Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
  • G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
  • G03H1/32—Systems for obtaining speckle elimination
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
  • G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
  • G03H1/22—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms
  • G03H1/2202—Reconstruction geometries or arrangements
  • G03H1/2205—Reconstruction geometries or arrangements using downstream optical component
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
  • G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
  • G03H1/22—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms
  • G03H1/2294—Addressing the hologram to an active spatial light modulator
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
  • G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
  • G03H1/22—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms
  • G03H1/2202—Reconstruction geometries or arrangements
  • G03H2001/2236—Details of the viewing window
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
  • G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
  • G03H1/22—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms
  • G03H1/2202—Reconstruction geometries or arrangements
  • G03H2001/2236—Details of the viewing window
  • G03H2001/2242—Multiple viewing windows
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
  • G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto
  • G03H1/22—Processes or apparatus for obtaining an optical image from holograms
  • G03H1/2286—Particular reconstruction light ; Beam properties
  • G03H2001/2292—Using scanning means
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
  • G03H2223/00—Optical components
  • G03H2223/18—Prism
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
  • G03H2223/00—Optical components
  • G03H2223/19—Microoptic array, e.g. lens array
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
  • G03H2223/00—Optical components
  • G03H2223/20—Birefringent optical element, e.g. wave plate
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
  • G03H2227/00—Mechanical components or mechanical aspects not otherwise provided for
  • G03H2227/03—Means for moving one component

Definitions

• the invention relates to a display for the holographic reconstruction of a three-dimensional scene, which has an improved reconstruction quality by reducing speckle patterns.
• Field of application of the invention are e.g. holographic display devices designed as holographic displays, with which the generation, storage and reconstruction of holograms of the three-dimensional scene using coherent laser light takes place in real time or near real-time.
• the reconstruction of the scene in such a display is seen from a visibility area, which is also referred to as a viewer window, in a reconstruction room.
• a three-dimensional scene is programmatically broken down into cutting planes for holographic reconstruction, each containing a plurality of object points of this scene.
• the object points characterize the respective cut surface as well as the spatial scene in the sum of all surfaces.
• a computer generated hologram is calculated from the object points as a 2D array of generally complex values represented in a light modulation means.
• the light modulating means has regularly arranged controllable elements for modulating the wavefronts of the incident coherent light with the complex values of the encoded scene.
• the reconstruction of the scene is controlled by system control means Reconstruction space generated.
• the wavefronts of the reconstructed object points are coherently superimposed in the observer window. There, a viewer sees from an eye position the resulting reconstruction of the scene in the reconstruction space, which is spanned between the observer window and a modulation means or screen.
• a reconstruction of the scene can also be generated by calculating a CGH from the individual object points and writing them as a sub-hologram in a separate area of the light modulation means.
• the phase distribution of the complex values in the region of the sub-hologram then corresponds approximately to a holographically coded lens function, which reconstructs this one object point at its focal point.
• the focal length of this lens depends on the axial distance of the object point to the light modulation means or screen.
• the magnitude of the complex values, ie the amplitude is approximately constant over the extent of the sub-hologram and depends in its size on the axial distance of the object point to the screen or light modulation means and on the intensity of the object point.
• the complex transparency values inscribed there change the amplitude and / or phase of the light.
• the object point is reconstructed. Outside the sub-hologram, this object point in the light modulation means has the value zero, ie it is reproduced only by this sub-hologram.
• the overall coded hologram of the scene is obtained by adding up the complex values of the individual sub-holograms.
• object points are assembled according to specific criteria into object point groups, which are each time sequentially represented as a CGH. In this case, their wavefronts are overlaid incoherently in the observer window and produce a resulting reconstruction of the scene in the reconstruction space.
• the viewer can either look at a light modulation means in which a hologram of the scene is directly encoded and which serves as a screen. This is called a direct-view setup.
• the viewer can look at a screen onto which an image of the hologram values coded in the light modulation means is projected. This is called projection construction.
• the eye positions of observers are determined in a known manner by a position finder, which is program-technically, ie software-coupled, with a memory means and a computing unit and a system control means.
• a position finder which is program-technically, ie software-coupled, with a memory means and a computing unit and a system control means.
• the information of the object points required for calculating the CGH of the scene is also stored in data records as a look-up table.
• the viewer window in front of a display means is sized and generally corresponds to the size of an eye pupil.
• a viewer window is formed either by the direct or inverse Fourier transform or Fresnel transform of a hologram coded into a light modulation means or as an image of a wavefront coded in the light modulation means in a plane of a viewer's space.
• the observer window comprises only a single diffraction order of a periodic reconstruction of the scene.
• the plane may be a focal plane of a focus means, or the image plane of a light source.
• the hologram or the wavefront are calculated from the scene in such a way that, within the one diffraction order used as the visibility region, any crosstalk between the observer's eyes, which usually occurs in reconstructions using light modulators, is prevented.
• any crosstalk between the observer's eyes which usually occurs in reconstructions using light modulators, is prevented.
• the holograms or to generate the complex wavefronts of the scene serve the pixels of spatial light modulators, the For example, as LCD, LCoS, etc. are executed and modulate the phase and / or the amplitude of the incident light.
• the refresh rate of the light modulation means must be sufficiently large.
• the coherence property of the laser produces patterns in the observer plane which are known as speckle patterns or else granulation. This is understood to mean a granulation-like interference pattern that results from the interference of many light waves with statistically irregularly distributed phase differences. It disturbs the viewing of the reconstruction of the scene and produces a spatial noise there.
• Reduction of the speckle patterns can in principle be achieved by temporally and / or spatially averaging reconstructions of the scene in the viewer's eye. In doing so, the observer's eye always averages several reconstructions with different types of bacon patterns that are shown to him, whereby a smoothing of the contours of the reconstructed scene is perceived.
• the object of the invention is to realize in a holographic display with a viewer window on the averaging process for reducing Specklemustern by simple means and without much effort.
• coherent light-generating light source means and commercially available light modulating agents are to be used. It is not necessary to use light modulation means with fast switching time.
• Reducing speckle patterns is the basis of this invention based on the averaging of reconstructions of the three-dimensional scene by viewer eyes based methods already described by the Applicant.
• the methods are based on making a 3D scene out of objects and these in turn
• the object is achieved in that in the reconstruction beam path of a holographic display means for temporal or spatial displacement of the modulated wavefronts of the object points are provided which multiply the reconstruction of each object point and the shifted modulated wavefronts in the eye of at least one observer with incoherent superimpose itself.
• a holographic display means for temporal or spatial displacement of the modulated wavefronts of the object points are provided which multiply the reconstruction of each object point and the shifted modulated wavefronts in the eye of at least one observer with incoherent superimpose itself.
• the multiplication of the reconstruction of each object point takes place at least twice in two mutually perpendicular directions.
• the following means for shifting and superimposing the invention are independent of each other institutions, but some of which can also be combined with each other to solve the problem. According to the invention, they can shift the superimposed object points time-sequentially or spatially with themselves and superimpose them.
• a mirror is provided, which is arranged at a predetermined angle to the optical axis of the light modulation means and to move both along the optical axis and in the lateral direction.
• a prism matrix is provided in a further embodiment in a plane parallel to the plane of the light modulation means, which is to be moved both along the optical axis of the light modulation means and in the lateral direction.
• a variably controllable prism pair is provided in a plane parallel to the light modulation means, in which the refraction angles of the prisms are time-sequentially varied with high switching frequency between at least two values.
• the modulated wavefront of each object point can be displaced at least once with itself, laterally displaced into a viewer's eye and superimposed there.
• controllable pairs of prisms are regularly arranged in a matrix for shifting the modulated wavefronts, wherein the angle of refraction of the prisms can be variably controlled in time sequential manner with a high switching frequency between at least two values.
• the display is designed as a holographic projection display in which a variably controllable prism is arranged centrally in a Fourierbene, which is also the front focal plane of a reconstruction optics.
• a matrix of rhombic prisms is provided adjacent to the light modulation means in combination with a polarization switch.
• a dual combination of rhombic prism matrix and polarization switch is disposed adjacent to the light modulation means for 2D displacement of the modulated wavefronts.
• the light modulation means is followed by a first optical component made of a birefringent material in combination with a polarization switch followed by a second optical component of birefringent material.
• the birefringent material is preferably designed in two parts.
• the polarization switch can be designed as an active means in the form of a Faraday cell or as a passive means in the form of a ⁇ / 2 plate.
• a combination of two Bragg gratings with intermediate spacer for lateral one-dimensional displacement of the modulated wavefronts parallel to the original propagation direction in the reconstruction beam path is provided.
• the modulated wavefront of an object point is given a sequential two-dimensional displacement by the combination of the Bragg gratings with the spacer and an additional 90 ° polarization switch.
• the Bragg gratings are combined with a 45 ° polarizer to break the modulated wavefront of each reconstructed object point into two components perpendicular to one another and simultaneously to displace one-dimensionally against each other.
• each modulated wavefront receives a 2D shift in that at least one Bragg grating is inscribed in a volume hologram for one direction and at least one Bragg grating in a volume hologram for another direction.
• two volume holograms with inscribed Bragg gratings are arranged relative to one another in such a way that a resulting pattern is generated for each two-dimensionally multiplied object point, in which two adjacent object points are superimposed in such a way that they have mutually perpendicular polarization p and s to be reconstructed incoherently with each other.
• At least one Bragg grating is required for the multiplication of the object points in one direction.
• a seventh embodiment of the invention is for the color reconstruction of the scene with the three primary colors RGB, the combination of the two Bragg gratings with
• the color reconstruction of the scene with the three primary colors RGB is the
• 1 is a graphical representation of the superposition of two diffraction images of a single object point on the retina of the eye
• FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of two reconstructed object points in FIG.
• FIG. 3a, 3b show a first exemplary embodiment for shifting the modulated wavefronts with a) a movable mirror and b) a movable prism
• FIG. 4a, 4b a second embodiment example for moving the modulated
• FIG. 5 shows a third embodiment with a arranged in a Fourier level controllable prism
• Fig. 6a, 6b a fourth embodiment with a) a matrix rhombic
• Fig. 7 shows a fifth embodiment example with a two-part executed birefringent material in combination with a
• Figure 8 shows a sixth embodiment example with two Bragg gratings, which are separated by a spacer, and
• 9a, 9b two embodiments of the sixth embodiment example with a) in plan view and b) in a side view shown sequential
• Holographic displays designed according to the invention can be realized as a direct-view display or as a projection display.
• the basic idea of the invention for reducing speckle patterns is the incoherent superposition of the reconstructed scene with itself. Since the scene is composed of many object points, all reconstructed object points must be superimposed on themselves. For this purpose, all reconstructed object points, and thus their diffraction images, multiplied by moving their modulated wavefronts in time or space multiplex and then incoherently superimposed in the observer's eye, without changing the image content of the scene. Each reconstructed object point has its own speckle pattern. The larger the number of overlays, the finer the viewer's eye averages over the various speckle patterns and can perceive a significant reduction.
• the technical and software resources necessary for reconstructing the scene are combined in unillustrated system control means or interact with them.
• the statistical nature of the speckle patterns is determined by the correlation length ⁇ S p, which indicates the size of the speckle patterns. For a considered sectional plane of the scene in the reconstruction space, it depends only on the diameter of the eye pupil Dp of the observer and the wavelength ⁇ of the emitted light of a laser as the light source means. It can be determined by the following equation (1):
• Dp is the diameter of the eye pupil
• ⁇ the wavelength
• S ' f + z' the image width of the section plane with the images of the object points OP1; OP2 are on the retina of the eye.
• the standard deviation of the speckle patterns of the reconstructed object points OPn is reduced by the factor V2. In the case of a two-dimensional displacement of all object points OPn, the standard deviation of the speckle patterns is then halved.
• Y denotes the lateral distance in the object plane for the object points OP1 and OP2 in the reconstruction space RK and Y 'the distance of the images of these object points in the image plane.
• the reconstruction space RK extends between a light modulation means SLM and the eye lens L, of which the object points OP1 and OP2 have a distance d.
• the diameter of the eye lens L here simultaneously forms the observer window OW.
• the visible size of the speckle patterns decreases. Since in the reconstruction space RK all sectional planes always have the same number of grid points in which object points OPn can be located, the distance of the object points OPn from each other changes proportionally to the distance of the viewer's eye. This means that also the visible speckle pattern changes in proportion to the distance of the viewer's eye. The speckle patterns in each cutting plane are thus perceived by the viewer's eye in the same size.
• FIGS. 3a and 3b show, for a first embodiment of the invention, two possible arrangements for the mechanical displacement of the modulated ones
• a mirror is arranged at a fixed angle of preferably 45 ° to the optical axis of the light modulating means SLM. It deflects all modulated wavefronts laterally by 90 ° to the original propagation direction.
• the mirror, and with it the wavefronts can be displaced both one-dimensionally (laterally or along the optical axis of the light modulation means SLM) and two-dimensionally and thus in two mutually perpendicular directions. This can be seen by the double arrows on the right as well as by the dashed representations of the beam path away from the mirror.
• Two possible further positions of the mirror are indicated by thick rectangular dots.
• the mirror can also be at a different angle to the light modulation means SLM depending on the eye position of the observer or others
• a matrix of prisms in a plane parallel to the plane of the light modulation means SLM can be seen.
• the prism matrix is both one-dimensional and two-dimensional displaceable, represented by vertical and horizontal double arrows.
• a shift of the prism matrix along the optical axis is shown on a single magnified prism.
• a shifted position of the prism, and thus the wavefront, is indicated by a dashed line.
• the wavefront is deflected to the original direction of propagation offset toward a viewer eye, not shown.
• the individual prisms are regularly arranged so that the prism wedges of all prisms in each row point in the same direction.
• the prism matrix is arranged on the mirror and forms with it a compact optical unit.
• the wavefront of each reconstructed object point of the scene is time sequentially shifted with the arrangements of FIGS. 3a and 3b and superposed with itself.
• a double (one-dimensional) or quadruple (two-dimensional) number of the respective reconstructed object points is generated and superimposed. It is also possible to generate a larger number of displacements by displacing the wavefronts of the reconstructed object points in one or both directions, not merely simply but several times.
• the multiple shift can be seen in Fig. 3a by several in the direction of viewer eye targeted arrows.
• a second embodiment includes an optically effected shift of the modulated wavefronts and is shown in Figures 4a and 4b.
• SLM light modulation means
• a variably controllable prism pair is arranged, which is hit by a modulated wavefront of a reconstructed object point.
• the direction of propagation is indicated by an arrow.
• the wavefront is refracted as it passes through the prisms, thereby shifting parallel to the original propagation direction.
• the refractive angle of both prisms is changed in a time-sequential manner with a high switching frequency between two values, namely between a value corresponding to FIG. 4a and a value corresponding to FIG. 4b.
• the shift here causes a doubling of a reconstructed object point and thus its superimposition on the retina of the observer's eye with itself and is thus generated for all object points of the scene.
• the illustrations shown are an example of a one-dimensional shift.
• a two-dimensional displacement of modulated wavefronts can be generated by a design of the prisms having a two-dimensional refractive shape or by two identically designed prism pairs which are oriented perpendicular to one another. It is within the scope of the invention to use, instead of a single controllable prism pair, a matrix of regularly arranged, variably controllable prism pairs for realizing the displacements.
• a controllable prism is shown centrally in a Fourier plane of a transformation optics for use in preferably a projection display.
• the light modulation means SLM Parallel aligned laser light illuminated according to FIG. 5, the light modulation means SLM.
• the following transformation optics transform the modulated wavefronts into the Fourier plane FE, which is also the front focal plane of a reconstruction optic.
• the controllable prism arranged centrally in the Fourier plane FE is operated time-sequentially with a high switching frequency and thereby shifts the modulated wavefronts very rapidly.
• the reconstruction optics reconstruct each object point twice, each with different speckle patterns. By superimposing the wavefronts in the retina of the viewer's eye, the eye can mittein over the various speckle patterns.
• Controllable prisms for use in Figures 3b, 4a, 4b and 5 are e.g. Liquid prisms containing two immiscible liquids whose optical refractive behavior can be changed by applying a control voltage.
• FIGS. 6a and 6b A fourth embodiment of the invention is shown in FIGS. 6a and 6b.
• the light modulation means SLM is assigned a matrix of rhombic prisms in combination with an active or passive polarization switch PU.
• an active or passive polarization switch PU By a single rhombic prism is shown enlarged in Fig. 6a, each wavefront in two parts with mutually perpendicular polarizations p-pol; Split s pole.
• the single rhombic prism is one of many regularly arranged prisms in the matrix, as indicated by the arrow pointing to the matrix.
• the polarization switch PU arranged between the light modulation means SLM and the prism matrix can be set to a certain angle.
• the modulated wavefront At an angle of, for example, 45 °, it divides the modulated wavefront into two equal parts, whereby all reconstructed object points are shifted one-dimensionally laterally to the original propagation direction.
• a periodic switching by 90 ° can be made for the rhombic prisms to the To move wavefronts time sequentially in one direction and to superimpose the object points.
• the combination of prism matrix and polarization switch PU is arranged twice according to FIG. 6b. It should be noted that the second prism matrix is rotated in the light direction after the polarization switch PU at an angle of 90 °. By the polarization switch PU, a rotation of the electric field of 45 ° is realized.
• the modulated wavefront can be time sequentially divided into four equal parts with equal intensities superimposed on the retina.
• Object points is shown enlarged in Fig. 6b, which indicates the arrow in the drawing.
• the passive polarization switch PU can be a ⁇ / 2 plate and a Faraday cell can be used as the active polarization switch.
• the birefringent effect can generally be utilized in a fifth embodiment of the invention.
• a birefringent material two optical axes are oriented in a direction-dependent manner, so that with a corresponding arrangement of the material in the beam path, a beam or a wavefront is split into two parts when passing through refraction.
• the modulated wavefront coming from the light modulation means SLM in FIG. 7 encounters a first optical component of birefringent material.
• the orientation of the material is indicated by a double arrow.
• a ⁇ / 2 plate or another polarization switch PU is placed in front of a second optical component of birefringent material.
• the ⁇ / 2 plate rotates the polarization of both wavefronts by 45 ° so that both enter the second material at this angle.
• the result is a displacement of the wavefront of an object point in four directions and one according to fourfold superposition of the wavefronts of this object point on the retina.
• the four different directions are not shown in perspective by the arrows in FIG. 7.
• Neighboring wavefronts on the retina have a mutually perpendicular polarization and do not interfere with each other, but overlap incoherently.
• Bragg gratings in the reconstruction beam path of a holographic display are used to shift the modulated wavefronts. They show a similar behavior as a birefringent material. By selecting the angle of incidence and the wavelength of the laser light, it is possible to freely choose the angle and the wavelength of these grating structures in the production of the Bragg gratings by exposure of a holographic recording material. With these properties, Bragg gratings can be used very well for the targeted shifting of wavefronts and for the multiplication of reconstructed object points.
• Fig. 8 shows the basic structure of a Bragg grating BG with a grating geometry of e.g. 6070 ° and 0760 °, wherein between the grid structures, a spacer AH is provided.
• This is a deflection of incident wavefronts of the laser light within the Bragg grating BG realized by 60 °.
• the Bragg grating BG can realize here a diffraction efficiency of 100% for one polarization direction and of 0% for the component perpendicular thereto.
• the thickness of the spacer AH and the grating geometry (diffraction angle) determine the respective lateral displacement of an incident wavefront to its original propagation direction.
• the second grid has the same geometry as the first one, and therefore only bends one wavefront, while the other wavefront passes unhindered through the grid. Both wavefronts emerge parallel to each other from the second Bragg grating BG and realize a one-dimensional displacement.
• Other combinations of optimal polarization beam splitter geometries are also possible for Bragg gratings BG, ie with diffraction angles of eg 4570 ° or 3070 ° or even with odd degrees.
• spacers AH e.g. a film, a plastic disc or a glass plate with a thickness up to 200 microns can be used.
• FIGS. 9a and 9b show views of a solution for a 2D shift of modulated wavefronts with Bragg gratings.
• the 2D shift can be accomplished either by a sequential combination of Bragg gratings or by writing a number of Bragg gratings into a holographic recording material. The latter is also called volume hologram.
• FIG. 9 a shows a side view of a volume hologram comprising two Bragg gratings BG.
• the modulated laser light coming from the light modulation means SLM which contains two polarization components s and p, is incident on the Bragg gratings BG.
• the Bragg gratings BG are selected so that the modulated wavefronts of the polarization component p split into two components p when passing through. Both components p have the same polarization, but spread symmetrically in one plane in two directions.
• a second volume hologram also consists of two Bragg gratings.
• the other polarization component s is also decomposed into two components s with the same polarization in a plane perpendicular to the first plane.
• Both p-components and both s-components (view A) of the volume holograms are shown mirrored symmetrically to the optical axis in FIG. 9a.
• Fig. 9b shows the front view of the volume hologram of Fig. 9a.
• the representation of the second volume hologram and the spacers was also omitted here.
• the Bragg gratings BG contained in the two volume holograms produce a resultant pattern of a two-dimensionally multiplied object point on the
• Retina which is referred to by the arrow in Fig. 9b.
• two superimposed object points each have the same polarization p and s. Since superimposed adjacent object points are polarized differently to each other, they are incoherently reconstructed to each other. A viewer's eye also perceives the resulting reconstruction of the scene here with reduced speckle pattern.
• a scene is color-reconstructed using Bragg gratings from the three primary colors RGB (red, green, blue).
• RGB red, green, blue
• a combination of Bragg gratings with a spacer according to FIG. 8 is used for each color in the reconstruction beam path.
• a colored reconstruction of the scene can also be generated by a volume hologram containing a number of Bragg gratings for each color.
• the laser light is emitted with a very small angular range. That can be realized by a) arranging the displacement-causing means in the light direction after the light modulation means, but before a field lens, which may be eg a Fresnel lens or a DOE, or b) physically decomposing the displacement-causing means into an appropriate number of individual Bragg gratings, the geometry of the
• Bragg grating varies with the position of the modulated wavefronts.
• the arrangements used according to the invention for multiplying all the reconstructed object points of the scene with themselves by means of Bragg gratings do not require any active components in the holographic display.
• the Bragg gratings can be used most effectively, technically and economically, by any means mentioned. It is advantageous that they do not have to be moved mechanically, need no electronic control and can be manufactured as a passive component.

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