WO2009021481A1 - Dispositif de stimulation de l'épithélium olfactif - Google Patents

Dispositif de stimulation de l'épithélium olfactif Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009021481A1
WO2009021481A1 PCT/DE2008/001184 DE2008001184W WO2009021481A1 WO 2009021481 A1 WO2009021481 A1 WO 2009021481A1 DE 2008001184 W DE2008001184 W DE 2008001184W WO 2009021481 A1 WO2009021481 A1 WO 2009021481A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
stimulation
signals
cells
measurement signals
stimulation signals
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/DE2008/001184
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Peter Tass
Volker Sturm
Joachim E. ZÖLLER
Original Assignee
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
Universität Zu Köln
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
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Application filed by Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Universität Zu Köln filed Critical Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
Publication of WO2009021481A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009021481A1/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/3605—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system
    • A61N1/3606—Implantable neurostimulators for stimulating central or peripheral nerve system adapted for a particular treatment
    • A61N1/36082—Cognitive or psychiatric applications, e.g. dementia or Alzheimer's disease
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/02—Details
    • A61N1/04—Electrodes
    • A61N1/05—Electrodes for implantation or insertion into the body, e.g. heart electrode
    • A61N1/0526—Head electrodes
    • A61N1/0546—Nasal electrodes

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for stimulating the olfactory epithelium and a corresponding method. More particularly, the invention relates to an apparatus and method for treating psychiatric and / or neurological disorders.
  • Affective diseases especially depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and autism, as well as certain forms of epilepsy, are caused by dysfunction of brain cells.
  • the mentioned psychiatric and neurological diseases are currently u.a. treated medically and psychotherapeutically. However, such treatments are effective only on some of the patients, e.g. Approximately 10% of all depressive patients can not be adequately treated conservatively.
  • an apparatus comprises a Generatoreinh ⁇ e ⁇ t ⁇ "ün ⁇ ä '” ETNE “" MTT “" DET “Ge7TeT” ä “C' delta T ⁇ iTi '11eri' '' verb 'üTi” -' dene stimulation unit ,
  • the generator unit is used to generate electrical stimulation signals.
  • the stimulation unit stimulates cells of the olfactory epithelium with the stimulation signals.
  • the device may be used to treat a psychiatric and / or neurological disorder. Furthermore, the device can be used for the desynchronization of morbid synchronous neuronal associations of the limbic system.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a device 100 according to an embodiment
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of a device 200 according to a further exemplary embodiment
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a device 300 according to a further embodiment
  • 4A to 4C are schematic representations of an electrode
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of a high-frequency continuous stimulation
  • FIG. 6 shows a schematic representation of a sequence of pulse trains 600 applied by means of a stimulation contact surface
  • FIG. 7 shows a schematic representation of sequences of pulse trains 600 applied by means of a plurality of stimulation contact surfaces
  • Fig. 8 is a schematic illustration of a pulse train 600; and 9 shows a schematic representation of a device 900 according to a further exemplary embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows a device 100 which includes a generator unit 1 and a stimulation unit 2 connected to the generator unit 1.
  • the generator unit 1 generates electrical stimulation signals which are fed into the stimulation unit 2 and are used by the stimulation unit 2 to stimulate cells.
  • the device 100 is suitable or intended for stimulation of cells, for example olfactory senses, of the olfactory epithelium 3 of a human or of a mammal by means of the stimulation unit 2.
  • the stimulation unit 2 considers it to be an olfactory epithelium stimulation unit.
  • the device 100 can be used in particular for the treatment of affective disorders, for example depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, schizophrenia, autism and epilepsy.
  • affective disorders for example depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, schizophrenia, autism and epilepsy.
  • the above-mentioned diseases are caused by a malfunction of communication of nerve cell groups of the limbic system in the brain. These dysfunctions are caused by abnormal bioelectrical activity and the associated defective connectivity of nerve cell assemblies.
  • the limbic system consists of phylogenetically (culturally) old cortical and subcortical areas of the brain, which approximately surround the brain stem and connect parts of the neocortex with areas of the brainstem, which among other things control the production of the most important neurotransmitters.
  • olfactory system olfactory system
  • nerviert olfactory system
  • the innervated areas only partially serve the direct olfactory function. They take on a wide range of other tasks, for example in the area of taste perception, emotional processing and memory functions. In particular, the emotional processing is massively disturbed in different psychiatric disorders, such as depression.
  • the smell perception takes place by chemical activation of nerve cells, which rest against the nasenseptum (nasal septum) and the roof of the nasal cavity.
  • a thin bony plate of the medial anterior skull base which is perforated like a sieve, the cribriform lamina, separates the nerve cells from the bulb Olfaktius (olfactory bulb), which rests directly on this plate. Nerve cells and Bulbus Ol compositionius are connected by thin nerve fibers.
  • Each individual nerve fiber then, segregated from the other fibers, continues in the olfactory bulb and passes into the olfactory tract, which divides slightly farther posteriorly into two fibrous systems, the medial stria olfactoria and the lateral olfactory stria , These compounds now innervate large parts of the limbic system.
  • the essential access to the limbic system via peripheral sensory systems thus takes place via the described olfactory system.
  • nerve cell associations of the limbic system continuously generate pathological neuronal activity and associated pathological connectivity (network structure).
  • a large number of neurons synchronously form action potentials, ie the participating neurons fire excessively synchronously.
  • the neurons in the limbic system fire qualitatively differently, eg in an uncontrolled way.
  • the mean frequency of the pathological rhythmic see activity of the affected (synchronously firing) neuron bandages in the range of 1 to 10 Hz, but may also lie outside this range.
  • the device 100 can be carried out by electrostimulation the olfactory sensory cells of the olfactory epithelium (olfactory mucous membrane) are stimulated and forwarded by the olfactory sensory stimulation signals via the nerve connections to the limbic system forwarded.
  • the stimulation signals reaching the limbic system via the olfactory epithelium correct the pathological neuronal activity in the limbic system.
  • the stimulation reorganizes the connectivity of the disturbed neural networks so that long-lasting therapeutic effects can be achieved.
  • stimulation methods are used which lead to a degradation of abnormally strong synaptic connections by a desynchronization of the morbid synchronously firing neurons.
  • the device 100 can be operated, for example, in a so-called "open loop” mode, in which the generator unit 1 generates predetermined electrical stimulation signals and these are delivered to the olfactory epithelium via the stimulation unit 2. Furthermore, the device
  • the 100 may also be further developed into a device 200, which is a so-called "closed loop" system shown in Fig. 2.
  • the device 200 additionally contains a measuring unit 4, which measures signals from cells, in particular olfactory sensory cells of the olfactory epithelium and / or the EEG of It can be provided that the generator unit 1 generates the stimulation signals on the basis of the measuring signals recorded by the measuring unit 4.
  • the measuring unit 4 can be in the form of one or more sensors, for example in FIG
  • the olfactory epithelium can be implanted, for example, as electrodes, in particular for Measurement of neural and / or vegetative activity, or designed as an accelerometer.
  • the measuring unit 4 in the physiological activity of the stimulated area • or a related area, such as the limbic system, in particular the orbito-frontal cortex, an important part of the limbic system can be measured.
  • the measuring unit 4 can be implanted either in the brain, eg in limbic structures of the brain, or epidurally, ie between hard meninges and cranial bones.
  • a demand-controlled stimulation can be carried out by the generator unit 1.
  • the generator unit 1 detects the presence and / or the expression of one or more pathological features on the basis of the measurement signal recorded by the measuring unit 4.
  • the amplitude or the amount of neuronal activity of neuronal associations of the limbic system can be measured and compared to a predetermined threshold.
  • the generator unit 1 can be designed so that a stimulation is started as soon as the predetermined threshold value is exceeded.
  • to control the timing of the stimulation based on the recorded by the measuring unit 4
  • Measuring signals or, in addition, the intensity of the stimulation signals can be set by the generator unit 1 on the basis of the expression of the pathological features.
  • one or more threshold values can be preset, and if the amplitude or the magnitude of the measurement signal exceeds a certain threshold value, the generator unit 1 adjusts a specific strength of the stimulation signals.
  • the measurement signals recorded by the measuring unit 4 are used directly or, if appropriate, after one or more processing steps as a stimulus.
  • tion signals are used and are fed from the generator unit 1 in the stimulation unit 1.
  • the measurement signals can be amplified and, if appropriate after mathematical calculation (for example after mixing the measurement signals) with at least one time delay and, for example, linear and / or nonlinear computation steps and combinations processed and fed into at least one stimulation contact of the stimulation unit 2.
  • the processing steps of the measurement signals are chosen so that the pathological neuronal activity is counteracted and the stimulation signal also disappears with decreasing pathological neuronal activity or at least is significantly reduced in its strength.
  • a device 300 is shown schematically, which shows a development of the devices 100 or 200 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • the device 300 contains, in addition to the generator unit 1, two stimulation units 21 and 22 which are respectively placed in one of the regions of the nasal cavity separated by the nasal septum and there in the respective olfactory epithelium 31 and 32, respectively.
  • the apparatus 300 may include measuring units 41 and 42, which are also placed in the olfactory epithelia 31 and 32, respectively, and which allow operation of the apparatus 300 in the "closed loop" mode described above.
  • FIGS. 4A to 4C schematically show an electrode 400, which can be used, for example, as a stimulation unit 2, 21 or 22.
  • the electrode 4 ⁇ 0 " consists of an insulated electrode shaft 401 and at least one, for example, more than two or more than four or more than fifteen stimulation pads 402, which have been inserted into the electrode shaft 401, and a holding device 403 and an electrode cable 404. Both the electrode shaft 401 as well as the stimulation contact surfaces 402, the holding device 403 and the insulation of the electrode cable 404 are made of biocompatible materials. posed.
  • the stimulation contact surfaces 402 are made of an electrically conductive material, for example a metal, and are located after the implantation in direct electrical contact with the nerve tissue of the olfactory epithelium.
  • Each of the stimulation contact surfaces 402 can be activated via its own supply line, or the recorded measurement signals can be dissipated via the supply lines.
  • the electrode 400 includes a total of 26 stimulation pads 402, which are arranged in two rows, each with 13 stimulation pads 402.
  • the electrode 400 may also have a reference electrode, not shown in FIGS. 4A to 4C, whose surface is typically larger than that of the stimulation contact surfaces 402. The reference electrode is used to stimulate the nerve tissue to generate a reference potential. Alternatively, one of the stimulation pads 402 may be used for this purpose.
  • the electrode 400 can also be used as a measuring unit 4.
  • 402 measuring signals are recorded on at least one of the contact surfaces.
  • the holding device 403 can be implanted in a milling channel in the nose and fixed by a screwed miniaturized metal plate on the bone.
  • the holding device 403 holds the electrode shaft 401 in the desired position.
  • the electrode shaft 401 is pressed against the olfactory epithelium from below so that the stimulation contact surfaces 402 form a secure connection with the cells of the olfactory epithelium.
  • the electrode cable 404 is flexible, electrically insulated and substantially thinner than the holding device 403.
  • the electrode cable 404 runs under the skin and connects the stimulation contact surfaces 402 with the generator unit 1.
  • Fig. 4A the electrode 400 is shown in a side view.
  • the electrode shaft 401 has a width and a thickness in the range of 1 to 3 mm, in particular in the range of 1.5 to 2 mm and a length in the range of 7 to 20 mm, in particular in the range of 8 to 10 mm and for example 9 mm.
  • the electrode shaft 401 and the holding device 403 are connected to one another and together form an angle ⁇ in the range of 35 ° to 55 °, in particular in the range of 40 ° to 50 ° and in particular of approximately 45 °.
  • the electrode 400 covers slightly less than half of the olfactory epithelium located below the lamina cribrosa; but it may also cover the entire lamina cribrosa and the underlying olfactory epithelium.
  • the electrode 400 is shown in a front view. Also in this perspective, the electrode shaft 401 and the holding device 403 together form an angle ⁇ in the range of 35 ° to 55 °, in particular in the range of 40 ° to 50 ° and in particular of about 45 °.
  • the electrode 400 in Fig. 4C is shown schematically in a three-dimensional, rectangular coordinate system.
  • the electrode shaft 401 is aligned along the negative z-axis in FIG. 4C.
  • the connection point between the electrode shaft 401 and the holder 403 is at the origin of the coordinate system.
  • the angle ⁇ corresponds to the angle which the holding device 403 encloses with the x-y plane
  • the angle ⁇ corresponds to the angle which the projection of the holding device 403 encloses on the x-y plane with the positive x-axis.
  • the view of FIG. 4B corresponds to a projection on the x-y plane in FIG. 4C.
  • a suitable stimulation method is the high-frequency continuous stimulation shown schematically in FIG. 5.
  • the olfactory epithelium is provided with current- or voltage-controlled pulses 500 having a frequency in the range from 50 to 250 Hz, in particular from 110 to 140 Hz. be repeated, stimulated.
  • the stimulation with short pulse trains 600 is preferred.
  • the application of the pulse trains 600 occurs in a manner that causes the stimulated, overly synchronously active neuron population to become desynchronized and thereby return to its normal behavior.
  • the pulse trains 600 are used e.g. applied as a sequence with up to 20 pulse trains 600. Within a sequence, the pulse trains 600 are repeated at a frequency fi in the range of 0.5 to 50 Hz, in particular in the range of 1 to 10 Hz. Embodiments of the pulse trains 600 will be explained below in connection with FIG. 8.
  • the administration of the pulse trains 600 via the individual stimulation contact surfaces takes place with a time delay between the individual stimulation contact surfaces.
  • the pulse trains 600 applied via four different stimulation contact surfaces are shown in FIG. 7 with one another. The beginning of the sequences of pulse trains 600 is shifted here in each case by a time ⁇ T.
  • the time delay ⁇ T between any two pacing contacts can be For example, they may be located in the region of a mid-period middle of abnormal rhythmic activity in the limbic system. For example, since the average frequency of the abnormal rhythmic activity is about 1 to 10 Hz, the time delay ⁇ T is in the range of 0.1
  • Second / N to 1 second / N. In the best case, this allows immediate control of the abnormal neuronal discharge patterns in the limbic system. Above all, stimulation can result in long-lasting synaptic remodeling in the affected nerve cell groups, so that the target areas unlearn the tendency to generate pathological neuronal activity via plastic processes.
  • stimulation signals are applied to the cells of the olfactory epithelium over a period of time by means of at least two of the stimulation contact surfaces, this also stimulates different subpopulations in the limbic system that are coupled to the respective stimulated regions of the olfactory epithelium with a time delay.
  • the stimulation signals may cause the phase of neuronal activity of the respective subpopulation to be reset.
  • the time-delayed stimulation of different subpopulations and the resulting time-delayed phase resetting of the different subpopulations make it possible to split the neuron population to be desynchronized into subpopulations whose phases are shifted from one another. Due to the pathologically increased interaction between the neurons, the division into phase-shifted subpopulations leads to a desynchronization of the entire neuron population.
  • the pulse trains 600 can each consist of 1 to 100, in particular 2 to 10, electrical charge-balanced individual pulses 601.
  • a pulse train 600 which consists of three individual pulses 601, is shown in FIG.
  • the individual pulses 601 become between 50 and 250 at a frequency f 2
  • the individual pulses 601 may flow or voltage controlled pulses be composed of an initial pulse portion 602 and a subsequent, flowing in the opposite direction pulse portion 603, wherein the polarity of the two pulse components 602 and 603 with respect to the polarity shown in Fig. 8 can also be reversed.
  • the duration 604 of the pulse component 602 is in the range between 1 ⁇ s and 450 ⁇ s.
  • the amplitude 605 of the pulse component 602 in the case of current-controlled pulses is in the range between 0 mA and 25 mA and in the case of voltage-controlled pulses in the range from 0 to 16 V.
  • the amplitude of the pulse component 603 is less than the amplitude 605 of the pulse component 602 For this, the duration of the pulse portion 603 is longer than that of the pulse portion 602.
  • the pulse portions 602 and 603 are ideally dimensioned such that the charge transferred through them is the same for both pulse portions 602 and 603, ie, those shown in FIG. 8 hatched areas are the same size. As a result, by a single pulse 601 as much charge is introduced into the tissue as is removed from the tissue.
  • the rectangular shape of the individual pulses 601 shown in FIG. 8 represents an ideal shape. Depending on the quality of the electronics generating the individual pulses 601, the ideal rectangular shape is deviated from.
  • the generator unit 1 may also generate differently designed stimulation signals, e.g. temporally continuous stimulus pattern.
  • stimulation signals e.g. temporally continuous stimulus pattern.
  • the signal forms described above and their parameters are only to be understood as examples. It may well be provided that deviates from the above-mentioned waveforms and their parameters.
  • FIG. 9 shows a device 900 for the treatment of psychiatric and / or neurological diseases, such as affective disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, schizophrenia, autism and epilepsy, by means of stimulation of cells of the olfactory system. epithelium during their intended operation.
  • a stimulation electrode 2 has been implanted in the region of the olfactory epithelium of a patient.
  • Another electrode, not shown in FIG. 9, can be implanted on the other side of the nasal septum in the olfactory epithelium there.
  • the stimulation electrode 2 is connected via an electrode cable 5 with a connector 6.
  • the connector 6 serves to connect the electrode cable 5 (or the electrode cable in the case of two stimulation electrodes) to a connecting cable 7.
  • the connecting cable 7 is connected to the generator unit 1 at its end facing away from the connector 6.
  • the device 900 also contains at least one sensor which, for example, can also be integrated into the stimulation electrode 2.
  • All parts of the device 900 may be implanted in the body of the patient.
  • the electrode cable 5, the connector 6 and the connecting cable 7 are implanted under the skin.
  • the generator unit 1 can be designed to be fully implantable and fed by a long-life battery or a rechargeable accumulator.
  • Generator unit 1 may include control electronics that implement the "open loop" and / or "closed loop” pacing methods.
  • the generator unit 1 may be a semi-implant with an external (outside the body) energy source.
  • control elements can be located both in the implanted part and in the external part of the semi-implant.
  • the generator unit 1 may have a safety circuit which ensures that safety limits known to the person skilled in the art (for example, the most compatible charge input) are adhered to.
  • the device 900 enables effective therapeutic stimulation, which does not require an operative access to the brain and thus protects more gently and with less risk.
  • deep brain stimulation which only achieves small tissue volumes, the apparatus 900 can stimulate extended parts of the brain by stimulating the limbic system.
  • the stimulation electrode 2 can be implanted as described below. About a 2 cm long arcuate incision, which is for the most part in the medial part of the eyebrow is performed (with minimal cosmetic impairment), a few millimeters wide opening in the middle part of the bony boundary of the eye socket created by directly the roof to inspect and reach the main nasal cavity. Under optical control, the stimulation electrode 2 is implanted through this opening between the mucous membrane shielding the olfactory epithelium with the corresponding nerve cells from the nasal cavity and the nerve cells to be stimulated. The mucosal cover protects against infections, the direct contact with the olfactory nerve cells allows optimal control by electrical stimulation.
  • the stimulation electrode 2 is mounted in a 1 mm wide, a few millimeters deep channel, which is milled into the nasal bone. The definitive fixation is done by a small metal plate that passes through
  • the E ⁇ ek ⁇ trodentent 5 is then passed under the skin over the forehead, the temple and further behind the ear to the connector 6.
  • the generator unit 1 can be implanted at different locations. This usually happens on the pectoral muscle under the skin.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Neurology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Developmental Disabilities (AREA)
  • Psychiatry (AREA)
  • Psychology (AREA)
  • Neurosurgery (AREA)
  • Child & Adolescent Psychology (AREA)
  • Hospice & Palliative Care (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
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  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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  • Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif (100) qui comprend une unité générateur (1) pour la production de signaux de stimulation électriques et une unité de stimulation (2) connectée à l'unité générateur (1). L'unité de stimulation (2) est conçue pour la stimulation de cellules de l'épithélium olfactif par des signaux de stimulation.
PCT/DE2008/001184 2007-08-13 2008-07-18 Dispositif de stimulation de l'épithélium olfactif WO2009021481A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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DE102007038160A DE102007038160B4 (de) 2007-08-13 2007-08-13 Vorrichtung zur Stimulation des Riechepithels
DE102007038160.5 2007-08-13

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Cited By (4)

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KR101534397B1 (ko) * 2013-08-26 2015-07-09 재단법인대구경북과학기술원 향기 발생 장치 및 그 제어 방법
WO2020257001A1 (fr) * 2019-06-17 2020-12-24 Oculeve, Inc. Stimulateur nasal portatif doté d'un mécanisme de sécurité
US10967173B2 (en) 2013-04-19 2021-04-06 Oculeve, Inc. Nasal stimulation devices and methods for treating dry eye
US11020592B2 (en) 2017-11-17 2021-06-01 Boston Scientific Neuromodulation Corporation Systems and methods for generating intermittent stimulation using electrical stimulation systems

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10967173B2 (en) 2013-04-19 2021-04-06 Oculeve, Inc. Nasal stimulation devices and methods for treating dry eye
KR101534397B1 (ko) * 2013-08-26 2015-07-09 재단법인대구경북과학기술원 향기 발생 장치 및 그 제어 방법
US11020592B2 (en) 2017-11-17 2021-06-01 Boston Scientific Neuromodulation Corporation Systems and methods for generating intermittent stimulation using electrical stimulation systems
WO2020257001A1 (fr) * 2019-06-17 2020-12-24 Oculeve, Inc. Stimulateur nasal portatif doté d'un mécanisme de sécurité

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