WO2009015318A1 - Cellule de flux de corrosion à canaux fins - Google Patents

Cellule de flux de corrosion à canaux fins Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009015318A1
WO2009015318A1 PCT/US2008/071131 US2008071131W WO2009015318A1 WO 2009015318 A1 WO2009015318 A1 WO 2009015318A1 US 2008071131 W US2008071131 W US 2008071131W WO 2009015318 A1 WO2009015318 A1 WO 2009015318A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
flow cell
thin channel
channel flow
fluid
corrosion
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2008/071131
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Srdjan Nesic
Albert Schubert
Bruce Brown
Original Assignee
Ohio University
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ohio University filed Critical Ohio University
Publication of WO2009015318A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009015318A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N5/00—Analysing materials by weighing, e.g. weighing small particles separated from a gas or liquid
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N17/00—Investigating resistance of materials to the weather, to corrosion, or to light
    • G01N17/04—Corrosion probes
    • G01N17/043—Coupons
    • G01N17/046—Means for supporting or introducing coupons
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/08—Geometry, shape and general structure
    • B01L2300/0861—Configuration of multiple channels and/or chambers in a single devices
    • B01L2300/0877—Flow chambers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/16—Surface properties and coatings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/18—Means for temperature control

Definitions

  • the present disclosure generally relates to small scale corrosion study of flowing systems and, in particular, to a small scale thin channel corrosion flow cell system used to investigate corrosion in flowing systems.
  • the rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) system is the most commonly used small scale apparatus.
  • Flow loops are the typical large scale types of equipment used.
  • the correlation between the small scale RCE system and the large scale pipeline has already been studied by many researchers with some success.
  • the large scale equipment, flow loops can replicate flow regimes and conditions found in larger pipelines.
  • the cost for operation of these systems is usually very expensive. In either case, in situ visual observation of the corrosion coupons is almost impossible.
  • TCFC Thin Channel Flow Cell
  • Suitable corrosion monitoring techniques can be used in the TCFC, including those that can monitor corrosion both actively and passively.
  • Suitable corrosion measurement devices can include, for example, corrosion monitoring probes that can measure corrosion produced by, for example, a corrosion coupon. Additionally, the various corrosion measurement devices can measure, for example, weight loss (WL), electrical resistance (ER), linear polarization resistance (LPR).
  • a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) monitoring device can also be used to monitor the corrosion process.
  • a thin channel flow cell system designed for corrosion study based on the flow between two substantially parallel flat walls.
  • the thin channel flow cell can enable easy and accurate testing for the effects of corrosion in flowing systems such as, for example, both laminar and turbulent flow.
  • the effect of additives, such as corrosion inhibitors, can also be easily studied.
  • the small scale equipment of the thin channel flow cell system can eliminate the effect of the centrifugal force typically encountered in the RCE system.
  • the thin channel flow cell system can also avoid the large volumes of fluid and expense associated with large scale equipment.
  • the TCFC can enable the insertion of multiple corrosion monitoring devices, such as, for example, corrosion coupon, ER, LPR, WL and QCM probes.
  • These monitoring devices can be used in the TCFC system to provide real time information on the corrosion process. Additionally, visual observation of the corroding surface can be possible in situ. The in situ observation capability can make the system ideal for the study of the initiation and propagation of localized corrosion.
  • These corrosion monitoring techniques can allow scale formation and removal to be studied in real time by imaging, online measurements and weight gain/loss.
  • the in situ observation capabilities can allow for the study of the initiation and propagation of localized corrosion in real time.
  • corrosion monitoring techniques can allow film formation and removal to be studied in real time by imaging, online measurements and weight gain/loss.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates the channel flow according to one embodiment.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates a mock-up of the thin channel flow cell system according to one embodiment.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates exploded view of a thin channel flow cell according to one embodiment.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates a cross section of the flow cell according to one embodiment.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates diametric cross-sectional cut away view of a thin channel flow cell according to one embodiment.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates a thin channel flow cell with probes according to one embodiment. -A-
  • Fig. 7 illustrates a quartz crystal microbalance probe according to one embodiment.
  • a thin channel flow cell (TCFC) system 100 can be based on thin channel flow cell 10.
  • the thin channel flow cell 10 can comprises a top surface 50, a bottom surface 20, a fluid input end 45, a fluid output end 40, two substantially flat parallel walls 15 positioned on opposite longitudinal sides of the bottom surface 20 to form a flow channel 5.
  • the flow channel 5 is illustrated in Figure 1.
  • the thin channel flow cell 10 can further comprises a series of corrosion measurement devices 200 (as shown in Figure 2) that can be incorporated into the bottom surface 20 of the thin channel flow cell 10.
  • the series of corrosion measurement devices 200 do not extend into the flow channel 5 itself and can comprise diagnostic surfaces that can be flush with the bottom surface 20 of the thin channel flow cell 10.
  • a fluid can flow from the fluid input end 45 to the fluid output end 40 as represented by the arrow A.
  • the fluid can be pumped into the thin channel flow cell 10 at the fluid input end 445 by a water pump or by any other method known in the art.
  • Flow between two substantially parallel flat walls 15 can be characterized by using the hydraulic diameter equation:
  • D H hydraulic diameter (mm)
  • D width of the channel (mm)
  • h height of the channel (mm), i.e., the distance between the top surface 50 and the bottom surface 20.
  • the wall shear stress can be calculated by: h 3 - W ⁇ d 7 2 (3) : Where:
  • T wall shear stress (Pa) ⁇ viscosity of the fluid (Pa*s)
  • V velocity (m/s)
  • FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of a TCFC system 100, which can include the thin channel flow cell 10, a microscope system 140, a processor 110 and various other parts such as, for example, a fluid pump 120, a heat exchanger 150 and other temperature controllers, a flow meter, pressure gauge, a pH meter, an ion exchanger, and a manifold 160 to sample the fluid flow and to add corrosion inhibitors to the fluid.
  • a TCFC system 100 can include the thin channel flow cell 10, a microscope system 140, a processor 110 and various other parts such as, for example, a fluid pump 120, a heat exchanger 150 and other temperature controllers, a flow meter, pressure gauge, a pH meter, an ion exchanger, and a manifold 160 to sample the fluid flow and to add corrosion inhibitors to the fluid.
  • the thin channel flow cell 10 can be the main part of the design.
  • the series of corrosion measurement devices 200 can include, for example, a corrosion coupon measurement device.
  • the corrosion coupon measurement device can comprise a corrosion coupon that can be flush with the bottom surface 20 of thin channel flow cell 10.
  • the corrosion coupon can be comprised of a metal disk or any other suitable material used in the art.
  • Figure 3 shows the exploded view of the thin channel flow cell 10.
  • a series of corrosion measurement devices 200 can be incorporated into the bottom surface 220 of the thin channel flow cell 10.
  • the series of corrosion measurement devices 200 can be flush with the bottom surface 220 of the thin channel flow cell 10 so as to avoid interfering with the fluid flow in flow channel 5.
  • the series of corrosion measurement devices 200 can be integrated into the bottom surface 220 of the thin channel flow cell 10.
  • the series of corrosion measurement devices 200 can be integrated and flush with the bottom surface 220 of the thin channel flow cell 10.
  • the bottom surface 220 can be formed by a measurement device holding block 270 and the thin channel flow cell 10.
  • the measurement device holding block 270 can have a standard hole size that can be used to hold all of the corrosion measurement devices 200 flush with the bottom surface 220 of the thin channel flow cell 10. Using the measurement device holding block 270 can help make the corrosion measurement devices 200 directly exchangeable with flow loops and other large scale facilities.
  • the thin channel flow cell 10 can have the overall outer length (L) of 800 mm, an overall outer width (W) of 140 mm, and overall outer height (H) of 85 mm.
  • the dimensions of the thin channel flow cell 10 can be designed for fully developed turbulent flow within the thin channel flow cell 10.
  • a microscope system can be used for visualization of the fluid flow and of the inside corrosion coupons.
  • the interior height of the thin channel flow cell 10 can be designed to be about 3 mm to about 6 mm.
  • the variable interior height of the thin channel flow cell 10 can help determine the volumetric flow rate necessary to achieve the desired shear stress.
  • a peripheral support 265 can be used to adjust the interior height of the thin channel flow cell 10 by placing or removing the peripheral support 265 from on top of the measurement device holding block 270.
  • the diameter of the upper surface 210 of the corrosion measurement devices 200 to be incorporated into the bottom surface 220 can typically be about 1.25 inches, or 31.75 mm. Taking this corrosion measurement device 200 diameter dimension into account, in order to get a fully developed turbulent flow and to eliminate the edge effect within the thin channel flow cell 10, the interior width of the thin channel flow cell 10 can be set to be about 100 mm.
  • the interior length of the thin channel flow cell 10 can be determined by the number of corrosion measurement devices 200 that are going to be incorporated into the bottom surface 220 of the thin channel flow cell 10.
  • four corrosion measurement devices 200 can be used in the thin channel flow cell 10 design. However, more corrosion measurement devices 200 can be used by simply extending the interior length of the thin channel flow cell 10.
  • the distance between fluid inlet 225 and first corrosion measurement device 205 can be set to be about 10 cm to enable a desired flow pattern development.
  • the distance between the individual corrosion measurement devices 200 can be set to about 15 cm for mechanical purposes (distance between fittings of the corrosion measurement devices 200) but can be set to other distances with different corrosion measurement devices and/or different embodiments.
  • the distance between the last corrosion measurement device 208 and the fluid outlet 230 can be set to about 10 cm as well. Therefore, the overall interior length of the thin channel flow cell 10 can be set to about 78 cm for this example.
  • the open space 260 available for the channel fluid flow can be set to about 10 cm wide, about 0.3 cm to about 0.6 cm deep and about 78 cm long .
  • the characteristics of the fluid flow in the 0.3 cm high channel are shown in Table 1.
  • the 270 of the thin channel flow cell 10 can be comprised of stainless steel, where the flush mounted and incorporated corrosion measurement devices 200 can be added.
  • the top surface of the thin channel flow cell 10 can be a clear window 240, on top of which a reinforcing steel plate 250 can be added.
  • the material that can comprise the clear window 240 can be dependent on the operational temperature and pressure within the thin channel flow cell 10.
  • the typical operational temperature conditions for the thin channel flow cell 10 can range from about room temperature (i.e., about 20 to about 25° C) to about 90° C and the typical operational pressure conditions for the thin channel flow cell 10 can range from about ambient pressure (i.e., approximately 0 psi) to approximately 200 psi.
  • the clear window 240 can be comprised of optical grade polycarbonate.
  • the tensile strength of polycarbonate can be 6.3-10 7 Pa at room temperature.
  • the thickness of the polycarbonate can determine the size of the exposed window 255 possible without added support.
  • the size of the exposed window 255 can be calculated by using the standard stress (S) expression given for polycarbonate:
  • K 1 loading-support factor for stress (dimensionless)
  • the loading-support factor for deflection and the loading-support factor for stress can depend only on the geometry of the clear window 240 for a rectangular shape (a: length, b: width). For example, according to the calculation, the relationship between the thickness of the polycarbonate and the size of the exposed window 255 is shown in Table 2.
  • the exposed window 255 can be designed for an operational bar total pressure of about 2.5. In order to observe the whole surface of the corrosion coupon in the thin channel flow cell 10, about 0.6 cm thick polycarbonate can be used to give the largest exposed window size 255.
  • the clear window 240 can be comprised of two layers optical grade polycarbonate as illustrated in Figure 5.
  • the two- layered clear window 240 can be used for situations when there is higher operational pressures within the thin channel flow cell 10.
  • the bottom layer of the two-layered clear window 240 can be comprised of a solid layer of optical grade polycarbonate.
  • the top layer of the two-layered clear window 240 can be comprised of polycarbonate with circular cut-outs in the polycarbonate which can be positioned above the corrosion measurement devices 200 for enhanced in situ observation.
  • the clear window 240 can be comprised of quartz, sapphire, or any other suitable material able to withstand such operational temperature and pressure considerations.
  • Figure 4 shows a cross section view of the thin channel flow cell 10 according to one embodiment.
  • heaters 280 can be positioned proximately to the corrosion measurement devices 200 in the thin channel flow cell 10 below the open channel space 260.In other words, the heaters 280 can be positioned within the measurement device holding block 270.
  • the heaters 280 can be in thermal communication with the bottom surface of the thin channel flow cell 10. In one embodiment, the heaters 280 can be positioned between each of the corrosion measurement devices 200.
  • the heaters 280 can be controlled by a processor 1 10. In another embodiment, the heaters 280 can be controller by an independent heater controller.
  • the corrosion measurement devices 200 can include Electrical Resistance (ER), Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR), Weight Loss (WL) measurement probes as well as a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) probe. Additionally, at least one corrosion measurement devices 200 can be a corrosion coupon measurement device. The use of multiple corrosion measurement devices 200 can allow a variety of methods to observe the corrosion process.
  • Figure 6 illustrates the thin channel flow cell 10 with the corrosion measurement devices 200 installed between the fluid input 225 and the fluid output 230.
  • a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) corrosion measurement device illustrated in Fig. 7 can be used to measure the mass change occurring at the quartz crystal 700 surface during the test.
  • the surface 710 of the quartz crystal 700 can be exposed into the fluid flow.
  • the resonant frequency of the quartz crystal 700 can change as a linear function of the mass of material deposited on the quartz crystal 700 surface.
  • the QCM corrosion measurement device can have the same shape as other corrosion measurement devices 200, which can ensure that all the holes in the measurement device holding block 270 for the corrosion measurement devices 200 can be exchangeable.
  • the quartz crystal 700 can be fixed on into and flush with the top of the measurement device holding block 270 and exposed to the fluid flow.
  • a microscope system 140 in order to visually observe the surface of the samples in situ, can be used.
  • the microscope system 140 can be positioned near the exposed window 255 at the upper surface 210 of the thin channel flow cell 10.
  • the microscope system 140 can have a magnification from about 100X to about 1000X by using a long working distance objective lens.
  • the microscope system 140 also can have three-dimensional analysis capability, which can allow the three- dimensional analysis of the sample surface of the thin channel flow cell 10 after the test. Three-dimensional analysis can be especially useful for localized corrosion studies.
  • the TCFC system 100 can have two temperature controllers, one for the thin channel flow cell 10 and one for a fluid tank, that can be controlled by the processor 1 10.
  • one of the two temperature controllers can be a heater exchanger 150. These temperature controllers can help to ensure a stable temperature for the TCFC system 100 as well as to maintain the desired operational temperature for the TCFC system 100.
  • a flow meter can be used to control the volumetric flow rate accurately. The flow meter can also under control of the processor 110.
  • a manifold 160 can be available in order to sample the fluid flow as well as to add corrosion inhibitors to the fluid flow.
  • the processor 1 10 can control a pressure gauge to be used to control the operational pressure of the TCFC system 100.
  • a pH meter and probe can be used to monitor and aid in the adjustment of the fluid solution pH and an ion exchanger can be used to remove extra iron ions (Fe 2+ ) to aid in the control of the water chemistry of the TCFC system 100.
  • the pH meter and ion exchanger can be controlled by the processor 1 10 as well.
  • the term “substantially” is utilized herein to represent the inherent degree of uncertainty that may be attributed to any quantitative comparison, value, measurement, or other representation.
  • the term “substantially” is also utilized herein to represent the degree by which a quantitative representation may vary from a stated reference without resulting in a change in the basic function of the subject matter at issue.

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  • Biochemistry (AREA)
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Abstract

L'invention concerne un système de cellule de flux à canaux fins pour l'étude de la corrosion de systèmes en écoulement qui est conçu en se basant sur le flux entre deux parois plates sensiblement parallèles. L'équipement à petite échelle utilisé dans le système élimine l'effet de la force centrifuge rencontrée dans le système d'électrode à cylindre rotatif et évite de grands volumes de fluide et les dépenses associées à un équipement à grande échelle. Plusieurs techniques de mesure de corrosion, comprenant la résistance électrique, la résistance de polarisation linéaire, la perte de poids et la microbalance à quartz, peuvent être utilisées dans le système de cellule de flux à canaux fins pour fournir des informations en temps réel sur le processus de corrosion. Une observation visuelle de la surface de corrosion est possible in situ. La capacité d'observation in situ rend le système de cellule de flux à canaux fins idéal pour l'étude de l'initiation et de propagation d'une corrosion localisée.
PCT/US2008/071131 2007-07-25 2008-07-25 Cellule de flux de corrosion à canaux fins WO2009015318A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US95173107P 2007-07-25 2007-07-25
US60/951,731 2007-07-25

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WO2009015318A1 true WO2009015318A1 (fr) 2009-01-29

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2014073969A3 (fr) * 2012-11-09 2014-07-03 Johannes Jacobus Maria Heselmans Mesure sur le terrain de corrosion et d'érosion
US11035836B2 (en) * 2018-07-31 2021-06-15 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Methods of generating and corrosion testing aqueous gas streams prepared from aqueous acid and salt precursor solutions
US11828161B2 (en) 2021-01-22 2023-11-28 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Downhole coupon holder

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5275704A (en) * 1992-10-16 1994-01-04 Nalco Chemical Company Method and apparatus for measuring underdeposit localized corrosion rate or metal corrosion rate under tubercles in cooling water systems
US5425267A (en) * 1993-08-31 1995-06-20 Nalco Chemical Company Corrosion simulator and method for simulating corrosion activity of a process stream
DE4401188A1 (de) * 1994-01-12 1995-07-13 Inst Bioprozess Analysenmesst Meßzelle zur Erfassung von Korrosionsprozessen an leitenden Werkstoffen
US20020151082A1 (en) * 2001-02-07 2002-10-17 Bechtel Bwxt Idaho, Llc Continuous real-time measurement of aqueous cyanide
WO2006030226A1 (fr) * 2004-09-15 2006-03-23 Bp Oil International Limited Procede de simulation des effets corrosifs de charges d'alimentation de raffinerie sur les metaux de raffinerie

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5275704A (en) * 1992-10-16 1994-01-04 Nalco Chemical Company Method and apparatus for measuring underdeposit localized corrosion rate or metal corrosion rate under tubercles in cooling water systems
US5425267A (en) * 1993-08-31 1995-06-20 Nalco Chemical Company Corrosion simulator and method for simulating corrosion activity of a process stream
DE4401188A1 (de) * 1994-01-12 1995-07-13 Inst Bioprozess Analysenmesst Meßzelle zur Erfassung von Korrosionsprozessen an leitenden Werkstoffen
US20020151082A1 (en) * 2001-02-07 2002-10-17 Bechtel Bwxt Idaho, Llc Continuous real-time measurement of aqueous cyanide
WO2006030226A1 (fr) * 2004-09-15 2006-03-23 Bp Oil International Limited Procede de simulation des effets corrosifs de charges d'alimentation de raffinerie sur les metaux de raffinerie

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2014073969A3 (fr) * 2012-11-09 2014-07-03 Johannes Jacobus Maria Heselmans Mesure sur le terrain de corrosion et d'érosion
US11035836B2 (en) * 2018-07-31 2021-06-15 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Methods of generating and corrosion testing aqueous gas streams prepared from aqueous acid and salt precursor solutions
US11828161B2 (en) 2021-01-22 2023-11-28 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Downhole coupon holder

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