WO2009027977A2 - Cellule photovoltaique a colorant dotee d'une contre-electrode amelioree - Google Patents

Cellule photovoltaique a colorant dotee d'une contre-electrode amelioree Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2009027977A2
WO2009027977A2 PCT/IL2008/001168 IL2008001168W WO2009027977A2 WO 2009027977 A2 WO2009027977 A2 WO 2009027977A2 IL 2008001168 W IL2008001168 W IL 2008001168W WO 2009027977 A2 WO2009027977 A2 WO 2009027977A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cell
photovoltaic cell
disposed
cathode
anode
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IL2008/001168
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO2009027977A3 (fr
WO2009027977A4 (fr
Inventor
Ilya Yakupov
Jonatan R. Goldstein
Barry Breen
Eliyahu Rosh Hodesh
Original Assignee
3Gsolar Ltd.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from PCT/IL2008/000671 external-priority patent/WO2008139479A2/fr
Priority claimed from PCT/IL2008/000856 external-priority patent/WO2009001343A2/fr
Application filed by 3Gsolar Ltd. filed Critical 3Gsolar Ltd.
Priority to CN200880113787.5A priority Critical patent/CN101842905B/zh
Publication of WO2009027977A2 publication Critical patent/WO2009027977A2/fr
Publication of WO2009027977A3 publication Critical patent/WO2009027977A3/fr
Publication of WO2009027977A4 publication Critical patent/WO2009027977A4/fr
Priority to AU2009250946A priority patent/AU2009250946B2/en

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M14/00—Electrochemical current or voltage generators not provided for in groups H01M6/00 - H01M12/00; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M14/005—Photoelectrochemical storage cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
    • H01G9/2022—Light-sensitive devices characterized by he counter electrode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
    • H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
    • H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
    • H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
    • H01G9/2059—Light-sensitive devices comprising an organic dye as the active light absorbing material, e.g. adsorbed on an electrode or dissolved in solution
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/80—Constructional details
    • H10K30/81—Electrodes
    • H10K30/82—Transparent electrodes, e.g. indium tin oxide [ITO] electrodes
    • H10K30/83—Transparent electrodes, e.g. indium tin oxide [ITO] electrodes comprising arrangements for extracting the current from the cell, e.g. metal finger grid systems to reduce the serial resistance of transparent electrodes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to photovoltaic dye cells, also known as dye- sensitized solar cells, for producing electricity from sunlight.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,350,644 U.S. Patent No. 6,069,313 to Kay teaches a plurality of series-connected cell elements arranged as separate, parallel, narrow elongated strips on a common transparent substrate.
  • Each element includes a light facing anode comprising nanocrystalline titania, a carbon counter-electrode (cathode), which is a porous, catalytic, electrically conducting carbon-based structure bonded together using a titania binder, and separating the anode from the cathode is placed an intermediate electrically insulating porous layer based on alumina, silica titania or zirconia powder.
  • the pores of the intermediate layer are at least partially filled with a liquid phase, ion- transferring electrolyte, following coating of the nanocrystalline titania with a light- sensitive dye.
  • a current collecting layer of a tin oxide based transparent, electrically- conducting material is situated between the transparent substrate and the anode.
  • the anode and cathode of a given cell provide a direct-current voltage when the anode is exposed to light, such that series assemblies of cells may readily be built up.
  • the cathode of each succeeding clement is connected with the intermediate conducting layer of the preceding anode clement, over a gap separating the respective intermediate layers of these two elements.
  • the series of cells is then sealed using an organic polymer, ensuring in particular that each individual strip cell is sealed from its neighbor cell, and this assembly is referred to as a monolithic assembly of cells.
  • dye cells of the above-referenced patents are much closer conceptually to battery cells than to conventional photovoltaic cells, since the charge generators are separated by an electrolyte and are not in direct contact.
  • These cells have two electrodes separated by an electrolyte, with one electrode (the photoelectrode or photoanode) facing the sun or light source.
  • Each electrode is supported on its own current collector, usually a sheet of conducting glass, which is glass coated on one side with a thin (-0.5 micrometer) transparent layer, usually based on electrically-conductive tin oxide.
  • the conducting glass sheets act as transparent walls of the dye cell.
  • a transparent polymer may be used in place of glass to support the tin oxide.
  • the photoelectrode or photoanode includes a transparent porous layer about 10 micrometers thick (in contact with the tin oxide layer) based on titania, having a nanocrystalline characteristic particle size of 10-50 run, applied by baking onto the conductive glass or transparent polymer, and impregnated with a special dye.
  • the baked-on titania layer is applied in dispersion form by any of various methods: doctor-blading, rolling, spraying, painting, electrophoresis, gravure printing, slit coating, screen printing or printing.
  • the baking step giving highest cell performance is usually at least 450 C, requiring the use of conducting glass rather than plastic for supporting the titania layer.
  • titania layer is principally in contact with the tin oxide. Presence of other conductors (such as many metals, carbon and the like, even if chemically inert to the electrolyte) on the photoanode can greatly increase recombination of charge carriers and provide a serious efficiency loss in the cell. Very few materials (amongst them tin oxide and titanium metal, for example) are applicable to the photoanode in that they exhibit chemical inertness to the electrolyte and are substantially free from recombination effects.
  • the opposing electrode includes a thin layer of catalyst (usually containing a few micrograms of platinum per sq. cm) on its respective sheet of tin oxide coated conductive glass or transparent plastic. If cell transparency is not required, the counter-electrode can be opaque.
  • the counter-electrode can be based on carbon or graphite advantageously catalyzed with trace platinum or another catalyst.
  • the electrolyte in the cell is usually an organic solvent with a dissolved redox species.
  • the electrolyte is typically acetonitrile or a higher molecular weight, reduced volatility nitrile, with the redox species in classical cells being dissolved iodine and potassium iodide-essentially potassium tri-iodide.
  • Other solvents, salts and phases, for example, ionic liquids having substantially no vapor pressure, and even different redox species, may be used, however.
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,350,644 to Graetzel, et al. discloses various dye cell chemistries, especially dyes based on ruthenium complexes. Photons falling on the photoelectrode excite the dye (creating activated oxidized dye molecules), causing electrons to enter the conduction band of the titania and to flow (via an outer circuit having a load) to the counter-electrode. There, the electrons reduce tri-iodide to iodide in the electrolyte, and the iodide is oxidized by the activated dye at the photoanode back to tri-iodide, leaving behind a deactivated dye molecule ready for the next photon.
  • 5,350,644 discloses that such dye cells can attain a solar-to-electric conversion efficiency of 10%, and over 11% has been achieved in small champion research cells.
  • the cells of U.S. Patent No. 5,350,644 to Graetzel, et al. are based on two sheets of conductive glass sealed with organic adhesive at the edges (the conductive glass projects beyond the adhesive on each side, allowing for current takeoff). These cells operate at a voltage of about 70OmV and a current density of 15mA/sq. cm under peak solar illumination, with the counter-electrode being the positive pole.
  • tin oxide The ohmic loss via the conductive glass coated with tin oxide is a major problem of dye cells.
  • the tin oxide coating is extremely thin, being limited in thickness usually to below one micrometer, because a high light transmittance through to the dye/titania layer of the photoanode must be maintained.
  • tin oxide is only semiconductive, having a resistivity of about 5 x 10 4 ohm cm, and in addition, is difficult to adhesively bond to. Consequently, in such a cell design, the current takeoff is significantly limited to very small sized cells or to strip cells having long narrow strips of active titania.
  • active strip cells have certain technical disadvantages.
  • the strips of titania and the corresponding strips of carbon are disadvantageously narrow (typically only 6-8mm wide), due to the ohmic loss restriction. This results in a current-limited cell construction as well as an excessive loss of active area between cells, the latter loss due to the practical width of inert materials needed for inter-cell sealing. In any event, adequate sealing between adjacent cells so as to effectively prevent any inter-cell electrolyte migration remains a serious challenge.
  • a photovoltaic cell having electrically conducting strips disposed on spaced, glass support panes is disclosed by U.S. Patent No. 6,462,266 to Kurth.
  • the conducting strips which are based on silver or a silver alloy, or on copper or a copper alloy, are printed in paste form and subsequently fired at elevated temperatures. These conducting strips are supposed to be protected from attack by the cell electrolyte by means of an insulating coating consisting of a glass free of heavy metals.
  • 6,462,266 has reduced ohmic loss with respect to the cell disclosed by U.S. Patent No. 5,350,644 to Graetzel, et al., because the conductor strips are good conductors (e.g., silver paste screen-printed on and fired at 600°C), and because the overall effective thickness of conducting materials has been increased.
  • the high process temperatures required for the silver and glaze compositions adversely affect the conductivity of the tin oxide coating and the long-term strength properties of the glass. Glaze materials that can be processed at lower temperatures are available, but contain toxic heavy metals such as lead, and may also be attacked by the electrolyte or may contaminate the electrolyte.
  • the conductive glass or conductive plastic carries a set of conductors selected from materials intrinsically resistant to corrosion and to carrier recombination in the presence of the cell electrolyte, and onto this superior glass or plastic (having enhanced current collecting properties over plain conductive glass or plastic), the titania is deposited.
  • a conductive glass face is first grooved, giving a set of parallel spaced shallow grooves.
  • a wire of a metal such as titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium or their alloys (substantially inert to corrosion and to carrier recombination under the operating conditions of the cell) and electrical conductivity between the wire and the tin oxide layer on each side of the groove is achieved using a heat curable binder paste based on an inert ceramic adhesive (such as alumina) mixed with an inert, electrically conducting filler (such as titanium nitride).
  • the paste fills the groove and overlaps on each side of the groove, such that after curing, good electrical contact is made with the tin oxide layer.
  • the wires protrude from the cell from the groove extremities at the glass edges and may be welded to a current-collecting strip.
  • a set of parallel strips of a metal, or a metal alloy that is plated onto the conductive glass or conducting plastic surface The plated metal resists corrosion under the extremely corrosive operating conditions of the cell.
  • a plated metal is chromium.
  • Current take-off from the anode plate is again made from the side of the cell, where the plated strips pass sealably through the edge seal of the cell.
  • the parallel conductors are inert strips or wires of titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, chromium, or alloys thereof. These robust conductors are bonded directly to the conducting surface of the glass by means of an inert, electrically conducting ceramic adhesive.
  • U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20050072458 extends the use of wires in a grooved conductive glass or of strips plated on conductive glass also for use in the counter-electrode of the cell.
  • the conductive glass plate provided with wires bonded in grooves or with plated strips on the conductive surface, is used as a base for a broad cathode in the dye cell, and the conductivity-augmented plate is covered with a catalytic layer electroactive to iodine.
  • Broad dye cells of at least 10- 15cm per side are made possible.
  • Such a cathode although fitted with adequate conducting means for current takeoff from a large area broad cell, obliges a second layer of conducting glass in the cell, with associated cost, weight, and thickness penalties.
  • a further problem in prior art dye cells and modules has been excessive surface area wasted in seals, protective layers and conducting paths on the sun-facing side of the cell or module.
  • the active current-producing area in such cases is often less than 70% of the geometric area (footprint) of the cell or module, providing a poor effective efficiency from the available area.
  • a photovoltaic dye cell for converting a light source into electricity at a reduced ohmic loss, including: (a) a housing adapted to enclose the photovoltaic cell, including an at least partially transparent cell wall; (b) an electrolyte, disposed within the cell wall, containing an iodine based redox species; (c) an at least partially transparent conductive coating disposed on an interior surface of the wall; (d) an anode disposed on the conductive coating, including: (i) a porous titania film adapted to make intimate contact with the redox species, and (ii) a dye, absorbed on a surface of the porous titania film, the dye and film adapted to convert photons to electrons; (e) a cathode disposed substantially opposite the anode, having a conductive carbon layer adapted to transfer electrons to a current collection component associated with the cathode, the conductive carbon layer disposed in electro
  • a photovoltaic dye cell for converting a light source into electricity at a reduced ohmic loss
  • the cell including: (a) a housing adapted to enclose the photovoltaic cell, the housing including an at least partially transparent cell wall having an interior surface; (b) an electrolyte, disposed within the cell wall, the electrolyte containing an iodine based redox species; (c) an at least partially transparent conductive coating disposed on the interior surface of the cell wall, within the photovoltaic cell; (d) an anode disposed on the conductive coating, the anode including: (i) a porous titania film adapted to make intimate contact with the redox species, and (ii) a dye, absorbed on a surface of the porous titania film, the dye and the film adapted to convert photons to electrons; (e) a cathode disposed substantially opposite the anode, the cathode including at least one flexible
  • a photovoltaic dye cell for converting a light source into electricity at a reduced ohmic loss
  • the cell including: (a) a housing adapted to enclose the photovoltaic cell, the housing including an at least partially transparent cell wall; (b) an electrolyte, disposed within the cell wall, the electrolyte containing an iodine based redox species; (c) an at least partially transparent conductive coating disposed on an interior surface of the cell wall, within the photovoltaic cell; (d) an anode disposed on the conductive coating, the anode including: (i) a porous titania film adapted to make intimate contact with the redox species, and (ii) a dye, absorbed on a surface of the porous titania film, the dye and film adapted to convert photons to electrons; (e) a current collection component, disposed within the housing; (f) a cathode disposed substantially opposite the anode
  • the cathode further includes a catalytic component, associated with the conductive carbon layer and adapted to catalyze a redox reaction of the redox species.
  • the distance is achieved over at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% of the surface area of the cell.
  • the average distance between the surface of the cathode and the surface of the porous titania film is less than 5 micrometers, or even less than 3 micrometers.
  • the cathode directly contacts the surface of the porous titania film.
  • the photovoltaic cell further includes: (f) at least one metal strip or wire, electrically associated with the anode and with the conductive coating, the strip or wire having sufficient thickness to form a protrusion protruding above a plane of the porous titania film by at least 50 micrometers.
  • the conductive carbon layer forms at least one self-supporting sheet.
  • the self-supporting sheet is solely physically associated with the porous titanium film of the anode.
  • a footprint of a single cell of the photovoltaic cell is defined by a length and a width of the single cell, and wherein both the length and the width exceed 5 centimeters, and in some cases, at least 8 centimeters, or even at least 10 centimeters.
  • the at least one metal strip or wire is a plurality of wires
  • the protrusion is a plurality of protrusions
  • the conductive carbon layer forms a plurality of self-supporting strips, the strips disposed between the protrusions.
  • the strips are disposed between the protrusions to make a surface of the conductive carbon layer substantially flush with the surface of the porous titania film.
  • the conductive carbon layer is disposed within a porous support matrix.
  • the conductive carbon layer is supported by a flexible porous support matrix, disposed within the conductive carbon layer.
  • the conductive carbon layer and the flexible porous support matrix conform to contours of the porous titania film.
  • the surface of the cathode includes a catalytic component adapted to catalyze a redox reaction of the redox species.
  • the flexible porous support matrix includes a fiber mat.
  • the flexible porous support matrix includes glass fibers.
  • the flexible porous support matrix includes a glass fiber mat.
  • the conductive carbon layer includes glass fiber strips impregnated with carbon.
  • the glass fiber strips impregnated with carbon directly contact the surface of the porous titania film.
  • the partially transparent conductive coating is tin oxide.
  • the photovoltaic cell further includes at least one electrically-conductive structural component, associated with the conductive carbon layer, the structural component having a specific resistivity below 1200 microohm-cm, the component adapted and disposed to collect current from the cathode.
  • the electrically-conductive structural component includes graphite.
  • the electrically-conductive structural component includes a graphite foil.
  • the photovoltaic cell further includes a metal conducting element, attached to the graphite foil, the metal conducting element extending through a side wall of the cell to effect current take-off.
  • the metal conducting element is a metal foil or a metal mesh.
  • less than 50%, less than 30%, less than 20%, or even less than 10% of the electrolyte is disposed between the anode and the cathode.
  • the flexible conductive carbon sheet has a Shore D hardness below 90, below 80, or even below 70.
  • the current collection component contains less than 2% binder, by weight.
  • the current collection component contains less than 1% binder, by weight, and more preferably, less than 0.5% binder, by weight.
  • the current collection component may be substantially binderless.
  • the photovoltaic cell further includes a metal conducting element, attached to the graphite foil, the metal conducting element extending through a side wall of the cell to effect current take-off.
  • the metal conducting element is a metal foil or a metal mesh.
  • the photovoltaic dye cells of the present invention may be simple, broad, large- area, efficient, low-cost, lightweight and robust, and may successfully address the various shortcomings of the prior art.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an "open-faced" photovoltaic dye cell, according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 2 provides a schematic cross-sectional view of a dye cell according to another preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 3 a provides a schematic cross-sectional view of an inventive photovoltaic dye cell having a bi-plate structure
  • Figure 3b is a schematic top view of the cell of Figure 3a, showing the disposition of the anchoring points of the cell;
  • Figure 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a photovoltaic dye cell having a bi- plate structure, according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 5 provides a schematic cross-sectional view of a photovoltaic dye cell having conductor- filled grooves as cathodic current take-off means.
  • One aspect of the present invention is a counter-electrode for broad, large-area, single dye cells of typically 15 cm per side, and an inventive photovoltaic cell structure incorporating such a counter-electrode.
  • More flexible organic type binders are generally unsuitable for this application because of the high sintering temperature of 450 C needed for both anode and cathode layers in the cell.
  • the high sintering temperature may destroy organic binders and possibly contaminate the cell with organic decomposition residues.
  • many metals are corroded by the cell electrolyte under the dye cell working conditions and thus appear unsuitable for use in the counter-electrode as current collectors. In the dye-cell technology taught by Kay, these issues do not arise because of the narrow width of the strip cells. In such narrow cells:
  • the sintered-on carbon layer may display adequate mechanical stability, and • the carbon layer alone may convey current, without the need for a supplemental current collector.
  • the cell structure of the present invention may include a graphite foil, in combination with a corrosion-resistant metal or metal alloy current takeoff element at least partly embedded in the graphite foil, which structure is conductively bonded to, or in direct electrical conductive contact with, an underlying cathode carbon layer.
  • This structure is acceptably robust and enables a large area, broad cell construction, while simultaneously eliminating the need for a second layer of conducting glass in the dye cell or a second, physically separate counter-electrode.
  • the corrosion-resistant current takeoff element embedded in the graphite foil may be selected from various geometries including a foil, mesh, strips or wires of a number of metals or alloys such as titanium, titanium-clad copper, tungsten, a higher alloy of iron and chromium, or a higher alloy of iron, chromium and molybdenum.
  • the corrosion-resistant metal or metal alloy current takeoff element may be used as a standalone counter-electrode in the cell, without the need for combination with a carbon or graphite foil layer, and in such a case, the counter-electrode catalyzed directly with trace platinum.
  • FIG. 1 A schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of an inventive photovoltaic dye cell 100, which may be of an "open-faced" sandwich design, is shown in Figure 1.
  • a support glass such as a conventional anode support glass 102 (of typical thickness lmm-3mm)
  • a thin, transparent conducting surface layer 104 is disposed, the layer based, for example, on tin oxide.
  • Support glass 102 and conducting surface layer 104 may be provided with electrical conductivity enhancing features (e.g., as described in above- referenced U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20050072458, which is incorporated by reference for all purposes as if fully disclosed herein).
  • Support glass 102 is used as the substrate and basic building block for the dye cell.
  • the substrate is grooved and fitted with wire current take-off means as taught in the above-referenced patent publication.
  • wires pass sealably out of the cell through the side of the cell, and are braided together and/or connected, for example, by welding, to a current collecting strip (not shown), so as to form the cell anode terminal.
  • a current collecting strip not shown
  • an inert, electrically conducting binder composition 112 that bonds a wire 116 into the groove and makes good bridging electrical contact with the tin oxide layer on each side of the groove.
  • a titanium, tungsten, or higher alloy wire may be inserted into the groove.
  • the conducting binder which preferably includes a conductor such as titanium nitride and a binder such as alumina, is also added into the groove.
  • a nanocrystalline titania layer typically by screen-printing from a paste, followed by drying and sintering.
  • Porous, sintered nanocrystalline titania film or layer 120 is designed to have a typical thickness of about 15 micrometers. Titania film or layer 120 may include several sublayers of titania, each of which may be individually screen-printed and sintered.
  • Insulating layer 124 may be especially important for cells in which the conducting binder surface is appreciably above the level of sintered titania layer 120, as depicted in Figure 1.
  • Insulating layer 124 may be selected from a glaze or a binder composition containing fairly coarse titania, zirconia, alumina or silica particles preferably having a characteristic particle size on the order of several micrometers, or alternatively, from a high temperature polymer such as polyimide or silicone. Titania layer 120 may then be covered with a screen-printed, porous, insulating spacer layer from a paste containing relatively coarse titania, zirconia silica or alumina particles. The screen-printed spacer layer is designed to yield a sintered insulating spacer layer 128 having a thickness of about 5 micrometers. Sintered insulating spacer layer 128 also acts as a light scattering layer, directing light back to sintered nanocrystalline titania layer 120.
  • Spacer layer 128 may be narrow, typically on the order of 2 - 10 micrometers, to ensure a very small anode/cathode separation in the cell, a low ohmic resistance, and high cell fill factor, all of which contribute to increased cell performance.
  • Onto insulating spacer layer 128 may be applied a thin porous layer of carbon, optionally catalyzed with a trace amount of platinum or a platinum catalyst substitute via a screen- printable paste containing an inert binder. This thin layer is dried and sintered to produce a sintered, porous, catalytic carbon layer 132, which has a characteristic thickness of only a few micrometers.
  • the sintering of the screen-printable, porous, catalytic carbon paste layer is followed by the application of a relatively thick layer of porous, conducting carbon via a screen-printable carbon paste containing an inert binder. Another sintering step is performed, producing a sintered, porous, conducting carbon layer 136.
  • the screen- printing of the carbon paste is typically designed such that the thickness of sintered, conducting carbon layer 136 is typically about 50-100 micrometers.
  • Conducting carbon layer 136 may be sufficiently active for the iodine redox reaction in the cell such that the need for a separate catalytic layer such as catalytic carbon layer 132 may be obviated.
  • the various layers may be sintered, if possible in a single sintering step at 450°C, and following partial cooling, a sensitizer dye is introduced into titania layer 120 via porous carbon layer 136.
  • a sheet of graphite foil 140 having a prepared, sintered-on, porous, conducting carbon (and chemically inert) binder layer 144 disposed thereunder may be laid onto carbon layer 136 so as to be in good conductive contact therewith.
  • Porous carbon layer 136, graphite foil 140 (including binder layer 144), and optionally, catalytic layer 132 may form a cathode or counter-electrode 160 of cell 100.
  • At least partially embedded into the graphite foil may be a corrosion-resistant metal or metal alloy current collector 152 in the form of a wire, mesh, strip, perforated strip or foil that protrudes through the peripheral cell seal (described hereinbelow) to act as a counter-electrode terminal of the cell.
  • titanium, titanium-clad copper, and tungsten, and some higher alloys principally consisting of chromium and iron, or chromium, iron and molybdenum, may serve as chemically stable counter-electrode current collecting materials.
  • Graphite foil 140 may advantageously be equipped with one or more perforations 146 to facilitate electrolyte distribution into the cell during a subsequent filling operation.
  • a sheet 154 may be laid on top of the assembly to close the cell. Sheet 154 may be made of inexpensive window glass or various metals or alloys. Underneath sheet 154, and on top of graphite foil 140, may advantageously be disposed an elastic sheet 148, preferably including or consisting of foam, fiber mat or elastomer mat or a swelling precursor material or swelling polymeric material.
  • Elastic sheet 148 which may include a polymeric, carbon or metallic material, is compressible and spring-like, to help maintain a fairly uniform pressure between graphite foil 140 and carbon layer 136 while ensuring sufficient electrical contact over the large requisite area, without delaminating layer 136.
  • cell 100 may be sealed by a peripheral seal 156, e.g., using a liquid- phase sealant. Electrolyte may then be introduced into cell 100, typically by vacuum means via a hole (not shown) in sheet 154, and the hole may be sealed using a sealing composition. The cell is then ready for testing/modulizing.
  • FIG. 2 A schematic cross-sectional view of a photovoltaic dye cell 200 according to another preferred embodiment of the invention, is shown in Figure 2.
  • a support glass such as a conventional anode support glass 202 (of typical thickness lmm-3mm)
  • a thin, transparent conducting surface layer 204 is disposed, the layer based, for example, on tin oxide.
  • Support glass 202 which may be provided with electrical conductivity enhancing features, serves as the substrate and basic building block of dye cell 200.
  • conducting surface layer 204 Disposed on conducting surface layer 204 is a set of spaced, preferably substantially parallel strips 216 of a metal or alloy inert to the cell electrolyte and to charge carrier recombination. Strips 216, which may be deposited by means of electroplating, provide current take-off means for cell 200.
  • Strips 216 may pass sealably through the side of cell 200, and may be electrically connected together, e.g., by a current collecting strip (not shown) outside of the seal, thereby forming the anode terminal of the cell.
  • the plated strips may be also advantageously coated with an insulating layer 228, for example, including a glaze or a binder composition of titania, zirconia, alumina and/or silica, to prevent anode/cathode short-circuiting.
  • Onto conducting surface layer 204 is applied a nanocrystalline titania layer, typically by screen-printing from a paste, drying and sintering.
  • Porous, sintered nanocrystalline titania film or layer 220 is designed to have a typical thickness of about 15 micrometers. Titania film or layer 220 may include several sublayers of titania, each of which may be individually screen-printed and sintered.
  • Titania layer 220 is then covered with a screen-printed, porous, insulating spacer layer, which undergoes sintering to produce a sintered insulating spacer layer 228.
  • the screen-printed paste may contain relatively coarse titania, zirconia, silica, and/or alumina particles.
  • sintered insulating spacer layer 228 may have a thickness of about 2 - 10 micrometers. This thickness is designed to ensure a very small anode/cathode separation in the cell. This thickness is further designed to achieve a low internal resistance and a high cell fill factor, thereby raising cell performance.
  • Spacer layer 228 also acts as a light back-scattering layer, directing light back to sintered titania layer 220.
  • Cathode 260 includes a sintered, porous, catalytic conducting carbon layer 232, which may contain a binder that is chemically inert to the constituents of cell 200, and which may be catalyzed with a trace amount of platinum or of a platinum catalyst substitute.
  • Carbon layer 232 may be produced by screen-printing or otherwise applying a thin layer of porous, catalytic carbon paste, after which the layer is dried and sintered.
  • Sintered, porous, conducting carbon layer 232 may have a thickness of several micrometers, typically less than about 10 micrometers.
  • catalytic carbon layer 232 Disposed above catalytic carbon layer 232 is a relatively thick, sintered, conducting carbon layer 236, which may also form a part of cathode 260.
  • Carbon layer 236 may be produced by screen-printing, after which the layer is dried and sintered to achieve a typical thickness of 50-100 micrometers.
  • the various layers are sintered, typically or preferably in a single sintering step at 450 C, and following partial cooling, a sensitizer dye is introduced into titania layer 220 via porous carbon layer 236.
  • a sheet of graphite foil 240 is then conductively bonded to carbon layer 236 via a conducting carbon adhesive layer 245, which may be selected to be curable at a temperature below 120 C, thereby avoiding any damage to heat-sensitive dyes in titania layer 220.
  • Suitable components for adhesive layer 245 may include carbon powder and either an inert (with respect to the electrolyte) inorganic binder based on alumina, or an inert (with respect to the electrolyte) organic binder based on silicone or polyimide, for example.
  • Both graphite foil 240 and conducting carbon adhesive layer 245 may be considered to form a part of cathode 260.
  • graphite foil 240 is embedded, at least partially, a corrosion-resistant metal or metal alloy current collector 252 in the form of a wire, mesh, strip, perforated strip or foil that passes out through the peripheral cell seal (described below) to act as the counter- electrode terminal of cell 200.
  • a corrosion-resistant metal or metal alloy current collector 252 in the form of a wire, mesh, strip, perforated strip or foil that passes out through the peripheral cell seal (described below) to act as the counter- electrode terminal of cell 200.
  • titanium, titanium-clad copper, and tungsten, or some higher alloys principally consisting of chromium and iron, or chromium, iron and molybdenum may serve as chemically stable counter-electrode current collecting materials.
  • Graphite foil 240 may advantageously have perforations 246 in order to facilitate electrolyte distribution into the cell. The electrolyte-filling step may be carried out at this stage.
  • the cell is structurally completed by laying down a sheet of plastic laminated foil 258 and applying a peripheral sealant 252 between elements 202 and 258 of the cell, or alternatively a polymer sealing layer may be sprayed on to initially seal the cell, and additional sealing provided using an outer metal foil (not shown).
  • a polymer sealing layer may be sprayed on to initially seal the cell, and additional sealing provided using an outer metal foil (not shown).
  • window glass or metal/alloy sheet can be used to close the cell, and in the latter case, current collector 252 may be dispensed with.
  • large area, broad dye cells having physically separated anode and counter-electrodes may suffer from variously characteristic performance limitations.
  • the inventive biplate construction avoids this significant and potentially critical problem, because the carbon counterelectrode is not sintered (i.e., chemically bonded at high temperature) to the printed layer(s) of titania or spacer. Rather, the carbon counterelectrode is a distinct and separate entity that lies on top of, and may physically contact, the spacer layer, or the upper surface of the titania layer, but is not chemically bonded thereto, as in printed carbon layer technologies.
  • the term "immediately adjacent”, with respect to a surface of the cathode and a surface of the anode refers to surfaces that are not separated by an interceding layer.
  • solely physically associated with respect to layers of the cathode and/or layers of the anode, refers to layers that are in contact, but are not sintered together and are otherwise chemically disattached.
  • the term “self-supporting” refers to strips or layers that are held in place within the cell in a disattached structure with respect to the opposing electrode.
  • discrete with respect to adjacent layers in the cell, refers to layers that may be in contact with one another, yet are physically distinct.
  • FIG. 3a A schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of such an inventive photovoltaic dye cell 300 is provided in Figure 3a.
  • An anode glass 302 of typical thickness lmm-3mm has a thin, transparent conducting surface layer 304 based on a conductive material such as tin oxide.
  • Anode glass 302 and conducting surface layer 304 may be provided with electrical conductivity enhancing features.
  • the conductive glass is grooved and fitted with wire current take-off means substantially as described hereinabove.
  • wires pass sealably out of the cell at the side of the cell and are braided together and/or connected, for example, by welding, to a current collecting strip (not shown), to form an anode terminal of cell 300.
  • an electrically-conducting binder layer 312 which is preferably chemically inert to the cell electrolyte and serves to bond a wire 316 into groove 308 while making good bridging electrical contact with the tin oxide layer (conducting surface layer 304) on each side of groove 308.
  • a titanium, tungsten, or higher alloy wire may be inserted into groove 308 and a conducting binder, which preferably includes a conductor such as titanium nitride and a binder such as alumina, is also added into groove 308.
  • an upper surface of conducting binder layer 312 may be covered with an insulating layer 324 prior to the application of the nanocrystalline titania layer, to prevent short-circuits developing between the anode and the cathode. This is especially important when the surface of conducting binder layer 312 is appreciably above the level of a sintered nanocrystalline titania layer 320, as depicted in Figure 3a.
  • Insulating layer 324 may be selected from a glaze or a binder composition containing fairly coarse titania, zirconia, alumina or silica particles having a characteristic particle size of several micrometers, or alternatively, from a high temperature polymer such as polyimide or silicone.
  • tin oxide surface Onto the tin oxide surface (conducting surface layer 304) is applied a nanocrystalline titania layer, typically by screen-printing a paste, followed by drying and sintering to produce sintered nanocrystalline titania layer 320.
  • This sintered layer is designed to have a typical thickness of about 15 micrometers after the sintering step.
  • Titania layer 320 can be optionally coated with a coarse particle layer (not shown) based on titania, zirconia, alumina or silica, for purposes of electrical insulation and/or light back-scattering.
  • titania layer 320 may then be covered with sensitizer dye, or this step can be carried out later on, before electrolyte filling.
  • metal sheet 368 may include titanium, titanium-clad copper, tungsten, or higher alloys including principally chromium and iron, or chromium, iron and molybdenum.
  • metal sheet 368 is bonded to the upraised, electrically insulated material of insulating layer 324 by means of a layer of electrolyte-resistant adhesive 340.
  • Suitable adhesives are available, based on silicones or polyimides, for example.
  • Adhesive layer 340 may be placed at periodic spacing intervals along the materials covering grooves 308 to maintain a strong anchoring and uniform spacing between sheet 368 and anode glass 302.
  • a lateral continuous layer of adhesive is operational, but may be disadvantageous, however, as it hydraulically isolates electrolyte between adjacent grooves and makes the filling of cell 300 with electrolyte rather laborious.
  • Figure 3b shows the placing of the anchoring points in a schematic top view of cell 300, in which each "+" mark 303 represents a spaced location along the grooves in the anode plate where adhesive is placed.
  • Sheet 368 in Figure 3 a may be grooved in complementary fashion to anode glass 302, in order to accept the upraised profile of insulating layer 324 as required and thereby enable the desirable close approach (a few tens of micrometers only) between the surface of catalyst 332 and the surface of titania layer 320.
  • the cell may be filled with electrolyte via holes (not shown) in metal sheet 368, which holes are then sealed off.
  • the anode plate may be fitted with conducting metal strips instead of buried wires.
  • the metal sheet based counter-electrode may simply be stamped out to give a groove-like topography.
  • the counter-electrode may be a suitably catalyzed flat metal sheet from which slits have been punched or cut out, such that the slits fit over the upraised elements situated on the grooves, while simultaneously enabling the catalyzed surface between the slits to attain close proximity to the titania surface below.
  • a glass or polymer sheet placed above the slitted plate would be used to close off the cell, and this glass or polymer sheet would be anchored in place at multiple points on the upraised elements.
  • FIG. 4 provides a schematic cross-sectional view of a bi-plate photovoltaic dye cell 400 according to another embodiment of the present invention.
  • the construction of this biplate cell enables the use of only a single conducting glass sheet per cell. This construction further enables a very close juxtaposition of anode and cathode.
  • a photoanode support glass or substrate 402 coated with a substantially transparent conductor layer 404 may have spaced, preferably parallel wires 410 bonded in place on a surface of the conductive glass (e.g., on top of conductor layer 404) by means of a substantially inert conducting adhesive layer such as a conducting ceramic adhesive layer 415.
  • wires 410 may typically have a diameter of at least 100 micrometers, and the height of titania layer 406 is typically below about 15 micrometers, wires 410 may project above titania layer 406 by over 80 micrometers.
  • ceramic adhesive layer 415 may advantageously be covered with an electrically insulating layer 418, e.g., a layer including zirconia. Electrically insulating layer 418 may typically have a thickness in a range of 20 -50 micrometers.
  • Cell 400 may have two physically discrete electrodes.
  • a cathode or counter- electrode 430 may be a distinct component that is laid onto the anode element and may be disposed in close proximity thereto.
  • Counter-electrode 430 may advantageously include a porous, conductive cathodic layer 425, e.g., a porous support matrix supporting impregnated carbon.
  • the porous matrix may include or essentially consist of a mat, woven and/or non- woven, foam, or possibly other matrices known in the art.
  • a preferred material for the mat is glass fiber since it is low cost, flexible and conformable to the cell geometry, chemically inert in the cell environment, and may withstand elevated curing or sintering temperatures.
  • the impregnated carbon may be bonded to the porous support matrix by an inert binder, which may be selected from inorganic materials such as alumina, or polymeric materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, or Teflon ® ).
  • inert binder may be selected from inorganic materials such as alumina, or polymeric materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, or Teflon ® ).
  • Counter-electrode 430 may include porous cathodic layer 425 and a catalytic layer 432 (catalytic layer 432 being disposed towards titania layer 406), or a combination thereof.
  • Porous cathodic layer 425 may be disposed within cell 400 as a plurality of strips, each strip having a width enabling the strip to fit between neighboring protrusions of layer 418, or, adjacent to the cell perimeter, between a protrusion of layer 418 and an inner wall of an (inner) edge seal 465.
  • Dye cell 400 may be produced according to the following inventive method: onto a surface of photoanode support glass 402 having transparent conductor layer 404 (e.g., an electrically conducting, transparent tin oxide layer), are screen-printed strips of titania paste.
  • transparent conductor layer 404 e.g., an electrically conducting, transparent tin oxide layer
  • titania strips may be stained with dye.
  • the counter-electrode of cell 400 includes strips of porous, conductive layer 425, which are laid on to the strips of titania layer 406. These strips may advantageously include glass fiber mats impregnated with electrically conducting carbon paste, which have undergone sintering. Strips of conductive layer 425 may be advantageously catalyzed by means of catalytic layer 432, which may include trace platinum catalyst on a surface thereof. These strips may be directly laid on sintered titania layer 406 of the photoanode, with catalytic layer 432 being disposed towards titania layer 406. Despite this direct contact, we have found that no further insulation of titania from the carbon in the carbon-impregnated strips is necessary.
  • Graphite foil 435 laid on the strips of conductive layer 425.
  • Graphite foil 435 has an embedded inert metal mesh or foil 440 at a periphery thereof, which can pass sealably out of the cell.
  • Cell 400 is sealed by means of a window glass cover 445 in conjunction with an inner edge seal 465 and an outer edge seal 470, preferably produced by means of two sequentially applied polymers.
  • Glass cover 445 applies adequate pressure to the graphite foil underneath to ensure good electrical contact and close interspacing of the elements in the cell.
  • Electrolyte addition to the cell may be by means of fill holes in the window glass (not shown) which holes are later sealed off by polymer.
  • Cathode current withdrawal from the cell is via a takeoff terminal 442 outside the walls of cell 400, formed by a sealable protrusion of metal mesh or foil 440 through the cell wall, e.g., through edge seals 465 and 470.
  • Individual wires, emerging sealably from the photoanode via edge seals 465 and 470, can be welded to a current collecting strip (not shown) to form the photoanode current collector.
  • individual cells may be electrically connected and suitably mounted in a support structure.
  • cathode 430 forms a discrete, physically separate layer with respect to porous titania film 406 of the anode.
  • Cathode 430 is also adapted to display a measure of compressibility and elasticity.
  • cathode 430 (and in particular, strips of conductive layer 425) may be held against the surface of porous titania film 406, and may absorb moderate pressures normal to porous titania film 406, so as to protect titania film 406.
  • the bottommost surface of cathode 430 may adapt or conform to a contour of titania film 406, such that the significant ohmic inefficiency characterizing various prior art dye cells is appreciably reduced.
  • strips of conductive layer 425 may have a Shore D hardness below 90. In some cases, strips of conductive layer 425 may have a Shore D hardness below 80, or below 70.
  • the anodic section may be structured substantially as in Figure 3 a.
  • a counter-electrode plate or cover includes a window glass 578, which is bonded at the edges to an anode glass 302 by a peripheral seal 556, e.g., using a liquid sealant.
  • a nanocrystalline titania layer 320 of the anode may be coated with a coarse particle layer 322 based on titania, zirconia, alumina or silica, for purposes of electrical insulation and light back-scattering.
  • Nanocrystalline titania layer 320 may then be covered with a sensitizer dye, or this step can be carried out subsequently, prior to electrolyte filling.
  • each of at least one groove such as groove 588 contains a wire 596 bonded in place by a conducting adhesive layer 592, which layer extends also as a continuous layer across the glass face in order to provide electrical conductivity between adjacent grooves.
  • the anode and counter plates may be bonded together at various points (e.g., periodically spaced intervals) along anode and counter grooves (as in Figure 3a) by a layer of adhesive 566.
  • a layer 570 of carbon or graphite, optionally coated with a catalyst such as trace platinum, is provided, and the thickness of this layer is selected so as to allow close proximity of the carbon or catalyst surface to nanocrystalline titania layer 320.
  • Cell 500 may be filled with electrolyte through fill holes (not shown) in the counter-electrode, which is then sealed, at which point cell 500 may be ready for testing and modulizing.
  • the presence of closely placed anchoring points e.g., about one cm apart on a large area cell sized 15cm x 15cm
  • a strong adhesive such as silicone

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Hybrid Cells (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une cellule photovoltaïque à colorant, servant à convertir une source de lumière en électricité et comprenant : (a) un logement pourvu d'une paroi de cellule au moins partiellement transparente; (b) un électrolyte placé à l'intérieur de la paroi de cellule, contenant une espèce d'oxydo-réduction à base d'iode; (c) un revêtement conducteur au moins partiellement transparent disposé sur la surface intérieure de la paroi de cellule; (d) une anode disposée sur le revêtement conducteur, contenant : (i) un film de dioxyde de titane poreux conçu pour établir un contact intime avec l'espèce d'oxydo-réduction, et (ii) un colorant absorbé sur la surface du film de dioxyde de titane, le colorant et le film étant conçus pour convertir les photons en électrons; et (e) une cathode faisant sensiblement face à l'anode et contenant au moins une feuille de carbone conductrice flexible conçue pour transférer les électrons vers un composant collecteur de courant associé à la cathode, la feuille de carbone conductrice étant disposée en communication électrolytique, par le biais de l'électrolyte, avec le film de dioxyde de titane, la feuille de carbone formant une couche discrète par rapport au film de dioxyde de titane de l'anode, ladite feuille s'adaptant au contour dudit film.
PCT/IL2008/001168 2007-05-15 2008-08-28 Cellule photovoltaique a colorant dotee d'une contre-electrode amelioree WO2009027977A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN200880113787.5A CN101842905B (zh) 2007-08-28 2008-08-28 具有改善的辅助电极的光伏染料电池
AU2009250946A AU2009250946B2 (en) 2007-05-15 2009-12-15 Photovoltaic cell

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US96831607P 2007-08-28 2007-08-28
US60/968,316 2007-08-28
PCT/IL2008/000671 WO2008139479A2 (fr) 2007-05-15 2008-05-15 Pile photovoltaïque
ILPCT/IL2008/000671 2008-05-15
PCT/IL2008/000856 WO2009001343A2 (fr) 2007-06-24 2008-06-24 Pile sèche ayant une couche de cathode frittée
ILPCT/IL2008/000856 2008-06-24

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
AU2009250946A Division AU2009250946B2 (en) 2007-05-15 2009-12-15 Photovoltaic cell

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2009027977A2 true WO2009027977A2 (fr) 2009-03-05
WO2009027977A3 WO2009027977A3 (fr) 2009-04-30
WO2009027977A4 WO2009027977A4 (fr) 2009-06-11

Family

ID=40387971

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/IL2008/001168 WO2009027977A2 (fr) 2007-05-15 2008-08-28 Cellule photovoltaique a colorant dotee d'une contre-electrode amelioree

Country Status (2)

Country Link
CN (2) CN101842905B (fr)
WO (1) WO2009027977A2 (fr)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102155078A (zh) * 2010-12-28 2011-08-17 德州学院 纳米太阳能织物光伏表皮
US20110232759A1 (en) * 2010-03-29 2011-09-29 Tao Xu Highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells using microtextured electron collecting anode and nanoporous and interdigitated hole collecting cathode and method for making same
EP2533352A1 (fr) * 2010-02-03 2012-12-12 Nippon Steel Chemical Co., Ltd. Cellule solaire rendue sensible aux colorants, et procédé de fabrication correspondant
EP2418665A3 (fr) * 2010-08-11 2013-08-21 Samsung SDI Co., Ltd. Électrode pour dispositif photo-électrique, son procédé de préparation et dispositif photo-électrique le comprenant
EP2413371A3 (fr) * 2010-07-29 2014-07-02 Samsung SDI Co., Ltd. Électrode pour dispositif photo-électrique, son procédé de préparation et dispositif photo-électrique le comprenant
US20150228414A1 (en) * 2012-08-22 2015-08-13 Sumitomo Osak Cement Co., Ltd. Dye-sensitive solar cell paste, porous light-reflective insulation layer, and dye-sensitive solar cell
EP2642570B1 (fr) * 2012-03-23 2015-12-16 Institute of Nuclear Energy Research Atomic Energy Council, Executive Yuan Un appareil de collecte de courant et procédé de traitement d'une cellule à combustible à oxyde solide de tels éléments
US9257601B2 (en) 2011-05-17 2016-02-09 Mcmaster University Light emitting diodes and substrates
US9405164B2 (en) 2013-08-21 2016-08-02 Board Of Trustees Of Northern Illinois University Electrochromic device having three-dimensional electrode
CN115764003A (zh) * 2022-10-11 2023-03-07 贵州梅岭电源有限公司 微重力环境下多周次使用锌银蓄电池

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104485230A (zh) * 2014-12-18 2015-04-01 中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所 用于染料敏化太阳能电池的新型对电极及其制备方法
FR3082356B1 (fr) * 2018-06-11 2020-06-19 Armor Procede de fabrication d'un module photovoltaique et module photovoltaique ainsi obtenu
PL3896709T3 (pl) * 2020-04-17 2023-09-25 Exeger Operations Ab Urządzenie fotowoltaiczne

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050067007A1 (en) * 2001-11-08 2005-03-31 Nils Toft Photovoltaic element and production methods
US20050072458A1 (en) * 2003-01-12 2005-04-07 Orionsolar Ltd. Solar cell device
US20050092359A1 (en) * 2002-06-04 2005-05-05 Nippon Oil Corporation Photovoltaic device

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP4600284B2 (ja) * 2003-10-28 2010-12-15 住友金属鉱山株式会社 透明導電積層体とその製造方法及び透明導電積層体を用いたデバイス
KR100661116B1 (ko) * 2004-11-22 2006-12-22 가부시키가이샤후지쿠라 전극, 광전 변환 소자 및 색소 증감 태양 전지
CN100355090C (zh) * 2005-04-21 2007-12-12 中山大学 一种立体吸光的丝状集成染料敏化太阳电池
CN101017856A (zh) * 2007-03-06 2007-08-15 大连轻工业学院 染料敏化太阳能电池碳对电极及制备方法

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050067007A1 (en) * 2001-11-08 2005-03-31 Nils Toft Photovoltaic element and production methods
US20050092359A1 (en) * 2002-06-04 2005-05-05 Nippon Oil Corporation Photovoltaic device
US20050072458A1 (en) * 2003-01-12 2005-04-07 Orionsolar Ltd. Solar cell device

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2533352A1 (fr) * 2010-02-03 2012-12-12 Nippon Steel Chemical Co., Ltd. Cellule solaire rendue sensible aux colorants, et procédé de fabrication correspondant
EP2533352A4 (fr) * 2010-02-03 2015-04-22 Nippon Steel & Sumikin Chem Co Cellule solaire rendue sensible aux colorants, et procédé de fabrication correspondant
US9129751B2 (en) * 2010-03-29 2015-09-08 Northern Illinois University Highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells using microtextured electron collecting anode and nanoporous and interdigitated hole collecting cathode and method for making same
US20110232759A1 (en) * 2010-03-29 2011-09-29 Tao Xu Highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells using microtextured electron collecting anode and nanoporous and interdigitated hole collecting cathode and method for making same
EP2413371A3 (fr) * 2010-07-29 2014-07-02 Samsung SDI Co., Ltd. Électrode pour dispositif photo-électrique, son procédé de préparation et dispositif photo-électrique le comprenant
EP2418665A3 (fr) * 2010-08-11 2013-08-21 Samsung SDI Co., Ltd. Électrode pour dispositif photo-électrique, son procédé de préparation et dispositif photo-électrique le comprenant
CN102155078A (zh) * 2010-12-28 2011-08-17 德州学院 纳米太阳能织物光伏表皮
US9257601B2 (en) 2011-05-17 2016-02-09 Mcmaster University Light emitting diodes and substrates
EP2642570B1 (fr) * 2012-03-23 2015-12-16 Institute of Nuclear Energy Research Atomic Energy Council, Executive Yuan Un appareil de collecte de courant et procédé de traitement d'une cellule à combustible à oxyde solide de tels éléments
US20150228414A1 (en) * 2012-08-22 2015-08-13 Sumitomo Osak Cement Co., Ltd. Dye-sensitive solar cell paste, porous light-reflective insulation layer, and dye-sensitive solar cell
US9405164B2 (en) 2013-08-21 2016-08-02 Board Of Trustees Of Northern Illinois University Electrochromic device having three-dimensional electrode
US10281791B2 (en) 2013-08-21 2019-05-07 Board of Trustees of Northers Illinois University Electrochromic device having three-dimensional electrode
CN115764003A (zh) * 2022-10-11 2023-03-07 贵州梅岭电源有限公司 微重力环境下多周次使用锌银蓄电池
CN115764003B (zh) * 2022-10-11 2023-07-21 贵州梅岭电源有限公司 微重力环境下多周次使用锌银蓄电池

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN102969167A (zh) 2013-03-13
CN102969167B (zh) 2016-08-03
CN101842905B (zh) 2013-01-16
WO2009027977A3 (fr) 2009-04-30
CN101842905A (zh) 2010-09-22
WO2009027977A4 (fr) 2009-06-11

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US9704653B2 (en) Photovoltaic cell
WO2009027977A2 (fr) Cellule photovoltaique a colorant dotee d'une contre-electrode amelioree
US9530572B2 (en) Solar cell device
AU2007231352B2 (en) A sealed monolithic photo-electrochemical system and a method for manufacturing a sealed monolithic photo-electrochemical system
EP1192627B1 (fr) Procedes de mise en place de connexions isolantes et electriques dans des dispositifs photoelectrochimiques a regeneration comportant une ou plusieurs cellules
US8586861B2 (en) Solar cell device
AU2009250946B2 (en) Photovoltaic cell
JP5095226B2 (ja) 色素増感型太陽電池及びその製造方法
JP5441916B2 (ja) 大面積色素電池、及びその生産方法
EP2625704B1 (fr) Connexion électrique verticale de cellules photoélectrochimiques
JP2010218948A (ja) 色素増感型太陽電池
WO2009053979A2 (fr) Ensemble de cellules à colorant monolithique présentant une migration ionique réduite dans les joints intercellulaires

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 200880113787.5

Country of ref document: CN

121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 08789840

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A2

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 08789840

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A2