Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
  • H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
  • H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
  • H03M13/35—Unequal or adaptive error protection, e.g. by providing a different level of protection according to significance of source information or by adapting the coding according to the change of transmission channel characteristics
  • H03M13/356—Unequal error protection [UEP]

Definitions

• the invention relates generally to transmission of data packets over a wireless telecommunication system encoded with Unequal Error Protection (UEP) requirements.
• UDP Unequal Error Protection
• the present invention relates to a method for packet transmission in a transmitter of a telecommunication system, said transmitter including a number of entities working according to a number of protocols, said protocols including a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer protocol and a number of protocols of layers higher than the MAC layer, wherein at least a part of at least one packet to be transmitted is encoded by an encoder supporting UEP.
• MAC Medium Access Control
• the present invention is also related to a method for packet transmission in a receiver of a telecommunication system, said receiver receiving packets at least partly including information encoded by an encoder supporting UEP in a transmitter, said receiver further including a number of entities working according to a number of protocols, said protocols including a MAC layer protocol and a number of protocols of layers higher than the MAC layer.
• the present invention is further related to a transmitter and a receiver, respectively, implementing these methods.
• the invention will, for explanatory reasons, mainly be described in terms of a 3rd Generation Partnership Program (3 GPP) Universal Mobile Telecommunication system (UMTS) and High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) or High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) systems.
• 3 GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Program
• UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication system
• HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
• HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access
• the present invention may, however, as is clear to a skilled person, also be implemented in any other packet data cellular access systems, such as CDMA2000, GPRS, or any other similar system, both in the downlink and in the uplink.
• Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR) codecs in UMTS
• the invention could, in a straightforward way by a skilled person, be expanded to cover any type of packet transmission of data using a codec applying a differentiated error protection to the bits within a packet.
• the 3GPP Radio Access Network (RAN) working groups (WG) have defined the UMTS Terrestrial RAN (UTRAN).
• UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial RAN
• transport formats (TF) have been tailored to support the AMR and Wide Band AMR (WB-AMR) codecs for voice services, by UEP.
• WB-AMR Wide Band AMR
• This allowed the error prone radio channel to only protect the bits that had a large impact on the perceived voice quality while still allowing some errors on less important bits.
• the CS domain of UTRAN thus supports usage of UEP, which is known in the background art and has already been implemented in UMTS standards specification and products.
• PS domain of UTRAN In the packet switched (PS) domain of UTRAN, different functionalities have been distributed to a number of nodes.
• the architecture of the packet switched domain of UTRAN is defined as shown in fig.1.
• a voice signal is here encoded using a codec having a differentiated need for protection against errors, e.g. an AMR codec or a WB-AMR codec, in the Internet Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) for downlink and in the User Equipment (UE) for uplink.
• the codec mode defines which bits that need protection and which bits that do not need protection.
• the protected bits may vary from frame to frame.
• the terms "protected” and “protection” are in this description used for denoting that bits are protected against errors by the use of error detection or other error protection functions, e.g. by being included in a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC).
• CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
• unprotected is used for denoting that such a protection is not performed.
• Partial error protection is further used for denoting that some bits in a packet are protected and some are not.
• Encoded frames such as voice frames
• data packets e.g. using Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP), User Datagram Protocol-lite (UDP-lite), and Internet Protocol (IP) as different levels of protocols.
• RTP Real-time Transport Protocol
• UDP-lite User Datagram Protocol-lite
• IP Internet Protocol
• the data packets are . further transmitted down through the various protocol layers of the UMTS system and over the defined interfaces until each of the packets reaches the NodeB, for downlink transmission, or the UE, for uplink transmission.
• packet transmission systems such as both HSDPA, see reference document [3], and HSUPA, see reference document [4] only packet data is transmitted and the voice service can only be supported using IP, so called Voice over IP (VoIP).
• VoIP Voice over IP
• Both HSDPA and HSUPA provide data services that apply equal error protection of all bits in the transmissions.
• the AMR codec is the same as the one used in circuit switched UTRAN, having different need for protection of different bits.
• the codecs used for encoding voice frames in UMTS were tailored for a radio channel having a differentiated requirement for protection against errors, trying to optimize for both good speech quality and lowest possible radio resource usage.
• VoIP over systems like, for example, HSDPA and HSUPA the gain is lost, since there is no support for UEP in the RAN although the codecs still provide the possibility to let some bits have lower protection, and could be transferred over the wireless interface in a less radio resource consuming way.
• the benefits of applying UEP are thus lost in systems using VoIP, such as, for example, HSDPA and HSUPA.
• the present invention aims to provide a more efficient packet transmission of UEP encoded information than the transmission methods known in the background art.
• the object is achieved for a method implemented in a transmitter, where a MAC layer entity of said transmitter performs the following steps:
• the object is also achieved for a method implemented in a receiver, where a MAC layer entity of said receiver performs the following steps: - receiving at least one packet transmitted from said transmitter, said at least one packet having a partial error protection applied to it,
• the object is also achieved for a transmitter and a receiver, respectively, implementing the above methods.
• the MAC layer is in this document defined as the protocol layer in which checksum calculations, such as CRC calculations, for the HARQ processes are performed.
• the MAC layer is here thus defined as the protocol layer in which checksum calculations are performed in order to achieve error free transmission over the wireless interface, i.e. over the wireless link or the wireless hop.
• partial error protection decoding includes e.g. partial error detection decoding, such as calculating a CRC, by including parts of the signal in the decoding calculation, and comparing it to a received CRC.
• the packet transmission of UEP encoded information according to the present invention is characterized in that a transmitter in the system is supplied with a packet parameter, informing the transmitter about what has happened in higher layers to a packet that is to be transmitted. The transmitter uses this information as a basis for making a choice about which bits in the packet to protect. The transmitter then applies the chosen partial error protection to the packet and transmits it to a receiver. The transmitter also indicates to the receiver which bits that are protected in the packet. The receiver then performs partial error protection decoding on the packet, including the bits indicated to the receiver in the calculation.
• the receiver may allow errors in some bits of a received packet, if these bits are determined less important by the transmitter. This is possible since the transmitter based on a packet parameter may choose which bits of a packet that should be included in the partial error protection calculations and may also indicate which these bits are to the receiver.
• the transmitter may choose the bits that have a great impact on the user-end quality to be included in the partial error protection calculations.
• the receiver may then detect the indication from the transmitter and may, based on this detection, mainly include these chosen bits, i.e. the bits being important for the user-end quality, in the partial error protection calculations.
• these chosen bits i.e. the bits being important for the user-end quality
• the partial error protection calculations mainly include these chosen bits, i.e. the bits being important for the user-end quality, in the partial error protection calculations.
• the indication of the chosen bits to be included in the partial error protection calculations may, according to an embodiment of the present invention, be indicated to the receiver without adding to the system overhead at all. This is achieved through implicit signaling, by which specific transmission parameters are assigned additional implicit information. Thus, if a transmitter wants to inform a receiver that a certain number of bits should be included in the partial error protection calculation, the transmitter simply chooses one or more specific transmission parameters to be used for the transmission to the receiver, and the receiver may from this choice of transmission parameters used implicitly know which bits to include in the partial error protection calculation. This has, of course, the advantage that this information is provided to the receiver without adding any overhead to the system.
• the indication of the chosen bits to be included in the partial error protection calculations may, according to an embodiment of the present invention, also be indicated to the receiver by redefinition of signaling bits that are not used by the current transmission.
• bits that, for other types of transmissions, normally are used for signaling may for the current transmission instead be redefined in a way that associates them with information relating to the partial error protection.
• a transmitter may then inform a receiver of a chosen partial error protection by using redefined signaling bits. This has the advantage that the same amount of signaling resources needed for normal transmissions may be used for such a transmission, and no more resources are needed.
• Fig. 1 shows a user plane architecture of the UTRAN.
• Fig. 2 shows a control plane architecture of the UTRAN.
• Fig. 3 shows spreading of protected bits by header compression and segmentation.
• Fig. 4 shows concatenation according to the new MAC-hs format.
• Fig. 5 shows a flow diagram for the method of the transmitter.
• Fig. 6 shows a flow diagram for the method of the receiver.
• the signaling resources for data associated signaling are, for example in HSDPA and HSUPA, limited in order to minimize the overhead from signaling.
• Data associated signaling includes signaling that is related to the transmission of a piece of data, not carrying the specific data information. Such data associated signaling is sent very often, e.g. every time such a piece of data is transmitted. Therefore, adding any additional bits to such associated signaling used for other information than carrying the data should be avoided. Adding bits related to UEP encoded data in such signaling would probably increase the overhead also for non-UEP data and therefore it is considered a bad option to explicitly signal information related to the usage of UEP in the system.
• the data resources in systems like HSDPA and HSUPA are also limited and it is therefore desired to avoid any additional overhead from the various protocol layers as much as possible.
• the present invention solves the overhead problem in the wireless interface by indicating to a receiver which bits that are protected without necessary having to add additional associated data for this indication.
• the receiver may be informed about which bits that are protected and which bits that are not, without adding to the overhead.
• protection indication may, according to the present invention, be achieved by, for instance, combining information relating to a currently used signaling method and/or resource usage.
• Such indication mapping certain transmission configurations to the usage of UEP and information relating to the usage of UEP, enables the system to benefit from the differentiated protection requirement inherited from the codec definition.
• the present invention makes it possible for a receiver, e.g. a HSDPA or HSUPA receiver, to know which bits in a UEP packet that are protected, without incurring additional data associated signaling overhead.
• the protection indication in the downlink system e.g. in a HSDPA system
• the protection indication in the downlink system is described in terms of which information that should be passed over the Uu interface showed in the illustration of the UTRAN user plane architecture in fig. 1.
• the receiver in the UE has to know which bits that are to be used when calculating the CRC to check whether the Transport Block (TB) was correctly received or not.
• CRC check is performed by the UE prior to decoding the explicit information and therefore the UE has to know which bits that are used in the calculation of the CRC before the transmission.
• the protection indication may be achieved by implicitly indicating the used protection to the receiver by making particular choices and/or configurations.
• the receiver may then, according to the embodiment of the present invention, interpret the choices and/or configurations made according to any of the following alternatives and may thereby be able to be conclude which bits to include in the CRC calculation.
• the receiver may deduce per-data-block knowledge about UEP protected bits from the choice of radio resources used for this particular transmission or a related transmission, irrespective of if this is signaled by data associated signaling or not.
• a radio resource could e.g. be either of:
• MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
• the receiver may deduce per-data-block knowledge about UEP protected bits from the choice of and/or configuration of repeat transmission resources, e.g. a HARQ process, irrespective if this is signaled by data associated signaling or not.
• the receiver may deduce per-data-block knowledge about UEP protected bits from the choice of and/or configuration of transport format, irrespective if this is signaled by data associated signaling or not.
• Such a transport format may e.g. be any in the set of:
• the receiver may deduce per-data-block knowledge about UEP protected bits from any combination of the above information, e.g. the combination of usage of a certain size of transmitted data blocks, and usage of a certain HARQ process.
• a table containing such a combination and corresponding UEP information may, for example, be defined as:
• Table 1 HARQ process ID 5 TB size and protected bits
• a receiver working in accordance with the implicit signaling according to the present invention would then detect that a certain HARQ process and a certain TB size are used for a transmission.
• the receiver may then look this specific combination up in the table and would from the content of the table also be able to know how many bits in the block that should be included in the CRC calculation.
• the number of HARQ processes is 8 but only 6 HARQ processes are needed for the continuous data transmission.
• the implicit indication, in accordance with the present invention, of used protection for packets transmitted from a transmitter to a receiver makes it possible for the receiver of these packets to deduce which bits in the packets that should be included in the CRC calculation, without adding any additional associated signaling overhead in the system.
• radio resources, transmission parameters, transmission formats or combinations thereof may be used for carrying such implicit information in accordance with the present invention.
• this certain resource, configuration or combination thereof only may be used for UEP packets with a certain number of bits or ratio of bits protected.
• implicit methods of indicating UEP protection to the UE need to be carefully selected to not impose unnecessary transmission restrictions.
• the protection indication may also be achieved by redefinition of data associated signaling such that the redefined signaling thereafter is assigned information related to the protection used.
• the receiver is then, according to the embodiment of the present invention, able to interpret the redefined signaling and may thereby be able to be conclude which bits to include in the CRC calculation.
• the data associated signaling code points that can be redefined may include e.g. code points indicating very large data block sizes, code points indicating many parallel transmission resources, channelization codes, and time frequency resource blocks. They may further include code points indicating a set of frequencies, modulation, HARQ process, MIMO coding, or any combination of the types in the group.
• signaling bits are not necessary to use in VoIP, and may therefore instead be used for signaling information about UEP protected bits.
• the main benefit of redefining the meaning of signaling bits, according to this embodiment of the invention, is that such a signaling format would not need to consume more transmission resources than equivalent signaling format for other data transmissions, e.g. the current High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH) format for HSDPA.
• HS-SCCH High Speed Shared Control Channel
• the protection indication may also be achieved by explicitly signaling using added signaling bits.
• additional signaling bits explicitly describing the used UEP are added to the transmitted signal, which may be detected by a receiver and used for selecting bits to be included in the CRC calculation.
• a RAN configures the UE to use UEP for certain RBs, and then for these RBs the RAN indicates, implicitly or explicitly, to the UE a method to deduce which bits are protected, or non-protected. This increases end-user quality since the error detection is enhanced in the receiving UE.
• the RAN sets a configuration for the UE when establishing the connection for data transmission, e.g. as for HSDPA. This is, in UTRAN or E-UTRAN, done through the Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol, or equivalent.
• RRC Radio Resource Control
• the control plane architecture in HSPA is shown in fig. 2.
• the HS-SCCH is a channel used for configuring the data transmission on the physical layer of the Uu interface.
• the information which is passed to the UE prior to the data transmission contains the following information:
• Channelization-code-set information (7 bits), modulation scheme information (1 bit), Transport Block (TB) size information (6 bits),
• Hybrid-Automatic Repeat-Request process information (3 bits), redundancy and constellation version information (3 bits), new data indicator (1 bit), and UE identity (16 bits).
• the actual TB size is in the UE obtained by combining information from some of the information elements.
• E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel E-
• DPCCH is a channel used for configuration of the data transmission on the physical layer of the Uu interface.
• the information which is passed to the NodeB prior to the data transmission contains the following information:
• E-DCH Transport Format Combination Identifier (E-TFCI) (7 bits), Retransmission Sequence Number (RSN) (2 bits), and
• the E-TFCI field is pointing to a table defined in reference document [5] (Annex B) from where the actual size of the TB can be obtained.
• information is added to the control message, indicating to the UE, how to interpret the protection indication from the transmitter. That is, how the UE shall interpret implicit indications, such as certain resource choices, configurations, and/or data associated signaling information, e.g. how to map a set of combinations of HARQ process ID and TB size to UEP operation with a defined number of protected or unprotected bits. This allows the UE to determine the number of protected bits without adding any new signaling on HS-SCCH. If any other combination of HARQ process ID and TB size is used, the normal MAC for HSDPA (MAC-hs) format is applied.
• MAC-hs normal MAC for HSDPA
• the information may be put together in a table, or a number of tables, which could either be defined in the standards or be explicitly transmitted in the control message. If the table or the tables are defined in the standard, the information in the control message may be an index to the predefined table or to a subset of the predefined tables. If the table or tables are explicitly transmitted, the contents of the table or the tables must first be transmitted and then the index may be transmitted in the control message. Also, combinations of predefined tables and explicit signaling of tables are possible. An example of such a table is the above mentioned table 1.
• the TB size may be signaled as the TB size index (kt), which is used in UTRAN to determine the TB size as described in reference document [5] (section 9.2.3.1). This value has a range of 0 to 254.
• the unprotected bits may either be signaled as absolute values or by indexing a table (similar to TB size) or by indexing a table indicating the relative number of unprotected bits compared to TB size.
• An example of a table of the last alternative is shown in table 2 below.
• Table 2 Example of a table identifying the ratio of unprotected bits
• the number of unprotected bits may then for example be calculated as CEIL(UPR*TBsize), where CEIL is a function returning the smallest integer not less than the input.
• a table corresponding to table 2, but including a protection ratio instead of the UPR in table 2 may also be used, depending on which type of table being most suitable in any given situation.
• the information of, e.g., the HARQ process, and the information of the Transport Block size is enough for the UE to be able to determine the usage of UEP or not and to determine which bits to include in the CRC calculation.
• the downlink direction stated how to transfer information about the protected and unprotected bits between the different nodes in the network. This makes it possible for a transmitter in the system to know which bits that are protected and which bits that are not unprotected.
• the transmitter needs to have this information to be able to benefit from the differentiated need for protection of bits in a VoIP frame over the air interface. For instance, it is important for e.g. a HSDPA transmitter, to know which bits in a UEP packet that are protected, also in the case when the actual data has been ciphered by another node.
• wireless transmitter needs information about the UEP protected or unprotected bits in order to be able to generate a correct CRC.
• This information herein denoted packet parameter, has to be provided to the RAN entities in the system, i.e. to the Serving Radio Network Controller (SRNC) and to the Node B. More specifically, this information needs to be provided to the MAC layer entities of the RAN by the entities higher up in the protocol stack. These entities are shown in fig. 1.
• the wireless transmitter should be provided with the following information: Whether the codec supports UEP at all, which bits to protect or not protect for each codec packet. This might be static (fixed during a session) or dynamic per packet, and the size of transmission headers, e.g. RTP/UDP/IP headers.
• this information might not be straightforward to provide, e.g. if ciphering and/or header compression is performed in a network node that is different from the network node of the wireless transmitter, e.g. as in UTRAN today, where the wireless transmitter is in the node B and the ciphering and header compression is done in the RNC.
• the RAN comprises also the node where ciphering and header compression (for the wireless transmission) is performed.
• ciphering and header compression for the wireless transmission
• the information about the UEP protected/unprotected bits may be passed to the
• RAN from higher level protocols, e.g. over the Iu interface, either as explicit information in a control message defining the codec mode or codec family being used, or as in-band information in each datagram stating the amount of bits to be protected per data packet.
• the RAN can blindly detect the explicit codec by comparing the size of the IP packet with the different expected sizes. For each detected codec mode the protected bits can be looked up in a predefined table. It may also be possible for the RAN to decode headers of the VoIP datagram to identify the number of bits that should be protected.
• In-band signaling could be solved as one value indicating the number of unprotected bits per datagram, or one value indexing a table defining the number of unprotected bits (e.g. a table such as table 2 above).
• the table could then, as is mentioned above, be predefined or signaled at a Radio Access Bearer (RAB) setup either in full or as an index pointing out which table to use from a set of tables.
• RAB Radio Access Bearer
• information relating to manipulations and additions of the original VoIP packet need to be distributed through the different protocol layers of the RAN.
• information relating to header compression and bit padding must be provided to the MAC protocol layer entities.
• the PDCP performs header compression, thereby reducing the redundant information in the header information. This reduces the number of bits that need protection.
• Information relating to this header compression is, according to the present invention, provided to the MAC protocol layer entities.
• each RAN protocol layer it is also possible to add padding bits according to the specified protocol behavior.
• the padded bits do not include any information and will be discarded by the receiving entity of the corresponding protocol layer.
• padding bits the number of unprotected bits will also change. It is therefore necessary to recalculate and pass the information regarding the unprotected bits over to the MAC layer entities as well.
• MAC entities such as the MAC-hs in the Node B.
• the Node B For the Iub interface, one way of providing this information to the Node B is to add information to the Frame Protocol over Iub to indicate the number of unprotected bits within the data frame. This signaling could be performed as one value indicating the number of unprotected bits per data frame, or as one value indexing a table defining the number of unprotected bits.
• information related to other manipulations of the original VoIP packet such as segmentation and concatenation of packets in the RLC, should be provided to the MAC entities of the RAN, thereby enabling the MAC entities to select whether UEP should be used or not for the transmissions over the air interface, and also enabling the MAC entities to select how the UEP should be performed.
• an incoming datagram may be segmented in case the size of the incoming datagram is larger than what can be transmitted over the Iub interface. By this segmentation, the unprotected bits and the protected bits are spread over the different RLC Packet Data Units (PDU) in an unknown manner. This is illustrated in fig. 3.
• PDU Packet Data Unit
• Fig. 3 further illustrates a problem resulting from header compression in combination with segmentation.
• one codec packet may, on its way from the codec to a MAC layer entity first undergo header compression and then segmentation.
• the MAC layer entity might, even if it knows the structure of the original codec packet, run into difficulties in knowing which bits to protect and not to protect, after both the header compression and the segmentation.
• the bits of the original codec packet may after the header compression have a different position in the packet, and may further, after the segmentation, be split up into at least two packets in a manner unknown by the MAC entity.
• the MAC entity thereby risks loosing track of which bits to protect and which bits to not protect.
• the protected bits are not consecutive after the concatenation. Since protected and unprotected bits are mixed after the concatenation, the UEP can not easily be utilized.
• RLC SDU Service Data Unit
• information is added to the frame protocol over Iub to indicate to the MAC-hs that the data frame does not include one and only one complete RLC SDU. This information is then used by the scheduler in MAC-hs to select whether physical resources reserved for UEP transmissions can be applied or not.
• the information provided to the MAC layer entities serves as a basis for the decisions made in the MAC layer entities regarding protection of the bits of the packets, and therefore enhances the performance of the system.
• UMTS enables a separation of the different functionalities in the RNC into SRNC and Controlling Radio Network Controller (CRNC).
• SRNC Controlling Radio Network Controller
• all the functionalities herein described for the present invention are related to SRNC, there is thus no other impact on the interface between the RNCs, i.e. on the Iur interface, than what has been described above for the Iub interface.
• the nature of the radio channel with a rapidly varying channel quality is utilized. According to this embodiment of the invention, transmission of more than one data packet in one transmission interval, concatenation, is enabled, which may be beneficial during periods of good channel quality.
• the concatenation most suitable to be performed as close to the radio interface as possible, which is in the MAC layer.
• the MAC-hs allows for concatenations of multiple data packets, but the CRC is here calculated over the complete TB.
• a new MAC-hs format is required.
• the protected bits are concatenated separately and the unprotected bits are concatenated separately.
• this new MAC-hs format is illustrated.
• a MAC entity that wants to use UEP for a transmission and that wants to indicate this to the UE e.g. only has to find a suitable combination of a TB size and a HARQ process ID that is assigned information relating to UEP.
• the MAC entity uses the found combination for the transmission, the UE will be able to implicitly deduce the UEP used for the transmission. If no such combination of TB size and HARQ process ID can be found by the MAC entity, normal HSDPA protection will be applied for the transmission.
• a method for combining more than one data packet on a TB while still benefiting from UEP according to the signaling method of the invention is provided.
• An advantage of allowing transmissions of multiple concatenated data packets is that the gain of the channel coding is more efficient for larger data volumes. Especially for voice packets, which are rather small, the gain can be substantial.
• packets i.e. packets not being concatenated, of the invention have this bit structure, having all protected bits in a consecutive row after the packet header and all unprotected bits in a consecutive row thereafter, also having low signaling requirements.
• the present invention has been described in the terms of a downlink system, often exemplified by HSDPA schemes.
• the present invention is, however, not restricted to the downlink.
• the different protocol layers are configured via the RRC
• E-TFCI E-DCH Transport Format Combination Indicator
• the MAC-e/es entity may select to use the E-TFCIs defined for usage of UEP in accordance with what is shown in reference document [I].
• Fig. 5 shows a flow diagram of the method of a MAC entity of a transmitter working in accordance with the present invention.
• the transmitter receives at least one packet and at least one packet parameter from an entity of a higher protocol layer.
• the transmitter chooses a partial error protection to be used for the at least one packet, having the at least one packet parameter as basis for the decision.
• the transmitter transmits the at least one packet after having applied the chosen partial error protection to the at least one packet.
• the transmitter indicates the chosen partial error protection to the receiver.
• Said step of indicating the chosen partial error protection to the receiver may also be performed before the step of transmitting the at least one packet.
• Fig 6 shows a flow diagram for the method of a MAC entity of a receiver working in accordance with the present invention.
• the receiver receives at least one packet from a transmitter.
• the receiver detects an indication from the transmitter, the indication being related to the partial error protection used for the at least one packet.
• the receiver performs partial error protection decoding of the at least one packet based on the indication.
• the step of detecting the indication from the transmitter may also be performed before the step of receiving the at least one packet.
• a transmitter and a receiver are arranged to perform the methods of the transmitter and receiver according to the present invention.
• the transmitter and receiver apparatus of the invention can be adapted to perform any of the steps of the method of the transmitter and the receiver of the invention. A trivial requirement is of course that such a step does involve a transmitter and a receiver, respectively.
• Packet transmission according to the invention may be modified by those skilled in the art, as compared to the exemplary embodiments described above, in a way that it can be implemented in essentially any packet transmission system, such as HSDPA, HSUPA, CDMA2000, and GPRS.

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