WO2008120250A1 - Installation pour la fabrication de crème glacée - Google Patents

Installation pour la fabrication de crème glacée Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2008120250A1
WO2008120250A1 PCT/IT2007/000240 IT2007000240W WO2008120250A1 WO 2008120250 A1 WO2008120250 A1 WO 2008120250A1 IT 2007000240 W IT2007000240 W IT 2007000240W WO 2008120250 A1 WO2008120250 A1 WO 2008120250A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
plant
refrigerating fluid
distribution circuit
refrigeration unit
ice cream
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IT2007/000240
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Santino Conte
Original Assignee
Tekno-Ice S.R.L.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Tekno-Ice S.R.L. filed Critical Tekno-Ice S.R.L.
Priority to PCT/IT2007/000240 priority Critical patent/WO2008120250A1/fr
Priority to EP07736744A priority patent/EP2131667A1/fr
Publication of WO2008120250A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008120250A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
    • A23G9/00—Frozen sweets, e.g. ice confectionery, ice-cream; Mixtures therefor
    • A23G9/04—Production of frozen sweets, e.g. ice-cream
    • A23G9/14—Continuous production
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
    • A23G9/00—Frozen sweets, e.g. ice confectionery, ice-cream; Mixtures therefor
    • A23G9/04—Production of frozen sweets, e.g. ice-cream
    • A23G9/22—Details, component parts or accessories of apparatus insofar as not peculiar to a single one of the preceding groups

Definitions

  • a plant for the production of ice cream forms the object of the present invention, in particular a plant capable of producing a high quantity of ice cream of packaged type, such as ice cream in cartons, ice cream cones, ice cream on sticks or the like.
  • the ingredients necessary for the preparation of the ice cream are treated according to several successive stages, generally corresponding to a multiplicity of working stations.
  • the ice cream production plants comprise one or more inlets for the ingredients, one or more stations for the treatment of such ingredients (more specifically, for their mixing, eventually with the addition of air, and for their cooling) , and a packaging station, for example in containers or cases of the formed ice cream.
  • a plurality of production lines are provided, placed in parallel, which carry out all or some of the above-described operations.
  • each of the production lines an autonomous refrigeration unit is provided which executes a thermodynamic refrigeration cycle by operating on a refrigerating fluid.
  • Each refrigeration unit comprises a compressor, an evaporator and a condenser.
  • the evaporator of the refrigeration unit is usually an exchanger cylinder in which the ingredient mixture which must be cooled is arranged. Such evaporator has the function of making possible the transfer of heat from the ingredient mixture to the refrigerating fluid treated by the refrigeration unit for the refrigeration cycle .
  • the condenser of the refrigerator unit has the function of making possible the transfer of heat by the refrigerating fluid to an additional carrier fluid, usually water, which is sent to an evaporation tower after the heating due to the heat exchange with the refrigerating fluid itself.
  • the refrigeration unit is instead centralised, and the refrigerating fluid is sent from this unit to each cooling portion, refrigerating fluid subjected to the refrigeration cycle of the refrigerator unit itself.
  • Each exchanger cylinder functions as evaporator of the refrigeration cycle.
  • the refrigerating fluid used is ammonia or one of the so-called Freons .
  • Such ice cream production plants according to the prior art are not, however, free of drawbacks.
  • Object of the present invention is therefore that of making available an ice cream production plant which ensures a low risk of accidental loss of high environmental impact fluids, and is equipped with a distribution system of the refrigerating fluid whose properties can be at least partially freed from the technical needs dictated by the refrigeration system. [0016]
  • the distribution circuit is fluidly independent from the refrigeration unit and in a heat exchange relationship with it, so that the refrigerating fluid can transfer heat to the refrigeration unit and thus be cooled.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic view of a ice cream production plant according to the invention
  • Figure 2 is a side schematic view of a detail of the ice cream production plant of figure 1.
  • the plant 1 comprises one or more lines 2 for the production of ice cream.
  • Such production lines 2 are preferably arranged in parallel. These production lines can be suitable for producing the same type of ice cream, or different types of ice cream, such as for example packaged ice creams, ice cream cones, ice cream on sticks, or the like.
  • Each production line 2 can moreover be activated or deactivated independent of the others according to need.
  • Each of these production lines 2 can comprise one or more portions 3, preferably arranged in series with each other, each of which suitable for executing one or more separate operations .
  • each production line 2 can comprise one or more of the following portion types 3 : [0028] - an inlet portion, in which the ingredients can be inserted which are necessary for the formation of the ice cream;
  • each production line 2 comprises a cooling portion 4.
  • Each cooling portion 4 is fluidly connected to a distribution circuit 5 having the function of sending a refrigerating fluid to the cooling portions 4 themselves, so that the latter are capable of cooling the ice cream ingredient mixture.
  • the plant 1 moreover comprises a refrigeration unit 6 having the function of cooling the refrigerating fluid in the distribution circuit 5, so that this can reach the cooling portions 4 at an adequately low temperature for the cooling of the ingredient mixture.
  • the distribution circuit 5 is fluidly independent from the refrigeration unit 6 and is moreover placed in a heat exchange relationship with it. In this manner, during operation, the refrigerating fluid intended to reach the cooling portions 4 can transfer heat to the refrigeration unit 6 and hence be cooled.
  • the refrigeration unit 5 and the distribution circuit 4 are configured so to not have reciprocal exchange of refrigerating fluid.
  • the refrigerating fluid which during operation circulates in the distribution circuit 5 is not treated in the refrigeration unit 6, but exchanges heat with this.
  • the refrigerating fluid of the distribution circuit 5 exchanges heat with a work fluid treated by the refrigeration unit 4 itself, still more preferably a work fluid different from the refrigerating fluid.
  • the refrigerating fluid of the distribution circuit 5 can be chosen independently of the technical needs of the refrigeration unit 6, since it does not have to be treated directly by the latter, for example in a refrigeration cycle. Refrigerating fluids with high environmental impact, such as ammonia and Freon, can thus be avoided, consequently eliminating the risk of a loss thereof by the tubing of the distribution circuit 5.
  • the refrigeration fluid has characteristics such to remain substantially in the liquid state during plant operation, in particular in the work temperature range. In this manner it is possible to precisely control its flow rate circulating in the distribution circuit 5.
  • the distribution circuit 5 is suitable for transporting a refrigerating fluid chosen from the glycol group.
  • This type of refrigerating fluid has the further advantage of being able to circulate in sanitary tubing, suitable, for example, for the transport of water, rather than in tubing made expressly for ammonia or the Freons, which must ensure an extremely high seal, also with regard to the exit of gas .
  • the refrigeration unit 6 is configured in such a manner so to be capable of executing a thermodynamic refrigeration cycle on its work fluid.
  • work fluid being separate and independent from the refrigerating fluid of the distribution circuit 5, can be chosen with characteristics suitable for its use in a refrigeration cycle.
  • the work fluid is ammonia or is chosen from the Freon group.
  • Such fluids are suitable, for example, for refrigerating cycles of reversed Rankine type, or cycles combined with it, for their state characteristics, in particular for the temperatures at which they are capable of evaporating.
  • the refrigeration unit 6 Since the refrigeration unit 6 is separate from the distribution circuit 5 and does not exchange fluid with it, the work fluid is treated only in the refrigeration unit 6, without being distributed to the production lines 2.
  • the plant 1 comprises one or more heat exchangers 7 operatively connected therewith.
  • Such heat exchangers 7 are configured in a manner such to avoid the mixing of the work fluid of the refrigeration unit 6 and the refrigerating fluid of the distribution circuit 5.
  • the heat exchangers 7 function as evaporators for the refrigeration unit 6, i.e. they serve to ensure that the work fluid subjected to the refrigeration cycle at least partially evaporates due to the absorption of heat from the refrigerating fluid of the distribution circuit 5.
  • the refrigeration unit 6 comprises one or more condensers 30 suitable for making the work fluid transfer heat to a further external device 31.
  • a further external device 31 comprises a tubing system configured to send a carrier fluid, for example water, to an evaporating tower (not shown in the figures) connected to the plant 1.
  • the plant 1 comprises accumulation means 8 operatively connected to the distribution circuit 5.
  • Such accumulation means 8 for example one or more tanks connected with each other, have the function of storing the refrigerating fluid in a quantity suitable for supplying the cooling portions 4 of the production lines 2.
  • the accumulation means 8 moreover have the advantageous function of heat accumulators, i.e. in other words they have the function of maintaining the refrigerating fluid at an adequately low temperature so that once it has reached the cooling portions 4, it is capable of cooling the mixture of ingredients for ice cream.
  • the accumulation means 8 are heat insulated, so to thermally insulate the refrigerating fluid at their interior as much as possible.
  • the accumulation means 8 are arranged in the distribution circuit 5 so to subdivide it into two separate portions having in common the accumulation means 8 themselves, which therefore act as a refrigerating fluid reserve for both of these two portions .
  • a first of these two distribution circuit portions is a heat exchange portion 9 suitable for making the aforesaid heat exchange relationship between the refrigeration unit 6 and the refrigerating fluid
  • a second of these two distribution circuit portions is a sending portion 10 suitable for sending the refrigerating fluid to the cooling portions 4 of the production lines 2.
  • each of these two portions 9 and 10 of the distribution circuit 5 forms a closed circuit together with the accumulation means 8, closed circuit suitable for recirculating the refrigerating fluid.
  • the distribution circuit 5 can comprise means 25 for recirculating the refrigerating fluid, for example one or more recirculation pumps.
  • the heat exchange portion 9 of the distribution circuit 5 is at least in part arranged and configured so that the refrigerating fluid which flows therein can transfer heat to the refrigeration unit 6, in particular to its work fluid.
  • the heat exchangers 7 are advantageously arranged in the heat exchange portion 9.
  • the sending portion 10 of the distribution circuit 5 comprises an outgoing side 15 and a return side 16, interconnected with each other.
  • the outgoing side 15 serves for sending the refrigerating fluid to each of the cooling portions 4 of the production line 2 from the accumulation means 8, which have an opening 17 for such connection.
  • the return side 16 has the function of conveying the refrigerating fluid coming from the cooling portions 4 to the accumulation means 8, into which it can enter through an opening 18.
  • the refrigerating fluid which flows in the return side 16 is at a higher temperature than the refrigerating fluid which flows in the outgoing side 15, since in the cooling portions 4 it is used for cooling the ice cream ingredient mixture, and thus it is heated.
  • each of the cooling portions 4 comprises an exchanger device 19 which is suitable for containing the ingredient mixture for the ice cream therein and for putting the mixture in a heat exchange relationship with the refrigerating fluid. Due to such heat exchange relationship, the refrigerating fluid can absorb heat from the ingredient mixture, and thus cool the mixture.
  • the exchanger device 19 is arranged so to be able to receive from the outgoing side 15 the refrigerating fluid coming from the accumulation means 8, and to be able to send back to the return side 16 the refrigeration fluid which flew in the exchanger device. In this manner, the functioning of each cooling portion 4 does not condition the functioning of the cooling portions 4 of the other production lines 2, since the refrigerating fluid exiting from each of these returns directly to the accumulation means 8.
  • each exchanger device 19 of each cooling portion 4 are connected to the distribution circuit 5 preferably in two points.
  • each exchanger device 19 can be connected to the outgoing side 15 by means of an opening 20 and to the return side 16 by means of an opening 21.
  • the connection between the outgoing side 15 and the exchanger device 19 at the opening 20 and the connection between the return side 16 and the exchanger device 19 at the opening 21 are made through removable connection means (not shown in the figures) . In this manner, according to need, it is possible to connect or disconnect the cooling portions 4 of one or more production lines 2 from the distribution circuit 5.
  • Such removable connection means can moreover comprise sealing means, so that both the distribution circuit 5 and the cooling portions 4 do not have refrigerating fluid leaks when they are disconnected.
  • the connection can be carried out with quick coupling connectors, which ensure both removability and the seal in case of disconnection.
  • the exchanger device 19 comprises a freezer cylinder 26 having a chamber 27 at its interior suitable for receiving the mixture of ice cream ingredients (figure 2) .
  • Such inner chamber 27 can moreover be fed by an air flow to be mixed with the ingredients, provided by a pumping group (not shown in the figures) .
  • such freezer cylinder 26 is arranged in a tilted position with respect to the ground, so that the mixture of ingredients can be concentrated in the portion of the inner chamber which is closest to the ground, without being spread in the entire inner chamber 27.
  • Such tilting of the freezer cylinder 26 has the further advantage of simplifying the cleaning and maintenance operations .
  • each cooling portion 4 of the production lines 2 comprises at least one adjustable regulation valve 22 placed in fluid communication with the exchanger device 19, so to regulate the flow rate of refrigerating fluid passing through it and consequently the amount of the heat exchange with the ingredient mixture (figure 1) .
  • the regulation valve 22 can be placed upstream or downstream of the exchanger device 19.
  • the regulation valve 22 is an adjustable mixing valve suitable for mixing in a variable manner the refrigerating fluid flows destined for the exchanger device 19 and for a by- pass line 23 placed in parallel with the exchanger device 19.
  • the regulation valve 22 is arranged downstream of the exchanger device 19 as well as the bypass line 23, at the point in which these are fluidly connected .
  • the regulation valve 22 is advantageously- configured so to be able to divide the refrigerating fluid flow coming from the outgoing side 15 of the distribution circuit 5 in a variable manner between the by-pass line 23 and the exchanger device 19.
  • the regulation valve 22 is moreover capable of conveying the entire flow either in the by-pass line 23 or into the exchanger device 19.
  • the plant 1 advantageously comprises a control system 24 for regulating the opening of the regulation valve 22 as a function of the temperature present in the inner chamber of the freezer cylinder 26, in which the ingredient mixture is housed. Such temperature can be read and sent to the control system 24 by one or more temperature sensors (not shown in the figures) .
  • the control system 24 acts such that the regulation valve 22 produces an increase of the refrigerating fluid flow rate in the exchanger device 19 and a decrease of the refrigerating fluid flow rate in the by-pass line 23.
  • the control system 24 acts such that the regulation valve 22 produces a decrease of the refrigerating fluid flow rate in the exchanger device 19 and an increase of the refrigerating fluid flow rate in the by-pass line 23.
  • the skilled person will appreciate how in the plant according to the invention the potentially dangerous fluids, i.e. fluids, such as ammonia or Freons, necessary for the execution of refrigeration cycles, are confined in one portion of the plant, in particular at the refrigeration unit, and do not have to be distributed to all production lines. Consequently, the risk of an accidental loss thereof is extremely reduced.
  • the skilled person can appreciate how in the plant according to the invention it is possible to choose the refrigerating fluid to send to the production lines independently of the needs dictated by the functioning of the refrigeration unit .

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Confectionery (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une installation (1) pour la fabrication de crème glacée, qui comprend une ou plusieurs chaînes (2) pour la fabrication de crème glacée, lesquelles chaînes comprennent une partie de refroidissement (4) appropriée pour le refroidissement d'un mélange d'ingrédients de crème glacée, un circuit de distribution (5) approprié pour envoyer un fluide frigorigène à chacune des parties de refroidissement (4), une unité de réfrigération (6) pour refroidir le fluide frigorigène. Le circuit de distribution (5) est fluidiquement indépendant de l'unité de réfrigération (6) et dans une relation d'échange de chaleur avec celle-ci, de telle sorte que le fluide frigorigène peut transférer de la chaleur à l'unité de réfrigération (6), et ainsi être refroidie.
PCT/IT2007/000240 2007-03-30 2007-03-30 Installation pour la fabrication de crème glacée WO2008120250A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/IT2007/000240 WO2008120250A1 (fr) 2007-03-30 2007-03-30 Installation pour la fabrication de crème glacée
EP07736744A EP2131667A1 (fr) 2007-03-30 2007-03-30 Installation pour la fabrication de crème glacée

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/IT2007/000240 WO2008120250A1 (fr) 2007-03-30 2007-03-30 Installation pour la fabrication de crème glacée

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2008120250A1 true WO2008120250A1 (fr) 2008-10-09

Family

ID=38695523

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/IT2007/000240 WO2008120250A1 (fr) 2007-03-30 2007-03-30 Installation pour la fabrication de crème glacée

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2131667A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2008120250A1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT201600104977A1 (it) * 2016-10-19 2018-04-19 Tekno Ice S R L Macchina per la produzione di gelato
IT202000012667A1 (it) * 2020-05-28 2021-11-28 Luigino Casagrande Sistema di trattamento termico di prodotti alimentari liquidi o semiliquidi.

Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1933788A1 (de) * 1969-07-03 1971-01-14 Siemens Ag Kuehlgeraet,insbesondere fuer die medizinische Kaeltebehandlung
US4316490A (en) * 1979-10-02 1982-02-23 Meyer Jerome K Ice cream making and packaging system and method
US4332145A (en) * 1981-02-09 1982-06-01 Yuhasz Joseph M System for making frozen food article
GB2198218A (en) * 1986-11-17 1988-06-08 Si Coolers Limited Cooling system
EP0448503A1 (fr) * 1990-02-01 1991-09-25 Brodrene Gram A/S Installation pour la préparation de crème glacée édible à 'over-run'
JPH05336893A (ja) * 1992-06-10 1993-12-21 Nissei Reiki Kk 冷菓製造機
WO1997018422A1 (fr) * 1995-11-14 1997-05-22 Kvaerner Asa Procede de refroidissement de conteneurs et systeme frigorifique pour l'application du procede
WO1997039296A1 (fr) * 1996-04-15 1997-10-23 Hussmann Corporation Refrigeration secondaire modulaire strategique
WO1999048992A1 (fr) * 1998-03-25 1999-09-30 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Circuit de refrigeration a boucle secondaire
US6148626A (en) * 1997-12-24 2000-11-21 Innotech Corporation Chiller apparatus
JP2001241818A (ja) * 2000-02-25 2001-09-07 Tadahiro Omi 高効率装置冷却システム及び冷却方法
JP2005030622A (ja) * 2003-07-07 2005-02-03 Mayekawa Mfg Co Ltd アイスクリームフリーザ

Patent Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1933788A1 (de) * 1969-07-03 1971-01-14 Siemens Ag Kuehlgeraet,insbesondere fuer die medizinische Kaeltebehandlung
US4316490A (en) * 1979-10-02 1982-02-23 Meyer Jerome K Ice cream making and packaging system and method
US4332145A (en) * 1981-02-09 1982-06-01 Yuhasz Joseph M System for making frozen food article
GB2198218A (en) * 1986-11-17 1988-06-08 Si Coolers Limited Cooling system
EP0448503A1 (fr) * 1990-02-01 1991-09-25 Brodrene Gram A/S Installation pour la préparation de crème glacée édible à 'over-run'
JPH05336893A (ja) * 1992-06-10 1993-12-21 Nissei Reiki Kk 冷菓製造機
WO1997018422A1 (fr) * 1995-11-14 1997-05-22 Kvaerner Asa Procede de refroidissement de conteneurs et systeme frigorifique pour l'application du procede
WO1997039296A1 (fr) * 1996-04-15 1997-10-23 Hussmann Corporation Refrigeration secondaire modulaire strategique
US6148626A (en) * 1997-12-24 2000-11-21 Innotech Corporation Chiller apparatus
WO1999048992A1 (fr) * 1998-03-25 1999-09-30 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Circuit de refrigeration a boucle secondaire
JP2001241818A (ja) * 2000-02-25 2001-09-07 Tadahiro Omi 高効率装置冷却システム及び冷却方法
JP2005030622A (ja) * 2003-07-07 2005-02-03 Mayekawa Mfg Co Ltd アイスクリームフリーザ

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT201600104977A1 (it) * 2016-10-19 2018-04-19 Tekno Ice S R L Macchina per la produzione di gelato
WO2018073664A1 (fr) * 2016-10-19 2018-04-26 Teknoice S.R.L. Machine de fabrication de glace
RU2746883C2 (ru) * 2016-10-19 2021-04-21 Текноице С.Р.Л. Аппарат для изготовления мороженого
US11412756B2 (en) 2016-10-19 2022-08-16 Teknoice S.R.L. Ice-cream making machine
IT202000012667A1 (it) * 2020-05-28 2021-11-28 Luigino Casagrande Sistema di trattamento termico di prodotti alimentari liquidi o semiliquidi.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2131667A1 (fr) 2009-12-16

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN108692491B (zh) 满液式蒸发器
AU693404B2 (en) Multi-stage cooling system for commercial refrigeration
KR0136075B1 (ko) 과냉각 조립체 및 냉각 및 열교환 시스템
EP0541343B1 (fr) Systèmes de réfrigération
EP2778574B1 (fr) Système de refroidissement de réfrigérateur possédant une boucle de refroidissement secondaire
EP1764567A2 (fr) Dispositif de refroidissement
US20080289350A1 (en) Two stage transcritical refrigeration system
US20080092564A1 (en) Temperature control system having heat exchange modules with indirect expansion cooling and in-tube electric heating
CN107850354A (zh) 用于组合自由冷却和机械冷却的液体循环系统
US20220151102A1 (en) Thermal management system with dual-use serial thermal energy storage for system size reduction
WO2008120250A1 (fr) Installation pour la fabrication de crème glacée
EP2678612B1 (fr) Système de climatisation avec stockage de glace
US11029065B2 (en) Multi-stage oil batch boiling system
AU2017439363A1 (en) Subcritical CO2 refrigeration system using thermal storage
RU2727220C2 (ru) Способ и система охлаждения бортового оборудования летательного аппарата
CN110006119B (zh) 制冷机组及其运行方法、空调器及冰浆发生器
CN103597297B (zh) 食品分配器制冷系统及加热食品的方法
CN103486751B (zh) 制冷循环装置
CN114524197A (zh) 罐式集装箱及其温度控制方法
JP5744424B2 (ja) フリーザー装置及びその運転制御方法
US11739989B2 (en) Cooling system with a distribution system and a cooling unit
CN218096770U (zh) 具有深冷功能的冰箱
CN111197872B (zh) 冷冻装置
RU2600128C1 (ru) Установка для пастеризации жидких продуктов
EP4179267A1 (fr) Installation de réfrigération avec circuit de refroidissement

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 07736744

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

WWE Wipo information: entry into national phase

Ref document number: 2007736744

Country of ref document: EP

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE