WO2009002221A2 - Foamed concrete building material - Google Patents
Foamed concrete building material Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009002221A2 WO2009002221A2 PCT/RU2008/000372 RU2008000372W WO2009002221A2 WO 2009002221 A2 WO2009002221 A2 WO 2009002221A2 RU 2008000372 W RU2008000372 W RU 2008000372W WO 2009002221 A2 WO2009002221 A2 WO 2009002221A2
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- foamed concrete
- protective layer
- foam concrete
- building
- block
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
- E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
- E04C2/04—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres
- E04C2/049—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres completely or partially of insulating material, e.g. cellular concrete or foamed plaster
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of construction, namely, to structures of structures or products used in them with monolithic foam concrete lining, for example walls or wall panels, optimally combining properties in terms of strength, material consumption, heat conductivity and vapor permeability.
- a construction product is known, made in this case, in the form of a block, the layers of which are formed by foam concrete or expanded clay concrete, and the heat-insulating layer located between them is made of expanded polystyrene (RF patent N ° 2208102 Cl, 2003).
- the closest known structure is a building containing an inner supporting layer of concrete and an outer layer formed by a fixed formwork made of foam concrete slabs (V.A. Pinsker “Construction alternative”), vol. “Concrete”, 2006).
- foam concrete as a monolithic layer of cladding of such building structures and products as walls of buildings or low-rise buildings, constructed, preferably from a monolith, or from finished piece or small piece elements, respectively, blocks or bricks.
- the presence of a piece of cladding also requires a binder to fix it on the supporting structure, which significantly worsens the thermal conductivity and the adhesion conditions of individual piece elements with the supporting structure.
- the presence of a binder of a different density between the supporting structure and the lining of the binder changes the vapor permeability conditions, which negatively affects the operational characteristics of the structure as a whole.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a building product for the construction or wall cladding of a building, in which, even with a small thickness of the foam concrete cladding, the creation of conditions for resistance to atmospheric effects is ensured, the necessary vapor permeability to create comfortable conditions inside the building or structure.
- the cladding having a coefficient of thermal expansion that is almost identical to the supporting structure, provides reliability and durability of the entire structure.
- the adhesion of the applied protective layer of foam concrete to the building supporting structure (blocks) or to the cladding (panel, tile) is significantly increased, while maintaining optimal vapor permeability conditions, i.e. a building or structure has walls that, as they say, “breathe”.
- a building product made of foam concrete contains a monolithic body in the form of a block, panel or tile from a hardened foam concrete mixture with a water-cement ratio of 0.20 to 0.36 and with a plasticizer, on the front surface of the product there is a protective layer formed also from hardened a foam concrete mixture with a plasticizer at a water-cement ratio of 0.20 to 0.36, monolithically connected to the body of the block or panel and having a density exceeding the density of the body of the block or panel.
- the protective layer was obtained by vibration compaction of the foam concrete mixture and its thickness is 0.5-5.0 mm.
- At least part of the front surface of the protective layer can be made glossy and, preferably, decorated with the addition of dyes to the layer or to the bottom of the mold before the foam concrete mixture is laid in it.
- the front surface of the protective layer can be embossed to a depth not less than its thickness.
- the protective layer can be made with the formation of a texture that mimics the “equal” or polished natural stone, or in the form of a mosaic of foam concrete, without violating the integrity of the layer.
- Figure l presents the product in the form of a facing panel made of foam concrete with imitation of the texture of "equal" stone.
- Figure 2 presents the product in the form of a wall foam block.
- Fig.3 presents the product in the form of a facing tile made of foam concrete.
- a building product is, as a rule, a carrier - block, or self-supporting - a block for laying the opening of an external wall in a frame building.
- the block is made of cast concrete 1 and has a front protective layer 2.
- the building product can be a wall facing (lightweight) panel 3 of full factory readiness or tile 4 with a mosaic texture.
- a protective layer 2 is made of monolithic foam concrete.
- the protective layer may have the texture of the “broken” stone 5, because Using the features of foam concrete, you can get the original decorative surface of the finishing layer, comparable in properties, including artistic perception, to ceramics or to natural (natural) stone.
- the thickness of the protective layer is adopted from 0.5 mm to 5.0 mm.
- the strength characteristics of the protective layer differ sharply (up) from the characteristics of the body of the product and are comparable with similar characteristics of ceramic products.
- the minimum thickness is determined from the condition that the foam concrete retains thermal insulation properties (taking into account the size of the closed pore), and the maximum - in this case, 5.0 mm, is determined taking into account the climate zone and material consumption, which is optimized by the thermal insulation properties.
- the choice of thickness of the protective layer is influenced by the working conditions and the location of the product in the structure.
- the conditions for molding a foam concrete mixture require the use of a plasticizer, for example, SZ, at a water-cement ratio of 0.20 to 0.36.
- a plasticizer for example, SZ
- the protective layer of foam concrete has no continuity defects, is uniform along the front surface of the product.
- a building product for example, such as a facing panel, tile or wall block made of foam concrete, has a monolithic (molded over their entire outer surface) protective coating of foam concrete.
- the density (density grade - see table 1) of such foam concrete in the body of the product is 600-1200 kg / m 3 .
- the density of foam concrete is 900 kg / m 3 and it is a lightweight concrete with closed pores, i.e. with a surface not passing water.
- the protective layer has a higher density and strength characteristics (thereby fulfilling the supporting functions for the product), as well as water absorption of about 2.5%, which makes it possible to use it precisely for external wall cladding, providing a high degree of waterproofing structures even with a small thickness of the protective layer.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Finishing Walls (AREA)
- Panels For Use In Building Construction (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to building engineering, in particular to a structural design for products made of foamed concrete with one-piece foamed concrete coating, for example walls, facing panels or plates. The aim of the invention is to develop a building product for constructing or facing walls of a building, which, even having a thin foamed concrete coating, is resistant to atmospheric action and is sufficiently vapour-permeable to provide comfortable conditions inside a building or a construction. The coating, having a thermal expansion factor practically equal to the thermal expansion factor of a load-bearing structure, ensures the reliability and the service life of the entire construction. The inventive foamed concrete building material comprises a one-piece body in the form of a block, a board or a plate made from a hardened foamed concrete mixture having a water/cement ratio ranging from 0.20 to 0.36 and contaning a plasticiser, the front surface of the product is provided with a protective layer which is made from the hardened foamed concrete mixture with plasticiser, the water/cement ratio of which ranges from 0.20 to 0.36, which is connected in one piece manner to the block or board body and the density of which is greater than the density of the block or the board body. The protective layer is produced by vibrocompacting the foamed concrete mixture and has the thickness of 0.5-5.0 mm. The front surface of the protective layer can be satin and, preferably, decorated with dyes added thereto or on the bottom of a mould prior to filling it with the foamed concrete mixture. The front surface of the protective layer is shaped at a depth less than the thickness thereof. The protective layer is provided with a surface finish simulating broken or polished natural stone or made in the form of a foamed concrete mosaic without disrupting the integrity of the layer.
Description
Строительное изделие из пенобетона Foam concrete building product
Область техникиTechnical field
Изобретение относится к области строительства, а именно - к конструкциям сооружений или используемых в них изделий с монолитной облицовкой из пенобетона, например стен или стеновых панелей, оптимально сочетающих в себе свойства по прочности, материалоемкости, теплопроводности и паропроницаемости.The invention relates to the field of construction, namely, to structures of structures or products used in them with monolithic foam concrete lining, for example walls or wall panels, optimally combining properties in terms of strength, material consumption, heat conductivity and vapor permeability.
Предшествующий уровень техникиState of the art
Известно строительное изделие, выполненное в данном случае, в виде блока, слои которого образованы пенобетоном или керамзитобетоном, а расположенный между ними теплоизоляционный слой - из пенополистирола (патент РФ N°2208102 Cl, 2003г.)A construction product is known, made in this case, in the form of a block, the layers of which are formed by foam concrete or expanded clay concrete, and the heat-insulating layer located between them is made of expanded polystyrene (RF patent N ° 2208102 Cl, 2003).
Наиболее близким из известных является строительное сооружение, содержащее внутренний несущий слой из бетона и внешний слой, образованный несъемной опалубкой из плит пенобетона (В.А.Пинскер «Cтpoитeльнaя альтернатива)), вып. «Пeнoбeтoн», 2006).The closest known structure is a building containing an inner supporting layer of concrete and an outer layer formed by a fixed formwork made of foam concrete slabs (V.A. Pinsker “Construction alternative”), vol. “Concrete”, 2006).
В известных решениях не предусмотрено использование пенобетона в качестве монолитного слоя облицовки таких строительных сооружений и изделий, как стены зданий или малоэтажных построек, возводимые, предпочтительно из монолита или из готовых штучных или мелкоштучных элементов, соответственно, блоков или кирпича. Наличие также штучной облицовки требует связующего для ее закрепления на несущей конструкции, что значительно ухудшает параметры теплопроводности и условия сцепления отдельных штучных элементов с несущей конструкцией. Наличие между несущей конструкцией и облицовкой связующего иной плотности изменяет условия паропроницаемости, что отрицательно сказывается на эксплуатационных характеристиках сооружения в целом.The known solutions do not provide for the use of foam concrete as a monolithic layer of cladding of such building structures and products as walls of buildings or low-rise buildings, constructed, preferably from a monolith, or from finished piece or small piece elements, respectively, blocks or bricks. The presence of a piece of cladding also requires a binder to fix it on the supporting structure, which significantly worsens the thermal conductivity and the adhesion conditions of individual piece elements with the supporting structure. The presence of a binder of a different density between the supporting structure and the lining of the binder changes the vapor permeability conditions, which negatively affects the operational characteristics of the structure as a whole.
Раскрытие изобретенияDisclosure of invention
Технической задачей настоящего изобретения является создание строительного изделия для сооружения или облицовки стен здания, в котором даже при небольшой толщине облицовки из пенобетона обеспечивается создание условий по стойкости к атмосферному воздействию, обеспечивается необходимая
паропроницаемость для создания комфортных условий внутри здания или сооружения. При этом, облицовка, имея практически идентичный несущей конструкции коэффициент теплового расширения, обеспечивает надежность и долговечность всей конструкции. При использовании в качестве монолитного слоя облицовки зданий и сооружений, например, стен зданий, именно пенобетона уменьшается величина зазоров в стыках и по соединяемой поверхности, повышается стойкость сооружения в целом к воздействию различных внешних факторов, например, к воздействию атмосферной влаги. Значительно повышается адгезия наносимого защитного слоя из пенобетона к несущей конструкции здания (блоки) или к облицовке (панель, плитка), сохраняя при этом оптимальные условия паропроницаемости, т.е. здание или сооружение имеет стены, которые, как принято говорить, «дышaт».An object of the present invention is to provide a building product for the construction or wall cladding of a building, in which, even with a small thickness of the foam concrete cladding, the creation of conditions for resistance to atmospheric effects is ensured, the necessary vapor permeability to create comfortable conditions inside the building or structure. At the same time, the cladding, having a coefficient of thermal expansion that is almost identical to the supporting structure, provides reliability and durability of the entire structure. When used as a monolithic layer of the cladding of buildings and structures, for example, walls of buildings, namely foam concrete, the size of the gaps in the joints and along the connected surface decreases, the resistance of the structure as a whole to various external factors, for example, to atmospheric moisture, increases. The adhesion of the applied protective layer of foam concrete to the building supporting structure (blocks) or to the cladding (panel, tile) is significantly increased, while maintaining optimal vapor permeability conditions, i.e. a building or structure has walls that, as they say, “breathe”.
Достигается это тем, что строительное изделие из пенобетона содержит монолитное тело в виде блока, панели или плитки из затвердевшей пенобетонной смеси с водоцементным отношением от 0,20 до 0,36 и с пластификатором, на лицевой поверхности изделия имеется защитный слой, образованный также из затвердевшей пенобетонной смеси с пластификатором при водоцементном отношении от 0,20 до 0,36, монолитно соединенный с телом блока или панели и имеющий плотность, превышающую плотность тела блока или панели. При этом, защитный слой получен виброуплотнением пенобетонной смеси и его толщина составляет 0,5- 5,0 мм. По крайней мере, часть лицевой поверхности защитного слоя может быть выполнена глянцевой и, предпочтительно, декорирована добавлением красителей в слой или на дно формы до укладки в нее пенобетонной смеси. Лицевая поверхность защитного слоя может быть выполнена рельефной на глубину, не меньшую его толщины. А защитный слой может быть выполнен с образованием фактуры, имитирующей «pвaный» или полированный природный камень, или в виде мозаики из пенобетона, без нарушения целостности слоя.This is achieved by the fact that a building product made of foam concrete contains a monolithic body in the form of a block, panel or tile from a hardened foam concrete mixture with a water-cement ratio of 0.20 to 0.36 and with a plasticizer, on the front surface of the product there is a protective layer formed also from hardened a foam concrete mixture with a plasticizer at a water-cement ratio of 0.20 to 0.36, monolithically connected to the body of the block or panel and having a density exceeding the density of the body of the block or panel. At the same time, the protective layer was obtained by vibration compaction of the foam concrete mixture and its thickness is 0.5-5.0 mm. At least part of the front surface of the protective layer can be made glossy and, preferably, decorated with the addition of dyes to the layer or to the bottom of the mold before the foam concrete mixture is laid in it. The front surface of the protective layer can be embossed to a depth not less than its thickness. And the protective layer can be made with the formation of a texture that mimics the “equal” or polished natural stone, or in the form of a mosaic of foam concrete, without violating the integrity of the layer.
Краткое описание чертежейBrief Description of the Drawings
На фиг.l представлено изделие в виде облицовочной панели из пенобетона с имитацией фактуры «pвaный» камень.Figure l presents the product in the form of a facing panel made of foam concrete with imitation of the texture of "equal" stone.
На фиг.2 представлено изделие в виде стенового пенобетонного блока.Figure 2 presents the product in the form of a wall foam block.
На фиг.З представлено изделие в виде облицовочной плитки из пенобетона.
Осуществление изобретенияOn Fig.3 presents the product in the form of a facing tile made of foam concrete. The implementation of the invention
Строительное изделие представляет собой, как правило несущую - блок, или самонесущую - блок для закладки проема наружной стены в каркасном здании. Блок выполнен из монолитного бетона 1 и имеет лицевой защитный слой 2. Строительное изделие может представлять собой стеновую облицовочную (облегченную) панель 3 полной заводской готовности или плитку 4 с фактурой мозаики. На всех упомянутых изделиях выполнен защитный слой 2 из монолитного пенобетона. Защитный слой может иметь фактуру «pвaнoгo» камня 5, т.к. используя особенности пенобетона, можно получить оригинальную декоративную поверхность отделочного слоя, сопоставимую по свойствам, в том числе и по художественному восприятию, с керамикой или с природным (естественным) камнем. Толщина защитного слоя, исходя из заложенных в него функций, в том числе и рельефности, принимается от 0,5мм до 5,0 мм. Прочностные характеристики защитного слоя резко отличаются (в большую сторону) от характеристик тела изделия и сопоставимы с аналогичными характеристиками керамических изделий. Минимальная толщина определена из условия сохранения пенобетоном теплоизоляционных свойств (учитывая размер замкнутой поры), а максимальная - в данном случае 5,0 мм, определена с учетом климатического пояса и материалоемкости, оптимизируемой по показателю теплоизоляционных свойств. На выбор толщины защитного слоя оказывает влияние условия работы и место размещения изделия в сооружении. Условия формования пенобетонной смеси требуют использования пластификатора, например СЗ при водоцементном отношении от 0,20 до 0,36. В этом случае защитный слой из пенобетона не имеет дефектов сплошности, является однородным по лицевой поверхности изделия.A building product is, as a rule, a carrier - block, or self-supporting - a block for laying the opening of an external wall in a frame building. The block is made of cast concrete 1 and has a front protective layer 2. The building product can be a wall facing (lightweight) panel 3 of full factory readiness or tile 4 with a mosaic texture. On all the mentioned products, a protective layer 2 is made of monolithic foam concrete. The protective layer may have the texture of the “broken” stone 5, because Using the features of foam concrete, you can get the original decorative surface of the finishing layer, comparable in properties, including artistic perception, to ceramics or to natural (natural) stone. The thickness of the protective layer, based on the functions laid down in it, including relief, is adopted from 0.5 mm to 5.0 mm. The strength characteristics of the protective layer differ sharply (up) from the characteristics of the body of the product and are comparable with similar characteristics of ceramic products. The minimum thickness is determined from the condition that the foam concrete retains thermal insulation properties (taking into account the size of the closed pore), and the maximum - in this case, 5.0 mm, is determined taking into account the climate zone and material consumption, which is optimized by the thermal insulation properties. The choice of thickness of the protective layer is influenced by the working conditions and the location of the product in the structure. The conditions for molding a foam concrete mixture require the use of a plasticizer, for example, SZ, at a water-cement ratio of 0.20 to 0.36. In this case, the protective layer of foam concrete has no continuity defects, is uniform along the front surface of the product.
Строительное изделие, например такое как облицовочная панель, плитка или стеновой блок, выполненные из пенобетона - имеют монолитное (отформованное по всей их наружной поверхности) защитное покрытие из пенобетона. Плотность (марка по плотности - см. таблицу 1) такого пенобетона в теле изделия составляет 600-1200 кг/м3. В среднем, плотность пенобетона составляет 900 кг/м3 и он представляет собой облегченный бетон с замкнутыми порами, т.е. с поверхностью не пропускающей воду. Защитный слой имеет более высокую плотность и прочностные показатели (выполняя тем самым несущие функции для изделия), а также водопоглощение около 2,5%, что позволяет эффективно использовать его именно
для наружной облицовки стен, обеспечивая высокую степень гидроизоляции сооружения даже при небольшой толщине защитного слоя. При формовании достаточно тонкого защитного слоя значительно сокращается материалоемкость при сохранении теплоизоляционных свойств. Монолитное изготовление слоя позволяет придать его поверхности форму имитирующую, например, «pвaный кaмeнь» или мозаики из глазурованной керамической плитки. Поверхность такого изделия не имеет кладочных стыков, что значительно снижает возможность протечек и разрушения под действием перепада температур. Температурные деформации воспринимаются слоями изделия практически одинаково. Используя различные красители, вводимые в состав слоя пенобетона определенным образом, можно получить различные по цвету имитации камней - мрамора, гранита. При этом, изделия и конструкции, обладают значительной морозостойкостью, прочностью на сжатие и на изгиб (график 1). Подбор состава пенобетона должен определяться в каждом конкретном случае (см. таблицу 1) исходя из заданных свойств изделия и с учетом климатической зоны его эксплуатации.
A building product, for example, such as a facing panel, tile or wall block made of foam concrete, has a monolithic (molded over their entire outer surface) protective coating of foam concrete. The density (density grade - see table 1) of such foam concrete in the body of the product is 600-1200 kg / m 3 . On average, the density of foam concrete is 900 kg / m 3 and it is a lightweight concrete with closed pores, i.e. with a surface not passing water. The protective layer has a higher density and strength characteristics (thereby fulfilling the supporting functions for the product), as well as water absorption of about 2.5%, which makes it possible to use it precisely for external wall cladding, providing a high degree of waterproofing structures even with a small thickness of the protective layer. When forming a sufficiently thin protective layer, material consumption is significantly reduced while maintaining thermal insulation properties. The monolithic production of the layer allows you to give its surface a shape that imitates, for example, a “stone stone” or mosaics made of glazed ceramic tiles. The surface of such a product does not have masonry joints, which significantly reduces the possibility of leaks and destruction under the influence of temperature changes. Temperature deformations are perceived by the product layers almost identically. Using various dyes that are introduced into the foam concrete layer in a certain way, it is possible to obtain imitation stones of different colors - marble, granite. At the same time, products and designs have significant frost resistance, compressive strength and bending (graph 1). The selection of the composition of foam concrete should be determined in each case (see table 1) based on the specified properties of the product and taking into account the climatic zone of its operation.
Claims
1. Строительное изделие из пенобетона, содержащее монолитное тело в виде блока, панели или плитки из затвердевшей пенобетонной смеси с водоцементным отношением от 0,20 до 0,36 и с пластификатором, на лицевой поверхности которого имеется защитный слой, образованный также из затвердевшей пенобетонной смеси с пластификатором при водоцементном отношении от 0,20 до 0,36, монолитно соединенный с телом блока или панели и имеющий плотность, превышающую плотность тела блока или панели.1. A construction product made of foam concrete, containing a monolithic body in the form of a block, panel or tile from a hardened foam concrete mixture with a water-cement ratio of 0.20 to 0.36 and with a plasticizer, on the front surface of which there is a protective layer formed also from hardened foam concrete mixture with a plasticizer at a water-cement ratio of from 0.20 to 0.36, seamlessly connected to the body of the block or panel and having a density exceeding the density of the body of the block or panel.
2. Строительное изделие из пенобетона по п.1, в котором защитный слой получен виброуплотнением пенобетонной смеси и его толщина составляет 0,5- 5,02. A foam concrete building product according to claim 1, in which the protective layer is obtained by vibration compaction of the foam concrete mixture and its thickness is 0.5-5.0
MM.MM
3. Строительное изделие из пенобетона по п.l, в котором, по крайней мере, часть лицевой поверхности защитного слоя выполнена глянцевой и, предпочтительно, декорирована добавлением красителей в слой или на дно формы до укладки в нее пенобетонной смеси.3. A foam concrete building product according to claim 1, wherein at least a part of the front surface of the protective layer is glossy and is preferably decorated with dyes in the layer or on the bottom of the mold before the foam concrete mixture is laid in it.
4. Строительное изделие из пенобетона по п.l, в котором лицевая поверхность защитного слоя выполнена рельефной на глубину, не меньшую его толщины.4. A foam concrete building product according to claim 1, wherein the front surface of the protective layer is embossed to a depth not less than its thickness.
5. Строительное изделие из пенобетона по п.l или 2, в котором защитный слой выполнен с образованием фактуры, имитирующей «pвaный» или полированный природный камень, или в виде мозаики из пенобетона, без нарушения целостности слоя. 5. A foam concrete building product according to claim 1 or 2, in which the protective layer is made with the formation of a texture that simulates a “torn” or polished natural stone, or as a mosaic of foam concrete, without violating the integrity of the layer.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| RU2007123127 | 2007-06-20 | ||
| RU2007123127 | 2007-06-20 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2009002221A2 true WO2009002221A2 (en) | 2008-12-31 |
| WO2009002221A3 WO2009002221A3 (en) | 2009-03-12 |
Family
ID=40186191
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/RU2008/000372 WO2009002221A2 (en) | 2007-06-20 | 2008-06-10 | Foamed concrete building material |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| WO (1) | WO2009002221A2 (en) |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2060332C1 (en) * | 1993-12-23 | 1996-05-20 | Коваленко Николай Владимирович | Wall block |
| MD3103F1 (en) * | 2005-08-05 | 2006-07-31 | Николай БОГУСЛАВСКИЙ | Building block |
-
2008
- 2008-06-10 WO PCT/RU2008/000372 patent/WO2009002221A2/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2060332C1 (en) * | 1993-12-23 | 1996-05-20 | Коваленко Николай Владимирович | Wall block |
| MD3103F1 (en) * | 2005-08-05 | 2006-07-31 | Николай БОГУСЛАВСКИЙ | Building block |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| V.A. KITAITSEVA: 'Spravochnik po proizvodstvu teploizolyatsionnykh i akusticheskykh materialov', 1964, IZDATELSTVO LITERATURY PO STROITELSTVU, MOSCOW pages 371 - 372 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2009002221A3 (en) | 2009-03-12 |
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