(5), 983 (2005)].
[8] However, in the aforementioned techniques, the photonic crystals are formed by performing an etching process on the surface of the p-type cladding layer or performing a deposition process on the p-type cladding layer. This means that additional processes are needed, and a significant decrease in yield occurs. Particularly, in the technique of forming the PSS on the substrate, both the etching process and the regrowth process are required to form the PSS. This causes an obstacle to yield improvement and increases manufacturing costs.
[9]
Disclosure of Invention Technical Problem
[10] In order to solve the above and other problems, there is provided a gallium nitride
(GaN)-based light-emitting diode (LED) having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3-dimensionlal(3D) structure and a method of manufacturing the same, capable of increasing light extraction efficiency of the LED by forming an omnidirectional reflector without requiring a patterning process such as etching or a regrowth process.
[H]
Technical Solution [12] In an aspect, there is provided a gallium nitride (GaN)-based light-emitting diode
(LED) having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3-dimensional(3D) structure, including: a substrate; an omnidirectional reflector which is formed on the substrate and has a 3D structure including quantum dots; and a GaN-based semiconductor layer formed on the substrate including the omnidirectional reflector.
[13] The 3D structure may be made of group III-V compounds, and specifically, a compound of a group III element and nitrogen. More specifically, the 3D structure may be made of a material represented by a general formula In (Al Ga )N (0 <x <1, 0 x y 1-y
<y <1). In addition, it is preferred that the 3D structure including quantum dots have a size of 5 nm to 10 μm.
[14] In addition, the substrate may be a sapphire substrate or a silicon substrate, and the
GaN semiconductor layer may include an n-type cladding layer, a light-emitting layer, and a p-type cladding layer. In addition, a diffuse reflection layer may be further formed on the p-type cladding layer, and the diffuse reflection layer may be photonic crystals. In addition, the surface of the substrate may have a roughness of 1 nm to 10
/M.
[15] In another aspect, there is provided a method of manufacturing a GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure, including: preparing a sapphire substrate in a chamber; supplying a reactive gas including nitrogen to the chamber; and allowing the reactive gas including nitrogen to react with the sapphire substrate to form a StransM-Krastanov (SK) 3D structure.
[16] The 3D structure may be made of aluminum nitride (AlN), and the reactive gas may be NH . In addition, the surface of the sapphire substrate may be formed to have a roughness of 1 nm to 10 μm.
[17] In addition, the 3D structure may be formed by one of thin film growth techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), atomic layer epitaxy (ALE), and vapor phase epitaxy (VPE).
[18] In addition, the method may further include a step of forming a GaN-based semiconductor layer on the entire surface of the substrate having the 3D structure in the state where the 3D structure is formed.
[19] In another aspect, there is provided a method of manufacturing a GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure including: preparing a silicon substrate; stacking a group III element on the silicon substrate; supplying a reactive gas including nitrogen to a chamber in the state where the silicon substrate is provided in the chamber, and converting the reactive gas into the state of a plasma; and allowing reactions between the group III element and nitrogen or reactions between the group III element, nitrogen, and the silicon substrate to form a 3D structure on the silicon substrate.
[20] The group III element may be aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), or indium (In), and the reaction gas including nitrogen may be N . The 3D structure may be made of a material represented by a general formula In (Al Ga )N (0 <x <1, 0 <y <1). x y 1-y
[21] In another aspect, there is provided a method of manufacturing a GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure including: preparing a silicon substrate; supplying a gas including a group III element and a reactive gas including a group V element to a chamber in the state where the silicon substrate is prepared in the chamber; and allowing reactions between the gas including the group III element, the reactive gas including the group V element, and the silicon substrate to form a 3D structure on the silicon substrate.
[22] The reaction gas including the group V element may be N , and the gas including the group III element may be a reactive gas including one or more of Al, Ga, and In.
Advantageous Effects
[23] The gallium nitride (GaN)-based light-emitting diode (LED) having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3-dimenasional(3D) structure and a method of manufacturing the same have the following advantageous effects.
[24] The 3D structure including quantum dots of the omnidirectional reflector is self- assembled on the sapphire substrate or the silicon substrate, so that a patterning process such as etching or a regrowth process is not required. Therefore, it is possible to increase production yield and reduce manufacturing costs.
[25]
Brief Description of Drawings
[26] Description will now be made in detail with reference to certain example embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings which are given hereinbelow by way of illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the gallium nitride (GaN)-based light-emitting diode (LED) having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure and the method of manufacturing the same disclosed herein, and wherein:
[27] FIG. 1 is a sectional view illustrating a configuration of a GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure according to an embodiment;
[28] FIGS. 2 and 3 are sectional views for explaining a method of manufacturing a GaN- based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure according to the embodiment; and
[29] FIGS. 4 to 8 are sectional views for explaining a method of manufacturing a GaN- based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure according to another embodiment.
[30] It should be understood that the appended drawings are not necessarily to scale, presenting a somewhat simplified representation of various preferred features illustrative of the basic principles. The specific design features as disclosed herein, including, for example, specific dimensions, orientations, locations, and shapes will be determined in part by the particular intended application and use environment.
[31] In the figures, reference numbers refer to the same or equivalent parts thought the figures of the drawing.
[32]
Best Mode for Carrying out the Invention
[33] Hereinafter, reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments of a gallium nitride (GaN)-based light-emitting diode (LED) having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure and a method of manufacturing the same disclosed herein, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described below. While the invention will be described in conjunction with example embodiments, it will be understood that the present description is not intended to limit the GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure and the method of manufacturing the same disclosed herein to those example embodiments. On the contrary, this disclosure is intended to cover not only the example embodiments, but also various alternatives, modifications, equivalents and other embodiments, which may be included within the spirit and scope as defined by the appended claims.
[34] FIG. 1 is a sectional view illustrating a configuration of a GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure according to an embodiment.
[35] As illustrated in FIG. 1, the GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure according to the embodiment includes a substrate 101 and a GaN- based semiconductor layer 110 formed on the substrate 101.
[36] As the substrate 101, a sapphire (Al O ) substrate 101 or a silicon (Si) substrate 101
2 3 may be used, and an omnidirectional reflector 120 is formed on an upper entire surface of the substrate 101. The omnidirectional reflector 120 includes a 3D structure including quantum dots (hereinafter, referred to as a 3D structure), or a surface 122 of the substrate 101 and the 3D structure 121 formed on the surface 122. This means that the omnidirectional reflector 120 has a 3D structure. [37] The 3D structure 121 is made of group III-V compounds. According to the embodiment, the 3D structure 121 may be made of a compound of a group III element and nitrogen, and more specifically, may be made of a material represented by a general formula In (Al Ga )N (0 <x <1, 0 <y <1). x y 1-y
[38] The 3D structure 121 is formed by a reaction between a reactive gas including aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), and indium (In) or a reactive gas such as ammonia (NH ) and nitrogen gas (N ) and a material forming the substrate 101, that is, Al O or Si. As the material forming the substrate 101 reacts with the reactive gas, a space devoid of Al O or Si exists in the surface of the substrate 101. Accordingly, the surface of the substrate 101 becomes uneven and has a surface roughness of 1 nm to 10 μm.
[39] The omnidirectional reflector 120 constituted by the 3D structure 121, or by the 3D structure 121 and the surface 122 of the substrate 101 having the surface roughness, serves to diffuse light produced from the GaN-based semiconductor layer 110. A detailed description of the formation of the 3D structure 121 will be provided later in detail in a description for explaining the method of manufacturing the GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure.
[40] The GaN-based semiconductor layer 110 has a structure in which an n-type cladding layer 111, an active layer 112, and a p-type cladding layer 113 are sequentially stacked, and the n-type cladding layer 111, the active layer 112, and the p-type cladding layer 113 may be made of materials represented by a general formula In (Al x y
Ga )N (0 <x <1, 0 <y <1). In order to allow the n-type cladding layer 111 and the p- l-y type cladding layer 113 to have a conductive property, impurities such as Si and magnesium (Mg) may be added thereto. For example, Si may be added to the n-type cladding layer 111, and Mg may be added to the p-type cladding layer 113. Here, although not shown in the figure, as components of the GaN-based semiconductor layer 110, a buffer layer and an n-type contact layer may further be included between the substrate 101 and the n-type cladding layer 111, and a p-type contact layer may further be formed on the p-type cladding layer 113.
[41] In addition to the omnidirectional reflector 120 having the 3D structure 121, a diffuse reflection layer (not shown) may further be included. For example, by performing a wet etching on a surface of the p-type cladding layer 113, the surface of the p-type cladding layer 113 may be allowed to have a predetermined roughness to serve as the diffuse reflection layer. Otherwise, by performing a deposition process on the p-type cladding layer 113, photonic crystals may be formed thereon to serve as the diffuse reflection layer. [42] The configuration of the GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a
3D structure according to the embodiment has been described. Now, a method of manufacturing the GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure will be described.
[43] FIGS. 2 and 3 are sectional views for explaining a method of manufacturing the
GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure according to the aforedescribed embodiment. FIGS. 4 to 8 are sectional views for explaining a method of manufacturing a GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure according to another embodiment. According to the former embodiment, as a substrate, a sapphire substrate is used, and according to the latter embodiment, a silicon substrate is used.
[44] In the method of manufacturing the GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure according to the former embodiment, a sapphire substrate 101 is prepared as illustrated in FIG.2. In the state where the sapphire substrate 101 is prepared, a 3D structure having quantum dots is formed on the sapphire substrate 101 by performing epitaxial growth such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), atomic layer epitaxy (ALE), and vapor phase epitaxy (VPE).
[45] Specifically, the sapphire substrate 101 is provided in a chamber, and a reactive gas
NH is supplied to the chamber. When NH is supplied to the chamber, a reaction between the NH gas and Al O of the surface of the sapphire substrate 101 occurs as
3 2 3 represented in Reaction Formula 1 as follows. As a result, the 3D structure 121 including quantum dots which is formed of aluminum nitride (AlN) (hereinafter, referred to as a 3D structure) is self-assembled on the sapphire substrate 101. The 3D structure 121 may be formed into a shape of dome, pyramid, cylinder, disk, square, or the like.
[46] Reaction Formula 1
[47] Al O + 2NH → 2AlN + 3H O
2 3 3 2
[48] Here, as Al O of the surface of the sapphire substrate 101 reacts with NH , a space devoid of Al O is generated from the surface of the sapphire substrate 101. As the
2 3 space devoid of Al O is formed over the entire surface of the sapphire substrate 101,
2 3 the surface 122 of the sapphire substrate 101 becomes uneven, and has a surface roughness of 1 nm to 10 μm. [49] The 3D structure 121 formed by the reaction between the NH gas and Al O and the
3 2 3 surface 122 of the sapphire substrate 101 having the roughness constitute the omnidi- rectional reflector 120. Here, by controlling an amount of the NH gas and a temperature of the sapphire substrate 101, a size of AlN, that is, the 3D structure 121, density of an AlN distribution, and surface roughness of the sapphire substrate 101 may be controlled. For reference, it is preferred that the 3D structure 121 have a size of 5 nm 10 μm.
[50] In the state where the 3D structure 121 is formed on the sapphire substrate 101, as illustrated in FIG. 3, a process of depositing the GaN-based semiconductor layer 110 on the entire surface of the sapphire substrate 101 with the 3D structure 121 is performed.
[51] Specifically, the GaN-based semiconductor layer 110 is epitaxially grown on the entire surface of the sapphire substrate 101. The GaN-based semiconductor layer 110 may be divided into a plurality of layers, and the plurality of layers include the buffer layer, the n-type contact layer, the n-type cladding layer 111, a light-emitting layer, the p-type cladding layer 113, and the p-type contact layer which are sequentially stacked. The buffer layer, the n-type contact layer, and the p-type contact layer are not shown in the figure. Each of the layers constituting the GaN-based semiconductor layer 110 is grown by MOCVD, MBE, or the like. Here, the buffer layer, the n-type contact layer, the n-type cladding layer 111, the light-emitting layer, the p-type cladding layer 113, and the p-type contact layer may be made of materials represented by the general formula In (Al Ga )N (0 <x <1, 0 <y <1). x y 1-y
[52] Although not shown in the figure, a process of forming a transparent electrode, a p- electrode, and an n-electrode is performed in the state where the GaN-based semiconductor layer 110 is formed, and the method of manufacturing the GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure according to the embodiment is then completed.
[53] Next, a method of manufacturing a GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure according to the latter embodiment will be described.
[54] First, as illustrated in FIG. 4, a silicon substrate 101 is prepared. Thereafter, the 3D structure 121 is formed on the silicon substrate 101 by epitaxial growth. For the epitaxial growth, any Mnd of thin film growth technique such as MBE, MOCVD, ALE, and StransM-Krastanov (SK) growth may be used.
[55] Specifically, in the growth technique, metal such as Al, Ga, and In is deposited on the silicon substrate 101. Here, two or more of the three Mnds of the metal Al, Ga, and In may be deposited together. Thereafter, in a predetermined chamber, while the silicon substrate 101 is provided, N gas is supplied to the chamber, and the N gas is converted into the state of a plasma to react with one or more Mnds of the metal Al, Ga, and In. Here, in addition to reactions between the one or more Mnds of the metal Al, Ga, and In and N, reactions between the one or more Mnds of the metal Al, Ga, and In, N, and the silicon substrate 101 may occur. [56] Accordingly, the 3D structure 121 made of a material represented by the general formula In (Al Ga )N (0 <x <1, 0 <y <1) is formed. The 3D structure 121 serves as x y 1-y the omnidirectional reflector 120. [57] In addition to the method of forming the 3D structure using the metal Al, Ga, or In as described above, a method of forming the 3D structure 121 by using a reactive gas including one or more of Al, Ga, and In may be used. [58] Specifically, while the silicon substrate 101 is prepared in the chamber, as illustrated in FIG. 7, the reactive gas including one or more of Al, Ga, and In and the N 2 gas are supplied to the chamber. Thereafter, the reactive gas including one or more of Al, Ga, and In and the N gas are converted into the state of a plasma so as to enable the one or more of Al, Ga, and In and N react with Si of the surface of the silicon substrate 101, thereby forming the 3D structure 121 made of a material represented by the general formula In (Al Ga )N (0 <x <1, 0 <y <1). x y 1-y
[59] Using one of the two aforementioned methods, while the 3D structure 121 is formed on the silicon substrate 101, as illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 8, the GaN-based semiconductor layer 110 is formed on the entire surface of the silicon substrate 101 having the 3D structure. Conditions in the processes for manufacturing the GaN-based semiconductor layer 110 correspond to those for manufacturing the GaN-based semiconductor layer 110 according to the former embodiment.
[60] Although not shown in the figure, a process of forming a transparent electrode, a p- electrode, and an n-electrode is performed in the state where the GaN-based semiconductor layer 110 is formed, and the method of manufacturing the GaN-based LED having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure according to the latter embodiment is then completed.
[61]
Industrial Applicability
[62] The gallium nitride (GaN)-based light-emitting diode (LED) having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure disclosed herein may be widely used in various fields such as flat panel displays, traffic lights, indoor lightings, high-resolution printing systems, and fiber optic communications.
[63]
[64] Description was made in detail with reference to example embodiments. Fbwever, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes may be made in these embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the gallium nitride (GaN)-based light-emitting diode (LED) having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3D structure and the method of manufacturing the same disclosed herein, the scope of which is defined in the accompanying claims and their equivalents.

Claims

Claims
[I] A gallium nitride (GaN)-based light-emitting diode (LED) having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3-dimensional (3D) structure, comprising: a substrate; an omnidirectional reflector which is formed on the substrate and has a 3D structure including quantum dots; and a GaN-based semiconductor layer formed on the substrate including the omnidirectional reflector. [2] The GaN-based LED according to claim 1, wherein the 3D structure including quantum dots is made of group III- V compounds. [3] The GaN-based LED according to claim 1, wherein the 3D structure including quantum dots is a compound of a group III element and nitrogen. [4] The GaN-based LED according to claim 1, wherein the 3D structure including quantum dots is made of a material represented by a general formula In (Al Ga
)N (0 ≤x <l, 0 ≤y <l). [5] The GaN-based LED according to claim 1, wherein the 3D structure including quantum dots has a size of 5 nm to 10 μm. [6] The GaN-based LED according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is a sapphire substrate or a silicon substrate. [7] The GaN-based LED according to claim 1, wherein the GaN semiconductor layer includes an n-type cladding layer, a light-emitting layer, and a p-type cladding layer. [8] The GaN-based LED according to claim 7, wherein a diffuse reflection layer is further formed on the p-type cladding layer. [9] The GaN-based LED according to claim 8, wherein the diffuse reflection layer comprises photonic crystals. [10] The GaN-based LED according to claim 1, wherein the omnidirectional reflector is constituted by the 3D structure including quantum dots and a surface of the substrate.
[I I] The GaN-based LED according to claim 1 or claim 10, wherein the surface of the substrate has a roughness of 1 nm to 10 μm.
[12] A method of manufacturing a gallium nitride (GaN)-based light-emitting diode
(LED) having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3-dimensional (3D) structure, comprising: preparing a sapphire substrate in a chamber; supplying a reactive gas including nitrogen to the chamber; and allowing the reactive gas including nitrogen to react with the sapphire substrate to form a 3D structure including quantum dots. [13] The method according to claim 12, wherein the 3D structure including quantum dots is made of aluminum nitride (AlN).
[14] The method according to claim 12, wherein the reactive gas is NH .
[15] The method according to claim 12, wherein the surface of the sapphire substrate is formed to have a surface roughness of 1 nm to 10 μm. [16] The method according to claim 12, wherein the size of the 3D structure including quantum dots is in the range of from 5 nm to 10 μm. [17] The method according to claim 12, further comprising forming a GaN-based semiconductor layer on the entire surface of the substrate having the 3D structure in the state where the 3D structure including quantum dots is formed. [18] A method of manufacturing a gallium nitride (GaN)-based light-emitting diode
(LED) having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3-dimensional (3D) structure comprising: preparing a silicon substrate; stacking a group III element on a silicon substrate; supplying a reactive gas including nitrogen to a chamber in the state where the silicon substrate is provided in the chamber, and converting the reactive gas into the state of a plasma; and allowing reactions between the group III element and nitrogen or reactions between the group III element, nitrogen, and the silicon substrate to form a 3D structure including quantum dots on the silicon substrate. [19] The method according to claim 18, wherein the group III element is aluminum
(Al), gallium (Ga), or indium (In). [20] The method according to claim 18, wherein the reaction gas including nitrogen is
N 2.
[21] The method according to claim 18, wherein the 3D structure including quantum dots is made of a material represented by a general formula In (Al Ga )N (0 <x x y 1-y
<l, 0 ≤y ≤ l). [22] The method according to claim 18, wherein the 3D structure including quantum dots has a size of 5 nm to 10 μm. [23] The method according to claim 18, further comprising forming a GaN-based semiconductor layer on the entire surface of the substrate having the 3D structure in the state where the 3D structure including quantum dots is formed. [24] A method of manufacturing a gallium nitride (GaN)-based light-emitting diode
(LED) having an omnidirectional reflector with a 3-dimensional (3D) structure comprising: preparing a silicon substrate; supplying a gas including a group III element and a reactive gas including a group V element to a chamber in the state where the silicon substrate is prepared in the chamber; and allowing reactions between the gas including the group III element, the reactive gas including the group V element, and the silicon substrate to form a 3D structure including quantum dots on the silicon substrate. [25] The method according to claim 24, wherein the reaction gas including the group
V element is N .
2
[26] The method according to claim 24, wherein the gas including the group III element is a reactive gas including one or more of Al, Ga, and In.
[27] The method according to claim 24, wherein the 3D structure including quantum dots is made of a material represented by a general formula In (Al Ga )N (0 <x x y 1-y
<l, 0 ≤y ≤l). [28] The method according to claim 24, wherein the size of the 3D structure including quantum dots is in the range of from 5 nm to 10 μm. [29] The method according to claim 24, further comprising forming a GaN-based semiconductor layer on the entire surface of the substrate having the 3D structure in the state where the 3D structure including quantum dots is formed.
PCT/KR2008/006760 2007-11-21 2008-11-17 Gan-based light emitting diode having omnidirectional reflector with 3-dimensional structure and method for fabricating the same WO2009066911A2 (en)

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