WO2009003681A1 - Dpp-iv inhibitors - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to compounds of formula (I) wherein R1, R2, R3 and n have the meaning as cited in the description and the claims. Said compounds are useful as DPP-IV inhibitors. The invention also relates to the preparation of such compounds as well as the production and use thereof as medicament.

Description

DPP-IV inhibitors

The present invention relates to a novel class of dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs thereof, which are useful as therapeutic compounds, particularly in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, often referred to as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and of conditions that are often associated with this disease, such as obesity and lipid disorders.

Diabetes refers to a disease process derived from multiple causative factors and is characterized by elevated levels of plasma glucose or hyperglycemia in the fasting state or after administration of glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test. Persistent or uncontrolled hyperglycemia is associated with increased and premature morbidity and mortality. Often abnormal glucose homeostasis is associated both directly and indirectly with alterations of the lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein metabolism and other metabolic and hemodynamic disease. Therefore patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus are at an increased risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications, including coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Therefore, therapeutic control of glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and hypertension are critically important in the clinical management and treatment of diabetes mellitus.

There are two generally recognized forms of diabetes. In Type 1 , or insulin-dependent, diabetes mellitus (IDDM), patients produce little or no insulin, which is the hormone regulating glucose utilization. In Type 2, or noninsulin dependent, diabetes mellitus

(NIDDM), patients often have plasma insulin levels that are the same or elevated compared to nondiabetic subjects. These patients develop a resistance to the insulin stimulating effect on glucose and lipid metabolism in the main insulin-sensitive tissues, namely the muscle, liver and adipose tissues. Further, the plasma insulin levels, while elevated, are insufficient to overcome the pronounced insulin resistance.

Insulin resistance is not primarily due to a diminished number of insulin receptors but to a post-insulin receptor binding defect that is not yet understood. This resistance to insulin responsiveness results in insufficient insulin activation of glucose uptake, oxidation and storage in muscle, and inadequate insulin repression of lipolysis in adipose tissue and of glucose production and secretion in the liver. The available treatments for Type 2 diabetes, which have not changed substantially in many years, have recognized limitations. While physical exercise and reductions in dietary intake of calories will dramatically improve the diabetic condition, compliance with this treatment is very poor because of well-entrenched sedentary lifestyles and excess food consumption, especially of foods containing high amounts of saturated fat. Increasing the plasma level of insulin by administration of sulfonylureas (e.g., tolbutamide and glipizide) or meglitinide, which stimulate the pancreatic β-cells to secrete more insulin, and/or by injection of insulin when sulfonylureas or meglitinide become ineffective, can result in insulin concentrations high enough to stimulate the very insulin-resistant tissues. However, dangerously low levels of plasma glucose can result from administration of insulin or insulin secretagogues (sulfonylureas or meglitinide), and an increased level of insulin resistance, due to the even higher plasma insulin levels, can occur. The biguanides increase insulin sensitivity resulting in some correction of hyperglycemia. However, the two biguanides, phenformin and metformin, can induce lactic acidosis and nausea/diarrhoea. Metformin has fewer side effects than phenformin and is often prescribed for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.

The glitazones (i.e., 5-benzylthiazolidine-2,4-diones) are a recently described class of compounds with potential for ameliorating many symptoms of Type 2 diabetes. These agents substantially increase insulin sensitivity in muscle, liver and adipose tissue in several animal models of Type 2 diabetes, resulting in partial or complete correction of the elevated plasma levels of glucose without occurrence of hypoglycemia. The glitazones that are currently marketed are agonists of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR), primarily the PPAR-gamma subtype. PPAR-gamma agonism is generally believed to be responsible for the improved insulin sensitization that is observed with the glitazones. Newer PPAR agonists that are being tested for treatment of Type 2 diabetes are agonists of the alpha, gamma or delta subtype, or a combination of these, and in many cases are chemically different from the glitazones (i.e., they are not thiazolidinediones). Serious side effects (e.g., liver toxicity) have occurred with some of the glitazones, such as troglitazone.

Additional methods of treating the disease are still under investigation. New biochemical approaches that have been recently introduced or are still under development include treatment with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., acarbose) and protein tyrosine phosphatase-IB (PTP-1B) inhibitors.

Compounds that are inhibitors of the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) enzyme are also under investigation as drugs that may be useful in the treatment of diabetes, and particularly Type 2 diabetes. See for example WO-A-97/40832, WO-A-98/19998, WO-A- 03/000180, WO-A-03/000181 and WO-A-2004/007468. A further class of compounds useful as DPP-IV inhibitors is shown in WO-A-2005/121089. The usefulness of DPP-IV inhibitors in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes is based on the fact that DPP-IV in vivo readily inactivates glucagon like peptide- 1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). GLP-1 and GIP are incretins and are produced when food is consumed. The incretins stimulate production of insulin. Inhibition of DPP-IV leads to decreased inactivation of the incretins, and this in turn results in increased effectiveness of the incretins in stimulating production of insulin by the pancreas. DPP-IV inhibition therefore results in an increased level of serum insulin. Advantageously, since the incretins are produced by the body only when food is consumed, DPP-IV inhibition is not expected to increase the level of insulin at inappropriate times, such as between meals, which can lead to excessively low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Inhibition of DPP-IV is therefore expected to increase insulin without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia, which is a dangerous side effect associated with the use of insulin secretagogues.

DPP-IV inhibitors may also have other therapeutic utilities, as discussed elsewhere in this application. DPP-IV inhibitors have not been studied extensively to date, especially for utilities other than diabetes. New compounds are needed so that improved DPP-IV inhibitors can be found for the treatment of diabetes and potentially other diseases and conditions.

Thus, the object of the present invention is to provide a new class of DPP-IV inhibitors which is effective in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes and other DPP-IV modulated diseases.

Said object has been solved by the compounds of formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen; CN; OR⁴; C_1-6alkyl-OR⁴, N(R⁴R⁵); COOR⁴; OC(O)R⁴; C(O)N(R⁴R⁵); Ci-β alkyl; C₃-₇ cycloalkyl; 5- to 6-membered heterocyclyl; 5- to 6-membered hetaryl; phenyl; N(R⁴)C(O)R⁵; N(R⁴)S(O)₂R⁵; and N(R⁴)S(O)R⁵; wherein each Ci-β alkyl and C₃-_/ cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halogen selected from the group consisting of F; and Cl; and wherein heterocyclyl, hetaryl and phenyl are optionally substituted by one or more R⁶;

R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of Cl₁ and F;

R⁴ and R⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of H; Ci-β alkyl; C₃.₇ cycloalkyl; and Ci-β alkyl-C3-₇ cycloalkyl; wherein each C_1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halogen selected from the group consisting of F; and Cl;

R^β is selected from the group consisting of halogen; and Ci_-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halogen selected from F; and Cl;

n is 1, 2 or 3.

Within the meaning of the present invention the terms are used as follows:

In case a variable or substituent can be selected from a group of different variants and such variable or substituent occurs more than once the respective variants can be the same or different.

"Alkyl" means a straight-chain or branched carbon chain that may contain double or triple bonds. It is generally preferred that alkyl doesn't contain double or triple bonds.

"Ci_-3 alkyl" means an alkyl chain having 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms, e.g. at the end of a molecule methyl, ethyl, -CH=CH₂, -C≡CH, n-propyl, isopropyl, -CH=CH-CH₃, -CH₂-

CH=CH₂.

"C_1-6 alkyl" means an alkyl chain having 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, e.g. methyl, ethyl, -

CH=CH₂,

-C≡CH, n-propyl, isopropyl, -CH=CH-CH₃, -CH₂-CH=CH₂, n-butyl, isobutyl, -CH=CH-CH₂-

CH₃, -CH=CH-CH=CH₂, sec-butyl tert-butyl, n-pentane, n-hexane, or amidst, e.g. -CH₂-, -CH₂-CH₂-, -CH=CH-, -CH(CH₃)-, -C(CH₂)-, -CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-, -CH(C₂H₅)-, -CH(CH₃J₂-. Each hydrogen of a d^ alkyl carbon may be replaced by a substituent. ^

"C_3-7 cycloalkyl" or "C_3-7 cycloalkyl ring" means a cyclic alkyl chain having 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 carbon atoms, e.g. cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl. Each hydrogen of a cycloalkyl carbon may be replaced by a substituent.

"Halogen" means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo. It is generally preferred that halogen is fluoro or chloro.

"5- to 6-membered heterocycle" means a cyclopentane or cyclohexane ring that may contain one or more double bonds so that the ring is saturated or partially unsaturated wherein 1 , 2 or 3 carbon atoms are replaced by a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of sulfur (including -S(O)-, -S(O)₂-), oxygen and nitrogen (including =N(O)-) and wherein the ring is linked to the rest of the molecule via a carbon or nitrogen atom. Examples for a heterocycle are pyrroline, oxazoline, oxazolidine, imidazoline, imidazolidine, pyrazoline, thiazoline, thiazolidine, isothiazoline, isothiazolidine, thiadiazoline, thiadiazolidine, isoxazoline, isoxazolidine, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydro-thiophene, pyrrolidine, pyrazolidine, sulfolane, pyran, dihydropyran, tetrahydropyran, piperazine, piperidine, morpholine, triazolidine or tetrazolidine.

"5- to 6-membered hetaryl" means an aromatic 5- or 6-membered ring containing 1 , 2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen. Examples for the hetaryl group are furan, thiophene, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, oxazole, isoxazole, isoxazoline, thiazole, isothiazole, furazane, triazole, tetrazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrazine, pyrimidine or triazines.

Preferred compounds of formula (I) are those compounds in which one or more of the residues contained therein have the meanings given below, with all combinations of preferred substituent definitions being a subject of the present invention. With respect to all preferred compounds of formula (I) the present invention also includes all tautomeric and stereoisomeric forms and mixtures thereof in all ratios, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

Preferably, the compounds of the present invention adopt the structural conformation of the following formula (Ia):

(Ia)

wherein R¹, R², R³ and n are as defined above.

In a further preferred embodiment, the compounds of the present invention are characterized by the following structural formula (Ib):

wherein R¹ and R² are as defined above.

Preferably, R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of NH₂; C_1-6 alkyl; C_3-7 cycloalkyl; 5- to 6-membered heterocyclyl; 5- to 6-membered hetaryl; and phenyl, wherein each C_1-6 alkyl and C_3-7 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms selected from F and Cl. More preferably, R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of C_1-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl each optionally substituted with one or more F.

Compounds of formula (I) in which some or all of the above-mentioned groups have the preferred or more preferred meanings are also an object of the present invention.

Preferred embodiments of the compounds according to present invention are:

Furthermore, the present invention provides prodrug compounds of the compounds of the invention as described above.

"Prodrug compound" means a derivative that is converted into a compound according to the present invention by a reaction with an enzyme, gastric acid or the like under a physiological condition in the living body, e.g. by oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis or the like, each of which is carried out enzymatically. Examples of the prodrug are compounds, wherein the amino group in a compound of the present invention is acylated, alkylated, phosphorylated or transformed into a carbamate to form, e.g., eicosanoylamino, alanylamino, pivaloyloxymethylamino or N-(acetoxyethoxy)carbonyl derivative or wherein the hydroxyl group is acylated, alkylated, phosphorylated or converted into the borate, e.g. acetyloxy, palmitoyloxy, pivaloyloxy, succinyloxy, fumaryloxy, alanyloxy or wherein the carboxyl group is esterified or amidated. These compounds can be produced from compounds of the present invention according to well-known methods.

Metabolites of compounds of formula (I) are also within the scope of the present invention.

Where tautomerism, like e.g. keto-enol tautomerism, of compounds of general formula (I) or their prodrugs may occur, the individual forms, like e.g. the keto and enol form, are claimed separately and together as mixtures in any ratio. Same applies for stereoisomers, like e.g. enantiomers, cis/trans isomers, conformers and the like.

If desired, isomers can be separated by methods well known in the art, e.g. by liquid chromatography. Same applies for enantiomers by using e.g. chiral stationary phases.

Additionally, enantiomers may be isolated by converting them into diastereomers, i.e. coupling with an enantiomerically pure auxiliary compound, subsequent separation of the resulting diastereomers and cleavage of the auxiliary residue. Alternatively, any enantiomer of a compound of formula (I) may be obtained from stereoselective synthesis using optically pure starting materials.

In case the compounds according to formula (I) contain one or more acidic or basic groups, the invention also comprises their corresponding pharmaceutically or toxicologically acceptable salts, in particular their pharmaceutically utilizable salts. Thus, the compounds of formula (I) which contain acidic groups can be present on these groups and can be used according to the invention, for example, as alkali metal salts, alkaline earth metal salts or as ammonium salts. More precise examples of such salts include sodium salts, potassium salts, calcium salts, magnesium salts or salts with ammonia or organic amines such as, for example, ethylamine, ethanolamine, triethanolamine or amino acids. Compounds of formula (I) which contain one or more basic groups, i.e. groups which can be protonated, can be present and can be used according to the invention in the form of their addition salts with inorganic or organic acids. Examples for suitable acids include hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, methanesulfonic acid, p- toluenesulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acids, oxalic acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, formic acid, propionic acid, pivalic acid, diethylacetic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, pimelic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, sulfaminic acid, phenylpropionic acid, gluconic acid, ascorbic acid, isonicotinic acid, citric acid, adipic acid, and other acids known to the person skilled in the art. If the compounds of formula (I) simultaneously contain acidic and basic groups in the molecule, the invention also includes, in addition to the salt forms mentioned, inner salts or betaines (zwitterions). The respective salts according to formula (I) can be obtained by customary methods which are known to the person skilled in the art like, for example by contacting these with an organic or inorganic acid or base in a solvent or dispersant, or by anion exchange or cation exchange with other salts. The present invention also includes all salts of the compounds of formula (I) which, owing to low physiological compatibility, are not directly suitable for use in pharmaceuticals but which can be used, for example, as intermediates for chemical reactions or for the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

The present invention provides compounds of general formula (I) or their prodrugs as DPP- IV inhibitors. DPP-IV is a cell surface protein that has been implicated in a wide range of biological functions. It has a broad tissue distribution (intestine, kidney, liver, pancreas, placenta, thymus, spleen, epithelial cells, vascular endothelium, lymphoid and myeloid cells, serum), and distinct tissue and cell-type expression levels. DPP-IV is identical to the T cell activation marker CD26, and it can cleave a number of immunoregulatory, endocrine, and neurological peptides in vitro. This has suggested a potential role for this peptidase in a variety of disease processes.

DPP-IV related diseases are described in more detail in WO-A-03/00181 under the paragraph "Utilities" and in WO2007/097931 on pages 15 to 19 which are herewith both incorporated by reference. In addition, further uses of DPP-IV inhibitors have been described in WO2003/057144 pages 1 to 3 and pages 22 to 23, WO2002/34243 and WO2003/002596. Additionally, Kawai et al, Stem Cells and Development 16:361-370 (2007), Christopherson et al., Science 305: 1000-1003 (2004) and US2004/0247574 discuss an improvement of stem cell engraftment by DPP-IV inhibitors in the field of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Therefore DPP-IV inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of hematological diseases such as leukemia where hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is recommended. The above named documents are incorporated in their entirety by reference herein.

Accordingly, the present invention provides compounds of formula (I) or their prodrugs or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use as a medicament.

Furthermore, the present invention provides the use of compounds of formula (I) or their prodrugs or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of non-insulin dependent (Type II) diabetes mellitus; hyperglycemia; obesity; insulin resistance; lipid disorders; dyslipidemia; hyperlipidemia; hypertriglyceridemia; hypercholesterolemia; low HDL; high LDL; atherosclerosis; diseases related to the immune response; HIV infection; neutropenia; neuronal disorders; tumor metastasis; benign prostatic hypertrophy; gingivitis; hypertension; osteoporosis; diseases related to sperm motility; low glucose tolerance; insulin resistance; vascular restenosis; irritable bowel syndrome; inflammatory bowel disease; including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; other inflammatory conditions; pancreatitis; abdominal obesity; neurodegenerative disease; retinopathy; nephropathy; neuropathy; Syndrome X; ovarian hyperandrogenism (polycystic ovarian syndrome); growth hormone deficiency; rheumatoid arthritis; multiple sclerosis; stroke; tumor metastasis; anxiety; depression; schizophrenia; Alzheimer's disease; memory deficit; cognition deficit; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); Huntington's disease; hematological diseases; inherited metabolic diseases; or inherited immunodeficiency diseases. Preferred is non-insulin dependent (Type II) diabetes mellitus and obesity.

The hematological diseases preferably include cancers, dysplasias, leukemia, and aplastic anemia.

In the therapy of cancers, stem cell transplantation may become necessary after e.g. chemotherapy treatment. Stem cell transplantation is most often performed for people suffering from leukemia. Other indications where stem cell transplantation may be indicated are inherited metabolic diseases such as Hurler Syndrome and inherited immunodeficiency diseases such as Kostmann Syndrome.

The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of formula (I), or a prodrug compound thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as active ingredient together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

"Pharmaceutical composition" means one or more active ingredients, and one or more inert ingredients that make up the carrier, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination, complexation or aggregation of any two or more of the ingredients, or from dissociation of one or more of the ingredients, or from other types of reactions or interactions of one or more of the ingredients. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention encompass any composition made by admixing a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

A pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may additionally comprise one or more other compounds as active ingredients like one or more additional compounds of formula (I), or a prodrug compound or other DPP-IV inhibitors. Other active ingredients are disclosed in WO-A-03/00181 under the paragraph "Combination Therapy" which is herewith incorporated by reference. Accordingly, other active ingredients may be insulin sensitizers; PPAR agonists; biguanides; protein tyrosinephosphatase-IB (PTP-1B) inhibitors; insulin and insulin mimetics; sulfonylureas and further insulin secretagogues; a-glucosidase inhibitors; glucagon receptor antagonists; GLP-1, GLP-1 mimetics, and GLP-1 receptor agonists; GIP, GIP mimetics, and GIP receptor agonists; PACAP, PACAP mimetics, and PACAP receptor 3 agonists; cholesterol lowering agents as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors; sequestrants; nicotinyl alcohol; nicotinic acid or a salt thereof; PPARα agonists; PPARα/γ dual agonists; inhibitors of cholesterol absorption; acyl CoAxholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors and antioxidants; PPARδ agonists; antiobesity compounds; an ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor; or anti-inflammatory agents or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these active compounds.

The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids, including inorganic bases or acids and organic bases or acids.

The compositions include compositions suitable for oral, rectal, topical, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous), ocular (ophthalmic), pulmonary (nasal or buccal inhalation), or nasal administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the nature and severity of the conditions being treated and on the nature of the active ingredient. They may be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well-known in the art of pharmacy.

In practical use, the compounds of formula (I) can be combined as the active ingredient in intimate admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques. The carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g., oral or parenteral (including intravenous). In preparing the compositions for oral dosage form, any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be employed, such as, for example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like in the case of oral liquid preparations, such as, for example, suspensions, elixirs and solutions; or carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like in the case of oral solid preparations such as, for example, powders, hard and soft capsules and tablets, with the solid oral preparations being preferred over the liquid preparations.

Because of their ease of administration, tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit form in which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are obviously employed. If desired, tablets may be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques. Such compositions and preparations should contain at least 0.1 percent of active compound. The percentage of active compound in these compositions may, of course, be varied and may conveniently be between about 2 percent to about 60 percent of the weight of the unit. The amount of active compound in such therapeutically useful compositions is such that an effective dosage will be obtained. The active compounds can also be administered intranasally as, for example, liquid drops or spray.

The tablets, pills, capsules, and the like may also contain a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch or gelatin; excipients such as dicalcium phosphate; a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; and a sweetening agent such as sucrose, lactose or saccharin. When a dosage unit form is a capsule, it may contain, in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil.

Various other materials may be present as coatings or to modify the physical form of the dosage unit. For instance, tablets may be coated with shellac, sugar or both. A syrup or elixir may contain, in addition to the active ingredient, sucrose as a sweetening agent, methyl and propylparabens as preservatives, a dye and a flavoring such as cherry or orange flavor.

Compounds of formula (I) may also be administered parenterally. Solutions or suspensions of these active compounds can be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant such as hydroxy-propylcellulose. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols and mixtures thereof in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.

The pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In all cases, the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils.

Any suitable route of administration may be employed for providing a mammal, especially a human, with an effective dose of a compound of the present invention. For example, oral, rectal, topical, parenteral, ocular, pulmonary, nasal, and the like may be employed. Dosage forms include tablets, troches, dispersions, suspensions, solutions, capsules, creams, ointments, aerosols, and the like. Preferably compounds of formula (I) or are administered orally.

The effective dosage of active ingredient employed may vary depending on the particular compound employed, the mode of administration, the condition being treated and the severity of the condition being treated. Such dosage may be ascertained readily by a person skilled in the art.

When treating or preventing diabetes mellitus and/or hyperglycemia or hypertriglyceridemia or other diseases for which compounds of formula (I) are indicated, generally satisfactory results are obtained when the compounds of the present invention are administered at a daily dosage of from about 0.1 milligram to about 100 milligram per kilogram of animal body weight, preferably given as a single daily dose or in divided doses two to six times a day, or in sustained release form. For most large mammals, the total daily dosage is from about 1.0 milligrams to about 1000 milligrams, preferably from about 1 milligrams to about 50 milligrams. In the case of a 70 kg adult human, the total daily dose will generally be from about 7 milligrams to about 350 milligrams. This dosage regimen may be adjusted to provide the optimal therapeutic response.

Compounds of formula (I) of the present invention may be prepared from suitable amine intermediates (II) and carboxylic acid intermediates as those of formula (III) employing standard amide coupling conditions followed subsequently by a deprotection of the primary amine. The preparation of intermediates and examples of the invention is described in the following schemes. Unless otherwise indicated in the schemes, the variables have the same meaning as described above.

Some abbreviations that may appear in this application are as follows.

ABBREVIATIONS

Desiαnation

ACN Acetonitrile

Boc (or BOC) tert-Butoxycarbonyl d dublett

DCM Dichloromethane

DEA Diethylamine

DIPEEA Diisopropylethylamine

DMF N, /V-Dimethylfomnamide

EtOH Ethanol

Fmoc 9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl

HBTU 0-(Benzotriazol-1 -yl)-Λ/, N, N', N -tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate

HCI Hydrogen chloride

HPLC High pressure liquid chromatography m multiplett

MeOH Methanol

NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

NMM Λ/-Methylmorpholine

PG Protecting group rt Retention time

S singlett

TFA Trifluoroacetic acid

Suitably protected amines represented by formula (II) may serve as starting materials for making compounds of the invention.

As protection group may serye tert-butoxycarbonyl or 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl as described in Greene, Wuts Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis 3rd ed., Ed. Wiley- VCH, New York; 1999 or other suitable. The starting materials (II) may be prepared by one of the methods described in WO 2005/1221089. In general, synthesis of starting materials (II) may involve an addition of organolithium or organomagnesium reagents to an aldehyde, imine or ester for instance. The synthesis of suitable intermediates may be known in the literature or performed by one skilled in the art employing common reactions. The synthesis may include a separation of diastereomers by chromatography or other methods commonly employed or a separation of enantiomers employing a crystallisation step for instance. For enantiomerically pure protected amines (II) in preferred stereochemistry synthesis may follow the route shown in scheme A.

Scheme A

1. sulfinamide cleavage

2. primary amine protection

3. secondary amine deprotection (H)

As described by D. A. Cogan, G. Liu, J. Ellman, Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 8883-8904 a grignard reagent may be added to a chiral sulfinylimine, formed by reaction of a suitably protected aldehyde with a chiral sulfinamide. After separation of the diastereomers sulfinamide cleavage, protection of the primary amine and deprotection of the secondary amine leads to starting materials according formula (II).

Available carboxylic acid starting materials may be suitably substituted pyrimidines having formula (III):

R

They may be purchased from commercially available sources such as Civentichem or Buttpark or may be synthesized by one skilled in the art. They may be conveniently prepared using methods known in the literature e.g., Schenone, J. Heterocyclic Chem., 27, 295 (1990). Scheme B outlines the synthesis of some intermediates described below. An amidine is reacted with a suitably functionalized dimethylamino-methylidene-oxo ester to form the heterocycle. Subsequently the ester is saponified to give the carboxylic acid starting material described by formula (III).

Scheme B

General procedure for making compounds of the invention

In general, compounds having the formula (I)

wherein the variables have the above described meanings, may be prepared using standard peptide coupling conditions, reagents and protective groups. For example, it may be possible to use 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) in combination with 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) and a base (triethylamine or diisopropylethylamine) or 0(7-Benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluroniurn hexafluoro- phosphate (HBTU) in the presence of a base, in solvents such as methylene chloride or N₁ /V-dimethylformamide.

Scheme C outlines a procedure for using the carboxylic acids and amines formed according to Scheme A through B to synthesize compounds that are embodiments of the invention. Scheme C

The protective groups on the primary nitrogen may be removed with, for example, diethylamine in dichloromethane in the case of 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl or using acidic conditions (such as trifiuoroacetic acid in dichloromethane or hydrochloric acid in dioxane) in the case of te/t-butoxycarbonyl, as described in Greene, Wuts Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis 3rd ed., Ed. Wiley- VCH, New York; 1999.

For purification of the intermediates and compounds of the invention flash chromatography on silica gel or the use of preparative HPLC may be suitable.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are provided so that the invention might be more fully understood. These examples are illustrative only and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way.

PREPARATIONS

Unless otherwise noted, all non-aqueous reactions were carried out under argon atmosphere with commercial dry solvents. Compounds were purified using flash column chromatography using Merck silica gel 60 (230-400 mesh) or reverse phase preparative HPLC using a XTerra MS C18, 5 μm, 19 x 150 mm column with Shimadzu LC8A-Pump and SPD-10Avp UV/Vis detector. Alternatively, an XTerra Phenyl, 5 μm, 19 x 150 mm column (modifier: ammonia in ACN/H₂O) with Shimadzu LC8A-Pump and SPD-10Avp UV/Vis detector was employed. The ¹H-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker dpx400 (400 MHz for ¹H-NMR) using d₆-dimethylsulfoxide or d_β-methanol as solvent unless otherwise stated; chemical shifts are reported in ppm relative to tetramethylsilane. Analytical LC/MS was performed using XTerra MS C18, 3.5 μM, 2.1 x 100 mm columns with a linear gradient from 5% to 95% acetonitrile in water (0.1% formic acid) at a flow rate of 400 μl/min; retention times are given in minutes. Methods are run on: I. LC10Advp-Pump (Shimadzu) with SPD-M10Avp diode array detector and QP2010 MS-detector in ESI+ modus with UV-detection at 220 nm, with a linear gradient of acetonitrile in water (0.1% formic acid). The data will be reported as follows: LC/MS (I) (5-95%. 5 min): rt 1.60, m/z 171 [M+H]⁺.

II. LC10Advp-Pump (Shimadzu) with SPD-10Avp diode array detector and QP2010 MS-detector in ESI+ modus with UV-detection at 220 nm, with a 10 min. linear gradient from 1% to 30% acetonitrile in water (0.1% formic acid) followed by washing the column (99% acetonitrile) and data-acquisition until 13 min. The data will be reported as follows: LC/MS (II) (1-30%, 10 min): rt 1.60, m/z 171 [M+H]⁺.

Alternatively, analytical LC/MS was performed using ACE C8 3μm (3.0x50mm) column with water containing 0.1% TFA and acetonitrile were used as mobile phases at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with gradient times of 3 min, either 5 % to 60% acetonitrile (method III) or 10% to 97% acetonitrile (method IV).

Analytical HPLC/MS was performed using an Agilent 1100/1200 Series Liquid Chromatograph/Mass Selective Detector (MSO) (Singel Quadrupole) (1946A/1946C/1956C/6110) equipped with an electrospray interface.

Intermediate 1:

4-(f(E)-2-Methyl-propane-2-sulfιnylimino1-methyl>-piDeridine-1 -carboxylic acid te/t-butylester To a solution of 1842 mg (8.65 mmol) 4-formyl-piperidine-i-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester in 5 mL THF, are added 1000 mg (8.24 mmol) (S)-tert-butanesulfinamide in 5 ml_ THF and 8.63 mL (41.2 mmol) Ti(OEt)₄. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 h and poured into ice-water. The solid is filtered off, and the filtration is extracted with ethyl

10 acetate. The organic phase is dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvents are removed under reduced pressure to yield the title compound.

LC/MS (I) (5-95%, 5 min): rt 4.15, m/z 217 [M-Boc+H]⁺.

is Step 2

4-f(R)-1-(2-Methyl-propane-2-sulfinylamino)-2-(2.4.5-trifluoro-phenyl)-ethvn-piperidine-1- -JO carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

A solution of 2044 μL (15.44 mmol) i-bromomethyl^Aδ-trifluoro-benzene in 2 mL diethyl ether is slowly added into a suspension of 375 mg (15.44 mmol) magnesium turnings in 2 mL diethyl ether. After the reaction is initiated, the reaction mixture is maintained at reflux during the addition of the benzylbromide. After 20 min the mixture is directly added to a solution of 1220 mg (3.86 mmol) 4-{[(E)-2-methyl-propane-2-sulfinylimino]-methyl}- piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butylester in 60 mL DCM at -78°C. The mixture is stirred at -78°C for 2 h and then allowed to reach ambient temperature. Stirring is continued overnight. When complete, the reaction mixture is quenched by addition of water and extracted with diethyl ether. The combined organic layers are dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The residue is purified by flash chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to yield the desired S/R diastereomer.

LC/MS (I) (5-95%, 5 min): rt 4.60, m/z 407 [M-56+H]⁺, 363 [M-Boc+H]\ 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 1.08 (s, 9H), 1.12-1.26 (m, 2H), 1.37 (s, 9H), 1.42-1.71 (m, 3H), 2.60-2.64 (m, 2H)₁ 2.79-2.88 (m, 2H), 3.25 (m, 1H), 3.93 (m, 2H), 4,91 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 7.41-7.54 (m, 2H).

Step 3

4-f(R)-1-Amino-2-(2A5-trifluoro-DhenvO-ethyl1-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester 675 mg (1.46 mmol) of the product from step 2 4-[(R)-1-(2-methyl-propane-2- sulfinylamino)-2-(2,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-piperidine-1-carboxylic acid terf-butyl ester are dissolved in 5.0 mL of a 0.4 M HCI/MeOH solution. The solution is stirred for 60 min at 0⁰C, then the reaction is quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and extracted with diethyl ether. The organic phase is dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. The crude product is used without further purification.

LC/MS (I) (5-95%, 5 min): rt 2.69, m/z 344 [M-15+H]^*, 303 [M-56+H]^*. Step 4

4-f(R)-1-(9H-Fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)-2-(2.4.5-trifluoro-phenvπ-ethvn- piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a solution of 520 mg (1.45 mmol) of 4-[(R)-1-amino-2-(2,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]- piperidine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester in 4 ml_ DCM and 2 mL pyridine is added a solution of 368 mg (1.42 mmol) of N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyloxy)-chloride in 1 mL DCM at 0⁰C. The mixture is stirred for 2.5 h then diluted with 20 mL 5% citric acid solution. The aqueous layer is extracted with 3 x 15 mL ethyl acetate and the combined organic layer is washed with water and brine and dried over sodium sulfate. Removal of the solvent in vacuo afforded a residue, which is purified by flash chromatography (DCM/MeOH) to yield the title compound.

LC/MS (I) (5-95%, 5 min): rt 5.41, m/z 603 [M+Na]⁺.

Step 5

UR)-I -Piperidin^-yl-Σ-teAS-trifluoro-phenvD-ethvπ-carbamic acid 9H-fluoren-9-ylmethyl ester The product of step 4 is dissolved in 2 mL of dichloromethane and 0.7 mL of trifluoroacetic acid is added. The mixture is stirred for 30 min and the solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product is used without other purification for the next step. LC/MS (I) (5-95%, 5 min): rt 3.09, m/z 481 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate 2:

Step i

EtONa, EtOH

2.4-Dimethyl-pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester

To a solution of sodium ethoxide in ethanol, prepared from sodium (129 mg, 5.39 mmol) and anhydrous ethanol (30 mL), acetamidine (510 mg, 5.39 mmol) is added at room temperature, followed by a solution of ethyl 2-dimethylaminomethylene-3-oxobutanoate (1 g, 5.39 mmol) in anhydrous ethanol (30 mL). The solution is refluxed for 24 h, evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue is treated with water (80 mL). The resulting mixture is extracted thoroughly with diethyl ether. The extracts are dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent evaporated under reduced pressure. The title compound is used without further purification.

LC/MS (I) (5-95%, 5 min): rt 2.94, m/z 181 [M+H]⁺, 222 [M+ACN+H]^*.

Step 2

2Λ/ NaOH

2.4-Dimethyl-pyrimidiπe-5-carboxylic acid

The crude 2,4-dimethyl-pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester from step 1 (5.39 mmol) is added to 2N sodium hydroxide (3 mL) and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The solution is acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid (pH -1), the white precipitate is collected by filtration, dried and purified by recrystallization from ethyl acetate.

LC/MS (I) (5-95%, 5 min): rt 2.06, m/z 153 [M+H]\ 194 [M+ACN+H]^*.

Intermediate 3:

Step i

2-Amine-4-methvl-Dvrimidine-5-carboxvlic acid

Ethyl 2-amino-4-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylate (1.0 g, 5.5 mmol) was added to an aqueous solution of 1M LiOH (19 mL) at 0 °C. 20 mL of THF was added to the suspension and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the resulting aqueous solution was acidified to pH 1 by addition of 3M HCI. The precipitate was filtered off and rinsed with water followed by washing with ethyl acetate. The white solid was dried in a vacuum oven at 50 ⁰C overnight to yield the title compound.

Further intermediates can be prepared according to the procedures described. Intermediate Structure LCMS

4 LC/MS (I) (5-95%, 5 min): rt 2.71, m/z 179

[M+H]⁴ , 220 [M+ACN+H]*.

5 LC/MS (I) (5-95%, 5 min): rt 2.67, m/z 207

[M+H], 248 [M+ACN+H]⁺.

6 LC/MS (I) (5-95%, 5 min): rt 3.51, m/z 207

[M+H], 248 [M+ACN+H]⁺.

7 LC/MS (I) (5-95%, 5 min): rt 3.58, m/z 233

[M+H], 274 [M+ACN+H]^*.

Example 1:

Step i

f(RV1-π-(2.4-Dimethyl-Pyrimidine-5-carbonvπ-piperidin-4-vn-2-(2.4.5-trifluoro-Dhenyl)- ethyli-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester

110 mg (0.72 mmol) of 2,4-dimethyl-pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid and 215 mg (0.57 mmol) of O-tbenzotriazol-i-ylJΛ/.Λ/.Λ/^'.Λ/'-tetramethyluronium-hexa-fluorophosphate are dissolved in 4 ml_ of Λ/./V-dimethylformamide and 62 μL (0.57 mmol) of 4-methyl-morpholine are added. The mixture is stirred for 10 min and a solution of 170 mg (0.47 mmol) [(R)-I- piperidin-4-yl-2-(2,4_>5-trifluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester and 102 μL (0.57 mmol) of di-/so-propylethylamine in 4 mL of Λ/,/V-dimethylformamide is added. The reaction mixture is stirred for 2 h at room temperature, and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is washed with brine, saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to yield the title compound.

LC/MS (I) (5-95%, 5 min): rt 3.89 min; m/z 437, 493 [M+H]⁺.

Step 2

(4-f(RV1-Amino-2-(2.4.5-trifluoro-phenyl)-ethvn-piperidin-1-ylH2.4-dimethyl-Pyrimidin-5-yl)- methanone The product of step 1 is dissolved in 3 mL of dichloromethane and 1 mL of trifluoroacetic acid is added. The mixture is stirred for 1h and the solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product is purified by preparative HPLC to afford the title compound. LC/MS (II) (1-30%, 10 min): rt 7.81 min; m/z 394 [M+H]⁺, 434 [M+ACN+H]⁺. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 8.47 (s, 1H), 8.46-7.39 (m, 2H), 4.59-4.54 (m, 1H), 3.38-3.28 (m, 1H), 3.03-2.95 (m, 1H), 2.73-2.62 (m, 3H), 2.57 (s, 3H), 2.39-2.35 (m, 1H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.71-1.20 (m, 5H).

Example 2:

Step i

r(RV1-π-(2-CvcloproDyl-4-methyl-pyrimidine-5-carbonyl)-piperidin-4-vπ-2-(2.4.5-trifluoro- phenvD-ethyll-carbamic acid 9H-fluoren-9-ylmethyl ester

48 mg (0.31 mmol) of 2-cyclopropyl-4-methyl-pyrimidiπe-5-carboxylic and 117 mg (0.31 mmol) of ©-(benzotriazol-i-yOΛ/.Λ/.Λ/^'.Λ/^'-tetramethyluronium-hexa-fluorophosphate are dissolved in 1 mL of Λ/,Λ/^'-dimethylformamide and 34 μL (0.31 mmol) of 4-methyl- morpholine are added. The mixture is stirred for 10 min and a solution of 170 mg (0.47 mmol) [(R)-I -piperidine-4-yl-2-(2,4,5-trifluoro-phenyl)-ethyl]-carbamic acid 9H-fluoren-9- ylmethyl ester and 56 μL (0.31 mmol) of di-/so-propylethylamine in 1 mL of N₁N- dimethylformamide are added. The reaction mixture is stirred for 2 h at room temperature, and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is washed with brine, saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried with sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to yield the title compound.

LC/MS (I) (5-95%, 5 min): rt 4.76 min; m/z 642 [M+H]^*.

Step 2

M-rC^-i-Amino^-^^.S-trifluoro-phenvπ-ethyll-piperidin-i-vD-^-methyl-Σ-trifluoromethyl- pyrimidin-5-yl)-methanone The product of step 1 is dissolved in 1 ml. of dichloromethane and 1 mL of diethylamine are added. The mixture is stirred for 1 h and the solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure. The crude product is purified by preparative HPLC to yield the title compound.

LC/MS (II) (1-30%, 10 min): rt 6.50 min; m/z 419 [M+H]⁺, 460 [M+ACN+H]^*. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ = 8.42 (s, 1H), 7.40-7.49 (m, 2H), 4.60-4.52 (m, 1H), 3.38- 3.30 (m, 1H), 3.05-2.93 (m, 1H), 2.74-2.61 (m, 3H), 2.40-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.19- 2.12 (m, 1H), 1.75-1.15 (m, 5H), 1.05-0.95 (m, 4H).

The following examples were prepared according to the procedures described.

Further examples are exemplified below:

ASSAYS

Inhibition of DPP-IV peptidase activity was monitored with a continuous fluorimetric assay. This assay is based on the cleavage of the substrate Gly-Pro-AMC (Bachem) by DPP-IV, releasing free AMC. The assay is carried out in 96-well microtiterplates. In a total volume of 100 μL, compounds are preincubated with 50 pM DPP-IV employing a buffer containing 1OmM Hepes, 15OmM NaCI, 0.005% Tween 20 (pH 7.4). The reaction is started by the addition of 16 μM substrate and the fluorescence of liberated AMC is detected for 10 minutes at 25 ⁰C with a fluorescence reader (BMG-Fluostar; BMG-Technologies) using an excitation wavelength of 370 nm and an emission wavelength of 450 nm. The final concentration of DMSO is 1 %. The inhibitory potential of the compounds were determined. DPP-IV activity assays were carried out with human and porcine DPP-IV (see below); both enzymes showed comparable activities.

Soluble human DPP-IV lacking the transmembrane anchor (Gly31-Pro766) was expressed in a recombinant YEAST-strain as Pre-Pro-alpha-mating fusion. The secreted product (rhuDPP-IV-Gly31-Pro766) was purified from fermentation broth (>90% purity).

In table 1 are listed the IC₅₀ values for inhibition of DPP-IV peptidase activity determined in assays as described above. The IC₅₀ values were grouped in 2 classes: a < 100 nM; b >101 nM and ≤ 1000 nM.

Claims

Claims

A compound of the formula (I)

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, CN, OR⁴, C_1-6alkyl-OR⁴, N(R⁴R⁵), COOR⁴, OC(O)R⁴, C(O)N(R⁴R⁵), C_1-6 alkyl, C_3-7 cycloalkyl, 5- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, 5- to 6-membered hetaryl, phenyl, N(R⁴)C(O)R⁵, N(R⁴JS(O)₂R⁵ and N(R⁴JS(O)R⁵, wherein each C_1-6 alkyl and C_3-7 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halogen selected from the group consisting of F and Cl and wherein heterocyclyl, hetaryl and phenyl are optionally substituted by one or more R⁶;

R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of Cl and F;

R⁴ and R⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁^ alkyl,

C_3-7 cycloalkyl and C_1-6 alkyl-C₃-₇ cycloalkyl; wherein each C₁^ alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halogen selected from the group consisting of F and Cl;

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of halogen, and C_1-6 alkyl that is optionally substituted with one or more halogen selected from F and Cl;

n is 1, 2 or 3.

2. The compound of claim 1 according to formula (Ia)

wherein R , R , R and n are defined as in claim 1.

3. The compound of claim 1 or 2 according to formula (Ib)

wherein R and R are defined as in claim 1.

4. The compound according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of NH₂, C_1-6 alkyl, C_3-7 cycloalkyl,

5- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, 5- to 6-membered hetaryl and phenyl, wherein each C_1-6 alkyl and C_3-7 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms selected from F and Cl.

5. The compound according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of Ci_-3 alkyl and cyclopropyl each optionally substituted with one or more F.

6. The compound according to claim 1 selected from the group consisting of

7. A prodrug compound of a compound according to any of claims 1 to 6.

8. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound according to any of claims 1 to 7 together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

9. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 8, comprising one or more additional compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof selected from the group consisting of a further DPP-IV inhibitor; insulin sensitizers; PPAR agonists; biguanides; protein tyrosinephosphatase-IB (PTP-1B) inhibitors; insulin and insulin mimetics; sulfonylureas and further insulin secretagogues; a-glucosidase inhibitors; glucagon receptor antagonists; GLP-1, GLP-1 mimetics, and GLP-1 receptor agonists; GIP, GIP mimetics, and GIP receptor agonists; PACAP, PACAP mimetics, and PACAP receptor 3 agonists; cholesterol lowering agents as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors; sequestrants; nicotinyl alcohol; nicotinic acid or a salt thereof; PPARα agonists; PPARα/γ dual agonists; inhibitors of cholesterol absorption; acyl CoA; cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors and anti-oxidants; PPARδ agonists; antiobesity compounds; ileal bile acid transporter inhibitors; and anti-inflammatory agents.

10. A compound of any of claims 1 to 7 for use as a medicament.

11. A compound of any of claims 1 to 7 for the prophylaxis or treatment of non-insulin dependent (Type II) diabetes mellitus; hyperglycemia; obesity; insulin resistance; lipid disorders; dyslipidemia; hyperlipidemia; hypertriglyceridemia; hypercholesterolemia; low HDL; high LDL; atherosclerosis; diseases related to the immune response; HIV infection; neutropenia; neuronal disorders; tumor metastasis; benign prostatic hypertrophy; gingivitis; hypertension; osteoporosis; diseases related to sperm motility; low glucose tolerance; insulin resistance; vascular restenosis; irritable bowel syndrome; inflammatory bowel disease; including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; other inflammatory conditions; pancreatitis; abdominal obesity; neurodegenerative disease; retinopathy; nephropathy; neuropathy; Syndrome X; ovarian hyperandrogenism (polycystic ovarian syndrome); or growth hormone deficiency.

12. A compound of any of claims 1 to 7 for the prophylaxis or treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; multiple sclerosis; stroke; tumor metastasis; anxiety; depression; schizophrenia; Alzheimer's disease; memory deficit; cognition deficit; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); Huntington's disease; hematological diseases; inherited metabolic diseases; or inherited immunodeficiency diseases.

13. Use of a compound of any of claims 1 to 7 for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of non-insulin dependent (Type II) diabetes mellitus; hyperglycemia; obesity; insulin resistance; lipid disorders; dyslipidemia; hyperlipidemia; hypertriglyceridemia; hypercholesterolemia; low HDL; high LDL; atherosclerosis; diseases related to the immune response; HIV infection; neutropenia; neuronal disorders; tumor metastasis; benign prostatic hypertrophy; gingivitis; hypertension; osteoporosis; diseases related to sperm motility; low glucose tolerance; insulin resistance; vascular restenosis; irritable bowel syndrome; inflammatory bowel disease; including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; other inflammatory conditions; pancreatitis; abdominal obesity; neurodegenerative disease; retinopathy; nephropathy; neuropathy; Syndrome X; ovarian hyperandrogenism

(polycystic ovarian syndrome); or growth hormone deficiency.

14. Use of a compound of any of claims 1 to 7 for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of rheumatoid arthritis; multiple sclerosis; stroke; tumor metastasis; anxiety; depression; schizophrenia; Alzheimer's disease; memory deficit; cognition deficit; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); Huntiπgton's disease; hematological diseases; inherited metabolic diseases; or inherited immunodeficiency diseases.

15. Use of a compound according to any of claims 1 to 7 as a DPP-IV inhibitor.