WO2008084184A2 - Décodeur de référence hypothétique généralisé de codage de vidéo scalable, à réécriture du flux binaire - Google Patents

Décodeur de référence hypothétique généralisé de codage de vidéo scalable, à réécriture du flux binaire Download PDF

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WO2008084184A2
WO2008084184A2 PCT/GB2007/004661 GB2007004661W WO2008084184A2 WO 2008084184 A2 WO2008084184 A2 WO 2008084184A2 GB 2007004661 W GB2007004661 W GB 2007004661W WO 2008084184 A2 WO2008084184 A2 WO 2008084184A2
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parameters
bitstream
rewriting
video
scalable
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PCT/GB2007/004661
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WO2008084184A3 (fr
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Leszek Cieplinski
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Mitsubishi Electric Information Technology Centre Europe B.V.
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
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Publication of WO2008084184A3 publication Critical patent/WO2008084184A3/fr
Priority to GB0913754A priority Critical patent/GB2458620A/en

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding
    • H04N19/59—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding involving spatial sub-sampling or interpolation, e.g. alteration of picture size or resolution
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/134—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or criterion affecting or controlling the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/146—Data rate or code amount at the encoder output
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/30—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using hierarchical techniques, e.g. scalability
    • H04N19/33—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using hierarchical techniques, e.g. scalability in the spatial domain

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to video coding, and more particularly to an apparatus and method for scalable video coding.
  • Video coding has traditionally been employed to optimize video quality at a given size, frame rate and bitrate (single-layer coding).
  • single-layer coding The emergence of increasingly complex networks has led to growing interest in the development of a video codec that can dynamically adapt to the network architecture and temporal variations in network conditions such as bandwidth and error probability.
  • Channel bandwidth may easily vary by several orders of magnitude between different users on the same network.
  • the rapid progression towards network inter-connectivity has meant that devices such as mobile phones, handheld personal digital assistants and desktop workstations, each of which have different display resolutions and processing capabilities, may all have access to the same digital media content.
  • Scalable video coding aims to address the diversity of video communications networks and end-user interests, by compressing the original video content in such a way that efficient reconstruction at different bit-rates, frame-rates and display resolutions from the same bitstream is supported.
  • Bit-rate/quality scalability refers to the ability to reconstruct a compressed video over a fine gradation of bitrates, without loss of compression efficiency. This allows a single compressed bitstream to be accessed by multiple users, each user utilizing all of their available bandwidth.
  • the overall structure of the scalable coder is illustrated in Figure 1 for two levels of spatial scalability.
  • Pyramid spatial decomposition is used so the video is downsampled the required number of times prior to further processing. If required, temporal downsampling can be performed at the same time by dropping frames that are not needed in the lower layers.
  • the signal is subsequently passed to the "core encoders", which are similar to the non- scalable MPEG-4 AVC coders with extensions for inter-layer prediction and quality scalability.
  • Temporal scalability is achieved by the use of B frames (Bi-predicted pictures).
  • B frames Bi-predicted pictures
  • MPEG-4 AVC allows for the B frames to be used for further prediction. This feature is used to perform hierarchical temporal decomposition, which allows for multiple layers of temporal scalability while at the same time providing significant compression efficiency improvement.
  • the frames are processed macroblock by macroblock.
  • the range of coding modes for macroblocks is extended by the addition of inter-layer prediction modes.
  • inter-layer prediction modes For motion-compensated macroblocks, it is possible to re-use the motion vectors from lower layers if they provide sufficiently good prediction, otherwise new motion vectors are sent in the enhancement layer.
  • the texture of intra macroblocks can be predicted from lower layer macroblocks instead of their spatial neighbourhood, as in MPEG-4 AVCs intra-frame prediction. Similar prediction process can be also applied to the motion compensation prediction residual for inter-prediction macroblocks.
  • the selection of the scalable or non-scalable prediction modes is based on a rate-distortion optimisation process, which is a generalisation of a technique familiar from non-scalable coding.
  • the use of the scalable macroblock modes is signalled using a set of flags designed for coding efficiency and minimisation of changes to the non- scalable decoder processes.
  • the prediction residual is encoded using one of the transforms specified in MPEG-4 AVC.
  • the resulting transform coefficients are quantised and entropy coded to obtain base quality level for the given spatial layer.
  • Quality enhancements can be provided either at coarse (CGS) or fine granularity (FGS). Coarse granularity is achieved using similar prediction modes as those used for spatial scalability and is more efficient when a limited number of quality layers are required.
  • FGS called progressive refinement in the MPEG- 4 SVC draft
  • the transform coefficients are coded in multiple passes (over the whole picture), with every pass containing a refinement of the representation of the coefficients sent in the previous pass.
  • Video Buffer Verifier (VBV in MPEG-2 Video, ISO/IEC 13818-2) or Hypothetical Reference Decoder (HRD in MPEG-4 AVC, ISO/IEC 14496-10).
  • HRD Hypothetical Reference Decoder
  • J. Ribas-Corbera P. A. Chou and S. L. Regunathan in "A Generalised Hypothetical Reference Decoder for H.264/AVC", IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 13, pp. 67 - 687, July 2003.
  • the operation of the HRD is based on the concept of leaky bucket model as a model of the operation of the encoder. It is assumed that the encoder instantaneously encodes frame i into bj bits at time s ⁇ and outputs the resulting bits into a buffer, which "leaks" the bits into the transmission channel at a certain rate R.
  • the time instants correspond to the frame rate of the video, which is usually constant, i.e. the interval Sj + j - Si is constant.
  • the buffer can be drained at either constant bitrate (CBR), in applications such as broadcasting or variable bitrate (VBR), e.g. in storage applications such as DVD playback.
  • CBR constant bitrate
  • VBR variable bitrate
  • the behaviour of the HRD is similarly idealised. It is assumed that the decoder receives data bits at a certain rate, stores them in a memory buffer (called coded picture buffer, or CPB in MPEG-4 AVC) and at time instants U - S t + ⁇ , instantaneously decodes frame i and removes the corresponding bj bits from the CPB.
  • CPB coded picture buffer
  • the correct operation of the HRD consists in ensuring that at any frame time tj, the buffer contains enough bits to decode the picture (i.e. does not underflow) but not more bits than the total buffer size (i.e. does not overflow). If the former occurred, the decoder would not be able to decode the picture, resulting in a delay of its display.
  • the decoder would be forced to remove some bits from the buffer before their decoding, which would lead to loss of at least one picture and, in the typical case of motion compensated coding, incorrect decoding of the following pictures until the next synchronisation point in the bitstream (typically an I picture, which does not use motion-compensated prediction) is reached.
  • the correct operation of the HKD is illustrated in Figure 2.
  • the behaviour of the leaky bucket model determines the behaviour of the HRD coded picture buffer and that in order to ensure the correct operation of the HRD, the bitstream must obey certain constraints, which can be characterised by three parameters: • The size of the decoder memory buffer assigned to holding the coded data prior to decoding B.
  • the decoder buffer is filled at rate R with bits for the time D (from to-D to to), at which point it reaches the initial buffer fullness F.
  • b 0 bits are removed and instantaneously decoded to produce the first decoded picture.
  • bits continue flowing into the buffer at rate R and at time tj another bj bits are removed to decode the next picture etc.
  • the encoder needs to maintain a matching "leaky bucket" model and verify that its buffer does not overflow or underflow. If the encoding is performed offline, i.e. the whole stream is encoded and stored prior to transmission and decoding, it is also possible to calculate the HRD parameters for an existing bitstream from the sizes of individual encoded frames.
  • MPEG-4 AVC provides for a variety of consumption options by generalising the HRD.
  • Such a generalisation is particularly useful for video storage (e.g. DVD) or streaming applications, where a single video bitstream may be delivered in different ways (different network bandwidth and reliability, different decoder capabilities).
  • the basic idea of the extension is to enable different tradeoffs between the constraints on the memory buffer size (B), the available bandwidth (R), and initial delay (D).
  • B memory buffer size
  • R available bandwidth
  • D initial delay
  • the interesting aspect of this generalisation is that it is possible for a single bitstream to support multiple HRD parameter sets. Similarly as for the single HRD case, both offline and online modes of operation are possible.
  • VUI Video Usability Information
  • the delay information which may change within the sequence and which is not required to be fixed for a given channel/decoder is sent in the buffering period and picture timing Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) messages.
  • SEI Supplemental Enhancement Information
  • bitstream verification in the HRD can be performed either for all NAL units or only VCL (video coding layer) NAL units, two sets of parameters may be sent. As the checking procedure is the same in both cases we will only describe one set of parameters in the following.
  • the hrdjparameters are sent as a part of the vui_parameters, specified in section E of the MPEG-4 AVC standard, which in turn is a part of the sequence parameter set (SPS).
  • SPS sequence parameter set
  • hrd_parameters The most important elements of hrd_parameters are • cpb_cnt_minusl: this element specifies the number of alternative decoder buffer (CPB) models supported by the generalised HRD, as discussed above. Up to 32 CPB specifications are allowed.
  • CPB alternative decoder buffer
  • bit_rate_value_minusl[SchedSelIdx] this element is used to derive the maximum input bitrate for the instance of the generalised HRD specified by index SchedSelldx. This corresponds to parameter R in the description above.
  • the CPBs are ordered in the order of increasing bitrates.
  • low_delay_hrd_fiag is sent when hrd_parameters are present in the bitstream. If this flag is equal to 1 the bitstream may occasionally contain access unit which violate the nominal CPB removal time (e.g. if an intra coded frame required a high number of bits, the input frame immediately following it may be skipped). This is expected to be used in real-time visual communications (e.g. visual telephony), where low delay is more important than completely smooth playback.
  • the buffering_period SEI message is specified in section D.I.I and D.2.1 of the MPEG-4 AVC standard.
  • the syntax table for this message is as follows:
  • initial_cpb_removal_delay[SchedSelIdx] this syntax element is used to derive the initial delay D defined above for the instance of the generalised HRD specified by index SchedSelldx.
  • the picture_timing SEI message is specified in sections D.1.2 and D.2.2 of the MPEG-4 AVC standard.
  • the relevant part of the syntax table is:
  • the element to HRD operation is:
  • this syntax element is used to specify the removal time of the associated access unit from the decoder buffer (CPB) with respect to the removal time of the first access unit in the current buffering period (or the first access unit of the previous buffering period for the first access unit in the new buffering period that does not initialise the HRD).
  • CPB decoder buffer
  • the actual removal time may have to be higher to ensure that the whole access unit has arrived in the CPB before it is removed.
  • bitstream rewriting for CGS-scalable bitstreams.
  • the goal of bitstream rewriting is to allow lossless modification of a bitstream conforming to MPEG-4 SVC standard into a bitstream conforming to the MPEG-4 AVC standard.
  • Such functionality is expected to be very useful for so called “legacy” devices, i.e. those that only support the existing MPEG-4 AVC standard and cannot be easily modified to support the MPEG-4 SVC standard.
  • the bitstream rewriting which can be performed by an intermediate device, and which is much less complex than full decoding, can be used to adapt the incoming scalable bitstream into a form that can be consumed by such a legacy device.
  • the generalised hypothetical reference decoder (GHRD) developed for the single-layer codec MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 is generally considered sufficient for MPEG-4 SVC as it can be applied on layer-by-layer basis. While this is true in the usual application of MPEG-4 SVC, when "bitstream rewriting" is used, the assumptions made for the calculation of the HRD parameters become invalid thus making the resulting values of the parameters invalid as well. Namely, the coded picture sizes in bits, which are used in the derivation of buffer sizes, the initial buffer fullness values and the maximum rates change.
  • the present invention provides a method for encoding a video bitstream as defined in accompanying claim 1.
  • aspects of the present invention include an encoder adapted to perf Loi rm the encoding method of the first aspect of the present invention, and a computer readable medium comprising instructions that, when executed, perform the encoding method of the first aspect of the present invention.
  • the present invention provides an apparatus, for example a decoder or an intermediate device, for rewriting a video bitstream encoded using the method of the first aspect of the present invention, the apparatus rewriting the bitstream with, or using, one of said at least one set of parameters.
  • the present invention provides a method for decoding a video bitsteam encoded using the method of the first aspect as defined in accompanying claim 23.
  • Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a decoder for performing the above decoding method.
  • the invention relates to use of the features (for example, additional HRD parameters and syntax) as set out below.
  • the invention relates especially to a method of encoding a sequence of images representing a video, and similarly, a method of decoding a sequence of images representing a video, using features as set out below.
  • the invention relates to an apparatus for encoding and/or decoding a sequence of images representing an image using features as set out below.
  • the invention relates to the use of modifications of prior art techniques (including encoding, decoding, coder/decoder apparatus) as set out below.
  • Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a scalable video codec
  • Fig. 2 is a graph illustrating decoder buffer fullness as a function of time.
  • An embodiment of the present invention comprises a method for providing additional HRD parameters (or equivalent) when encoding a video bitstream.
  • the additional HRD parameters are for use by a decoder, or intermediate device, when bitstream rewriting is performed by a device receiving the encoded bitstream.
  • the preferred method of providing this information consists in extending the VUI (video usability information) message of the MPEG-4 AVC/SVC standard for scalable bitstream by adding to the usual HRD parameters a complementary set of parameters for each CGS layer present in the bitstream.
  • a similar set of changes are also made for the SEI messages relating to the functioning of the HRD, i.e. the buffering_period and picture_jtiming SEI messages.
  • this information is optionally provided separately for the CAVLC and CABAC entropy coders.
  • the additional HRD parameters are provided by reusing the existing hrd_pararneters structure, and providing additional instances of it in the vui_parameters using the following syntax:
  • hrd_parameters() has the same syntax and semantics as in MPEG-4 AVC.
  • This implementation has the advantage of requiring the least modification in the syntax tables but the disadvantage that some of the fields in hrd_parameters are unnecessarily repeated.
  • An alternative approach therefore leaves the vui_parameters unchanged but modifies the hrd_parameters resulting in the following syntax table:
  • the new flags (hrd_parameters_rewriting_cabac _flag[i] and hrdjparameters _rewriting_cavlc _flag[i]) simply signal the presence of the additional parameters.
  • This second approach has the advantage of reducing the number of bits used for signalling of the additional HRD parameters, as fields such as bit_rate_scale, cpb_scale_size, etc. are not repeated.
  • the first approach repeats these fields in every instance of hrd_parameters, which not only increases the overhead, but also requires that the redundant fields be constrained to be the same in all the instances of hrdjparameters.
  • allowing different values of these fields for different layers does add flexibility to the design although at the expense of additional complexity.
  • the implementation of the bufferingjperiod SEI message needs to be extended to include the delay information for the rewritten bitstreams.
  • the new syntax table is as follows.
  • the flags signalling the presence of the additional parameters in the above text are taken to be the corresponding flags in vui_parameters. If the second implementation of the HRD parameters syntax is used, they are replaced with the corresponding values of hrdjparameters_rewriting_cabac_flag[i] and hrd_parameters_rewriting_cavlc_flag[i].
  • cabac_initial_cpb_removal_delay[ SchedSelldx ] cabac_initial_cpb_removal_delay_offset[ SchedSelldx ]
  • cavlc_initial_cpb_removal_delay [ SchedSelldx ]
  • cavlc_initial_cpb_removal_delay_offset SchedSelldx
  • cabac_cpb_removal_delay cabac_dpb_removal_delay
  • cavlc_cpb_removal_delay cavlc_dpb_removal_delay
  • the change of entropy coder during the bitstream rewriting is not allowed and, consequently, only one flag is necessary. This results in all the syntax tables above being reduced to a single case and only one flag called hrd_parameters_rewriting_present_flag being used.
  • an embodiment of the present invention enables an encoder to provide additional information, in the form of one or more sets of HRD parameters, in the encoded bitstream.
  • the information is provided when the video bitstream may be subject to bitstream rewriting by a decoder or intermediate device receiving the encoded bitstream.
  • Each set of HRD parameters which corresponds to an instance or scalable layer of the scalable coding, is determined by the encoder based on the coded picture sizes that would result from bitstream rewriting, for example using the techniques outlined below.
  • the device that performs the bitstream rewriting detects the presence of the one or more sets of HRD parameters in the encoded bitstream. The device then selects the set of HRD parameters corresponding to the bitstream resulting from the rewriting, and discards other sets of HRD parameters.
  • the parameter sets corresponding to all the available CGS layers are sent to the receiver and are used in the negotiation of the highest rewritten CGS layer that can be used given the constraints on the bitrate and the corresponding HRD parameters.
  • the HRD parameters can be used in two ways.
  • the bitstream is generated first and the calculation of the HRD parameters, by the encoder, is performed using an algorithm similar to that proposed in "A Generalised Hypothetical Reference Decoder for H.264/AVC" supra.
  • the HRD parameters are used to drive the encoder to ensure that pre-set conditions are met using a rate control algorithm such as the one described in the JVT document JVT-HOl 7: "Proposed Draft of Adaptive Rate Control".
  • the encoder has to ensure that the bitstream obeys the constraints for both (all three when both CABAC and CAVLC are considered for bitstream rewriting) coded picture sizes for each leaky buffer.
  • the invention can be implemented using a system similar to a prior art system with suitable modifications .
  • the invention is preferably implemented by processing electrical signals using a suitable apparatus.
  • the invention can be implemented for example in a computer system, with suitable software and/or hardware modifications.
  • the invention can be implemented using a computer or similar having control or processing means such as a processor or control device, data storage means, including image storage means, such as memory, magnetic storage, CD, DVD etc, data output means such as a display or monitor or printer, data input means such as a keyboard, and image input means such as a scanner, or any combination of such components together with additional components.
  • control or processing means such as a processor or control device
  • data storage means including image storage means, such as memory, magnetic storage, CD, DVD etc
  • data output means such as a display or monitor or printer
  • data input means such as a keyboard
  • image input means such as a scanner
  • aspects of the invention can be provided in software and/or hardware form, or in an application-specific apparatus or application-specific modules can be provided, such as chips.
  • aspects of the invention may be provided in the form of a computer-readable storage medium storing computer-executable steps for executing the aspects of the
  • Components of a system in an apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention may be provided remotely from other components, for example, over the internet.
  • a suitable coder and a corresponding decoder may have, for example, corresponding components for performing the inverse coding and decoding operations.

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Abstract

Dans un décodeur de référence hypothétique généralisé, un codeur fournit un flux binaire vidéo codé, utilisant un codage de vidéo scalable, qui peut être soumis à la réécriture du flux binaire. Cette réécriture permet de décoder le flux binaire par des dispositifs non compatibles avec le codage de vidéo scalable, par exemple des dispositifs anciens. Le codeur détermine de plus un ensemble de paramètres utilisables par un décodeur en cas de réécriture pour assurer le décodage efficace du flux binaire vidéo par le décodeur. L'ensemble de paramètres est introduit dans le flux binaire vidéo codé.
PCT/GB2007/004661 2007-01-09 2007-12-06 Décodeur de référence hypothétique généralisé de codage de vidéo scalable, à réécriture du flux binaire WO2008084184A2 (fr)

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GB0700381A GB0700381D0 (en) 2007-01-09 2007-01-09 Generalised Hypothetical Reference Decoder for Scalable Video Coding with Bitstream Rewriting

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