WO2009031730A1

WO2009031730A1 - Method of manufacturing a smoking cessation aiding drink and a smoking cessation aiding drink manufactured by the same

Info

Publication number: WO2009031730A1
Application number: PCT/KR2007/006103
Authority: WO
Inventors: Ok Soo Oh; Yoon Ah Oh
Original assignee: Ok Soo Oh; Yoon Ah Oh
Priority date: 2007-09-07
Filing date: 2007-11-29
Publication date: 2009-03-12
Also published as: KR20090025851A

Abstract

Disclosed is a drinkable smoking cessation aid and a method of manufacturing the same, comprising washing sound fruit, apart from bruised or diseased fruit, with clean water to remove impurities and residual chemicals therefrom; pulverizing the sound fruits into particles ranging from 0.3 to 0.7 cm in size; squeezing the fruit particles to produce juice; mixing 20 ~ 40 weight % of the juice with 2 - 5 weight % baking powder and a balance of water to achieve 100 weight %. When ingested, the drinkable smoking cessation aid can remove or neutralize nicotine from the organs in the body, thereby helping smokers quit smoking with significant reduction in nicotine withdrawal symptoms.

Description

METHOD OF MANUFACTURING A SMOKING CESSATION AIDING DRINK AND A SMOKING CESSATION AIDING DRINK MANUFACTURED BY THE

SAME Technical Field

[1] The present invention relates to a drinkable smoking cessation aid and a method of manufacturing the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a drinkable smoking cessation aid comprising 20-40 weight % fruit juice and 2-5 weight % baking powder, which can remove nicotine from the esophagus, the stomach and the large intestine, thereby alleviating nicotine withdrawal symptoms, and a preparation method thereof Background Art

[2] Tobacco had already long been used in the Americas when European settlers arrived and introduced the practice to Europe, where it became hugely popular. Since the introduction of tobacco to the European continent, tobacco use has rapidly propagated all over the world. Once, tobacco was used for psychiatric therapy. In addition, tobacco was used for ceremonies due to its smoke.

[3] However, tobacco is known to be noxious and addictive. Many recent studies revealed the seriously harmful effects of tobacco on the body and on psychiatric health. Smoking is not limited to adults, both men and women, but is now spreading to youth, thus having an evil influence on all of society.

[4] As many as seven thousand different components are contained in the smoke of tobacco. Of them, approximately 30 kinds of materials are fatally noxious to the body, including tar, carbon monoxide, bronchitis inducers, and nicotine. Tar has already been identified as a carcinogen. When diffused into the bloodstream, carbon monoxide acts to deplete oxygen in the blood. In addition to being harmful, nicotine is as addictive or more addictive than drugs, and thus many smokers fail to quit smoking. In the past, nicotine was mistakenly understood to be non-addictive, and thus treated differently from cocaine. As the identity of nicotine was revealed, however, the FDA issued its final regulation restricting the sale and marketing of nicotine-containing cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products in 1996. Also, the WHO has recently declared war on tobacco firms. [5] Mcotine, representative of tobacco toxicity, is a colorless alkaloid which causes vomiting, dizziness and headaches when it is inhaled in the form of smoke. The toxic compound is not destroyed when a tobacco cigarette is smoked. Once absorbed into the lungs, nicotine reaches the brain within 7 seconds.

[6] As mentioned above, nicotine itself is very toxic, with a lethal dose of 1 mg per weight kg for adults. R>r example, an adult weighing 60 kg may be killed with only 60 mg of nicotine if it is absorbed into the bloodstream all at once. When account is taken of the fact that one cigarette contains nicotine in an amount of 10 ~ 20 mg, 3 to 6 cigarettes would kill an adult if he were to chew them together at the same time. C ompared to potassium cyanide, the lethal dose of which is 150 mg for 60 kg adult, nicotine is 2 to 3 times more poisonous. In order to overcome this problem, low nicotine cigarettes have been suggested, and herbs other than tobacco have been used to make nicotine-free cigarettes. However, these cigarette products do not satisfy smokers. Particularly, in the latter case, the smokers cannot enjoy the tobacco flavor.

[7] Now, it is publicly recognized that while a smoker enjoys a cigarette, the smoke harms those around the smoker in various ways. R>r all that, it is very difficult for smokers to quit smoking. There is no means of protection from secondhand smoke without quitting smoking. Further, the phenomenon in which quitting smoking leads to obesity causes smokers to hesitate to quit smoking.

[8] The chemical formula for nicotine is C10H14N2. Nicotine is a pale yellow, oily liquid that smells like pyridine, with a melting point of 247⁰C (partial degradation) and a specific gravity of 1.0097. This alkaloid is highly volatile at room temperature, and turns brown as a result of oxidation when exposed to light or air. Nicotine is limitlessly soluble in water at temperatures less than 6O⁰C or higher than 21O⁰C, with weak alkalinity in aqueous solution. Nicotine is synthesized in tobacco roots and is translocated through transpiration streams to leaves, where it accumulates, like inorganic salts. In tobacco leaves, malic acid and citric acid are present. Nicotine has been found to constitute approximately 0.5-0.8% of the dry weight of tobacco. Nicotine consists of a pyridine ring and a pyrrole ring, and the biosynthesis mechanism thereof remains unknown, with the suggestion that the pyrrole ring is derived from ornitine.

[9] In aάϊtion to nicotine, tobacco contains nicotine analogues, such as nornicotine and anabasine. Also, nicotine is found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae) including tobacco, and in lower quantities in Eclipta prostrata L. (E. alba Hasskari), Equisetum arvense L., two or three species of the Lycopodiaceae family. Nicotine is noxious enough to excite or paralyze the central nervous system or the peripheral nervous system. Also, nicotine contracts the intestinal tract and blood vessels, giving rise to an increase in blood pressure. Therefore, acute or chronic addiction to nicotine may result in various diseases. Sulfate salts of nicotine function as antiherbivore chemicals, being potent neurotoxins with particular specificity to insects; therefore nicotine is widely used as an insecticide in the form of a fumigant or a contact agent. [10] As many as 70% of smokers want to or have tried to quit smoking, but most of them fail. According to the WHO (World Health Organization), addiction is defined as the repeated use of a psychoactive substance or substances to the extent that the user shows a compulsion to take the preferred substance (or substances) due to psychological dependence, and has great difficulty in voluntarily ceasing or modifying substance use due to physical dependence, being psychological and physical injury. Dependence refers to a state in which there is a desire for a substance to solve or avoid strain or psychological discomfort and withdrawal symptoms appear upon the discontinuation of use of the substance.

[H]

[12] Once, nicotine was mistakenly understood to cause neither physical dependence nor harmfulness to society, unlike cocaine. However, nicotine is now recognized to incur physical dependence and harm society, because harm to individuals is identified as harm to society.

[13] In the aspect of addictive intake thereof, smoking is regarded as a habitual behavior which is repetitively and intensively conducted in association with specific situations, such as post-meal, drinking, meeting, etc. Examples of factors that incite smoking include handling tobacco-related objects, such as lighters, matches, etc., environmental smoke, memory of the feeling of the throat upon smoking, etc. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms, which give unpleasant feelings to an addict, disappear when he or she starts to smoke. Thus, if this situation is repeated, an unpleasant feeling resulting from stress or discontent induces smoking.

[14] Other factors associated with addiction include personal characteristics and the social environment. Not all persons try habit-forming drugs, and not all of those who try them become dependent on the drugs. Persons with defiant, adventurous, and emotionally disturbed characters are liable to be addictive to drugs. Advertisements for tobacco showing tough men or sexy girls or depicting adult situations may seduce youths to smoke cigarettes. Also, in a social environment, such as family members or friends who smoke, teenagers are apt to smoke. [15] Mcotine auction refers to a state in which physical and psychological dependence to nicotine develops. The WHO defines addiction as the repeated use of a psychoactive substance or substances to the extent that the user shows a compulsion to take the desired substance (or substances) due to psychological dependence, and has great difficulty in voluntarily ceasing or altering substance use due to physical dependence, to the point of psychological and physical injury. Particularly, nicotine dependence refers to a state in which a user desires nicotine to solve or avoid strain or emotional discomfort, and shows characteristic withdrawal symptoms upon the cessation of nicotine intake.

[16] When absorbed in a small amount, nicotine gives a user temporary tranquility, such as psychological rest and relaxation. In contrast, a large quantity of nicotine causes addiction, creating a habit-forming dependence. Currently, tobacco is regarded as a drug equivalent to opium. Once a person is addicted to tobacco, he or she habitually smokes cigarettes due to nicotine. When absorbed into the body, nicotine increases the blood cholesterol level and causes injuries to vessels, aggravating arteriosclerosis.

[17] According to statistics from the WHO, the smoking population over the world amounts to accounts for the death of approximately one billion and accounts for the death of approximately three million persons per year, which is a death rate of one person every 10 seconds. Further, it is expected that the annual death in association with smoking will exceed ten million or more within the next 30 years in consideration of the current growth of the smoking population. Mcotine, although not a direct cause of death, is one of the main factors that cause loss resulting from smoking. Despite various and strenuous efforts to quit smoking, 80% of smokers who quit resume smoking again within one year. The high recurrence rate of smoking is attributed to the potent addiction of nicotine. In combination with nicotine analogues as the basis of the neurological mechanism responsible for nicotine addiction, nicotinesdegrading substances may be a solution to the problem of quit smoking.

[18] Mcotine functions as a ligand in vivo, targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

Mcotinic acetylcholine receptors are made up of five receptor subunits, arranged symmetrically around the central pore. Twelve types of nicotinic receptor subunits, α2 through 10 and β2 through 4 combine to form pentamers. R>r example, a nicotinic receptor may be a hetero-oligomeric receptor consisting of α subunits and β subunits or a homo-oligomeric receptor consisting of α subunits only. Of them, α4/β2 subunits are known to play an important role in signal transmission. The α4 subunit, possibly associated with the β2 subunit, is reported to be crucial for nicotine-elicited antinociception. Therefore, a first step for selecting a nicotine substitute is to determine whether it can bind to the α4/β2 subunits.

[19] The mesolimbic system and the nigrostriatal pathway, both being main dopaminergic pathways where the neurotransmitter dopamine is found, are known to play an important role in the reinforcing property of addictive drugs, such as cocaine, amphetamine, morphine, etc. These addictive drugs stimulate the nucleus accumbens and the striatum to release dopamine (Dichiara and Imperato, 1988). Also, injury to the dopaminergic neural network results in the loss of the reinforcing property of addictive drugs (Gorrigall et al., 1992). Data from many studies show that nicotine has common neurobiological properties with other addictive drugs, the neural activity of which are mediated through dopaminergic pathways.

[20] When absorbed, nicotine causes relatively perpetual molecular, cellular and behavioral changes, such as in nicotine receptor mRNA level and dopamine level, and hyperactivity disorder. There is a suggestion that the mesolimbic system is a main target for nicotine addiction, which is now supported by direct or indirect experimental evidence. Autoradiography studies reveal that nicotine receptors are highly distributed in the cell body of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the peripheral area of the nucleus accumbens (Marks et al., 1992; Wada et al., 1989), and thus, nicotine stimulates VTA neurons (Calabresi et al., 1989). Ibllowing in vitro treatment with nicotine, an increase in dopamine was detected at the nucleus accumbens and the VTA (Clarke et al., 1985; Clarke, 1991). In vitro studies show that nicotine stimulates the dopamine release of the nucleus accumbens, like other addictive drugs, and isoarecolone, a nicotine effector, also acts to increase dopamine release from the nucleus accumbens (Mirza et al., 1996). Thus far, nicotine has been known to stimulate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors distributed over the cell bodies of dopaminergic neurons to release the neurotransmitter dopamine, thus causing sensitization (Benwell and Balfour, 1992).

[21] Recently, some natural substances (herbs) have attracted attention as therapeutics for nicotine addiction because of their nicotine-like ingredients and nicotinesdegrading ingredients, and have been clinically observed to effectively relieve nicotine withdrawal symptoms. However, the molecular biological mechanism and behavioral effect of the natural substances have yet to be proven. Twenty kinds of herbs, including lotus leaves, betony, Perilla herba, Eucommia ulmoides, Smilacis chinae Radix, Evodiae fructus, mugwort, and clove, have been suggested as substitutes for tobacco in various documents and patents. It has recently been reported that saponins, known as active in- gradients in ginseng, can greatly alleviate nicotine-elicited behavioral changes. R>r example, ginseng total saponin (GTS) acts to block the development of metham- phetamine-induced behavioral sensitization resulting from administration (Kim et al., 1995; Tokuyama et al., 1992) as well as cocaine- or morphine-induced behavioral change (Kim et al., 1994; Kim et al., 1994; Bhargava and Ramarao, 1991). Repetitive treatment with nicotine is known to give rise to behavioral sensitization, with a close correlation between an increase in walking activity and in the dopamine level of the nucleus accumbens.

[22] As a matter of fact, however, none of the above-mentioned studies can help smokers quit smoking. Ibr example, there are no basic solutions for extinguishing the desire to smoke after meals and during bowel evacuation. Disclosure of Invention Technical Problem

[23] Leading to the present invention, intensive and thorough research into smoking cessation aids, conducted by the present inventors aiming to overcome the problems encountered in the prior art, resulted in the finding that a formulation of toxicologically safe fruit juice, baking powder and water is useful as a beverage for aiding smoking cessation, with a notable reduction in nicotine withdrawal symptoms.

[24] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a drinkable smoking cessation aid which can remove or reduce nicotine levels in the body and is useful to help smokers quit smoking, and a method for manufacturing the same. Technical Solution

[25] In accordance with an aspect thereof, the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a drinkable smoking cessation aid, comprising: washing sound fruit, rather than bruised or diseased fruit, with clean water to remove impurities and residual chemicals therefrom; pulverizing the sound fruit into particles ranging from 0.3 to 0.7 cm in size; squeezing the fruit particles to produce juice; mixing 20 ~ 40 weight % of the juice with 2 - 5 weight % of baking powder and a balance to 100 weight % of water.

[26] In accordance with another aspect thereof, the present invention provides a drinkable smoking cessation aid, comprising 20-40 weight % of fruit juice, 2-5 weight % of baking powder and a balance to 100 weight % of water.

Advantageous Effects

[27] When ingested, the drinkable smoking cessation aid of the present invention, man- ufactured by washing sound fruit, apart from bruised or diseased fruit, with clean water to remove impurities and residual chemicals therefrom; pulverizing the sound fruit into particles ranging from 0.3 to 0.7 cm in size; squeezing the fruit particles to produce juice; mixing 20 ~ 40 weight % of the juice with 2 - 5 weight % of baking powder and a balance of water to realize 100 weight %, can remove or neutralize nicotine from the organs of the body, thereby helping smokers quit smoking with notable reduction in nicotine withdrawal symptoms.

[28]

Brief Description of the Drawings

[29] HG. 1 is a flow chart illustrating the process of manufacturing a drinkable smoking cessation aid in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[30]

Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention

[31] It is generally accepted that most kinds of fruit are good for health. With high contents of various vitamins and fibers, fruit can give various beneficial effects, including skin beauty, alleviation of fatigue, anticancer activity, etc., to those who ingest them. Particularly, vitamins A, C and E are reported to prevent cells from acting abnormally, and thus to significantly reduce cancer occurrence.

[32] Vitamin C is an essential nutrient because of humans lack of ability to synthesize it.

Fruits are sources of vitamin C This essential nutrient is involved in the synthesis of collagen, an inextensible fibrous protein that is found in connective tissue - bone, tendons, and skin, muscles, cartilage, etc. Its deficiency leads to various diseases.

[33] Vitamin A is an essential human nutrient which is found to be responsible for vision, growth, reproduction, and immunity. It exists not as a single compound, but in several forms. In foods of animal origin, the major form of vitamin A is an alcohol (retinol), but can also exist as an aldehyde (retinal), or as an acid (retinoic acid). Precursors to the vitamin present in foods of plant origin as some of the members of the carotenoid family of compounds. Fruits, as well as green-yellow vegetables, are abundant in vitamin A. It has been found to be useful in the prevention of various cancers including lung cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, bladder cancer, laryngeal cancer, prostate cancer, etc.

[34] Flavonoids are most commonly known for their activity against reactive oxygen species, which lead cells to aging and death through oxidation. Flavonoids are contained in a large amount in fruit, particularly in tangerines, grapes and peaches, and are known to be therapeutically useful for various kinds of cancer afflicting women.

[35] In addition to these nutrients, fruits contain other beneficial nutrients. As food, fruit is provided unchanged or in various processed forms with improvements in the standard of living and the development of dietary culture. In fruit juice, all of the components of fruit, such as various minerals, carbohydrates, lipids, etc., are contained. As long as it is extracted from fruit, such as pears, apples, kiwis, tomatoes, peaches, etc., any extract can be used in the present invention. Particularly, juices of pears, kiwis, apples, and tomatoes were clinically found to be useful in the preparation of drinkable smoking cessation aids, which have a long-lasting effect of aiding smoking cessation.

[36]

Mode for the Invention

[37] A better understanding of the present invention may be obtained through the following example, which is set forth to illustrate, but is not to be construed as the limit of the present invention.

[38] In accordance with an aspect thereof, the present invention provides a drinkable smoking cessation aid, comprising 20 ~ 40 weight % fruit juice, 2 - 5 weight % baking powder and a balance of water to achieve 100 weight %.

[39] When the fruit juice is contained in an amount less than 20 weight %, the drinkable aid does not have a sufficient effect of aiding smoking cessation. An amount of fruit juice more than 40 weight % increases the production cost and makes it inconvenient to drink the aid.

[40] Baking powder serves to macerate nicotine so that nicotine is easily released from the organs. An amount less than 2 weight % of baking powder is too little to neutralize and eliminate nicotine. When the amount of baking powder exceeds 5 weight %, it may cause diarrhea while eliminating nicotine from the organs.

[41] In an example of the present invention, fruit juice was prepared from pears. Sound pears, separated from bruised or diseased pears, were washed with clean water to remove impurities and residual chemicals therefrom, followed by pulverizing them into a size of 0.3~0.7cm. Theses pear particles were squeezed to form 100% pure juice. To 100 cc of the pear juice was added 15 cc of baking powder, along with a balance to 300 cc of water.

[42] When 30 voluntary smokers took 100 cc of the drinkable smoking cessation aid once a day, their desire to smoke as a result of the detachment and removal of nicotine from the organs thereof was observed to decrease. All of the volunteers, including heavy smokers who had smoked for 25 years or longer, succeeded in quitting smoking.

Claims

[1] A method of manufacturing a drinkable smoking cessation aid, comprising: washing sound fruit, rather than from bruised or diseased fruit, with clean water to remove impurities and residual chemicals therefrom; pulverizing the sound fruit into particles ranging from 0.3 to 0.7 cm in size; squeezing the fruit particles to produce juice; and mixing 20 ~ 40 weight % of the juice with 2 - 5 weight % of baking powder and a balance to 100 weight % of water. [2] The method according to claim 1, wherein the fruit is selected from a group consisting of tomatoes, pears, kiwis, apples, peaches and combinations thereof [3] A drinkable smoking cessation aid, comprising 20-40 weight % of fruit juice,

2-5 weight % of baking powder and a balance to 100 weight % of water.