WO2009015023A2

WO2009015023A2 - Method and apparatus for water distribution

Info

Publication number: WO2009015023A2
Application number: PCT/US2008/070490
Authority: WO
Inventors: Robert E. Walker
Original assignee: Walker Robert E
Priority date: 2007-07-20
Filing date: 2008-07-18
Publication date: 2009-01-29
Also published as: US20090020172A1; WO2009015023A3; TW200920899A

Abstract

A water distribution apparatus comprises a water user outlet facility and a water recirculation loop. The water re-circulation loop comprises a water supply, a water pump for establishing and maintaining a flow of water in the loop, a water delivery path extending from the pump to a water user outlet facility, a water return path extending from the water user outlet facility to the water supply, and a thermal disinfection apparatus disposed in the water delivery path for improving the potability of the water within the loop.

Description

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR WATER DISTRIBUTION

Background Art The invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for water distribution, and more particularly to an apparatus and method for water distribution for use in mobile applications.

Most water distribution systems are once-through systems wherein water is dispensed from a water tank to a user outlet facility, including taps, faucets, bidets, toilets, coffee makers, dishwashers, etc., but only when user demand occurs. The path of water flow between water supply and the user outlet facility may include devices such as screens, filters, water purifiers, or the like, that are designed to improve the inorganic quality of water passing through them. Some water distribution systems may also include a means for recirculating stored water for the purpose of preventing stagnation by aeration of the water and to desensitize the water distribution system to environmental temperature extremes. Such systems include those described in U.S. Patent No. 6,463,956 B2 entitled "Method of Water Distribution and Apparatus Therefor", which issued October 5, 2002, and U.S. Patent No. 6,766,822 entitled "Method of Water Distribution and Apparatus Therefor", which issued July 27, 2004, the contents of both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Water distribution systems may be improved with the inclusion of design features and equipment that minimize the growth of biomaterial on the wetted surfaces of the system and in the water stored in the system, that modify the molecular structure of the inorganic contaminates to prevent their precipitation onto or the corrosion of the system surfaces, or that passively increase the operating reliability of water delivery to the water user outlet facilities when the system suffers component or power supply failures.

In addition, while prior improvements to water distribution systems have attempted to improve the delivery methods and quality of potable water to the user outlet facilities, they usually do not provide active solutions to prevent water supply or water user outlet facility contamination that can be caused by the user's physical contact with the water user outlet facilities, such as drinking fountains, faucet nozzles, sprayer heads, water discharge screens, and the like. Stored water can also become foul due to algae growth in the water and biofilm growth on the internal wetted surfaces of the system after the water has experienced an extended dwell time in the system. As a result, contaminated water is delivered to the user. Also, there is the unresolved problem of contaminating the user through the user's normal physical contact with the water user outlet facilities or related fixtures, such as sinks, faucets, handles, towel and soap dispensers counter tops, and the like.

For the foregoing reasons, there is a need for a new apparatus and method for potable water distribution system which improves the quality of stored water and water delivery to user outlet facilities. The new apparatus and method for water distribution should impede the deterioration of stored water, including a substantial reduction of organic and inorganic contamination in the system, and increase the delivery reliability of the available water supply to all water using facilities. The new apparatus and method for water distribution should also minimize inadvertent contamination of the water user outlet facilities by the user, as well as contamination of the user by contact with the external surfaces of the water user outlet facilities and related fixtures.

Disclosure of Invention

According to the present invention, a water distribution apparatus is provided, comprising a water user outlet facility including a water inlet port, a water outlet port, and a water outlet path extending from the water inlet port to the water outlet port; and a water re-circulation loop. The water re-circulation loop includes a water supply, a water pump in water flow communication with the water supply for establishing and maintaining a flow of water in the loop, a water delivery path extending from the pump to the water user outlet facility, a water return path extending from the water user outlet facility to the water supply, and a thermal disinfection apparatus disposed in the water delivery path for improving the potability of the water within the loop.

In one aspect, the thermal disinfection apparatus comprises a heat exchanger having a heating portion including an air inlet port and an air outlet port, and a cooling portion including an air inlet port and an air outlet port, a source of hot air, a first air delivery path from the source of hot air to the heating portion of the heat exchanger, the air inlet port in the heating portion of the heat exchanger in fluid communication with the first air delivery path, an air return path from the heating portion of the heat exchanger, the air outlet port in the heating portion of the heat exchanger in fluid communication with the air return path, an expansion air turbine disposed in the air return path, a second air delivery path from the expansion air turbine to the cooling portion of the heat exchanger, the air inlet port in the cooling portion of the heat exchanger in fluid communication with the second air delivery path, and an air exit path from the cooling portion of the heat exchanger, the air outlet port in the cooling portion of the heat exchanger in fluid communication with the air exit path.

Also according to the present invention, a water distribution apparatus comprises a water user outlet facility, and a water re-circulation loop. The water re-circulation loop comprises a water supply, a water pump in water flow communication with the water supply for establishing and maintaining a flow of water in the loop, a water delivery path extending from the pump to the water user outlet facility, a first water return path extending from the water user outlet facility to the water supply, at least one water treatment device for improving the potability of the water within the loop, and a second water return path extending from the water delivery path between the pump and the water user outlet facility to the water supply. Further according to the present invention, a water distribution apparatus comprises a water user outlet facility including a water inlet port, a water outlet port, and a water outlet path extending from the water inlet port to the water outlet port, and a water re-circulation loop. The water re-circulation loop comprises a water supply, a water pump in water flow communication with the water supply for establishing and maintaining a flow of water in the loop, a water delivery path extending from the pump to the water user outlet facility, wherein the water inlet port is in water flow communication with the water delivery path, a water return path extending from the water user outlet facility to the water supply, and at least one water treatment device for improving the potability of the water within the loop. A tap valve is disposed in the water outlet path and controllable by a water user to tap a portion of the flow from the water delivery path through the water outlet path while the water user outlet facility directs a remaining portion of the flow into the water return path. A pressurized water storage device in water flow communication with the water outlet path.

Still further according to the present invention, a method is provided of supplying water to a water user outlet facility. The water supplying method comprises the steps of directing a tappable flow of water in a water re-circulation loop and heating the water in the loop to a predetermined temperature and for a predetermined period of time sufficient to degrade targeted biomaterials for improving the potability of the water within the loop. The water re-circulation loop includes a water pump for establishing and maintaining the flow of water in the loop, a water delivery path extending from the pump to the water user outlet facility, a water return path extending from the water user outlet facility to the pump, and at least one water treatment device for improving the potability of water within the loop.

Another method of supplying water to a water user outlet facility according to the present invention comprises the steps of directing a tappable flow of water in a water re-circulation loop, including a water pump for establishing and maintaining the flow of water in the loop, a water delivery path extending from the pump to the water user outlet facility, a water return path extending from the water user outlet facility to the pump, and at least one water treatment device for improving the potability of water within the loop, and directing a portion of the flow of water in the water delivery path to the water return path.

Brief Description of the Drawings For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference should now be had to the embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings and described below. In the drawings: FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a water distribution system according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of another embodiment of a water distribution system according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a close-up schematic view of an embodiment of a thermal disinfection apparatus for use with the water distribution system shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a close-up schematic view of another embodiment of a thermal disinfection apparatus for use with the water distribution system shown in FIG. 2.

Description

Certain terminology is used herein for convenience only and is not to be taken as a limitation on the invention. For example, words such as "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "horizontal," "vertical," "upward," and "downward" merely describe the configuration shown in the FIGs. Indeed, the components may be oriented in any direction and the terminology, therefore, should be understood as encompassing such variations unless specified otherwise. Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate corresponding or similar elements throughout the several views, an embodiment of a water distribution system according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 1 and generally designated at 8. Generally, the water distribution system 8 comprises a water storage tank 10 and a branch water return line 61 for recycling the majority of the water flow passing through an upstream disinfection unit 31 back to the storage tank 10. The water distribution system 8 further comprises a pressurized water supply tank 70 to provide a supply of pressurized water to cause water to flow to water user outlet facilities 41, 42, 43 when a water distribution pump 20 is not working.

The water storage tank 10 is initially filled with water through a water inlet line 11 from an external source (not shown). The quantity of water added to the system is controlled by the use of a valve 12. The tank 10 also includes an air inlet vent 13 that serves to equalize pressure in the tank with that of the surrounding environment by allowing air from the surrounding environment to enter into and exhaust from the tank through a filter (not shown) that forms part of the inlet path. Stored water is drawn from the tank 10 through a discharge pipe 14 that leads through a T-connection 15 to a drain pipe 16. The pipe 16 includes a valve 17 that is normally closed to prevent drainage, but which may be opened when it is desired to empty the tank 10 and the system.

The T-connection 15 also connects to a delivery pipe 18, which supplies the stored water to a pump 20. In the FIGs., the pump 20 is schematically depicted as being connected by an electrical cable 80 to an electrical power source 81. For mobile applications, the source 81 may be considered as representative of the on-board electrical system of an aircraft, train, bus, or recreational vehicle.

The pump 20 discharges into a water distribution pipe 21 that leads firstly to a water filter 30 that serves to remove particulate matter, i.e. ions of chlorine and minerals and miscellaneous inorganic materials, then to a typical water disinfection unit 31 such as a lamp source that irradiates flowing water with ultraviolet radiation to kill or neuter organic contaminants.

The water disinfection unit 31 discharges into a distribution pipe 74 that leads through a T-connection 60 to a return branch line 55, which provides a return path of cleaned and purified water back to the water storage tank 10. From the T-connection 60, the water flows in a pipe 61 to a shut-off valve 62 and then on to a pipe 63 that attaches to a flow limiting device, such as an orifice 64. The flow limiting device 64 controls the flow from the pump 20 at the maximum value prescribed by the performance limitations of the water disinfection unit 31. From the flow control device 64, the flow proceeds through a pipe 65 to a connection 66 inserted in a water return pipe 24 attached to the top of the water storage tank 10. The return branch line 55 allows water to by-pass a portion of the water distribution system 8 and be returned back to the water storage tank 10 after the water has passed through water purification equipment. This feature provides a method of purifying the stored water supply for potable usage prior to delivering the water to the water user outlet facilities 41, 42, 43. Moreover, the water distribution system 8 can continue to deliver all of the stored potable quality water to the water user outlet facilities 41, 42, 43 in the event that the disinfection unit 31 fails before delivery of the stored water. Returning to the T-connection 60 and the water flow supplying the water distribution path, the water available for delivery to the water user outlet facilities 41, 42, 43 flows through a pipe 75 to a T-connection supporting an accumulator 32. The accumulator provides a limited volume of water supply when the system experiences a short term demand of high volume flow and thereby allows the system to maintain continuous pressurization. Water in the water distribution path then flows through the pipe 21 to the first of three water user outlet facilities 41, 42, 43 that are interconnected in succession by pipe segments 22, 23. Each outlet facility 41, 42, 43 includes an associated tap valve 44, 45, 46 controllable by the water users, and an associated non-return valve (check valve) 47, 48, 49. At the first non-return valve 47, an additional pipe 67 is added to provide flow to a T-connection 68 that supports an adapter 69 that connects to a pressurized water tank 70 that provides a limited volume supply of reserve water for essential usage by a water user facility when the basic system is unable to do so. From the tank 70 and T- connection 68, the water flow passes through a pipe 71 to an additional check valve 72 and on through a pipe 73 to a downstream water user outlet facility 76. The check valve 72 is adapted to prevent water at the user outlet facility 76 from flowing in a reverse direction when the pressure in the water tank 70 is less than the pressure at the user outlet facility 76. The pressure tank 70 may be incorporated for extra water storage capacity and thereby augment the capacity of the total water circulation loop. It is understood that this feature can also be applied to any of the water distribution lines extending from the other non-return valves 48, 49.

The water return pipe 24 leads from the last of the three representative water user outlet facilities 41, 42, 43 to a flow controlling device 50, the T-connector 66 and then into the water storage tank 10. Another embodiment of a water distribution system according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 2, which depicts a magnet 95 and a water purifier unit 97. More particularly, the pump 20 discharges into a water distribution pipe 94 that leads firstly to a magnet 95. The magnet 95 can be either a permanent type magnet or an electro-magnetic type magnet. The inclusion of the magnet 95 in the water flow path prevents the precipitation of and thereby the attachment, adherence or growth of chemical or mineral deposits, commonly referred to as scale and corrosion, on the wetted surfaces of all of the water distribution system parts and equipment.

A pipe 96 connects the magnet 95 to the purifier unit 97. The purifier unit 97 may be a thermal type disinfection device, which employs the use of hot air to neutralize or degrade biomaterial being transported in the water passing through the purifier unit 97. However, it is understood that there are numerous means for accomplishing the desired result of killing, neutralizing or degrading biomaterial in the water flow. A pipe 98 connects the purifier unit 97 with the T-connection and the water accumulator 32, as described above.

One embodiment of a purifier unit 97 for use according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 3 in the form of a thermal disinfection apparatus, which uses a thermal transfer configuration wherein an ambient air supply heats the water flowing in the purifier unit 97. Water flowing in the pipe 96 enters the heating heat exchanger 101 where its thermal energy level is increased to a specified minimum temperature and a corollary minimum dwelling time as necessary to provide sufficient thermal energy for neutralizing targeted biomaterials. The required thermal energy is imparted to the water by a flow of hot, pressurized airflow delivered by a turbo-compressor unit 100. Ambient air enters a compressor inlet 104 and is compressed in a compressor 105. The compressor 105 is driven by an energy source 106. This energy source can be a variety of power suppliers, such as an electric motor and generator, a hydraulic motor and pump, a mechanical power converter, and the like. The compressed air having had work imparted to it is now in a higher thermal and pressure state. Preferably, the temperature will be greater than about 150⁰F, as a water temperature greater than about 150⁰F is necessary to guarantee that most biomaterial will be killed, neutered or degraded.

A pipe 108 connects the compressor 105 discharge port to the heat exchanger 101 air inlet port. The hot airflow from the compressor 105 passes through the heat exchanger 101 by way of air passages that maintain the airflow separate from the water flow. Conventional heat exchangers are suitable for such use, including tubular or plate and fin exchangers. As the hot pressurized air passes through the heat exchanger 101, the heat exchanger 101 transfers thermal energy received from the compressor 105 to the water via the tube or fin wall in the exchanger. The pressurized air exits the heat exchanger 101 into a pipe 109 and then enters into the inlet of an expansion air turbine 107. The warm pressurized air expands when passing through the turbine 107 and the potential (pressure) energy of the air is converted to kinetic (velocity) energy. The kinetic energy thus gained assists the powering of the system, thereby reducing the amount of <the> energy provided by the source device 106. The energy source device 106 extracts thermal (temperature) energy from the turbine 107 causing the air flow to lose potential and thermal energy in the expansion process and, as a result, the air experiences a reduction of pressure and temperature. The now cooled airflow passes from the turbine 107 through a pipe 110 and into a second, separate portion of the heat exchanger 102. The air passing through this cooling exchanger 102 causes the heated water flow to be cooled to slightly higher than the temperature the water possessed when the water entered the heating portion of the exchanger 101. The air having passed through the cooling portion of the heat exchanger 102 exits through a pipe 111. The water flow exits the cooling portion of the heat exchanger 102 through the pipe 98 having had the bio-material killed, neutered or degraded.

Another embodiment of a thermal disinfection apparatus for use as a purifier unit 97 according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 4. In this thermal transfer configuration, pressurized hot air derived from the compressor of a turbine type engine heats the water flowing in the purifier unit 97. Water flowing in the pipe 96 enters a heating heat exchanger 101 where the thermal energy level of the water is raised. This is represented by an increase in temperature, preferably to at least about 150⁰F for reasons explained above. This thermal energy is imparted to the water by a flow of hot pressurized engine (not shown) airflow delivered by a pipe 124. This hot airflow passes through the heat exchanger 101 by way of air passages that maintain the airflow separate from the water flow. Such heat exchangers are in common use and are usually classified as tubular or plate and fin exchangers. The now, warm pressurized air exits the heat exchanger 101 into a pipe 125 and then into the inlet of an air turbine 126. The air expands when passing through the turbine 126. Thermal (temperature) and potential (pressure) energy is extracted from the air by means of a device 127, which can be an electrical generator, a hydraulic pump, or mechanical power converter, each of which extract energy from the turbine 126 causing the air flow to lose pressure and temperature in the expansion process. As a result, the air experiences a reduction of pressure and a further reduction of temperature. The cooled airflow passes from the turbine 126 through a pipe 128 and into a second and separate cooling portion of the heat exchanger 102. The air passing through the cooling portion of the heat exchanger 102 causes the heated water flow to be cooled to a slightly higher temperature than it had when entering the heating portion of the exchanger 101. The air having passed through the cooling portion of the exchanger 102 exits this device through a pipe 129. The water flow exits the cooling portion of the heat exchanger 102 through the pipe 98 having had the biomaterial killed, neutered or degraded.

As described herein, a water distribution system according to the present invention comprises a purifier unit 97 for producing a potable quality of water for delivery to the water user outlet facilities. In a further embodiment, biostatic or biocidal agents may be incorporated in substances applied to all surfaces of the water distribution system that can come in contact with water supplied to the water user. Biostatic or biocidal agents can also comprise substances used to fabricate or be applied as a coating to the materials used in the manufacturing of the surfaces in the water distribution system. These surfaces include, but are not limited to, the internal surfaces of the pipes, faucets, and faucet exit screens or filters located downstream of the purifier unit 97. Preferably, substantially all of the internal wetted surfaces of the water distribution system incorporate biostatic or biocidal materials, as well as the exposed surfaces of the water user outlet facilities. Biostatic and biocidal agents suitable for use in the present invention include noble metals, salts, halogen elements, radiation emitting or reflecting materials, and the like.

Although the present invention has been shown and described in considerable detail with respect to only a few exemplary embodiments thereof, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that I do not intend to limit the invention to the embodiments since various modifications, omissions and additions may be made to the disclosed embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of the invention, particularly in light of the foregoing teachings. For example, the water distribution may be used in a number of applications where potable water is to be delivered to a user. Accordingly, I intend to cover all such modifications, omission, additions and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the following claims. In the claims, means-plus-function clauses are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents but also equivalent structures. Thus, although a nail and a screw may not be structural equivalents in that a nail employs a cylindrical surface to secure wooden parts together, whereas a screw employs a helical surface, in the environment of fastening wooden parts, a nail and a screw may be equivalent structures.

Claims

I claim:

1. A water distribution apparatus, comprising:

(a) a water user outlet facility including a water inlet port, a water outlet port, and a water outlet path extending from the water inlet port to the water outlet port; and

(b) a water re-circulation loop, comprising

(i) a water supply,

(ii) a water pump in water flow communication with the water supply for establishing and maintaining a flow of water in the loop,

(iii) a water delivery path extending from the pump to the water user outlet facility,

(iv) a water return path extending from the water user outlet facility to the water supply, and

(v) a thermal disinfection apparatus disposed in the water delivery path for improving the potability of the water within the loop.

2. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the water supply comprises a water storage tank.

3. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 2, wherein the water storage tank is positioned between the water user outlet facility and the pump and comprises a portion of the water return path.

4. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 2, wherein the water re-circulation loop is self-contained.

5. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 3, wherein the water re-circulation loop comprises a portion of a water supply system carried on board a vehicle.

6. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 5, wherein the vehicle is an aircraft, train, bus, boat or recreational vehicle.

7. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the internal surfaces of the water re-circulation loop comprise biostatic or biocidal agents.

8. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the external surfaces of the water user outlet facility comprises biostatic or biocidal agents.

9. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 1, wherein the thermal disinfection apparatus comprises:

(a) a heat exchanger having a heating portion including an air inlet port and an air outlet port, and a cooling portion including an air inlet port and an air outlet port;

(b) a source of hot air;

(c) a first air delivery path from the source of hot air to the heating portion of the heat exchanger, the air inlet port in the heating portion of the heat exchanger in fluid communication with the first air delivery path;

(d) an air return path from the heating portion of the heat exchanger, the air outlet port in the heating portion of the heat exchanger in fluid communication with the air return path; (e) an expansion air turbine disposed in the air return path;

(f) a second air delivery path from the expansion air turbine to the cooling portion of the heat exchanger, the air inlet port in the cooling portion of the heat exchanger in fluid communication with the second air delivery path; and

(g) an air exit path from the cooling portion of the heat exchanger, the air outlet port in the cooling portion of the heat exchanger in fluid communication with the air exit path.

10. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 9, further comprising an energy source device operatively connected to the expansion air turbine for at least partially powering the energy source device.

11. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 10, wherein the energy source device is selected from an electric motor, an electric generator, a hydraulic motor, a pump, a mechanical power converter, or combinations thereof.

12. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein the source of hot air comprises a compressor for drawing in and compressing ambient air.

13. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 12, further comprising an energy source device for supplying energy to the compressor, wherein the energy source device is operatively connected to the expansion air turbine for at least partially powering the energy source device.

14. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 13, wherein the energy source device is selected from an electric motor, an electric generator, a hydraulic motor, a pump, a mechanical power converter, or combinations thereof.

15. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 9, wherein the source of hot air comprises engine air.

16. A water distribution apparatus, comprising:

(b) a water re-circulation loop, comprising

(i) a water supply,

(iv) a first water return path extending from the water user outlet facility to the water supply,

(v) at least one water treatment device for improving the potability of the water within the loop, and

(vi) a second water return path extending from the water delivery path between the pump and the water user outlet facility to the water supply.

17. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 17, wherein the at least one water treatment device is positioned in the water delivery path.

18. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 17, wherein the at least one water treatment device comprises a magnet for reducing scale and corrosion on the wetted surfaces of the water distribution apparatus.

19. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 17, wherein the water supply comprises a water storage tank.

20. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 20, wherein the water storage tank is positioned between the water user outlet facility and the pump and comprises a portion of the water return path.

21. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 17, wherein the second water return path extends from the water delivery path between the at least one water treatment device and the water user outlet facility to the water supply.

22. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 20, wherein the water re-circulation loop is self-contained.

23. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 23, wherein the water re-circulation loop comprises a portion of a water supply system carried on board a vehicle.

24. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 24, wherein the vehicle is an aircraft, train bus, boat or recreational vehicle.

25. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 17, wherein the internal surfaces of the water re-circulation loop comprise biostatic or biocidal agents.

26. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 17, wherein the external surfaces of the water user outlet facility comprises biostatic or biocidal agents.

27. A water distribution apparatus, comprising:

(a) a water user outlet facility including a water inlet port, a water outlet port, and a water outlet path extending from the water inlet port to the water outlet port; (b) a water re-circulation loop, comprising

(i) a water supply,

(iii) a water delivery path extending from the pump to the water user outlet facility, wherein the water inlet port is in water flow communication with the water delivery path,

(v) at least one water treatment device for improving the potability of the water within the loop;

(c) a tap valve disposed in the water outlet path and controllable by a water user to tap a portion of the flow from the water delivery path through the water outlet path while the water user outlet facility directs a remaining portion of the flow into the water return path; and

(d) a pressurized water storage device in water flow communication with the water outlet path.

28. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 28, wherein the water supply comprises a water storage tank.

29. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 29, wherein the water storage tank is positioned between the water user outlet facility and the pump and comprises a portion of the water return path.

30. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 29, wherein the water re-circulation loop is self-contained.

31. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 31 , wherein the water re-circulation loop comprises a portion of a water supply system carried on board a vehicle.

32. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 32, wherein the vehicle is an aircraft, train, bus, boat or recreational vehicle.

33. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 28, wherein the internal surfaces of the water re-circulation loop comprise biostatic or biocidal agents.

34. A water distribution apparatus as recited in claim 28, wherein the external surfaces of the water user outlet facility comprises biostatic or biocidal agents.

35. A method of supplying water to a water user outlet facility, the water supplying method comprising:

(a) directing a tappable flow of water in a water re-circulation loop, the loop including

(i) a water pump for establishing and maintaining the flow of water in the loop,

(ii) a water delivery path extending from the pump to the water user outlet facility,

(iii) a water return path extending from the water user outlet facility to the pump, and (iv) at least one water treatment device for improving the potability of water within the loop; and

(b) heating the water in the water delivery path to a predetermined temperature and for a predetermined period of time sufficient to degrade targeted biomaterials for improving the potability of the water within the loop.

36. A water supplying method as recited in claim 36, wherein the step of directing a tappable flow of water in a water re-circulation loop comprises providing directing a tappable flow of water from an external water source.

37. A water supplying method as recited in claim 36, wherein the water return path comprises a water storage tank.

38. A water supplying method as recited in claim 36, wherein the predetermined temperature is at least about 15O⁰F.

39. A method of supplying water to a water user outlet facility, the water supplying method comprising:

(b) directing a portion of the flow of water in the water delivery path to the water return path.

40. A water supplying method as recited in claim 38, wherein the at least one water treatment device comprises a magnet, and further comprising the step of exposing the flow of water to a magnetic field for reducing scale and corrosion on the wetted surfaces of the water distribution apparatus.

41. A water supplying method as recited in claim 40, wherein the step of directing a tappable flow of water in a water re-circulation loop comprises providing directing a tappable flow of water from an external water source.

42. A water supplying method as recited in claim 40, wherein the water return path comprises a water storage tank.