WO2009016208A2 - Elongasen und verfahren zur herstellung mehrfach ungesättigter fettsäuren in transgenen organismen - Google Patents
Elongasen und verfahren zur herstellung mehrfach ungesättigter fettsäuren in transgenen organismen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2009016208A2 WO2009016208A2 PCT/EP2008/060007 EP2008060007W WO2009016208A2 WO 2009016208 A2 WO2009016208 A2 WO 2009016208A2 EP 2008060007 W EP2008060007 W EP 2008060007W WO 2009016208 A2 WO2009016208 A2 WO 2009016208A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- acid
- fatty acids
- fatty acid
- vector
- polynucleotide
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
- C12N9/1025—Acyltransferases (2.3)
- C12N9/1029—Acyltransferases (2.3) transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups (2.3.1)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
- C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
- C12N15/8242—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits
- C12N15/8243—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine
- C12N15/8247—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine involving modified lipid metabolism, e.g. seed oil composition
Definitions
- the present invention relates to polynucleotides of Pythium irregular, Rhizopus oryzae and Euglena gracilis, which encode elongases and can be used for the recombinant production of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, the invention relates to vectors, host cells and transgenic non-human organisms containing the polynucleotides of the invention, as well as the polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotides. The invention also relates to antibodies against the polypeptides of the invention. Finally, the invention also relates to production processes for the polyunsaturated fatty acids and for oil, lipid and fatty acid compositions and their use as medicaments, cosmetics, food, feed, preferably fish feed or dietary supplements.
- Fatty acids and triacylglycerides have a variety of uses in the food, animal nutrition, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Depending on whether they are free saturated and unsaturated fatty acids or triacylglycerides with an increased content of saturated or unsaturated fatty acids, they are suitable for a wide variety of applications.
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic acids are essential for mammals because they can not be produced by them. Therefore, polyunsaturated ⁇ -3 fatty acids and ⁇ -6 fatty acids are an important component of animal and human food.
- polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids Due to the customary composition of human food today, addition of polyunsaturated ⁇ -3 fatty acids, which are preferred in fish oils, is particularly important for food.
- the unsaturated fatty acid DHA is said to have a positive effect on the development and maintenance of brain functions.
- polyunsaturated fatty acids are referred to as PUFAs, PUFAs, LCPUFAs or LCPUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; onc chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, LCPUFA, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids).
- fatty acids and triglycerides are made from microorganisms like Mortierella or Schizochytrium or from oil-producing ones
- Triglycerides triglycerols). But you can also from animals such. Fish are won.
- the free fatty acids are advantageously prepared by saponification. Very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as DHA, EPA,
- Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22: 5 ⁇ 7 ' 10 ' 13 ' 16 ' 19 ) is used in oil crops such as oilseed rape,
- Soy, sunflower, dyers safflower not synthesized are fish such as herring, salmon, sardine, perch, eel, carp, trout, halibut, mackerel, zander or tuna, or algae.
- oils with saturated or unsaturated fatty acids are preferred.
- lipids with unsaturated fatty acids especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, are preferred in the human diet.
- the polyunsaturated ⁇ -3 fatty acids thereby a positive effect on the cholesterol level in the blood and thus the possibility of preventing heart disease is attributed.
- inflammatory especially chronic inflammatory processes in the context of immunological diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis can be characterized by ⁇ -3 Positively influence fatty acids. They are therefore added to dietetic foods or used in medicines.
- ⁇ -6 fatty acids such as arachidonic acid tend to have a negative effect on these diseases in these rheumatic diseases due to our usual food composition.
- ⁇ -3 and ⁇ -6 fatty acids are precursors of tissue hormones, the so-called eicosanoids such as the prostaglandins derived from dihomo- ⁇ -linolenic acid, arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, and the thromboxanes and leukotrienes derived from arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid.
- Eicosanoids which are formed from ⁇ -6 fatty acids, usually promote inflammatory reactions, while eicosanoids (so-called PG3 series) of ⁇ -3 fatty acids have little or no pro-inflammatory effect.
- ⁇ 6-desaturases are described in WO 93/06712, US 5,614,393, US 5,614,393, WO 96/21022, WO00 / 21557 and WO 99/2711 1. Their application for production in transgenic organisms is z. In WO98 / 46763 WO98 / 46764, or WO9846765. The expression of various desaturases and formation of polyunsaturated fatty acids is also described and claimed, see for example WO99 / 64616 or WO98 / 46776.
- microorganisms for example microalgae such as Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Porphiridium species, Thraustochytrien species, Schizochytria species or Crypthecodinium species, ciliates such as Stylonychia or Colpidium, fungi such as Mortierella, Entomophthora or Mucor and / or Moose such as Physcomitrella, Ceratodon and Marchantia (R. Vazhappilly & F. Chen (1998) Botanica Marina 41: 553-558; K. Totani & K. Oba (1987) Lipids 22: 1060-1062; M.
- microalgae such as Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Porphiridium species, Thraustochytrien species, Schizochytria species or Crypthecodinium species, ciliates such as Stylonychia or Colpidium, fungi such as Mortierella, Entomophthora or
- EPA eicosapentaenoic acid
- DHA docosahexaenoic acid
- the polyunsaturated fatty acids can be divided according to their desaturation pattern into two large classes, ⁇ -6 or ⁇ -3 fatty acids, which have metabolically and functionally different activities.
- the starting material for the ⁇ -6 pathway is the fatty acid linoleic acid (18: 2 ⁇ 9 '12 ), while the ⁇ -3 pathway is via linolenic acid (18: 3 ⁇ 9 ' 12 '15 ).
- Linolenic acid is formed by the activity of an ⁇ -3-desaturase (Tocher et al., 1998, Prog. Lipid Res., 37, 73-117, Domergue et al., 2002, Eur. J. Biochem., 269, 4105-4113). Mammals and therefore humans do not have the corresponding desaturase activity ( ⁇ -12 and ⁇ -3-desaturase) and must ingest these fatty acids (essential fatty acids) through their diet.
- DHA docosahexaenoic acid
- the elongation of fatty acids by elongases by 2 or 4 C atoms is of crucial importance for the production of C 2 O or C 22 PUFAs. This process runs over 4 stages.
- the first step is the condensation of malonyl-CoA on the fatty acyl-CoA by ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS, hereinafter referred to as
- LCPUFAs in higher plants, preferably in oilseeds such as oilseed rape, linseed, sunflower and soybeans, as this will enable large quantities of high quality LCPUFAs to be obtained inexpensively for the food, animal and pharmaceutical industries.
- genes coding for enzymes of the biosynthesis of LCPUFAs are introduced and expressed in oilseeds. These are genes which encode, for example, ⁇ 6-desaturase, ⁇ 6-elongases, ⁇ 5-desaturases or ⁇ 4-desaturases. These genes can be advantageously isolated from microorganisms and lower plants that produce LCPUFAs and incorporate them into the membranes or triacylglycerides.
- ⁇ 6-desaturase genes from the moss Physcomitrella patens and ⁇ 6 elongase genes from P. patens and the nematode C. elegans have already been isolated.
- the present invention relates to a polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:
- nucleic acid sequence encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as in any one of SEQ ID NO. 2, 4, 6 or 8;
- Nucleic acid sequences of (a) or (b) is encoded and a polypeptide with elongase activity;
- polynucleotide refers according to the invention polynucleotides comprising nucleic acid sequences encoding polypeptides with elongase activity.
- the elongase activities are preferably required for the biosynthesis of lipids or fatty acids. Particularly preferred are the following elongase activities: ⁇ -5-elongase, ⁇ -6-elongase or ⁇ -9-elongase.
- the elongases are preferably involved in the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and particularly preferably in the synthesis of long-chain PUFAs (LCPUFAs).
- PUFAs polyunsaturated fatty acids
- LCPUFAs long-chain PUFAs
- Suitable detection systems for the elongase activities of the invention are described in the examples or in WO2005 / 083053.
- the abovementioned activities with regard to substrate specificities and conversion rates are particularly preferably those of the respective enzymes from Pythium irregular, Rhizopus oryzae and Euglena gracilis.
- the specific polynucleotides according to the invention ie the polynucleotides having a nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, 5 or 7, were obtained from Pythium irregular (SEQ ID NO: 1 and 3), Rhizopus oryzae (SEQ ID NO: 5) or Euglena gracilis (SEQ ID NO: 7).
- polynucleotide also includes variants of the aforementioned specific polynucleotides. These may be homologous, orthologous or paralogue sequences. Such variants include nucleic acid sequences which have at least one base exchange, a base addition or a base deletion, wherein the variants are still intended to code a polypeptide having the aforementioned biological activity of the respective starting sequence. Variants include polynucleotides that can hybridize to the aforementioned polynucleotides, preferably under stringent conditions. Particularly preferred stringent conditions are known to those skilled in the art and can be found in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, NY (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6.
- a preferred example of stringent hybridization conditions are hybridizations in 6x sodium chloride / sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45 ° C, followed by one or more washes in 0.2x SSC, 0.1% SDS at 50-65 ° C. It is known to those skilled in the art that these hybridization conditions will vary depending on the type of nucleic acid and, for example, organic solvents be different in terms of temperature and concentration of the buffer. The temperature differs, for example under "standard hybridization conditions” depending on the type of nucleic acid between 42 ° C and 58 ° C in aqueous buffer with a concentration of 0.1 to 5 x SSC (pH 7.2).
- the temperature is about 42 ° C under standard conditions.
- the hybridization conditions for DNA: DNA hybrids are, for example, 0.1 x SSC and 20 0 C to 45 ° C, preferably between 30 0 C and 45 ° C.
- the hybridization conditions for DNA: RNA hybrids are, for example, 0.1 x SSC and 30 0 C to 55 ° C, preferably between 45 ° C and 55 ° C.
- conserveed sequences can be determined by sequence comparisons with polynucleotides encoding polypeptides of similar activity.
- DNA or cDNA from bacteria, fungi, plants or animals can be used as a template.
- DNA fragments obtained by the PCR can be used to screen corresponding genomic or cDNA libraries to isolate, if necessary, the complete open reading frame of the polynucleotide and to determine by sequencing.
- Preferred variants include polynucleotides comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85% , at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identical to any of the aforementioned specific Nucleic acid sequences, ie a nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID Nos. 1, 3, 5 or 7, and a polypeptide is encoded with the respective biological activity.
- polynucleotide variants comprising nucleic acid sequences encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence comprising at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 81%, at least 82%, at least 83%. , at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99% identical to one of the aforementioned specific amino acid sequences, ie an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID Nos. 2, 4, 6 or 8, and wherein the polypeptide is the respective biological activity having the starting sequence.
- the percentage of identical nucleotides or amino acids preferably refers to a sequence segment of at least 50% of the sequences to be compared, and more preferably over the entire length of the sequences to be compared.
- a variety of programs that implement algorithms for such comparisons are described in the prior art and are commercially available. In particular, reference is made to the algorithms of Needleman and Wunsch or Smith and Waterman, which provide particularly reliable results. These algorithms may preferably be implemented by the following programs: PiIeUp (J. Mol. Evolution., 25, 351-360, 1987, Higgins et al., CABIOS, 5 1989: 151-153), Gap and Bestfit (Needleman and Wunsch Biol. 48: 443-453 (1970)) and Smith and Waterman (Adv. Appl. Math.
- a polynucleotide comprising only a fragment of the aforementioned nucleic acid sequences is also a polynucleotide of the invention.
- the fragment is intended to encode a polypeptide which has the biological activity of the starting sequence or of the polypeptide encoded therefrom.
- Polypeptides encoded by such polynucleotides therefore comprise or consist of domains of the aforementioned specific polypeptides (parent polypeptides) which mediate biological activity.
- a fragment according to the invention preferably comprises at least 50, at least 100, at least 250 or at least 500 consecutive nucleotides of the aforementioned specific sequences or encodes an amino acid sequence comprising at least 20, at least 30, at least 50, at least 80, at least 100 or at least 150 consecutive amino acids one of the aforementioned specific amino acid sequences and mediates biological activity, preferably elongase activity, as previously described.
- the polynucleotide variants of the invention preferably have at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80% or at least 90% of the respective biological activity of the polypeptide derived from the Output sequence is encoded on.
- polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotides of the present invention may participate in the metabolism of compounds necessary for building fatty acids, fatty acid esters such as diacylglycerides and / or triacylglycerides in an organism, preferably in a plant or plant cell, or transporting molecules across membranes, wherein Ci8, C 2 O or C 22 carbon chains in the fatty acid molecule with double bonds at least two, preferably three, four, five or six positions are meant.
- polynucleotides of the invention either comprise the aforementioned specific nucleic acid sequences or consist exclusively thereof. That The polynucleotides according to the invention may in principle also be further
- Nucleotides include. It may preferably be 3 ' or 5 ' untranslated
- genomic nucleic acid sequence act. These preferably consist of at least 100, 200 or 500 nucleotides at the 5 'terminus and at least 20, 50 or 100 nucleotides at the 3' terminus of the coding region.
- Other polynucleotides comprising additional nucleic acid sequences are those encoding fusion proteins. Such fusion proteins may code additional polypeptides or polypeptide portions in addition to the aforementioned polypeptides. The additional polypeptide or polypeptide portion may be other enzymes of lipid or fatty acid biosynthesis.
- polypeptides which can serve as markers for expression (green, yellow, red, blue-fluorescent proteins, alkaline phosphatase, etc.) or so-called “tags” as markers or aid for purification (eg FLAG tags , 6-histidine tags, MYC tags, etc.).
- Polynucleotide variants can be isolated from various natural or artificial sources. For example, they can be generated artificially by in vitro or in vivo mutagenesis. Homologs or orthologues of the specific sequences can be obtained from a wide variety of animals, plants or microorganisms. Preferably, they are obtained from algae.
- Algae such as Isochrysis, Euglena or Crypthecodinium
- algae / diatoms such as Thalassiosira, Phaeodactylum or Thraustochytrium, Pythium, Moose such as Physcomitrella or Ceratodon are particularly preferred
- the algae of the genera Euglena or the diatoms from the class of Oomycota such as the genera Pythium or Phytophthora or fungi of the Department of Zygomycota from the genera Rhizopus.
- the polynucleotides may also preferably be obtained from higher plants such as the primulaceae such as Aleuritia, Calendula stellata, Osteospermum spinescens or Osteospermum hyoseroides, microorganisms such as fungi such as Aspergillus, Thraustochytrium, Phytophthora, Entomophthora, Rhizopus, Mucor or Mortierella, bacteria such as Shewanella, yeasts or Animals such as nematodes eg Caenorhabditis, insects or fish.
- the polynucleotide variants are also preferably derived from an animal of the vertebrate order.
- the polynucleotides are of the vertebrate class; Euteleostomi, Actinopterygii; Neopterygii; Teleostei; Euteleostei, Protacanthopterygii, Salmoniformes; Salmonidae or Oncorhynchus and, most preferably, from the order of Salmoniformes such as the family Salmonidae such as the genus Salmo, for example, from the genera and species Oncorhynchus mykiss, Trutta trutta or Salmo trutta fario.
- the polynucleotides according to the invention can hereby be isolated by means of standard molecular biological techniques and the sequence information provided here.
- a homologous sequence or homologous, conserved sequence regions at the DNA or amino acid level can be identified. These may be used as hybridization probes as well as standard hybridization techniques (such as described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., CoId Spring Harbor Laboratory, Col. Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ColD Spring Harbor, NY, 1989) Isolation of other useful in the process of nucleic acid sequences can be used.
- polynucleotides or fragments thereof can be isolated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using oligonucleotide primers based on this sequence or portions thereof (eg, a nucleic acid molecule comprising the entire sequence or a portion thereof can be polymerase chain-reaction utilized isolated from oligonucleotide primers prepared on the basis of this same sequence).
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- mRNA can be isolated from cells (eg, by the guanidinium thiocyanate extraction method of Chirgwin et al., (1979) Biochemistry 18: 5294-5299) and cDNA by reverse transcriptase (eg, Moloney MLV reverse transcriptase available from Gibco / BRL , Bethesda, MD, or AMV Reverse Transcriptase, available from Seikagaku America, Inc., St. Russia, FL).
- reverse transcriptase eg, Moloney MLV reverse transcriptase available from Gibco / BRL , Bethesda, MD, or AMV Reverse Transcriptase, available from Seikagaku America, Inc., St. Russia, FL.
- Synthetic oligonucleotide primers for polymerase chain reaction amplification can be prepared on the basis of the polynucleotide and amino acid sequences shown in the SEQ ID numbers.
- a nucleic acid of the invention may be amplified using cDNA or alternatively genomic DNA as a template and suitable oligonucleotide primers according to standard PCR amplification techniques.
- the thus amplified nucleic acid can be cloned into a suitable vector and characterized by DNA sequence analysis.
- Oligonucleotides corresponding to a desaturase nucleotide sequence can be prepared by standard synthetic methods, for example, with an automated DNA synthesizer.
- the polynucleotides of the invention may be provided either as isolated polynucleotides (ie, isolated from their natural origin, eg, the genomic locus) or in genetically altered form (ie, the polynucleotides may also be present at their natural genetic locus, but must then be genetically engineered). Genetic alterations of the polynucleotides at their natural genetic locus are not limited to sequence modification in the coding region. Many more include such genetic changes as well Insertions of regulatory elements, eg promoter or enhancer sequences, at or near the natural genetic locus that influence them and, for example, result in altered expression behavior.
- An isolated polynucleotide preferably comprises less than 5 kb, 4 kb, 3 kb, 2 kb, 1 kb, 0.5 kb or 0.1 kb of nucleic acid sequence naturally present in its vicinity.
- the polynucleotide of the invention may be present as a single-stranded or double-stranded nucleic acid molecule and be genomic DNA, cDNA or RNA.
- the polynucleotide according to the invention preferably consists of RNA or DNA.
- the polynucleotides according to the invention comprise all orientations of the sequences shown in the SEQ ID numbers, ie also complementary strands and reverse or reverse-complementary orientations.
- the term also includes chemically modified nucleic acids, such as the naturally occurring methylated DNA molecules, or artificial nucleic acids such as biotinylated nucleic acids.
- the invention also encompasses oligonucleotides of at least 15 bp, preferably at least 20 bp, at least 25 bp, at least 30 bp, at least 35 bp, or at least 50 bp, which can specifically hybridize with one of the abovementioned polynucleotides under stringent conditions.
- the oliguncleotides may consist of DNA or RNA or both.
- Such oligonucleotides can be used as primers for PCR, as expression-inhibiting, antisense oligonucleotides, for RNA interference (RNAi) or for chimeric or genomic approaches.
- RNAi RNA interference
- RNAi methods are described, for example, in Fire et al., Nature (1998) 391: 806-811; Fire, Trends Genet. 15, 358-363 (1999); Sharp, RNA interference 2001. Genes Dev. 15, 485-490 (2001); Hammond et al. Nature Rev. Genet. 2, 1 110-11 19 (2001); Tuschl, Chem. Biochem. 2, 239-245 (2001); Hamilton et al., Science 286, 950-952 (1999); Hammond et al., Nature 404, 293-296 (2000); Zamore et al., Cell 101, 25-33 (2000); Bernstein et al., Nature 409, 363-366 (2001); Elbashir et al., Genes Dev.
- the elongases according to the invention have the advantageous property, compared with the human elongases, that they do not elongate C 22 -fatty acids to the corresponding C 24 -fatty acids.
- the elongases according to the invention preferably only set unsaturated C 8 - to C 2 o- or C22 fatty acids.
- the elongase d5Elo (Eg) (SEQ ID Nos. 7 and 8) advantageously converts only C 2 o fatty acids having a double bond in the ⁇ 5-position, with ⁇ -3-C 2 o fatty acids being preferred (EPA).
- d5Elo (Eg) in a preferred embodiment of the invention has the property that it has no or only a relatively low ⁇ -6 elongase activity in addition to the ⁇ -5 elongase activity.
- EPA docosapentaenoic acid
- DPA docosapentaenoic acid
- d6Elo The elongases d6Elo according to the invention (Pir_1 and _2) (SEQ ID Nos. 1 to 4) show a substrate specificity for ⁇ 6-desaturated fatty acids. Surprisingly, d ⁇ Elo (Pir), unlike the known ⁇ 6 elongases, also shows a specificity for C18: 1 ⁇ 11 (vaccacic acid).
- the polynucleotides according to the invention can be used particularly effectively for the recombinant production of polyunsaturated fatty acids in host cells and transgenic organisms.
- the polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotides according to the invention with elongase activity can be Ci 8 , C 2 o- and C 22 -fatty acids having one, two, three, four or five double bonds and preferably polyunsaturated Ci 8 -fatty acids having one, two or three Double bonds such as C18: 1 ⁇ 9 , C18: 2 ⁇ 9 '12 or C18: 3 ⁇ 9 ' 12 '15 , polyunsaturated C 2 o fatty acids with three or four double bonds such as C20: 3 ⁇ 8 ' 11 '14 or C20: 4 ⁇ 8 ' 11 ' 14 ' 17 or polyunsaturated C 22 fatty acids with four or five double bonds such as C22: 4 ⁇ 7 ' 10 ' 13 '
- the ⁇ -6-desaturase with SEQ ID Nos. 9 and 10 the ⁇ -5-desaturase with SEQ ID Nos. 11 and 12, and the ⁇ -8-desaturase with SEQ ID Nos. 15 and 16 can be used
- the ⁇ -12-desaturase with SEQ ID Nos. 17 and 18 and / or the omega-3 desaturase with SEQ ID Nos. 13 and 14 are used.
- various combinations of the polynucleotides of the present invention may be coexpressed with the aforementioned desaturases in the host cells or transgenic organisms described below or used in the methods of the invention. Particularly preferred combinations for the production of arachidonic acid are listed in Table 7 below, for the preparation of eicosapentaenoic acid in Table 8 and for docosahexaenoic acid in Table 9 below.
- the fatty acids are desaturated in phospholipids or CoA fatty acid esters, advantageously in the CoA fatty acid esters.
- a simple, inexpensive production of these polyunsaturated fatty acids is possible especially in eukaryotic systems.
- the unsaturated fatty acids prepared by means of the polynucleotides according to the invention can then be formulated as oil, lipid and fatty acid compositions and used accordingly.
- the present invention further relates to a vector comprising the polynucleotide of the invention.
- vector refers to a nucleic acid molecule that can transport another nucleic acid molecule, such as the polynucleotides of the invention, to which it is attached.
- a plasmid that represents a circular double-stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be ligated.
- viral vector Another type of vector, where additional DNA segments can be ligated into the viral genome.
- Bacterial vectors of bacterial origin of replication are advantageously integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell and thereby replicated together with the host genome.
- certain vectors are advantageously integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell and thereby replicated together with the host genome.
- Vectors control the expression of genes to which they are operably linked. These vectors are also referred to herein as expression vectors. Usually, expression vectors suitable for recombinant DNA techniques are in the form of plasmids. In the present specification, the terms "plasmid” and “vector” can be used interchangeably since the plasmid is the most commonly used vector form. However, the invention is intended to encompass these other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors that perform similar functions.
- vector is also intended to encompass other vectors known to those skilled in the art, such as phages, viruses such as SV40, CMV, TMV, transposons, IS elements, phasmids, phagemids, cosmids, linear or circular DNA, artificial chromosomes.
- phages viruses such as SV40, CMV, TMV, transposons, IS elements, phasmids, phagemids, cosmids, linear or circular DNA, artificial chromosomes.
- viruses such as SV40, CMV, TMV, transposons, IS elements, phasmids, phagemids, cosmids, linear or circular DNA, artificial chromosomes.
- Vectors can be introduced into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells via conventional transformation or transfection techniques.
- transformation and “transfection”, conjugation and transduction are intended to encompass a variety of methods known in the art for introducing foreign nucleic acid (eg DNA) into a host cell, including calcium phosphate or calcium chloride coprecipitation, DEAE- Dextran-mediated transfection, lipofection, natural competence, chemically mediated transfer, electroporation or particle bombardment.
- Suitable methods for transforming or transfecting host cells, including plant cells can be found in Sambrook et al.
- Suitable cloning vectors are well known to those skilled in the art. These include, in particular, vectors which can be replicated in microbial systems, ie in particular vectors which ensure efficient cloning in yeasts or fungi, and which enable stable transformation of plants.
- various suitable for T-DNA-mediated transformation binary and co-integrated vector systems.
- Such vector systems are usually characterized in that they contain at least the vir genes required for the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation as well as the T-DNA limiting sequences (T-DNA). DNA Border).
- these vector systems also include other cis-regulatory regions, such as promoters and terminators and / or selection markers, with which appropriately transformed organisms can be identified.
- binary systems are based on at least two vectors, one of them vir genes, but no T-DNA and a second T-DNA, but no carries vir gene.
- these binary vectors include vectors of the series pBI B-HYG, pPZP, pBecks, pGreen. Bin19, pBI101, pBinAR, pGPTV and pCAMBIA are preferably used according to the invention.
- the vectors with the inserted polynucleotides according to the invention can be stably propagated in microorganisms, in particular Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, under selective conditions and enable a transfer of heterologous DNA into plants or microorganisms.
- the polynucleotides according to the invention can be introduced into organisms such as microorganisms or plants and thus used for plant transformation. Suitable vectors for this are published in: Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida), Chapter 6/7, pp.
- the vector is an expression vector.
- the polynucleotide is in operative (ie, functional) connection to an expression control sequence.
- the expression control sequence together with the polynucleotide and optionally further sequence elements of the vector is also referred to as expression cassette.
- the expression co-rolling sequence ensures that the polynucleotide can be expressed in a host cell after transformation or transfection.
- the expression control sequence to be used preferably contains cis-regulatory elements such as promoter and / or enhancer nucleic acid sequences derived from the Transcriptional machinery of the host cells are detected.
- the term also includes other expression control elements such as polyadenylation signals and RNA stabilizing sequences.
- Expression control sequences include those that direct the constitutive expression of a nucleotide sequence in many types of host cells and those that direct the direct expression of the nucleotide sequence only in certain host cells under certain conditions.
- the design of the expression vector may depend on factors such as the selection of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of the desired protein, etc.
- the polynucleotides according to the invention may be present in one or more copies in the expression cassette or the expression vector according to the invention (for example in the form of several expression cassettes).
- the regulatory sequences or factors can, as described above, preferably positively influence the gene expression of the introduced genes and thereby increase them.
- enhancement of the regulatory elements can advantageously be done at the transcriptional level by using strong transcription signals such as promoters and / or enhancers.
- an enhancement of the translation is possible by, for example, the stability of the mRNA is improved.
- control sequences in the sense of the present invention are translation terminators at the 3 'end of the polynucleotides to be translated.
- the OCS1 terminator can be used here.
- a different terminator sequence should be used here for each polynucleotide to be expressed.
- Preferred expression control sequences or regulatory sequences are present in promoters, such as the cos, tac, trp, tet, trp-tet, lpp, lac, lpp-lac, laclq, T7
- T5 T5, T3, gal, trc, ara, SP6, ⁇ -PR or ⁇ -PL promoter and are advantageously used in Gram-negative bacteria. Further advantageous
- Regulatory sequences are, for example, in the Gram-positive promoters amy and SPO2, in the yeast or fungus promoters ADC1, MFa, AC, P-60, CYC1, GAPDH, TEF, rp28, ADH or in the plant promoters CaMV / 35S [Franck et al. , Cell 21 (1980) 285-294], PRP1 [Ward et al., Plant. Biol. 22 (1993)], SSU, OCS, Iib4, usp, STLS1, B33, nos or in the ubiquitin or phaseolin promoter.
- inducible promoters such as those described in EP-AO 388 186 (benzylsulfonamide-inducible), Plant J. 2, 1992: 397-404 (Gatz et al., Tetracycline-inducible), EP-AO 335 528 ( Abzisinic inducible) or WO 93/21334 (ethanol or cyclohexenol inducible) promoters.
- suitable plant promoters are the cytosolic FBPase promoter or the potato ST-LSI promoter (Stockhaus et al., EMBO J.
- promoters which allow expression in tissues involved in fatty acid biosynthesis.
- seed-specific promoters such as the USP promoter but also other promoters such as the LeB4, DC3, phaseolin or napin promoter.
- Further particularly advantageous promoters are seed-specific promoters which can be used for monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plants and in US Pat. No.
- promoters are suitable, for example, for barley monocotylone lpt-2 or lpt-1 promoter (WO 95/15389 and WO 95/23230), barley hordein promoter and other suitable promoters described in WO 99/16890. It is possible in principle to use all natural promoters with their regulatory sequences, such as those mentioned above, as expression control sequences. It is also possible to use synthetic promoters in addition or alone, especially if they mediate seed-specific expression, as described for example in WO 99/16890.
- the polynucleotides of the present invention should preferably be seed-specifically expressed in oilseeds.
- seed-specific promoters can be used, or such promoters that are active in the embryo and / or in the endosperm.
- seed-specific promoters can be isolated from both dicotolydone and monocotolydone plants.
- Plant gene expression can also be facilitated by a chemically inducible promoter (see review in Gatz 1997, Annu Rev. Plant Physiol Plant Mol. Biol., 48: 89-108).
- Chemically inducible promoters are particularly useful when it is desired that gene expression be in a time-specific manner. Examples of such promoters are a salicylic acid-inducible promoter (WO 95/19443), a tetracycline-inducible promoter (Gatz et al. (1992) Plant J. 2, 397-404) and an ethanol-inducible promoter.
- each of the polynucleotides according to the invention should be expressed under the control of their own preferably a different promoter, since repetitive sequence motifs can lead to instability of the T-DNA or to recombination events.
- the expression cassette is advantageously constructed so that a promoter is followed by a suitable interface for insertion of the nucleic acid to be expressed (advantageously in a polylinker) and, if appropriate, subsequently a terminator is behind the polylinker.
- This sequence is repeated several times, preferably three, four or five times, so that up to five genes can be brought together in one construct and thus introduced into the transgenic plant for expression.
- the sequence is repeated up to three times.
- each nucleic acid sequence has its own promoter and optionally its own terminator.
- advantageous constructs are described for example in DE 10102337 or DE 10102338.
- the insertion site or the sequence of the inserted nucleic acids in the expression cassette is not of decisive importance, that is to say a nucleic acid sequence can be inserted at the first or last position in the cassette, without this significantly influencing the expression.
- promoters such as the USP, LegB4 or DC3 promoter and different terminators can be used in the expression cassette. But it is also possible to use only one type of promoter in the cassette. However, this can lead to unwanted recombination events.
- the recombinant expression vectors used may be designed for expression in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. This is advantageous since intermediate steps of the vector construction are often carried out in microorganisms for the sake of simplicity.
- the polynucleotides of the invention may be expressed in bacterial cells, insect cells (using baculovirus expression vectors), yeast and other fungal cells (see Romanos, MA, et al. (1992) "Foreign gene expression in yeast: a review", Yeast 8: Van den Hondel, CAMJJ, et al.
- Suitable host cells are further discussed in Goeddel, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, CA (1990).
- the recombinant expression vector may alternatively be transcribed and translated in vitro using, for example, T7 promoter regulatory sequences and T7 polymerase.
- fusion expression vectors include i.a. pGEX (Pharmacia Biotech Inc., Smith, DB, and Johnson, KS (1988) Gene 67: 31-40), pMAL (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA), and pRIT5 (Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ), in which glutathione-S Transferase (GST), maltose E-binding protein or protein A is fused to the recombinant target protein.
- GST glutathione-S Transferase
- suitable inducible non-fusion E. coli expression vectors are i.a.
- Target gene expression from the pTrc vector is based on transcription by host RNA polymerase from a hybrid trp-lac fusion promoter.
- Target gene expression from the pET 11 d vector is based on transcription from a T7 gn10-lac fusion promoter mediated by a co-expressed viral RNA polymerase (T7 gn1).
- This viral polymerase is provided by the host strains BL21 (DE3) or HMS174 (DE3) from a resident ⁇ prophage harboring a T7 gn1 gene under the transcriptional control of the lacUV 5 promoter.
- Other vectors suitable in prokaryotic organisms are known to those skilled in the art, these vectors are, for example, in E.
- the pBR series such as pBR322
- the pUC series such as pUC18 or pUC19
- the M113mp series pKC30, pRep4, pHS1, pHS2, pPLc236, pMBL24
- pLG200 pUR290, plN
- the expression vector is a yeast expression vector.
- yeast expression vectors for expression in the yeast S. cerevisiae include pYeDesaturased (Baldari et al. (1987) Embo J. 6: 229-234), pMFa (Kurjan and Herskowitz (1982) Cell 30: 933-943), pJRY88 (Schultz et al. (1987) Gene 54: 113- 123) and pYES2 (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, CA).
- Vectors and methods for constructing vectors suitable for use in other fungi, such as filamentous fungi include those described in detail in: van den Hondel, CAMJJ, & Punt, PJ.
- yeast vectors are, for example, pAG-1, YEp6, YEpI 3 or pEMBLYe23.
- polynucleotides of the present invention may also be expressed in insect cells using baculovirus expression vectors.
- Baculovirus vectors available for expression of proteins in cultured insect cells include the pAc series (Smith et al. (1983) Mol. Cell Biol. 3: 2156-2165) and the pVL series. Series (Lucklow and Summers (1989) Virology 170: 31-39).
- Preferred plant expression vectors include those described in detail in: Becker, D., Kemper, E., Schell, J., and Masterson, R. (1992) "New plant binary vectors with selectable markers located proximal to the left border "Plant Mol. Biol. 20: 1 195-1197; and Bevan, MW (1984) "Binary Agrobacterium vectors for plant transformation", Nucl. Acids Res. 12: 871 1-8721; Vectors for Gene Transfer to Higher Plants; in: Transgenic Plants, Vol. 1, Engineering and Utilization, eds .: Kung and R. Wu, Academic Press, 1993, pp. 15-38.
- a plant expression cassette preferably contains expression control sequences which can direct gene expression in plant cells and are operably linked so that each sequence can fulfill its function, such as termination of transcription, for example, polyadenylation signals.
- Preferred polyadenylation signals are those derived from Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA, such as the gene 3 of the Ti plasmid pTiACH ⁇ known as octopine synthase (Gielen et al., EMBO J. 3 (1984) 835ff.) Or functional equivalents thereof, as well all other terminators functionally active in plants are suitable.
- a plant expression cassette preferably contains other operably linked sequences, such as translation enhancers, such as the overdrive sequence the tobacco RNA mosaic virus 5'-untranslated leader sequence which increases the protein / RNA ratio (Gallie et al., 1987, Nucl. Acids Research 15: 8693-8711).
- Plant gene expression, as described above, must be operably linked to a suitable promoter that performs gene expression in a timely, cell or tissue-specific manner.
- Useful promoters are constitutive promoters (Benfey et al., EMBO J.
- telomeres are preferred sequences necessary to direct the gene product into its corresponding cell compartment (see review in Kermode, Crit., Plant, 15, 4 (1996) 285) -423 and references cited therein), for example to the vacuole, the nucleus, all types of plastids such as amyloplasts, chloroplasts, chromoplasts, extracellular space, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, oil bodies, peroxisomes and other compartments of plant cells.
- plastids such as amyloplasts, chloroplasts, chromoplasts, extracellular space, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, oil bodies, peroxisomes and other compartments of plant cells.
- Plant gene expression can also be facilitated by a chemically inducible promoter as described above (see an overview in Gatz 1997, Annu.
- Promoter (WO 95/19443), a tetracycline-inducible promoter (Gatz et al. (1992) Plant J. 2, 397-404) and an ethanol-inducible promoter. Promoters which react to biotic or abiotic stress conditions are also suitable promoters, for example the pathogen-induced PRP1 gene promoter (Ward et al., Plant. Mol.
- Oil biosynthesis takes place in sperm cells, such as the cells of the endosperm and the developing embryo.
- Suitable promoters are the napin promoter Rapeseed (118 5,608,152), the Vicia faba USP promoter (Baeumlein et al., Mol Gen Genet, 1991, 225 (3): 459-67), the Arabidopsis oleosin promoter (WO 98/45461), the Phaseolin Promoter from Phaseolus vulgaris (US 5,504,200), the Brassica Bce4 promoter (WO 91/13980) or the legumin B4 promoter (LeB4; Baeumlein et al., 1992, Plant Journal, 2 (2): 233-9 ) as well as promoters which induce seed-specific expression in monocotyledonous plants, such as maize, barley, wheat, rye, rice and the like.
- Suitable noteworthy promoters are the lpt2 or lpt1 gene promoter from barley (WO 95/15389 and WO 95/23230) or those described in WO 99/16890 (promoters from the barley hordein gene, the rice glutelin gene , the rice oryzin gene, the rice prolamin gene, the wheat gliadin gene, the wheat glutelin gene, the maize zein gene, the oat glutelin gene, the sorghum kasirin gene, the rye secalin gene). Also particularly suitable are promoters which induce plastid-specific expression, since plastids are the compartment in which the precursors as well as some end products of lipid biosynthesis are synthesized. Suitable promoters, such as the viral RNA polymerase promoter, are described in WO 95/16783 and WO 97/06250, and the Arabidopsis clpP promoter described in WO 99/46394.
- the expression vector can, as described above, in addition to the polynucleotides of the invention also include other genes to be introduced into the organisms. It is possible and preferred to introduce into the host organisms regulatory genes, such as genes for inducers, repressors or enzymes, which intervene by their enzyme activity in the regulation of one or more genes of a biosynthetic pathway, and to express therein. These genes may be of heterologous or homologous origin. Heterologous genes or polynucleotides are derived from a parent organism that differs from the Distinguishes target organism in which the genes or polynucleotides are to be introduced. For homologous genes or polynucleotides, the target organism and the parent organism are the same.
- the vector comprises at least one further polynucleotide encoding a further enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of lipids or fatty acids.
- ⁇ 6-desaturase preferably as shown in SEQ ID Nos. 9 and 10
- ⁇ 8-desaturase preferably as shown in SEQ ID NOS: 15 and 16
- ⁇ 12-desaturase preferably as in SEQ ID NO. 17 and 18
- omega-3 desaturase preferably as shown in SEQ ID NOS: 13 and 14
- the invention also relates to a host cell comprising the polynucleotide or vector of the invention.
- Host cells may in principle be any eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells. They may be primary cells from animals, plants or multicellular microorganisms, e.g. from those mentioned elsewhere in the description. Furthermore, the term also includes cell lines that can be obtained from these organisms.
- host cells according to the invention may also be unicellular microorganisms, for example bacteria or fungi.
- Particularly preferred microorganisms are fungi selected from the family of Chaetomiaceae, Choanephoraceae, Cryptococcaceae, Cunninghamellaceae, Demetiaceae, Moniliaceae, Mortierellaceae, Mucoraceae, Pythiaceae, Sacharomycetaceae, Saprolegniaceae, Schizosacharomycetaceae, Sodariaceae or Tuberculariaceae.
- Microorganisms are selected from the group: Choanephoraceae such as the genera Blakeslea, Choanephora eg the genera and species Blakeslea trispora, Choanephora cucurbitarum, Choanephora infundibulifera var.
- Mortierellaceae such as the genus Mortierella eg the genera and species Mortierella isabellina, Mortierella polycephala, Mortierella ramanniana, Mortierella vinacea, Mortierella zonata, the family of Mucorales such as the genera and species Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium graminearium, Pythiaceae such as the genera Pythium, Phytophthora eg the genera and species Pythium debaryanum, Pythium intermedium, Pythium irregular, Pythium megalacanthum, Pythium paroecandrum , Pythium sylvaticum, Pythium ultimum, Phytophthora cactorum, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phytophthora citricola, Phytophthora citrophthora, Phytophthora cryptogea, Phytophthora dre
- Pichia norvegensis Pichia norvegensis, Pichia ohmeri, Pichia pastoris, Pichia philodendri, Pichia pini, Pichia polymorpha, Pichia quercuum, Pichia rhodanensis, Pichia sargentensis, Pichia stipitis, Pichia strasburgensis, Pichia subpelliculosa, Pichia toletana, Pichia trehalophila, Pichia vini, Pichia xylosa, Saccharomyces aceti, Saccharomyces bailii, Saccharomyces bayanus, Saccharomyces bisporus, Saccharomyces capensis, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae var.
- Thraustochytriaceae such as the Genera Althornia, Aplanochytrium, Japonochytrium, Schizochytrium, Thraustochytrium eg species Schizochytrium aggregatum, Schizochytrium limacinum, Schizochytrium mangrovei, Schizochytrium minutum, Schizochytrium octosporum, aggregatum Thraustochytrium, amoeboideum Thraustochytrium, Thraustochytrium antacticum, arudimentale Thraustochytrium, Thraustochytrium aureum, benthicola Thraustochytrium, Thraustochytrium globosum, Thraustochytrium indicum, kerguelense Thraustochytrium, Thraustochytrium kinnei, motivum Thraustochytrium, Thraustochytrium multi Rudi mental, pachydermum Thraustochytriacea
- bacteria selected from the group of the families Bacillaceae, Enterobacteriacae or Rhizobiaceae are particularly preferred. Particularly preferred are the following bacteria selected from the group: Bacillaceae such as the genus Bacillus eg the genera and species Bacillus acidocaldarius, Bacillus acidoterrestris, Bacillus alcalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus amylolyticus, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus sphaericus subsp.
- Bacillaceae such as the genus Bacillus eg the genera and species Bacillus acidocaldarius, Bacillus acidoterrestris, Bacillus alcalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus amylolyticus, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus coagul
- Enterobacteriacae such as the genera Citrobacter, Edwardsiella, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Salmonella or Serratia eg the genera and species Citrobacter amalonaticus, Citrobacter diversus, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter genomospecies, Citrobacter gillenii, Citrobacter intermedium, Citrobacter koseri, Citrobacter murliniae, Citrobacter sp., Edwardsieila hoshinae, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Edwardsiella tarda, Erwinia alni, Erwinia amylovora, Erwinia ananatis, Erwinia aphidicola, Erwinia billingiae , Erwinia cacticida, Erwinia carcinogena, Erwinia carnegieana, Erwinia carcinogena, Erwinia carnegiean
- Salmonella daressalaam Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae, Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella gallinarum, Salmonella heidelberg, Salmonella panama, Salmonella senftenberg, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia entomophila, Serratia ficaria, Serratia fonticola, Serratia grimesii, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia marcescens, Serratia marcescens subsp.
- Rhizobiaceae such as the genera Agrobacterium, Carbophilus, Chelatobacter, Ensifer, Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium eg the genera and species Agrobacterium atlanticum, Agrobacterium ferrugineum, Agrobacterium gelatinovorum, Agrobacterium larrymoorei, Agrobacterium meteori, Agrobacterium radiobacter, Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Agrobacterium rubi, Agrobacterium stellulatum, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Agrobacterium vitis, Carbophilus carboxidus, Chelatobacter heintzii
- Useful host cells are also mentioned in: Goeddel, Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, CA (1990).
- Useful expression strains e.g. those which have lower protease activity are described in: Gottesman, S., Gene Expression Technology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic Press, San Diego, California (1990) 119-128.
- These include plant cells and certain tissues, organs and parts of plants in all their manifestations, such as anthers, fibers, root hairs, stems, embryos, cilia, kotelydons, petioles, crops, plant tissue, reproductive tissue and cell cultures, that of the actual transgenic plant is derived and / or can be used to produce the transgenic plant.
- Polynucleotides or vectors may be introduced into the host cell using transformation or transfection techniques known in the art, as previously described. Conditions and media for the cultivation of the host cells are also known to the person skilled in the art.
- the host cell according to the invention preferably additionally comprises at least one further enzyme, which is involved in the biosynthesis of lipids or fatty acids.
- Preferred enzymes are already mentioned elsewhere in the description.
- the enzyme can endogenously be present in the host cell, ie the host cell already naturally expresses a gene which codes for a corresponding enzyme.
- a heterologous polynucleotide can also be introduced into the host cell that is responsible for the Enzyme encoded. Suitable methods and measures for the expression of a heterologous polynucleotide are known in the art and described herein in connection with the polynucleotides, vectors and host cells of the present invention.
- the invention also relates to a process for the preparation of a polypeptide having elongase activity, comprising the steps:
- the polypeptide can be obtained by all common methods for protein purification.
- the methods include, for example, affinity chromatography, molecular sieve chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography or else protein precipitation optionally with specific antibodies.
- the method need not necessarily provide a pure preparation of the polypeptide.
- the invention thus also relates to a polypeptide which is encoded by the polynucleotide according to the invention or which is obtainable by the abovementioned method according to the invention.
- polypeptide refers to both a substantially pure polypeptide and a polypeptide preparation that contains other components or contaminants.
- the term is also used for fusion proteins or protein aggregates comprising the polypeptide of the invention and additionally further components.
- the term also refers to chemically modified polypeptides. Chemical modifications in this context include artificial modifications or naturally occurring modifications, eg, post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, myristylation, glycosylation, etc.
- polypeptide, peptide, or protein are interchangeable and are used accordingly in the description and in the prior art.
- polypeptides of the invention have the previously biological activities, ie elongase activities, and can affect the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), preferably the long-chain PUFAs (LCPUFAs) as described herein.
- PUFAs polyunsaturated fatty acids
- LCPUFAs long-chain PUFAs
- the invention also encompasses an antibody which specifically recognizes the polypeptide according to the invention.
- Antibodies to the polypeptide of the invention can be prepared by known methods which use purified polypeptide or fragments thereof with appropriate epitopes as the antigen. Suitable epitopes may be determined by known antigenicity determination algorithms based on the amino acid sequences provided herein of the polypeptides of the invention. The corresponding polypeptides or fragments can then be synthesized or recombinantly recovered. After immunization of suitable animals, preferably mammals e.g. Rabbits, rats or mice, the antibodies can then be recovered from the serum by known methods. Alternatively, monoclonal antibodies or antibody fragments may be provided by known methods; see, e.g. Harlow and Lane “Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual", CSH Press, CoId Spring Harbor, 1988, or Kohler and Milstein, Nature 256 (1975),
- the antibodies are preferably monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies, single-chain antibodies or chimeric antibodies and fragments thereof such as Fab, Fv or scFv. Further antibodies within the meaning of the invention are bispecific antibodies, synthetic antibodies or their chemically modified derivatives.
- the antibodies of the invention specifically recognize the polypeptides of the invention, ie, they do not cross-react significantly with other proteins. This can be tested by methods known in the art.
- the antibodies can be used for example for immunoprecipitation, for immunohistochemistry or for protein purification (eg affinity chromatography).
- the invention further relates to a transgenic non-human organism comprising the polynucleotide, the vector or the host cell of the present invention.
- the transgenic, non-human organism is an animal, a plant or a multicellular microorganism.
- transgenic is to be understood as meaning that a heterologous polynucleotide, that is to say a polynucleotide which does not naturally occur in the particular organism, is introduced into the organism, which can be achieved either by random insertion of the polynucleotide or by homologous recombination Methods for introducing polynucleotides or vectors for random insertion or homologous recombination are well known in the art and are described in more detail below: Host cells containing the polynucleotide or vector can also be introduced into an organism However, such an organism is a chimeric organism in which only the cells derived from the introduced cells are transgenic, ie the heterologous polynucleotide include.
- the transgenic, non-human organisms are oil-producing organisms, that is, those used for the production of oils, for example, fungi such as Rhizopus or Thraustochytrium, algae such as Euglena, Nephroselmis, Pseudoscourfielda, Prasinococcus, Scherffelia, Tetraselmis, Mantoniella. Ostreococcus, Crypthecodinium, Phaeodactylum, Diatoms such as Pytium or Phytophthora or plants.
- all plants can be used as transgenic plants, ie both dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants.
- they are oilseed crops containing high levels of lipid compounds such as peanut, rapeseed, canola, sunflower, safflower (Carthamus tinctoria), poppy, mustard, hemp, castor, olive, sesame, calendula, punica, evening primrose, mullein, thistle , Wild roses, hazelnut, almond, macadamia, avocado, bay leaf, pumpkin, flax, soy, pistachio, borage, trees (oil palm, coconut or walnut) or crops such as corn, wheat, rye, oats, triticale, rice, barley, cotton , Cassava, pepper, tagetes, solanaceae plants, such as potato, tobacco, eggplant and tomato, Vicia species, pea, Alfalfa or bush plants (coffee, cocoa, tea), Salix species and perennial grasses
- Preferred plants according to the invention are oil crop plants, such as peanut, rapeseed, canola, sunflower, safflower, poppy, mustard, hemp, castor, olive, calendula, punica, evening primrose, pumpkin, flax, soy, borage, trees (oil palm, coconut).
- Particularly preferred are C18: 2 and / or C18: 3 fatty acid rich plants such as sunflower, safflower, tobacco, mullein, sesame, cotton, pumpkin, poppy, evening primrose, walnut, flax, hemp, thistle or safflower.
- plants such as safflower, sunflower, poppy, evening primrose, walnut, flax or hemp.
- plants which are able to synthesize fatty acids as all dicotyledonous or monocotyledonous plants, algae or mosses.
- Advantageous plants are selected from the group of plant families Adelotheciaceae, Anacardiaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Betulaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Bromeliaceae, Caricaceae, Cannabaceae, Convolvulaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Crypthecodiniaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Ditrichaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Ericaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Gramineae , Juglandaceae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Linaceae, Prasinophyceae or vegetables or ornamental plants such as Tagetes.
- Beta vulgaris var. conditiva or Beta vulgaris var. esculenta [sugar beet]
- Crypthecodiniaceae such as the genus Crypthecodinium eg the genus and species Cryptecodinium cohnii
- Cucurbitaceae such as the genus Cucubita eg the genera and species Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita mixta, Cucurbita pepo or Cucurbita moschata [pumpkin]
- Cymbellaceae such as the genera Amphora, Cymbella, Okedenia, Phaeodactylum, Reimeria eg the genus and species Phaeodactylum tricornutum
- Ditrichaceae such as the genera Ditrichaceae, Astomiopsis, Ceratodon, Chrysoblastella, Ditrichum, Distichium, Eccremidium, Lophidion, Phili
- Elaeagnaceae such as the genus Elaeagnus eg the genus and species Olea europaea [Olive]
- Ericaceae such as the genus Kalmia eg the genera and species Kalmia latifolia, Kalmia angustifolia, Kalmia microphylla, Kalmia polifolia, Kalmia occidentalis, Cistus chamaerhodendros or Kalmia lucida [Berglorbeer]
- Euphorbiaceae such as the genera Manihot, Janipha, Jatropha, Ricinus eg the genera and species Manihot utilissima, Janipha manihot ,, Jatropha manihot, Manihot aipil, Manihot dulcis, Manihot manihot, Manihot melanobasis, Manihot esculenta [Manihot] or Ricinus communis [Castor], Fab
- [Cayenne pepper] such as the genera Hordeum, Seeale, Avena, Sorghum, Andropogon, Holcus, Panicum, Oryza, Zea (maize), Triticum eg the genera and species Hordeum vulgare, Hordeum jubatum, Hordeum murinum, Hordeum secalinum, Hordeum distichon Hordeum aegiceras, Hordeum hexastichonum, Hordeum hexastichum, Hordeum irregular, Hordeum sativum, Hordeum secalinum [barley], Seeale cereale [rye], Avena sativa, Avena fatua, Avena byzantina, Avena fatua var.
- Multicellular microorganisms that can be used as transgenic non-human organisms are preferably protists or diatoms selected from the group of the family Dinophyceae, Turaniellidae or Oxytrichidae such as the genera and species: Crypthecodinium cohnii, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Stylonychia mytilus, Stylonychia pustulata, Stylonychia putrina , Stylonychia notophora, Stylonychia sp., Colpidium campylum or Colpidium sp.
- protists or diatoms selected from the group of the family Dinophyceae, Turaniellidae or Oxytrichidae such as the genera and species: Crypthecodinium cohnii, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Stylonychia mytilus, Stylonychia pustulata, Stylonychia putrina
- the invention further relates to a process for producing a substance having the structure shown in the following general formula I.
- R 1 hydroxyl, coenzyme A (thioester), lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylglycerol,
- Lysodiphosphatidylglycerol lysophosphatidylserine
- Lysophosphatidylinositol Sphingo base or a radical of the formula II
- R D2 _ hydrogen, lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine,
- Lysophosphatidylglycerol lysodiphosphatidylglycerol, Lysophosphatidylserine, lysophosphatidylinositol or saturated or unsaturated C 2 -C 24 -alkylcarbonyl,
- R 3 hydrogen, saturated or unsaturated C 2 -C 24 -alkylcarbonyl, or R 2 and R 3 are independently of one another a radical of the formula Ia:
- the method comprises cultivating (i) a host cell according to the invention or (ii) a transgenic non-human organism according to the invention under conditions which allow the biosynthesis of the substance.
- the aforementioned substance is provided in an amount of at least 1% by weight based on the total content of the lipids in the host cell or the transgenic organism.
- R 1 in general formula I denotes hydroxyl, coenzyme A (thioester), lysophosphatidylcholine, lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, lyso-phosphatidylglycerol, lyso-diphosphatidylglycerol, lyso-phosphatidylserine, lyso-phosphatidylinositol, sphingobase, or a radical of the general formula II
- R 2 in the general formula II denotes hydrogen, lyso-phosphatidylcholine, lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, lyso-phosphatidylglycerol, lyso-diphosphatidylglycerol, lyso-phosphatidylserine, lyso-phosphatidylinositol or saturated or unsaturated C 2 -C 24 - alkylcarbonyl.
- Suitable alkyl radicals are substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated C 2 -C 24 -alkylcarbonyl chains such as ethylcarbonyl, n-propylcarbonyl, n-butylcarbonyl, n-pentylcarbonyl, n-hexylcarbonyl, n-heptylcarbonyl, n- Octylcarbonyl, n-nonylcarbonyl, n-decylcarbonyl, n-undecylcarbonyl, n-dodecylcarbonyl, n-tridecylcarbonyl, n-tetradecylcarbonyl, n-pentadecylcarbonyl, n-pentadecylcarbonyl, n-
- C 1 -C 22 -alkylcarbonyl radicals such as n-decylcarbonyl, n-undecylcarbonyl, n-dodecylcarbonyl, n-tridecylcarbonyl, n-tetradecylcarbonyl, n-pentadecylcarbonyl, n-hexadecylcarbonyl, n-heptadecylcarbonyl , n-octadecylcarbonyl, n-nonadecylcarbonyl, n-eicosylcarbonyl, n-docosanylcarbonyl or n-tetracosanylcarbonyl containing one or more double bond (s) are preferred.
- C 1 -C 22 -alkylcarbonyl radicals such as C 1 -C 6 -alkylcarbonyl, C 1-6 -alkylcarbonyl, C 20 -alkylcarbonyl or C 22 -alkylcarbonyl radicals which contain one or more double bonds.
- These advantageous radicals may contain two, three, four, five or six double bonds.
- the particularly advantageous radicals having 20 or 22 carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain contain up to six double bonds, advantageously three, four, five or six double bonds, more preferably five or six double bonds. All these radicals are derived from the corresponding fatty acids.
- R 3 in the general formula II is hydrogen, saturated or unsaturated C 2 -C 24 -alkylcarbonyl.
- Suitable alkyl radicals are substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated C 2 -C 24 -alkylcarbonyl chains such as ethylcarbonyl, n-propylcarbonyl, n-butylcarbonyl, n-pentylcarbonyl, n-hexylcarbonyl, n-heptylcarbonyl, n- Octylcarbonyl, n-nonylcarbonyl, n-decylcarbonyl, n-undecylcarbonyl, n-dodecylcarbonyl, n-tridecylcarbonyl, n-tetradecylcarbonyl, n-pentadecylcarbonyl, n- Hexadecylcarbonyl, n-heptadecylcarbonyl, n-octadecylcarbonyl, n-nonadecylcarbonyl
- C 1 -C 22 -alkylcarbonyl radicals such as n-decylcarbonyl, n-undecylcarbonyl, n-dodecylcarbonyl, n-tridecylcarbonyl, n-tetradecylcarbonyl, n-pentadecylcarbonyl, n-hexadecylcarbonyl, n-heptadecylcarbonyl , n-octadecylcarbonyl, n-nonadecylcarbonyl, n-eicosylcarbonyl, n-docosanylcarbonyl or n-tetracosanylcarbonyl containing one or more double bond (s) are preferred.
- saturated and / or unsaturated C 1 -C 22 -alkylcarbonyl radicals such as C 1 -C 4 -alkylcarbonyl, C 1 -C 4 -alkylcarbonyl, C 2 -alkylcarbonyl, C 1 -C 3 -alkylcarbonyl, C 1 -C 4 -alkylcarbonyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkylcarbonyl , Ci ⁇ -alkylcarbonyl, C 2 o-alkylcarbonyl or C 22 alkylcarbonyl radicals containing one or more double bond (s).
- C 1 -C 4 -alkylcarbonyl such as C 1 -C 4 -alkylcarbonyl, C 1 -C 4 -alkylcarbonyl, C 2 -alkylcarbonyl, C 1 -C 3 -alkylcarbonyl, C 1 -C 4 -alkylcarbonyl, C 1 -C 6 -alky
- Very particularly preferred saturated or unsaturated C 1 6-C 22 - contain radicals such as C 6 alkylcarbonyl, Ci ⁇ -alkylcarbonyl, C2o-alkylcarbonyl or C 22 -alkylcarbonyl, the one or more double bond (s). These advantageous radicals may contain two, three, four, five or six double bonds.
- the particularly advantageous radicals having 20 or 22 carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain contain up to six double bonds, advantageously three, four, five or six double bonds, more preferably five or six double bonds. All these radicals are derived from the corresponding fatty acids.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 may be substituted by hydroxyl and / or epoxy groups and / or may contain triple bonds.
- the polyunsaturated fatty acids prepared in the process according to the invention contain at least two, advantageously three, four, five or six double bonds. Particularly advantageously, the fatty acids contain four, five or six double bonds.
- Fatty acids produced in the process advantageously have 18, 20 or 22 carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain, preferably the fatty acids contain 20 or 22 carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain.
- saturated fatty acids are little or not reacted with the nucleic acids used in the process.
- the saturated fatty acids having less than 5% of the activity advantageously less than 3%, more advantageously less than 2%, most preferably less than 1; 0.5; 0.25 or 0.125% are implemented.
- These produced fatty acids can be used as single product produced in the process or in a fatty acid mixture.
- the substituents R 2 or R 3 in the general formulas I and II independently of one another denote saturated or unsaturated C 8 -C 22 -alkylcarbonyl, particularly advantageously independently they denote unsaturated C 8 -, C 2 o- or C 22 -alkylcarbonyl - with at least two double bonds.
- the polyunsaturated fatty acids produced in the process are advantageously bound in membrane lipids and / or triacylglycerides, but may also be present as free fatty acids or bound in the form of other fatty acid esters in the organisms. They may be present as "pure products" or advantageously in the form of mixtures of different fatty acids or mixtures of different glycerides.
- the different fatty acids bound in the triacylglycerides can thereby be derived from short-chain fatty acids having 4 to 6 C atoms, medium-chain fatty acids having 8 to 12 C atoms or long-chain fatty acids having 14 to 24 C atoms, the long-chain fatty acids being particularly preferred are the long-chain fatty acids LCPUFAs of Ci 8 -, C 2 o- and / or C 22 fatty acids.
- the fatty acid esters with polyunsaturated Ci 8 , C 2 o and / or C 22 fatty acid molecules can be prepared from the organisms used for the production of the fatty acid esters in the form of an oil or lipid, for example in the form of compounds such as sphingolipids, phosphoglycerides, lipids, glycolipids such as glycosphingolipids, phospholipids such as phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol or diphosphatidylglycerol, monoacylglycerides, diacylglycerides, triacylglycerides or other fatty acid esters such as the acetyl coenzymeA esters containing the polyunsaturated fatty acids containing at least two, three, four, five or six, preferably five or six, double bonds are advantageously isolated in the form of their diacy
- the polyunsaturated fatty acids are also present as free fatty acids or bound in other compounds in the organisms, advantageously the plants.
- the various aforementioned compounds (fatty acid esters and free fatty acids) in the organisms in an approximate distribution of 80 to 90 wt .-% triglycerides, 2 to 5 wt .-% diglycerides, 5 to 10 wt .-% monoglycerides, 1 to 5 wt .-% of free fatty acids, 2 to 8 wt .-% phospholipids ago, wherein the sum of the various compounds to 100 wt .-% complements.
- the LCPUFAs produced are present in a content of at least 3% by weight, advantageously of at least 5% by weight, preferably of at least 8% by weight, more preferably of at least 10% by weight, very particularly preferably at least 15 wt .-% based on the total fatty acids in the transgenic organisms advantageously produced in a transgenic plant.
- Ci 8 - and / or C 2 o fatty acids and / or C 22 fatty acids present in the host organisms to at least 10%, advantageously at least 20%, particularly advantageously at least 30%, very particularly advantageous at least 40% in the corresponding products such as DPA or DHA, to name only two, implemented.
- the fatty acids are prepared in bound form.
- these unsaturated fatty acids can be brought to the sn1, sn2 and / or sn3 position of the advantageously prepared triglycerides.
- the starting compounds linoleic acid (C18: 2) or linolenic acid (C18: 3) undergo several reaction steps in the process according to the invention, the end products of the process, such as, for example, arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), ⁇ -6-docosapentaenoic acid or DHA, are precipitated not as absolute Pure products, there are always small traces of precursors in the final product included.
- ARA arachidonic acid
- EPA eicosapentaenoic acid
- DHA ⁇ -6-docosapentaenoic acid
- the end products such as ARA, EPA or DHA are present as mixtures.
- the precursors should advantageously not more than 20 wt .-%, preferably not more than 15 wt .-%, more preferably not more than 10 wt .-%, most preferably not more than 5 wt .-% based on the amount of the respective Final product amount.
- ARA, EPA or only DHA are bound in the process according to the invention or produced as free acids in a transgenic plant as end products.
- the compounds ARA, EPA and DHA are prepared simultaneously, they are advantageously used in a ratio of at least 1: 1: 2 (EPA: ARA: DHA), preferably of at least 1: 1: 3, preferably of 1: 1: 4 preferably prepared from 1: 1: 5.
- Fatty acid esters or fatty acid mixtures which have been prepared by the process according to the invention advantageously contain 6 to 15% palmitic acid, 1 to 6% stearic acid; 7 - 85% oleic acid; 0.5 to 8% of vaccenic acid, 0.1 to 1% of arachidic acid, 7 to 25% of saturated fatty acids, 8 to 85% of monounsaturated fatty acids and 60 to 85% of polyunsaturated fatty acids in each case based on 100% and on the total fatty acid content of the organisms.
- polyunsaturated fatty acid in the fatty acid esters or fatty acid mixtures are preferably at least 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4; 0.5; 0.6; 0.7; 0.8; 0.9 or 1% based on the total fatty acid content of arachidonic acid.
- the fatty acid esters or fatty acid mixtures prepared by the process according to the invention advantageously contain fatty acids selected from the group of the fatty acids erucic acid (13-docosaic acid), sterculic acid (9,10-methylene octadec-9-enoic acid), malvalic acid (8,9 -Methylene heptadec-8-enoic acid), chaulmoogric acid (cyclopentenodecanoic acid), furan fatty acid (9,12-epoxy-octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid), vernonic acid (9,10-epoxyoctadec-12-enoic acid), tartric acid ( 6- octadecynoic acid), 6-nonadecynoic acid, santalbic acid (t11-octadecen-9-ynoic acid), 6,9-octadecenynoic acid, pyrulic acid (t10-heptadecen
- Catalpinic acid (9t1 1t13c-octadecatrienoic acid), elecetic acid (9c1 1t13t octadecatrienoic acid), jacric acid (8c10t12c octadecatrienoic acid), punicic acid (9c1111 Sc-octadecatrienoic acid), parinaric acid (9c1 1113t1 ⁇ c-octadecatetraenoic acid), pinolenic acid (all-cis-5,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid), laballenic acid (5,6-
- Octadecadienenoic acid ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxyoleic acid) and / or coriolinic acid (I S-hydroxy- ⁇ ci it-octadecadienoic acid).
- the abovementioned fatty acids are generally advantageously present only in traces in the fatty acid esters or fatty acid mixtures prepared by the process according to the invention, that is to say they are less than 30%, preferably less than 25%, 24%, 23%, based on the total fatty acids. , 22% or 21%, more preferably less than 20%, 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6% or 5%, most preferably less than 4%, 3%, 2% or 1% ago.
- the nucleic acid sequences according to the invention or the nucleic acid sequences used in the method according to the invention can increase the yield of polyunsaturated fatty acids by at least 50%, advantageously by at least 80%, particularly advantageously by at least 100%, very particularly advantageously by at least 150% compared to the non-transgenic starting organism
- a yeast, an alga, a fungus or a plant such as Arabidopsis or flax can be achieved by comparison in GC analysis (see examples).
- chemically pure polyunsaturated fatty acids or fatty acid compositions can be prepared by the methods described above.
- the fatty acids or fatty acid compositions from the organism such as the microorganisms or plants or the culture medium in which or on which the organisms were grown, or from the organism and the culture medium in a known manner, for example via extraction, distillation, crystallization, chromatography or Isolated combinations of these methods.
- These chemically pure fatty acids or fatty acid compositions are advantageous for applications in the food industry, the cosmetics industry and especially the pharmaceutical industry.
- genes selected from the group of ⁇ -5-desaturases, ⁇ -6-desaturases, ⁇ -8-desaturases, ⁇ -12-desaturases, omega-3-desaturases in combination with the polynucleotides according to the invention, individual genes or Several genes can be used in combination.
- the ⁇ -6-desaturase having SEQ ID Nos. 9 and 10 the ⁇ -5-desaturase having SEQ ID Nos. 11 and 12 and the ⁇ -8-desaturase having SEQ ID Nos. 15 and 16, the ⁇ -12-desaturase with SEQ ID Nos. 17 and 18 and / or the omega-3 desaturase with SEQ ID Nos. 13 and 14 are used.
- Particularly preferred combinations for the production of arachidonic acid are listed in Table 7 below, for the preparation of eicosapentaenoic acid in Table 8 and for docosahexaenoic acid in Table 9 below.
- the desaturases used in the process of the invention convert their respective substrates in the form of the CoA fatty acid esters.
- the respective desaturation products are thereby synthesized in higher amounts, since the elongation step usually takes place on the CoA fatty acid esters, while the desaturation step takes place predominantly on the phospholipids or on the triglycerides.
- An exchange reaction that would require another possibly limiting enzyme reaction between the CoA fatty acid esters and the phospholipids or triglycerides is thus not required.
- the enzymatic activity of the polypeptides used in the process according to the invention makes it possible to use a wide variety of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the process according to the invention can be produced.
- the organisms used for the process according to the invention such as the preferred plants, it is possible to prepare mixtures of the various polyunsaturated fatty acids or individual polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as EPA or ARA, in free or bound form.
- fatty acids derived from C18: 2 fatty acids such as GLA, DGLA or ARA or those derived from C18: 3 Derive fatty acids, such as SDA, ETA or EPA.
- GLA fatty acids derived from C18: 2 fatty acids
- DGLA DGLA
- ARA fatty acids derived from C18: 3 Derive fatty acids, such as SDA, ETA or EPA.
- Derive fatty acids such as SDA, ETA or EPA.
- ⁇ -6-desaturase and ⁇ -6 elongase Due to the activity of ⁇ -6-desaturase and ⁇ -6 elongase, for example, GLA and DGLA or SDA and ETA are formed, depending on the starting plant and unsaturated fatty acid. Preference is given to DGLA or ETA or mixtures thereof. If the ⁇ -5-desaturase, the ⁇ -5 elongase and the ⁇ -4-desaturase are additionally introduced into the organism advantageously into the plant, ARA, EPA and / or DHA are additionally produced. Advantageously, only ARA, EPA or DHA or their mixtures are synthesized, depending on the fatty acids present in the organism or in the plant, which serves as the starting substance for the synthesis.
- the respective end products are not present as pure substances in the organisms.
- the fatty acids can also be fed from the outside. For cost reasons, production in the organism is preferred.
- Preferred substrates are linoleic acid (C18: 2 A9 '12 ), ⁇ -linolenic acid (C18: 3 ⁇ 6 ' 9 '12 ), eicosadienoic acid (C20: 2 ⁇ 11 ' 14 ), dihomo- ⁇ -linolenic acid (C20: 3 ⁇ 8 '11' 14), arachidonic acid (C20: 4 ⁇ 5A11 '. 14) docosatetraenoic acid (C22 4 ⁇ 7, i o, i3, i 6) and docosapentaenoic (C22: 5 ⁇ 4' 7 '10' 13 '15 ).
- this can for example by introducing a
- Nucleic acid in the organism encoding a polypeptide with ⁇ -12-desaturase can be achieved. This is particularly advantageous in oil-producing organisms such as the family Brassicaceae such as the genus Brassica e.g. rape; the family of
- Elaeagnaceae such as the genus Elaeagnus e.g. the genus and species Olea europaea or the family Fabaceae such as the genus Glycine e.g. the genus and species Glycine max, which have a high oleic acid content. Since these organisms have only a low content of linoleic acid (Mikoklajczak et al., Journal of the American Oil Chemical Society, 38, 1961, 678-681), the use of said ⁇ -12-
- nucleic acid sequences or their derivatives or homologues are used in the method according to the invention, which code for polypeptides which still possess the enzymatic activity of the proteins encoded by nucleic acid sequences.
- sequences are cloned individually or in combination with the polynucleotides according to the invention in expression constructs and used for introduction and for expression in organisms. By their construction, these expression constructs enable a favorable optimal synthesis of the polyunsaturated fatty acids produced in the process according to the invention.
- the method further comprises the step of
- this method further comprises the step of recovering the oils, lipids or free fatty acids from the organism or from the culture.
- the culture may be, for example, a fermentation culture, for example, in the case of culturing microorganisms such as Mortierella, Thalassiosira, Mantoniella, Ostreococcus, Saccharomyces or Thraustochytrium, or a greenhouse or field crop of a plant.
- the cell or organism thus produced is advantageously a cell of an oil-producing organism such as an oil crop such as peanut, oilseed rape, canola, flax, hemp, peanut, soybean, dyer's thistle, hemp, sunflower or borage.
- Cultivation is, for example, culturing in the case of plant cells, tissue or organs on or in a nutrient medium or the whole plant on or in a substrate, for example in hydroponics, potting soil or on arable land.
- Suitable organisms or host cells for the process according to the invention are those which are able to synthesize fatty acids, especially unsaturated fatty acids, or are suitable for the expression of recombinant genes.
- plants such as Arabidopsis, Asteraceae such as calendula or crops such as soybean, peanut, castor, sunflower, corn, cotton, flax, rapeseed, coconut, oil palm, dyer safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) or cocoa beans, microorganisms such as fungi, for example the genus Mortierella, Thraustochytrium , Saprolegnia, Phytophthora or Pythium, bacteria such as the genus Escherichia or Shewanella, yeasts such as the genus Saccharomyces, cyanobacteria, ciliates, algae such as Mantoniella or Ostreococcus or protozoans such as dinoflagellates such as Thalassiosira or Cry
- transgenic animals are also advantageously suitable for non-human animals, for example C. elegans. Other suitable host cells and organisms have previously been described in detail.
- Transgenic plants containing the polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesized in the process according to the invention can advantageously be marketed directly without the synthesized oils, lipids or fatty acids having to be isolated.
- Plants in the process according to the invention include whole plants and all plant parts, plant organs or plant parts such as leaves, stems, seeds, roots, tubers, anthers, fibers, root hairs, stems, embryos, callosis, kotelydons, petioles, crop material, plant tissue, reproductive tissue, Cell cultures derived from the transgenic plant and / or used to produce the transgenic plant.
- the seed includes all seed parts such as the seed shells, epidermis and sperm cells, endosperm or embryonic tissue.
- the compounds prepared in the process according to the invention can also be isolated from the organisms advantageously plants in the form of their oils, fat, lipids and / or free fatty acids.
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids produced by this process can be harvested by harvesting the organisms either from the culture in which they grow or from the field. This can be done by pressing or extraction of the plant parts, preferably the plant seeds.
- the oils, fats, lipids and / or free fatty acids can be obtained by so-called cold pressing or cold pressing without supplying heat by pressing.
- the plant parts, especially the seeds, to be easier to digest they are first crushed, steamed or roasted. The pretreated seeds can then be pressed or extracted with solvents such as warm hexane.
- the solvent is removed again.
- these are harvested after harvesting, for example, directly without further working steps, or else extracted after digestion by various methods known to the person skilled in the art. In this way, more than 96% of the compounds prepared in the process can be isolated.
- the products thus obtained are further processed, that is refined.
- the mucilages and turbid matter are removed.
- the so-called degumming can be carried out enzymatically or, for example, chemically / physically by adding acid, such as phosphoric acid.
- the free ones Fatty acids are removed by treatment with a base, for example sodium hydroxide solution.
- the product obtained is thoroughly washed with water to remove the lye remaining in the product and dried.
- the products are subjected to bleaching with, for example, bleaching earth or activated carbon.
- the product is deodorized, for example, with steam.
- the PUFAs or LCPUFAs produced by this process are preferably C 18-, C 2 O- or C 22 -fatty acid molecules, advantageously C 2 o- or C 22 -fatty acid molecules having at least two double bonds in the fatty acid molecule, preferably three, four, five or six double bonds ,
- These Ci 8 -, C 2 o- or C 22 -Fettkladklaremoleküle can be isolated from the organism in the form of an oil, lipid or a free fatty acid. Suitable organisms are, for example, those mentioned above. Preferred organisms are transgenic plants.
- oils, lipids or fatty acids or fractions thereof which have been prepared by the method described above, more preferably oil, lipid or fatty acid composition comprising PUFAs derived from transgenic plants.
- oils, lipids or fatty acids advantageously contain 6 to 15% palmitic acid, 1 to 6% stearic acid as described above; 7 - 85% oleic acid; 0.5 to 8% vaccine acid, 0.1 to 1% arachidic acid, 7 to 25% saturated fatty acids, 8 to 85% monounsaturated fatty acids and 60 to 85% polyunsaturated fatty acids in each case based on 100% and on the total fatty acid content of the organisms.
- polyunsaturated fatty acid in the fatty acid ester or fatty acid mixtures are preferably at least 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; 0.4; 0.5; 0.6; 0.7; 0.8; 0.9 or 1% based on the total fatty acid content of arachidonic acid.
- the fatty acid esters or fatty acid mixtures prepared by the process according to the invention advantageously contain fatty acids selected from the group of the fatty acids erucic acid (13-docosaic acid), sterculic acid (9,10-methylene octadec-9-enoic acid), malvalic acid (8,9 Methylene heptadec-8-enoic acid), chaulmo-gruoic acid (cyclopentenodecanoic acid), furan fatty acid (9,12-epoxy-octadeca-9,1-dienanoic acid), vernoic acid (9,10-epoxyoctadec-12-enoic acid), tartric acid (6-octadecynoic acid), 6-nonadecynoic acid, santalbinic acid (t11-octadecen-9-ynoic acid), 6,9-octadecenynonic acid, pyrulic acid (t10-heptadec
- Dihydrooropheic acid octadecene-13-ene-9,1-diynoic acid, petroselenoic acid (cis-6-octadecenoic acid), 9c, 12t-octadecadienoic acid, calendulic acid (8t10t12c octadecatrienoic acid), catalpinic acid ( ⁇ tHtiSc-octadecatrienoic acid), elecostic acid ( ⁇ ci itiSt octadecatrienoic acid ), Jacric acid (8c10t12c octadecatrienoic acid), punicic acid (9c1 1t13c octadecatrienoic acid), parinaric acid (9c1 1t13t15c
- Octadecatetraenoic acid pinolenic acid (all-cis-5,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid),
- Laballenen Textre (5,6-Octadecadienallen Textre), Ricinol Textre (12-Hydroxyölklare) and / or Coriolin Textre (13-Hydroxy-9c, 11t-Octadecadienonklare).
- the abovementioned fatty acids are generally advantageously present only in traces in the fatty acid ester or fatty acid mixtures prepared by the process according to the invention, that is to say they are less than 30%, preferably less than 25%, 24%, based on the total fatty acids.
- the oils, lipids or fatty acids according to the invention preferably contain at least 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% or 5%, advantageously at least 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10%, particularly advantageously at least 1 1%, 12%, 13%, 14% or 15% ARA or at least 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% or 5%, advantageously at least 6%, or 7%, most preferably at least 8%, 9% or 10% EPA and / or DHA relative to the total fatty acid content of the production organism, advantageously a plant, particularly advantageously an oil crop such as soybean, oilseed rape, coconut, oil palm, safflower, flax, hemp, castor, calendula, peanut, cocoa bean, Sunflower or the above-mentioned other monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous oil crops.
- an oil crop such as soybean, oilseed rape, coconut, oil palm, safflower, flax, hemp, castor,
- Another embodiment of the invention is the use of the oil, lipid, fatty acids and / or fatty acid composition in feed, food, cosmetics or pharmaceuticals.
- the oils, lipids, fatty acids or fatty acid mixtures according to the invention can be mixed with other oils, lipids, fatty acids or fatty acid mixtures in the manner known to those skilled in the art animal origin such as fish oils.
- These oils, lipids, fatty acids or fatty acid mixtures, which consist of vegetable and animal components, can be used for the production of feed, food, cosmetics or pharmaceuticals.
- oil is understood as meaning a fatty acid mixture which contains unsaturated, saturated, preferably esterified fatty acid (s). It is preferred that the oil, lipid or fat contains a high proportion of polyunsaturated free or advantageously esterified fatty acid (s), in particular linoleic acid, ⁇ -linolenic acid, dihomo- ⁇ -linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, ⁇ -linolenic acid, stearidonic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, Docosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid has.
- s polyunsaturated free or advantageously esterified fatty acid
- the proportion of unsaturated esterified fatty acids is about 30%, more preferred is a proportion of 50%, even more preferred is a proportion of 60%, 70%, 80% or more.
- the proportion of fatty acid after transfer of the fatty acids into the methyl esters can be determined by gas chromatography by transesterification.
- the oil, lipid or fat may contain various other saturated or unsaturated fatty acids, e.g. Calendulic acid, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic acid, etc. included. In particular, depending on the starting organism, the proportion of the various fatty acids in the oil or fat may vary.
- the polyunsaturated fatty acids having advantageously at least two double bonds which are produced in the process are, as described above, for example sphingolipids, phosphoglycerides, lipids, glycolipids, phospholipids, monoacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, triacylglycerol or other fatty acid esters.
- the polyunsaturated fatty acids containing, for example, an alkali treatment such as aqueous KOH or NaOH or acid hydrolysis advantageously in the presence of an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol or via an enzymatic cleavage liberate and isolate via, for example, phase separation and subsequent acidification via, for example, H 2 SO 4 .
- an alkali treatment such as aqueous KOH or NaOH or acid hydrolysis advantageously in the presence of an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol or via an enzymatic cleavage liberate and isolate via, for example, phase separation and subsequent acidification via, for example, H 2 SO 4 .
- the release of the fatty acids can also be carried out directly without the workup described above.
- the nucleic acids used in the method can advantageously be either a plant cell or plant, either on a separate plasmid or advantageously integrated into the genome of the host cell.
- integration may be at random or by such recombination as replacing the native gene with the incorporated copy, thereby modulating production of the desired compound by the cell, or by using a gene in "trans". in such a way that the gene is functionally linked to a functional expression unit which contains at least one sequence ensuring the expression of a gene and at least one sequence ensuring the polyadenylation of a functionally transcribed gene
- the nucleic acids are transferred to the organisms via multi-expression cassettes or constructs for multiparallel expression advantageous for multiparallel seed-specific expression of genes brought into the plants.
- Moose and algae are the only known plant systems that produce significant amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (ARA) and / or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and / or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
- ARA arachidonic acid
- EPA eicosapentaenoic acid
- DHA docosahexaenoic acid
- Moose contain PUFAs in membrane lipids, while algae, algae-related organisms and some fungi also accumulate significant levels of PUFAs in the triacylglycerol fraction.
- nucleic acid molecules isolated from strains which also accumulate PUFAs in the triacylglycerol fraction are particularly advantageous for the process of the invention and thus for modification of the lipid and PUFA production system in a host, in particular plants such as oilseed crops, for example oilseed rape. Canola, flax, hemp, soy, sunflower, borage. They are therefore advantageous for use in the process according to the invention.
- acyl-CoA-dehydrogenase s
- acyl-ACP [acyl carrier protein] -desaturase
- acyl-ACP-thioesterase n
- Fatty acid acyl transferase s
- acyl-CoA lysophospholipid acyltransferase
- fatty acid synthase s
- fatty acid hydroxylase s
- acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase s
- acyl coenzyme A Oxidase fatty acid desaturase (s), fatty acid acetylenase (s), lipoxygenase (s), triacylglycerol lipase (s), allene oxide synthase (s), hydroperoxide lyase (s) or fatty acid elongas
- the polyunsaturated C 16 -fatty acids must first be desaturated by the enzymatic activity of a desaturase and then extended by at least two carbon atoms via an elongase. After one round of elongation this enzyme activity leads to C 2 o-fatty acids, and after two rounds of elongation to C 22 -fatty acids.
- the desaturases and elongases used in the activity of the processes according to the invention preferably lead to C-is, C 2 0 and / or C 22 fatty acids advantageously having at least two double bonds in the fatty acid molecule, preferably having three, four, five or six double bonds, more preferably C 2 o- and / or C 22 fatty acids having at least two double bonds in the fatty acid molecule, preferably having three, four, five or six double bonds, very particularly preferably having five or six double bonds in the molecule.
- further desaturation and elongation steps such as desaturation at ⁇ -5 and ⁇ -4 positions, may occur.
- Particularly preferred products of the process according to the invention are dihomo- ⁇ -linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and / or docosahexaenoic acid.
- the C 2 o fatty acids having at least two double bonds in the fatty acid can be extended by the enzymatic activity according to the invention in the form of the free fatty acid or in the form of the esters, such as phospholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids, phosphoglycerides, monoacylglycerol, diacylglycerol or triacylglycerol.
- the preferred biosynthesis site of fatty acids, oils, lipids or fats in the advantageously used plants is, for example, generally the seed or cell layers of the seed, so that a seed-specific expression of the nucleic acids used in the process makes sense.
- biosynthesis of fatty acids, oils or lipids need not be limited to the seed tissue, but may also be tissue-specific in all other parts of the plant - for example in epidermal cells or in the tubers.
- microorganisms such as yeasts such as Saccharomyces or Schizosaccharomyces
- fungi such as Mortierella, Aspergillus, Phytophtora, Entomophthora, Mucor or Thraustochytrium algae such as Isochrysis, Mantoniella, Ostreococcus, Phaeodactylum or Crypthecodinium are used in the method according to the invention as organisms, these organisms are advantageously attracted to fermentation.
- the polyunsaturated fatty acids produced in the process can be at least 5%, preferably at least 10%, particularly preferably at least 20%, very particularly preferably at least 50%, compared to the wild-type Organisms that do not contain the nucleic acids recombinantly increased.
- the polyunsaturated fatty acids produced in the organisms used in the process can in principle be increased in two ways.
- the pool of free polyunsaturated fatty acids and / or the proportion of esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids produced by the process can be increased.
- the process according to the invention increases the pool of esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids in the transgenic organisms.
- microorganisms are used as organisms in the process according to the invention, they are grown or grown, depending on the host organism, in a manner known to the person skilled in the art.
- Microorganisms are usually in a liquid medium containing a carbon source usually in the form of sugars, a nitrogen source usually in the form of organic nitrogen sources such as yeast extract or salts such as ammonium sulfate, trace elements such as iron, manganese, magnesium salts and optionally vitamins, at temperatures between 0 0 C and 100 0 C, preferably between 10 0 C to 60 ° C attracted under oxygen fumigation.
- the pH of the nutrient fluid can be kept at a fixed value, that is regulated during the cultivation or not.
- the cultivation can be batchwise, semi-batch wise or continuous. Nutrients can be presented at the beginning of the fermentation or fed in semi-continuously or continuously.
- the polyunsaturated fatty acids prepared can be isolated from the organisms by methods known to those skilled in the art as described above. For example, extraction, distillation, crystallization, optionally salt precipitation and / or Chromatography. The organisms can be opened up for this purpose yet advantageous.
- the inventive method when it is in the host organisms are microorganisms, advantageously carried out at a temperature between 0 0 C to 95 °, preferably between 10 0 C to 85 ° C, more preferably between 15 ° C to 75 ° C, most preferably carried out between 15 ° C to 45 ° C.
- the pH is advantageously maintained between pH 4 and 12, preferably between pH 6 and 9, more preferably between pH 7 and 8.
- the process according to the invention can be operated batchwise, semi-batchwise or continuously.
- a summary of known cultivation methods is in the textbook by Chmiel (bioprocess 1. Introduction to bioprocess engineering (Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1991)) or in the textbook of Storhas (bioreactors and peripheral facilities (Vieweg Verlag, Braunschweig / Wiesbaden, 1994)) Find.
- the culture medium to be used must suitably satisfy the requirements of the respective strains. Descriptions of culture media of various microorganisms are contained in the Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology of the American Society for Bacteriology (Washington D.C, USA, 1981).
- these media which can be used according to the invention usually comprise one or more carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, vitamins and / or trace elements.
- Preferred carbon sources are sugars, such as mono-, di- or polysaccharides.
- sugars such as mono-, di- or polysaccharides.
- very good carbon sources are glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, ribose, sorbose, ribulose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, raffinose, starch or cellulose.
- Sugar can also be added to the media via complex compounds, such as molasses, or other by-products of sugar refining. It may also be advantageous to add mixtures of different carbon sources.
- oils and fats such as soybean oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil and / or coconut oil, fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid and / or linoleic acid, alcohols and / or polyalcohols such as.
- glycerol methanol and / or ethanol and / or organic acids such as acetic acid and / or lactic acid.
- Nitrogen sources are usually organic or inorganic nitrogen compounds or materials containing these compounds.
- Exemplary nitrogen sources include ammonia in liquid or gas form or ammonium salts such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium carbonate or ammonium nitrate, nitrates, urea, amino acids or complex nitrogen sources such as corn steep liquor, soybean meal, soy protein, yeast extract, meat extract and others.
- the nitrogen sources can be used singly or as a mixture.
- Inorganic salt compounds which may be included in the media include the chloride, phosphorus or sulfate salts of calcium, magnesium, sodium, cobalt, molybdenum, potassium, manganese, zinc, copper and iron.
- sulfur-containing fine chemicals in particular methionine
- inorganic sulfur-containing compounds such as sulfates, sulfites, dithionites, tetrathionates, thiosulfates, sulfides but also organic sulfur compounds, such as mercaptans and thiols can be used.
- Phosphoric acid potassium dihydrogen phosphate or dipotassium hydrogen phosphate or the corresponding sodium-containing salts can be used as the phosphorus source.
- Chelating agents can be added to the medium to keep the metal ions in solution.
- Particularly suitable chelating agents include dihydroxyphenols, such as catechol or protocatechuate, or organic acids, such as citric acid.
- the fermentation media used according to the invention for the cultivation of microorganisms usually also contain other growth factors, such as vitamins or growth promoters, which include, for example, biotin, riboflavin, thiamine, folic acid, nicotinic acid, panthothenate and pyridoxine.
- Growth factors and salts often come from complex media components, such as yeast extract, molasses, corn steep liquor and the like.
- suitable precursors can be added to the culture medium.
- the exact composition of the media compounds will depend heavily on the particular experiment and will be decided on a case by case basis. Information about the media optimization is available from the textbook "Applied Microbiol Physiology, A Practical Approach” (Ed PM Rhodes, PF Stanbury, IRL Press (1997) pp. 53-73, ISBN 0 19 963577 3).
- Growth media may also be obtained from commercial suppliers such as Standard 1 (Merck) or BHI (Brain heart infusion, DIFCO) and the like.
- All media components are sterilized either by heat (20 min at 1, 5 bar and 121 0 C) or by sterile filtration.
- the components can either be sterilized together or, if necessary, sterilized separately. All media components may be present at the beginning of the culture or optionally added continuously or batchwise.
- the temperature of the culture is usually between 15 ° C and 45 ° C, preferably at 25 ° C to 40 0 C and can be kept constant or changed during the experiment.
- the pH of the medium should be in the range of 5 to 8.5, preferably around 7.0.
- the pH for cultivation can be controlled during cultivation by addition of basic compounds such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonia or ammonia water or acidic compounds such as phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid. To control the foam development antifoams such. As fatty acid polyglycol, are used.
- the medium can be selected selectively acting substances such. As antibiotics, are added.
- oxygen or oxygen-containing gas mixtures, such as ambient air are introduced into the culture.
- the temperature of the culture is normally from 20 0 C to 45 ° C and preferably at 25 ° C to 40 0 C. The culture is continued until a maximum of the desired product has formed. This goal is usually reached within 10 hours to 160 hours.
- the fermentation broths thus obtained in particular containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, usually have a dry matter content of 7.5 to 25% by weight.
- the fermentation broth can then be further processed.
- the biomass can be wholly or partly by separation methods, such. As centrifugation, filtration, decantation or a combination of these methods are removed from the fermentation broth or completely left in it.
- the biomass is worked up after separation.
- the fermentation broth can also without cell separation with known methods such. B. with the aid of a rotary evaporator, thin film evaporator, falling film evaporator, by reverse osmosis, or by nanofiltration, thickened or concentrated. This concentrated fermentation broth may eventually be worked up to recover the fatty acids contained therein.
- polynucleotides or polypeptides of the present invention which are involved in the metabolism of lipids and fatty acids, PUFA cofactors and enzymes or in the transport of lipophilic compounds via membranes, are advantageously used in plants according to the invention for modulating the production of PUFAs in transgenic organisms
- Solanacaen - plants such as potato, tobacco, aubergine and tomato, Vicia species, pea, cassava, alfalfa, bush plants (coffee, cocoa, tea), Salix species, trees (oil palm, coconut) and perennial grasses and forage crops, either directly ( For example, if overexpression or optimization of a fatty acid biosynthesis protein has a direct impact on
- PUFAs polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Brasicaceae for example stearidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid
- Brasicaceae for example stearidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid
- boraginaceous plants for example stearidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid
- linaceae particularly advantageous is Lein (Linum usitatissimum) for the production of PUFAS with the nucleic acid sequences of the invention advantageously, as described, in combination with other desaturases and elongases.
- the lipid synthesis can be divided into two sections: the synthesis of fatty acids and their attachment to sn-glycerol-3-phosphate and the addition or modification of a polar head group.
- Common lipids used in membranes include phospholipids, glycolipids, sphingolipids and phosphoglycerides.
- Fatty acid synthesis begins with the conversion of acetyl-CoA into malonyl-CoA by the acetyl-CoA carboxylase or into acetyl-ACP by the acetyl transacylase.
- acyl-CoA lysophospholipid acyltransferases.
- these enzymes can transfer the elongated fatty acids again from the CoA esters to the phospholipids. This reaction sequence can optionally be run through several times.
- Precursors for the PUFA biosynthesis are, for example, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid.
- cis-carbon fatty acids must be extended to C 2 O and C 22 to obtain Eicosa- and Docosa-chain fatty acids.
- desaturases used in the process such as the ⁇ -15, ⁇ -12 and ⁇ -15, omega-3, ⁇ -12, ⁇ -4, ⁇ -5, ⁇ -6-desaturases and / or or the ⁇ -5 and / or ⁇ -6 elongases
- arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid may advantageously be produced eicosapentaenoic acid and / or docosahexaenoic acid and subsequently used for various purposes in food, feed, cosmetic or pharmaceutical applications.
- C 2 0- and / or C 22 -fatty acids having at least two, preferably at least three, four, five or six double bonds in the fatty acid molecule, preferably C 2 o- or C 22 -fatty acids with advantageously four, five or six double bonds, can be used with the abovementioned enzymes be prepared in the fatty acid molecule.
- the desaturation can be carried out before or after elongation of the corresponding fatty acid.
- the products of desaturase activities and possible further desaturation and elongation result in preferred PUFAs having a higher degree of desaturation, including further elongation of C 2 O to C 22 fatty acids, to fatty acids such as ⁇ -linolenic acid, dihomo- ⁇ -linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, stearidonic acid , Eicosatetraenoic acid or eicosapentaenoic acid.
- Substrates of the desaturases and elongases used in the process of this invention are C 1 6-, C linolenic dihomo- ⁇ -1 8- or C2o fatty acids such as linoleic acid, ⁇ -linolenic acid, ⁇ -linolenic acid,
- Eicosatetraenoic acid or stearidonic acid Preferred substrates are linoleic acid, v-linolenic acid and / or ⁇ -linolenic acid, dihomo- ⁇ -linolenic acid or arachidonic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid or eicosapentaenoic acid.
- the synthesized C 2 0 or C 22 fatty acids having at least two, three, four, five or six double bonds in the fatty acid are obtained in the novel process in the form of the free fatty acid or in the form of their esters, for example in the form of their glycerides.
- glycolide is understood to mean a glycerol esterified with one, two or three carboxylic acid residues (mono-, di- or triglyceride).
- glycolide is also meant a mixture of different glycerides.
- the glyceride or glyceride mixture may contain other additives, for example free fatty acids, antioxidants, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and / or other substances.
- a "glyceride” in the sense of the method according to the invention are furthermore derived from glycerol derived derivatives understood. In addition to the fatty acid glycerides described above, these also include glycerophospholipids and glyceroglycolipids.
- the glycerophospholipids such as lecithin (phosphatidylcholine), cardiolipin, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine and alkylacylglycerophospholipids, may be mentioned by way of example here.
- lecithin phosphatidylcholine
- cardiolipin phosphatidylglycerol
- phosphatidylserine alkylacylglycerophospholipids
- fatty acids must then be transported to various modification sites and incorporated into the triacylglycerol storage lipid.
- Another important step in lipid synthesis is the transfer of fatty acids to the polar head groups, for example by glycerol-fatty acid acyltransferase (see Frentzen, 1998, Lipid, 100 (4-5): 161-166).
- the PUFAs produced in the process comprise a group of molecules that are no longer able to synthesize, and therefore need to take up, higher animals, or that can no longer sufficiently produce higher animals themselves, and thus have to additionally take up, even though they are readily synthesized by other organisms, such as bacteria become. For example, cats can no longer synthesize arachidonic acid.
- phospholipids are to be understood as meaning phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol and / or Phosphatidylinositol advantageously phosphatidylcholine.
- production or productivity are known in the art and include the concentration of the fermentation product (compounds of formula I) formed in a given period of time and a particular fermentation volume (eg, kg of product per hour per liter.) It also includes productivity within a plant cell or a plant, that is, the content of the desired fatty acids produced in the process based on the content of all fatty acids in that cell or plant.
- efficiency of production includes the time necessary to obtain a certain amount of production (eg how long the cell needs to set up a specific throughput rate of a fine chemical).
- yield or product / carbon yield is known in the art and includes the efficiency of conversion of the carbon source into the product (ie, the fine chemical) .This is usually expressed, for example, as kg of product per kg of carbon source, by increasing yield or production
- biosynthesis or biosynthetic pathway is known in the art and includes the synthesis of a compound, preferably an organic compound, by a compound of the invention Cell of interconnections, for example, in a multi-step and highly regulated process.
- degradation or degradation pathway involve the cleavage of a compound, preferably an organic compound, by a cell into degradation products (more generally, smaller or less complex molecules), for example in a multi-step and highly regulated process
- metabolism is known in the art and includes the totality of the biochemical reactions that take place in an organism. The metabolism of a particular compound (eg, the metabolism of a fatty acid) then comprises the entirety of the biosynthesis, modification, and degradation pathways of that compound in the cell that affect that compound.
- the yield, production and / or efficiency of the production of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in a plant, preferably in an oil crop, or a microorganism can be influenced.
- the number or activity of polypeptides or polynucleotides according to the invention can be increased, so that larger amounts of the gene products and thus ultimately larger amounts of the compounds of general formula I are produced. Also, a de novo synthesis in an organism lacking the activity and ability to biosynthesize the compounds before introducing the gene (s) of interest is possible.
- a polynucleotide of the invention By introducing a polynucleotide of the invention into an organism, alone or in combination with other genes, into a cell, not only can the biosynthetic flux to the final product be increased, but also the corresponding triacylglycerol composition can be increased or created de novo. Likewise, the number or activity of other genes necessary for the import of nutrients necessary for the biosynthesis of one or more fatty acids, oils, polar and / or neutral lipids may be increased, such that the concentration of these precursors, cofactors or intermediates within the cells or within the storage compartment, thereby further increasing the ability of the cells to produce PUFAs.
- fatty acids obtained in the process are suitable as starting material for the chemical synthesis of other valuable products. They may be used, for example, in combination with each other or solely for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, foods, animal feed or cosmetics.
- the invention also relates to a process for the preparation of an oil, lipid or fatty acid composition comprising the steps of the method according to the invention and the further step of formulating the substance as an oil, lipid or fatty acid composition.
- the oil, lipid or fatty acid composition is further formulated into a medicament, a cosmetic, a food, a feed, preferably a fish feed, or a dietary supplement.
- the invention generally relates to the use of the polynucleotide, the vector, the host cell, the polypeptide or the transgenic non-human organism of the present invention for the preparation of an oil, lipid or fatty acid composition. This is then preferred to use as medicines, cosmetics, food, feed, preferably fish food, or dietary supplements.
- FIG. 1 Gas chromatographic analysis of yeasts transformed with the plasmid pYES-D9Elo (Ro) and without fatty acids (FIG. 1A), with linoleic acid (18: 2 ⁇ 9,12, FIG. 1B) or with linolenic acid (18: 3 ⁇ 9, 12 , 15, Figure 1 C) were fed.
- FIG. 2 Gas chromatographic analysis of yeasts transformed with the plasmid pYES-D5Elo (Eg) and with no fatty acid (FIG. 2A), with the fatty acid 18: 3 ⁇ 6,9,12 (FIG. 2B), with the fatty acid 20: 4 ⁇ 5, FIG. 8, 11, 14 (FIG. 2C) or with the fatty acid 20: 5 ⁇ 5.8, 11, 14, 14 (FIG. 2D).
- Eg plasmid pYES-D5Elo
- the cloning methods e.g. Restriction cleavage, agarose gel electrophoresis, purification of DNA fragments, transfer of nucleic acids to nitrocellulose and nylon membranes, linkage of DNA fragments, transformation of Escherichia coli cells, culture of bacteria and sequence analysis of recombinant DNA were performed as described in Sambrook et al. (1989) (CoId Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: ISBN 0-87969-309-6).
- the sequencing of recombinant DNA molecules was carried out with a laser fluorescence DNA sequencer from ABI according to the method of Sanger (Sanger et al. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. See, USA74, 5463-5467). Fragments resulting from a polymerase chain reaction were sequenced and checked to avoid polymerase errors in constructs to be expressed.
- the effect of genetic modification in plants, fungi, algae, ciliates or on the production of a desired compound may be determined by cultivating the modified microorganism or modified plant under suitable conditions (such as those described above), and Medium and / or the cellular components on the increased production of the desired product (ie of lipids or a fatty acid) is examined.
- suitable conditions such as those described above
- These analytical techniques are well known to those skilled in the art and include spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography, staining methods of various types, enzymatic and microbiological methods, and analytical chromatography such as high performance liquid chromatography (see, for example, Ullman, Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. A2, pp. 89-90 and p.
- Analytical methods include measurements of nutrient levels in the medium (eg, sugars, hydrocarbons, nitrogen sources, phosphate and other ions), measurements of biomass composition and growth, analysis of production of common biosynthetic pathway metabolites, and measurements of gases produced during fermentation. Standard methods for these measurements are in Applied Microbial Physiology; A Practical Approach, PM Rhodes and PF Stanbury, Eds., IRL Press, pp. 103-129; 131-163 and 165-192 (ISBN: 0199635773) and references cited therein.
- FAME fatty acid methyl ester
- GC-MS gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
- TAG triacylglycerol
- TLC thin layer chromatography
- the material to be analyzed may be broken up by sonication, milling in the glass mill, liquid nitrogen and milling or other applicable methods.
- the material must be centrifuged after rupture.
- the sediment is distilled in aqua. re-suspended, heated at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes, cooled on ice and recentrifuged, followed by extraction into 0.5 M sulfuric acid in methanol with 2% dimethoxypropane for 1 hour at 90 ° C., resulting in hydrolyzed oil and lipid compounds, which give transmethylated lipids.
- fatty acid methyl ester are extracted in petroleum ether and finally subjected to GC analysis using a capillary column INTENT (Chrompack, WCOT Fused Silica, CP-Wax-52 CB, 25 mikrom, 0.32 mm) at a temperature gradient between 170 0 C and 240 0 C for 20 min and 5 min at 240 ° C subjected.
- INTENT Chrompack, WCOT Fused Silica, CP-Wax-52 CB, 25 mikrom, 0.32 mm
- the identity of the resulting fatty acid methyl esters must be defined using standards available from commercial sources (eg, Sigma).
- Pythium irregular ATCC 1095 was grown as described in Hong et al. 2002, Plant Physiology 129: 354-62. To this was added a culture of Pythium irregular ATCC 1095 for 6 days at 25 0 C in 3 g / L yeast extract, 3g / L malt extract, 5 g / L peptone, 10 g / L glucose and 0.68 g / L potassium bicarbonate (pH 6, 0.1M HCl). Cells were harvested by filtration and washed 3x with distilled water and frozen with liquid nitrogen. Frozen cells were made by mortar and pestle grind to a fine powder.
- mRNA was obtained from the total RNA by means of Dynabeads oligo (dT) 25 (Dynal Biotech).
- dT Dynabeads oligo
- a cDNA library was constructed according to the manufacturer's instructions using the ZAP cDNA Gigapack III Gold Cloning Kit (Stratagene) and screened by standard methods (Ausubel et al., 1995).
- Various primer sequences were used to isolate elongase genes from irregular Pythium (Table 1).
- Table 1 Primer sequences for the isolation of elongases from Pythium irregular.
- the primer combination PFLF-PFLR provided sequences that show homologies to known delta 6 elongases (Table 2). However, the two sequences obtained differed only at the DNA level. The translated polypeptide sequences showed no differences.
- a DNA fragment of D6Elo (Pir) _1 was prepared by PCR by the primer combination PFLF-PFLR and cloned into the yeast expression vector pYES2.1A / 5-His-TOPO according to the manufacturer's instructions, wherein the Vector pYES-D ⁇ EIo (Pir) has emerged.
- the corresponding polynucleotide sequence of D6Elo (Pir) _1 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.
- the corresponding polynucleotide sequence of D6Elo (Pir) _2 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 3.
- the plasmid pYES-d ⁇ Elo (Pir) was transformed according to the manufacturer's instructions into the yeast strain INVSC-1 (Invitrogen) and selected on plates with DOB-U agar based on uracil auxotrophy. Positive colonies were identified by PCR. For this purpose, in each case with 1 ul thawed cells, 200 uM dNTPs, 2.5 U day polymerase and 100 pmol of each primer in a total volume of 50 ul performed.
- the conditions for the PCR were as follows: first denaturation at 95 ° C for 5 minutes, followed by 30 cycles at 94 ° C for 30 seconds, 55 ° C for 1 minute and 72 ° C for 2 minutes and a final extension step at 72 ° C for 10 minutes.
- the empty vector pYES2.1A / 5-His-TOPO was transformed in the manner described into competent yeast cells of the strain INVSC-1.
- Yeast cells with the plasmid pYES-d ⁇ Elo (Pir) or pYES2.1A / 5-His-TOPO were 12 h in liquid DOB U medium at 28 0 C, 200 rpm and then incubated for another 12 h in induction medium (DOB-U + 2% (w / v) galactose + 2% (w / v) raffinose) and 250 ⁇ M of fatty acids added to the medium.
- induction medium DOB-U + 2% (w / v) galactose + 2% (w / v) raffinose
- Yeasts transformed with plasmids pYES2A / 5-His-TOPO and pYES2-D6Elo (Pir) were analyzed as follows:
- the yeast cells from the main cultures are (100 ⁇ g, 5 min, 20 0 C) harvested by centrifugation and washed with 100 mM NaHCO, pH 8.0 to remove residual medium and fatty acids. Become from the yeast cell sediments
- FAMEs Fatty acid methyl ester
- Fatty acids are the organic phases ß once each with 2 ml of 100 mM NaHCO, pH
- the samples are separated on a DB-23 capillary column (30 m, 0.25 mm, 0.25 ⁇ m, Agilent) in a Hewlett-Packard 6850 gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector.
- the conditions for the GLC analysis are as follows: The oven temperature was programmed from 50 0 C to 250 0 C at a rate of 5 ° C / min and finally 10 min at 250 0 C (hold).
- the signals are identified by comparison of the retention times with corresponding fatty acid standards (Sigma).
- the methodology is described, for example, in Napier and Michaelson, 2001, Lipids. 36 (8) 761-766; Sayanova et al., 2001, Journal of Experimental Botany. 52 (360): 1581-1585, Sperling et al., 2001, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 388 (2): 293-298 and Michaelson et al., 1998, FEBS Letters. 439 (3): 215-218.
- the substrate specificity of D6Elo (Pir) [SEQ ID NO: 2] was determined after expression and feeding of various fatty acids (Table 3).
- the lined substrates are to be detected in large quantities in all transgenic yeasts.
- the transgenic yeasts show the synthesis of new fatty acids, the products of the D6Elo (Pir) reaction. This means that the gene D6Elo (Pir) has been functionally expressed.
- Table 3 describes the reaction of fatty acids by the plasmids introduced into the yeasts. The conversion rates are given in percent elongation efficiency for the various exogenously added fatty acids. As a control for the
- ⁇ 6 elongases a preferred substrate specificity for the fatty acid C18 ⁇ 11 (cis-vaccenic acid) could also be found.
- the protein D6Elo (Pir) with SEQ ID No. 2 as Elongase can be characterized with substrate specificity for ⁇ 6 and ⁇ 11 -desatured C18 fatty acids.
- Table 3 Elongation efficiencies in percent for various fed fatty acids. The elongation efficiency is calculated from the peak areas of the gas chromatographic analysis according to the formula: (area product / area substrate + product) * 100.
- Table 4 Elongase amino acid sequence from Rhizopus oryzae. The corresponding polynucleotide sequence of D9Elo (Ro) is shown in SEQ ID NO: 5.
- the plasmid pYES-D9Elo (Ro) was transformed according to the manufacturer's instructions into the yeast strain INVSC-1 (Invitrogen) and selected on plates with DOB-U agar based on uracil auxotrophy. Positive colonies were identified by PCR. For this purpose, in each case with 1 ul thawed cells, 200 uM dNTPs, 2.5 U day polymerase and 100 pmol of each primer in a total volume of 50 ul performed.
- the conditions for the PCR were as follows: first denaturation at 95 ° C for 5 minutes, followed by 30 cycles at 94 ° C for 30 seconds, 55 ° C for 1 minute and 72 ° C for 2 minutes and a final extension step at 72 ° C for 10 minutes.
- the empty vector pYES2.1A / 5-His-TOPO was transformed in the manner described into competent yeast cells of the strain INVSC-1.
- Yeast cells with the plasmid pYES-D9Elo (Ro) or pYES2.1A / 5-His-TOPO were 12 h in liquid DOB U medium at 28 0 C, 200 rpm and then incubated for another 12 h in induction medium (DOB-U + 2% (w / v) galactose + 2% (w / v) raffinose) and 250 ⁇ M of fatty acids added to the medium.
- DOB-U + 2% (w / v) galactose + 2% (w / v) raffinose 250 ⁇ M of fatty acids added to the medium.
- the specificity and activity of the gene to be characterized can be determined.
- Yeasts transformed with plasmids pYES2A / 5-His-TOPO and pYES2-D9Elo (Ro) were analyzed as follows:
- the yeast cells from the main cultures are (100 ⁇ g, 5 min, 20 0 C) harvested by centrifugation and washed with 100 mM NaHCO ß, pH 8.0 to remove residual medium and fatty acids.
- fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are produced by acid methanolysis.
- the cell sediments are incubated with 2 ml of 1N methanolic sulfuric acid and 2% (v / v) dimethoxypropane for 1 h at 80 ° C.
- Extraction of the FAMES is carried out by extracting twice with petroleum ether (PE).
- the organic phases are ß once each with 2 ml of 100 mM NaHCO, pH 8.0 and 2 ml of distilled water. washed. Subsequently, the PE phases were dried with Na 2 SC> 4 , evaporated under argon and taken up in 100 ⁇ l of PE.
- the samples are separated on a DB-23 capillary column (30 m, 0.25 mm, 0.25 ⁇ m, Agilent) in a Hewlett-Packard 6850 gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector.
- the conditions for the GLC analysis are as follows: The oven temperature was programmed from 50 0 C to 250 0 C at a rate of 5 ° C / min and finally 10 min at 250 0 C (hold).
- the signals are identified by comparison of the retention times with corresponding fatty acid standards (Sigma).
- the methodology is described, for example, in Napier and Michaelson, 2001, Lipids. 36 (8) 761-766; Sayanova et al., 2001, Journal of Experimental Botany. 52 (360): 1581-1585, Sperling et al., 2001, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 388 (2): 293-298 and Michaelson et al., 1998, FEBS Letters. 439 (3): 215-218.
- FIG. 1 shows the gas chromatographic analysis of yeasts transformed with the plasmid pYES-D9Elo (Ro).
- Figure 1A yeasts were analyzed which were not fed with exogenously added fatty acids. In contrast to the control (not shown), a new fatty acid was formed in small amounts (20: 1 ⁇ 11).
- Figure 1B shows the analysis of yeast cells transformed with the plasmid pYES-D9Elo (Ro) and fed with the fatty acid 18: 2 ⁇ 9,12.
- Table 5 summarizes the activities after feeding with different fatty acids.
- the transgenic yeasts show the synthesis of new fatty acids, the Products of the D9Elo (Ro) reaction. This means that the gene D9Elo (Ro) has been functionally expressed.
- Table 5 shows that D9Elo (Ro) has specific activity for C18- ⁇ 9-desaturated fatty acids, with the highest activity with the fatty acid 18: 3 ⁇ 9,12,15 (linolenic acid).
- the gene D9Elo (Ro) is thus particularly well suited for the elongation of 18: 3 ⁇ 9,12,15 to 20: 3 ⁇ 11,14,17 (iso-dihomogammalinolenic acid).
- Table 5 Elongation efficiency in percent of various fatty acids by D9Elo (Ro) compared to vector control pYES2.1A / 5-His_TOPO.
- Euglena gracilis was grown as described in Hoffmeister et al. 2005, J Biol Chem 280: 4329-38. Cells were harvested by filtration and washed 3x with distilled water and frozen with liquid nitrogen. Frozen cells were ground to a fine powder using a mortar and pestle. From the powder, according to the manufacturer's instructions, mRNA was obtained from the total RNA by means of Dynabeads oligo (dT) 2 5 (Dynal Biotech). A cDNA library was constructed according to the manufacturer's instructions by means of ZAP cDNA Gigapack III Gold Cloning Kit (Stratagene) and carried out an EST sequencing.
- the database was searched for elongases using the sequence D6Elo (Pir), [SEQ ID NO: 1]. A sequence with putong elongase motifs could be found. The following primers were used to isolate the elongase gene from Euglena gracilis (Table 6).
- the full-length sequence D5Elo (Eg) SEQ ID No. 7 could be isolated (Table 7).
- the correspondingly prepared PCR product was then cloned into the vector pYES2.1A / 5-His-TOPO (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- the plasmid pYES-D5Elo (Eg) was obtained.
- Table 7 Elongase amino acid sequence from Euglena gracilis.
- the plasmid pYES-D5Elo (Eg) was transformed according to the manufacturer's instructions into the yeast strain INVSC-1 (Invitrogen) and selected on plates with DOB-U agar based on uracil auxotrophy. Positive colonies were identified by PCR. For this purpose, in each case with 1 ul thawed cells, 200 uM dNTPs, 2.5 U day polymerase and 100 pmol of each primer in a total volume of 50 ul performed.
- the conditions for the PCR were as follows: first denaturation at 95 ° C for 5 minutes, followed by 30 cycles at 94 ° C for 30 seconds, 55 ° C for 1 minute and 72 ° C for 2 minutes and a final extension step at 72 ° C for 10 minutes.
- the empty vector pYES2.1A / 5-His-TOPO was transformed in the manner described into competent yeast cells of the strain INVSC-1.
- Yeast cells with the plasmid pYES-d5Elo (Eg) or pYES2.1A / 5-His-TOPO were 12 h in liquid DOB U medium at 28 0 C, 200 rpm and then incubated for another 12 h in induction medium (DOB-U + 2% (w / v) galactose + 2% (w / v) raffinose) and 250 ⁇ M of fatty acids added to the medium.
- induction medium DOB-U + 2% (w / v) galactose + 2% (w / v) raffinose
- the specificity and activity of the gene to be characterized can be determined.
- the yeast cells from the main cultures are (100 ⁇ g, 5 min, 20 0 C) harvested by centrifugation and washed with 100 mM NaHCO ß, pH 8.0 to remove residual medium and fatty acids.
- fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) are produced by acid methanolysis.
- the cell sediments are incubated with 2 ml of 1N methanolic sulfuric acid and 2% (v / v) dimethoxypropane for 1 h at 80 ° C.
- Extraction of the FAMES is carried out by extracting twice with petroleum ether (PE).
- the organic phases are each once with 2 ml 100 mM NaHCC> 3 , pH 8.0 and 2 ml distilled water. washed. Subsequently, the PE phases were dried with Na 2 SO 4 , evaporated under argon and taken up in 100 ⁇ l of PE.
- the samples are separated on a DB-23 capillary column (30 m, 0.25 mm, 0.25 ⁇ m, Agilent) in a Hewlett-Packard 6850 gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector.
- the conditions for the GLC analysis are as follows: The oven temperature was programmed from 50 ° C to 250 0 C at a rate of 5 ° C / min and finally 10 min at 250 ° C (hold) programmed.
- the signals are identified by comparison of the retention times with corresponding fatty acid standards (Sigma).
- the methodology is described, for example, in Napier and Michaelson, 2001, Lipids. 36 (8) 761-766; Sayanova et al., 2001, Journal of Experimental Botany. 52 (360): 1581-1585, Sperling et al., 2001, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 388 (2): 293-298 and Michaelson et al., 1998, FEBS Letters. 439 (3): 215-218.
- D5Elo (Eg) [SEQ ID NO: 8] The substrate specificity of D5Elo (Eg) [SEQ ID NO: 8] was determined after expression and
- FIG. 2 shows the gas chromatographic analysis of yeasts transformed with the plasmid pYES-D5Elo (Eg).
- yeasts were analyzed which were not fed with exogenously added fatty acids. No new fatty acid was formed.
- Figure 2B shows the analysis of yeast cells transformed with the plasmid pYES-D5Elo (Eg) and fed with the fatty acid 18: 3 ⁇ 6, 9, 12.
- the Synthesis of two new fatty acids are found: 20: 3 ⁇ 8, 1 1, 14 and 22: 3 ⁇ 10,13,16.
- Table 6 summarizes the activities after feeding with different fatty acids.
- the transgenic yeasts show the synthesis of new fatty acids, the products of the D5Elo (Eg) reaction. This means that the gene D5Elo (Eg) has been functionally expressed.
- Table 6 Elongation efficiency in percent of various fatty acids by D5Elo (Eg) compared to vector control pYES2.1A / 5-His_TOPO.
- D5Elo (Eg) has a specific activity for C20- ⁇ 5-desaturated fatty acids, the highest activity being achieved with the fatty acid 20: 5 ⁇ 5, 8, 11, 14, 14 (eicosapentaenoic acid).
- the conversion of eicosapentaenoic acid of D5Elo (Eg) is significantly higher than the conversion of other genes with similar enzyme activity.
- the gene D5Elo (Eg) is therefore particularly well suited for the elongation of 20: 5 ⁇ 5, 8, 11, 11, 14, 17 to 22: 5 ⁇ 7, 10, 13, 16, 19 (docosapentaenoic acid).
- Docosapentaenoic acid is the precursor to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and is a nutritionally valuable ⁇ -3 fatty acid.
- DHA docosahexaenoic acid
- Example 7 Production of transgenic plants for the production of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.
- the different genes of the metabolic pathway are combined on a binary vector.
- arachidonic acid (20: 4 ⁇ 5, 8, 1, 1, 14)
- the following genes are combined as described in Table 7.
- the genes are combined as described in Table 8.
- the genes are combined as described in Table 8.
- the genes are combined as described in Table 9.
- Annealing temperature 1 min 55 0 C denaturation temperature: 1 min 94 0 C elongation temperature: 2 min 72 0 C number of cycles: 35
- the PCR products are incubated for 4 h at 37 0 C with the restriction enzyme Notl.
- the plant expression vector pSUN300-USP is incubated in the same way.
- the PCR products and the 7624 bp vector are separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and the corresponding DNA fragments are excised.
- the DNA is purified by Qiagen gel purification kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- vector and PCR products are ligated. To do this, Roche's Rapid Ligation Kit is used. The resulting plasmids are verified by sequencing.
- pSUN300 is a derivative of the plasmid pPZP (Hajdukiewicz, P, Svab, Z, Maliga, P., (1994) The small versatile pPZP family of Agrobacterium binary vectors for plant transformation, Plant Mol Biol 25: 989-994).
- pSUN-USP was generated from pSUN300 by inserting into pSUN300 a USP promoter as an EcoRI fragment.
- the polyadenylation signal is that of the OCS gene from the A.
- tumefaciens Ti plasmid (ocs terminator, Genbank Accession V00088) (De Greve, H., Dhaese, P., Seurinck, J., Lemmers, M., Van Montagu, M. and Schell, J. Nucleotide sequence and transcript map of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid-encoded octopine synthase gene J. Mol.
- the USP promoter corresponds to the nucleotides 1 to 684 (Genbank Accession X56240), where part of the non-coding region of the USP gene is contained in the promoter
- the 684 base pair promoter fragment was detected by commercially available T7 standard primer (Stratagene) and by a synthesized primer via a PCR reaction Standard methods were amplified (primer sequence: 5'-GTCGACCCGCGGACTAGTGGGCCCTCTAGACCCGGGGGATCCGGATCTGCTGG CTATGAA-3 ') [SEQ ID NO: 53].
- binary vectors such as the pSUN plasmids described above are transformed with the correspondingly combined genes into Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58C1: pGV2260 (Deblaere et al., 1984, Nucl. Acids. Res. 13, 4777-4788).
- oilseed rape plants Var Drakkar, NPZ Nor Weg convinced, Hohenlieth, Germany
- a 1:50 dilution of an overnight culture of a positively transformed agrobacterial colony in Murashige-Skoog medium (Murashige and Skoog 1962 Physiol. Plant., 15, 473) with 3 % Sucrose (3MS medium).
- Petioles or hypocotyls of freshly germinated sterile rape plants were incubated in a Petri dish with a 1:50 Agrobacterium dilution for 5-10 minutes. This is followed by a 3-day co-incubation in darkness at 25 ° C on 3MS medium with 0.8% Bacto agar. Cultivation was continued after 3 days at 16 hours light / 8 hours darkness and at weekly intervals on MS medium containing 500 mg / L claforan (Cefotaxime sodium), 50 mg / L kanamycin, 20 microM benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1, 6 g / l glucose continued.
- MS medium containing 500 mg / L claforan (Cefotaxime sodium), 50 mg / L kanamycin, 20 microM benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1, 6 g / l glucose continued.
- transgenic flax plants can be carried out, for example, according to the method of Bell et al., 1999, In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant. 35 (6): 456-465 by means of particle bombartment.
- Agrobacteria-mediated transformations can be carried out, for example, according to Mlynarova et al. (1994), Plant Cell Report 13: 282-285.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Cosmetics (AREA)
- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2008281760A AU2008281760B2 (en) | 2007-07-31 | 2008-07-30 | Elongases and methods for producing polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic organisms |
US12/671,097 US8318914B2 (en) | 2007-07-31 | 2008-07-30 | Elongases and methods for producing polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic organisms |
CA2695112A CA2695112A1 (en) | 2007-07-31 | 2008-07-30 | Elongases and processes for the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic organisms |
EP08786637.2A EP2176416B1 (de) | 2007-07-31 | 2008-07-30 | Elongasen und verfahren zur herstellung mehrfach ungesättigter fettsäuren in transgenen organismen |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP07113547 | 2007-07-31 | ||
EP07113547.9 | 2007-07-31 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2009016208A2 true WO2009016208A2 (de) | 2009-02-05 |
WO2009016208A3 WO2009016208A3 (de) | 2009-05-07 |
Family
ID=40193513
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2008/060007 WO2009016208A2 (de) | 2007-07-31 | 2008-07-30 | Elongasen und verfahren zur herstellung mehrfach ungesättigter fettsäuren in transgenen organismen |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8318914B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2176416B1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU2008281760B2 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2695112A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2009016208A2 (de) |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2010142522A2 (en) | 2009-06-08 | 2010-12-16 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Novel fatty acid elongation components and uses thereof |
WO2011006948A1 (en) | 2009-07-17 | 2011-01-20 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Novel fatty acid desaturases and elongases and uses thereof |
WO2011023800A1 (en) | 2009-08-31 | 2011-03-03 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Regulatory nucleic acid molecules for enhancing seed-specific gene expression in plants promoting enhanced polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis |
WO2011064183A1 (en) | 2009-11-24 | 2011-06-03 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Novel fatty acid elongase and uses thereof |
WO2011064181A1 (en) | 2009-11-24 | 2011-06-03 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Novel fatty acid desaturase and uses thereof |
WO2011161093A1 (en) | 2010-06-25 | 2011-12-29 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Acyltransferases and uses therof in fatty acid production |
WO2012052468A2 (en) | 2010-10-21 | 2012-04-26 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Novel fatty acid desaturases, elongases, elongation components and uses therof |
US8455035B2 (en) | 2008-04-25 | 2013-06-04 | Basf Plant Science Gmbh | Plant seed oil |
WO2014020533A2 (en) | 2012-08-03 | 2014-02-06 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Novel enzymes, enzyme components and uses thereof |
EP2821492A2 (de) | 2009-05-13 | 2015-01-07 | BASF Plant Science Company GmbH | Acyltransferasen und Verwendungen davon zur Fettsäureherstellung |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8809559B2 (en) | 2008-11-18 | 2014-08-19 | Commonwelath Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Enzymes and methods for producing omega-3 fatty acids |
PL2861059T3 (pl) | 2012-06-15 | 2017-10-31 | Commw Scient Ind Res Org | Wytwarzanie długołańcuchowych wielonienasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych w komórkach roślinnych |
KR102535223B1 (ko) | 2013-12-18 | 2023-05-30 | 커먼웰쓰 사이언티픽 앤 인더스트리알 리서치 오거니제이션 | 장쇄 다중불포화 지방산을 포함하는 지질 |
US10045540B2 (en) | 2014-04-01 | 2018-08-14 | Fayetteville State University | Pest control composition |
CN105219789B (zh) | 2014-06-27 | 2023-04-07 | 联邦科学技术研究组织 | 包含二十二碳五烯酸的提取的植物脂质 |
CA2967708A1 (en) | 2014-11-14 | 2016-05-19 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Materials and methods for pufa production, and pufa-containing compositions |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006100241A2 (de) * | 2005-03-22 | 2006-09-28 | Basf Plant Science Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung von mehrfach ungesättigten c20- und c22-fettsäuren mit mindestens vier doppelbindungen in transgenen pflanzen |
WO2008022963A2 (en) * | 2006-08-24 | 2008-02-28 | Basf Plant Science Gmbh | Isolation and characterization of a novel pythium omega 3 desaturase with specificity to all omega 6 fatty acids longer than 18 carbon chains |
Family Cites Families (28)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ATE241007T1 (de) | 1990-03-16 | 2003-06-15 | Calgene Llc | Dnas, die für pflanzliche desaturasen kodieren und deren anwendungen |
PH31293A (en) | 1991-10-10 | 1998-07-06 | Rhone Poulenc Agrochimie | Production of y-linolenic acid by a delta6-desaturage. |
US5614393A (en) * | 1991-10-10 | 1997-03-25 | Rhone-Poulenc Agrochimie | Production of γ-linolenic acid by a Δ6-desaturase |
AU675923B2 (en) | 1991-12-04 | 1997-02-27 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Fatty acid desaturase genes from plants |
CA2084348A1 (en) | 1991-12-31 | 1993-07-01 | David F. Hildebrand | Fatty acid alteration by a d9 desaturase in transgenic plant tissue |
WO1994011516A1 (en) | 1992-11-17 | 1994-05-26 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Genes for microsomal delta-12 fatty acid desaturases and related enzymes from plants |
US7205457B1 (en) | 1993-02-05 | 2007-04-17 | Monsanto Technology Llc | Altered linolenic and linoleic acid content in plants |
ES2222462T3 (es) | 1993-12-28 | 2005-02-01 | Kirin Beer Kabushiki Kaisha | Gen que codifica acido graso-desaturasa, vector que contiene dicho gen, planta que contiene dicho gen transferido a ella y procedimiento para crear dicha planta. |
US6310194B1 (en) | 1994-09-26 | 2001-10-30 | Carnegie Institution Of Washington | Plant fatty acid hydroxylases |
ATE520302T1 (de) | 1995-12-14 | 2011-09-15 | Cargill Inc | Pflanzen mit mutierten sequenzen, welche einen veränderten fettsäuregehalt vermitteln |
EP0794250A1 (de) | 1996-03-04 | 1997-09-10 | Soremartec S.A. | Isolierung und Sequenzierung des FAd2-N Gens der Haselnuss |
US5968809A (en) | 1997-04-11 | 1999-10-19 | Abbot Laboratories | Methods and compositions for synthesis of long chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids |
NZ337459A (en) | 1997-04-11 | 2000-07-28 | Abbott Lab | Nucleic acid construct in plants and dietary supplement |
US5972664A (en) | 1997-04-11 | 1999-10-26 | Abbott Laboratories | Methods and compositions for synthesis of long chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids |
AR013633A1 (es) | 1997-04-11 | 2001-01-10 | Calgene Llc | METODO PARA LA ALTERACIoN DE LA COMPOSICIoN DE ÁCIDOS GRASOS DE CADENA MEDIA EN SEMILLAS VEGETALES QUE EXPRESAN UNA TIOESTERASA QUE PREFIERE CADENA MEDIA VEGETAL HETERoLOGA. |
GB9724783D0 (en) | 1997-11-24 | 1998-01-21 | Inst Arable Crops Research | Novel polypeptides |
AU4564399A (en) | 1998-06-12 | 1999-12-30 | Abbott Laboratories | Polyunsaturated fatty acids in plants |
US6403349B1 (en) | 1998-09-02 | 2002-06-11 | Abbott Laboratories | Elongase gene and uses thereof |
US6677145B2 (en) * | 1998-09-02 | 2004-01-13 | Abbott Laboratories | Elongase genes and uses thereof |
EP1121150A4 (de) | 1998-10-09 | 2003-06-04 | Merck & Co Inc | Delta-6 fettsäure desaturase |
HUP0300081A3 (en) * | 2000-02-09 | 2005-11-28 | Basf Ag | Novel elongase gene and method for producing multiple-unsaturated fatty acids |
AU2002221404B2 (en) | 2000-11-29 | 2008-01-03 | Xenon Genetics Inc | Human elongase genes and uses thereof |
GB0107510D0 (en) | 2001-03-26 | 2001-05-16 | Univ Bristol | New elongase gene and a process for the production of -9-polyunsaturated fatty acids |
DE60335708D1 (de) | 2002-03-16 | 2011-02-24 | Univ York | E exprimieren |
MX347962B (es) * | 2003-08-01 | 2017-05-19 | Basf Plant Science Gmbh * | Metodo para la produccion de acidos grasos poli-insaturados en organismos transgenicos. |
JP5123861B2 (ja) | 2005-11-23 | 2013-01-23 | イー・アイ・デュポン・ドウ・ヌムール・アンド・カンパニー | Δ9エロンガーゼおよびそれらの多価不飽和脂肪酸製造における使用 |
RS20090413A (en) * | 2007-04-03 | 2010-06-30 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Multizymes and their use in making polyunsaturated fatty acids |
AU2009286755B2 (en) * | 2008-08-26 | 2015-10-22 | Basf Plant Science Gmbh | Nucleic acids encoding desaturases and modified plant oil |
-
2008
- 2008-07-30 CA CA2695112A patent/CA2695112A1/en active Pending
- 2008-07-30 EP EP08786637.2A patent/EP2176416B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2008-07-30 US US12/671,097 patent/US8318914B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-07-30 WO PCT/EP2008/060007 patent/WO2009016208A2/de active Application Filing
- 2008-07-30 AU AU2008281760A patent/AU2008281760B2/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006100241A2 (de) * | 2005-03-22 | 2006-09-28 | Basf Plant Science Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung von mehrfach ungesättigten c20- und c22-fettsäuren mit mindestens vier doppelbindungen in transgenen pflanzen |
WO2008022963A2 (en) * | 2006-08-24 | 2008-02-28 | Basf Plant Science Gmbh | Isolation and characterization of a novel pythium omega 3 desaturase with specificity to all omega 6 fatty acids longer than 18 carbon chains |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
O'BRIEN D J ET AL: "PRODUCTION OF EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID BY THE FILAMENTOUS FUNGUS PYTHIUM IRREGULARE" APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY, SPRINGER VERLAG, BERLIN, DE, Bd. 40, Nr. 2/03, 1. Januar 1993 (1993-01-01), Seiten 211-214, XP009014029 ISSN: 0175-7598 * |
See also references of EP2176416A2 * |
TRUKSA MARTIN ET AL: "Metabolic engineering of plants to produce very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids" TRANSGENIC RESEARCH, LONDON, GB, Bd. 15, Nr. 2, 1. April 2006 (2006-04-01), Seiten 131-137, XP002416460 ISSN: 0962-8819 * |
WARUDE DNYANESHWAR ET AL: "POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS: BIOTECHNOLOGY" CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY, CRC PRESS, BOCA RATON, FL, US, Bd. 26, Nr. 2, 1. Januar 2006 (2006-01-01), Seiten 83-93, XP008070892 ISSN: 0738-8551 * |
Cited By (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8455035B2 (en) | 2008-04-25 | 2013-06-04 | Basf Plant Science Gmbh | Plant seed oil |
EP2821492A2 (de) | 2009-05-13 | 2015-01-07 | BASF Plant Science Company GmbH | Acyltransferasen und Verwendungen davon zur Fettsäureherstellung |
WO2010142522A2 (en) | 2009-06-08 | 2010-12-16 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Novel fatty acid elongation components and uses thereof |
DE112010002353T5 (de) | 2009-06-08 | 2012-08-09 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Neue fettsäure-elongations-komponenten und anwenduingen davon |
US8993841B2 (en) | 2009-06-08 | 2015-03-31 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Fatty acid elongation components and uses thereof |
WO2011006948A1 (en) | 2009-07-17 | 2011-01-20 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Novel fatty acid desaturases and elongases and uses thereof |
DE112010002967T5 (de) | 2009-07-17 | 2012-10-11 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Neue Fettsäuredesaturasen und -elongasen und Anwendungen davon |
WO2011023800A1 (en) | 2009-08-31 | 2011-03-03 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Regulatory nucleic acid molecules for enhancing seed-specific gene expression in plants promoting enhanced polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis |
EP3418387A1 (de) | 2009-08-31 | 2018-12-26 | Basf Plant Science Company GmbH | Regulatorische nukleinsäuremoleküle zur erhöhung der samenspezifischen genexpression in pflanzen zur förderung der erhöhten synthese von mehrfach ungesättigten fettsäuren |
EP3178937A1 (de) | 2009-08-31 | 2017-06-14 | BASF Plant Science Company GmbH | Regulatorische nukleinsäuremoleküle zur erhöhung der samenspezifischen genexpression bei pflanzen,welche die synthese von mehrfach ungesättigten fettsäuren begünstigen |
EP3121283A1 (de) | 2009-08-31 | 2017-01-25 | BASF Plant Science Company GmbH | Regulatorische nukleinsäuremoleküle für erhöhte samenspezifische genexpression bei pflanzen, welche die erhöhte synthese von mehrfach ungesättigten fettsäuren unterstützen |
WO2011064181A1 (en) | 2009-11-24 | 2011-06-03 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Novel fatty acid desaturase and uses thereof |
WO2011064183A1 (en) | 2009-11-24 | 2011-06-03 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Novel fatty acid elongase and uses thereof |
WO2011161093A1 (en) | 2010-06-25 | 2011-12-29 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Acyltransferases and uses therof in fatty acid production |
EP2695936A1 (de) | 2010-10-21 | 2014-02-12 | BASF Plant Science Company GmbH | Neue Fettsäuredesaturasen und Verwendungen davon |
DE112011103527T5 (de) | 2010-10-21 | 2013-10-17 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Neue Fettsäure-Desaturasen, -Elongasen, -Elongations-Komponenten und Anwendungen davon |
US9458477B2 (en) | 2010-10-21 | 2016-10-04 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Fatty acid desaturases, elongases, elongation components and uses thereof |
WO2012052468A2 (en) | 2010-10-21 | 2012-04-26 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Novel fatty acid desaturases, elongases, elongation components and uses therof |
WO2014020533A2 (en) | 2012-08-03 | 2014-02-06 | Basf Plant Science Company Gmbh | Novel enzymes, enzyme components and uses thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2176416A2 (de) | 2010-04-21 |
US20100192238A1 (en) | 2010-07-29 |
EP2176416B1 (de) | 2016-03-16 |
AU2008281760B2 (en) | 2014-07-17 |
CA2695112A1 (en) | 2009-02-05 |
US8318914B2 (en) | 2012-11-27 |
WO2009016208A3 (de) | 2009-05-07 |
AU2008281760A1 (en) | 2009-02-05 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP2182056B1 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung mehrfach ungesättigter Fettsäuren in transgenen nicht-humanen Organismen | |
EP2166067B1 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung mehrfach ungesättigter Fettsäuren in transgenen Organismen | |
EP2176433B1 (de) | Desaturasen und verfahren zur herstellung mehrfach ungesättigter fettsäuren in transgenen organismen | |
EP1720988B1 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung von ungesättigten omega-3-fettsäuren in transgenen organismen | |
EP2176416B1 (de) | Elongasen und verfahren zur herstellung mehrfach ungesättigter fettsäuren in transgenen organismen | |
WO2006069710A1 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung mehrfach ungesättigter fettsäuren in transgenen organismen | |
WO2006008099A2 (de) | Verfahren zur erhöhung des gehalts an mehrfach ungesättigten langkettigen fettsäuren in transgenen organismen | |
DE112009003708T5 (de) | Desaturasen und Verfahren zur Herstellung mehrfach ungesättigter Fettsäuren in transgenenOrganismen | |
WO2008104559A1 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung von mehrfach ungesättigten fettsäuren in transgenen organismen |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 08786637 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A2 |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 12671097 Country of ref document: US Ref document number: 2695112 Country of ref document: CA Ref document number: 2008786637 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2008281760 Country of ref document: AU |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2008281760 Country of ref document: AU Date of ref document: 20080730 Kind code of ref document: A |