WO2008081233A2 - Extraits végétaux de cissus quandrangularis pour le traitement de l'ostéoporose et procédé d'extraction correspondant - Google Patents

Extraits végétaux de cissus quandrangularis pour le traitement de l'ostéoporose et procédé d'extraction correspondant Download PDF

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WO2008081233A2
WO2008081233A2 PCT/IB2007/002066 IB2007002066W WO2008081233A2 WO 2008081233 A2 WO2008081233 A2 WO 2008081233A2 IB 2007002066 W IB2007002066 W IB 2007002066W WO 2008081233 A2 WO2008081233 A2 WO 2008081233A2
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extract
extracts
bone
agt036
cissus
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PCT/IB2007/002066
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WO2008081233A3 (fr
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Villoo Morawala Patell
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Avestha, Gengraine, Technologies, Pvt., Ltd.
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Priority to US12/307,776 priority Critical patent/US20090280196A1/en
Priority to AU2007341056A priority patent/AU2007341056A1/en
Publication of WO2008081233A2 publication Critical patent/WO2008081233A2/fr
Publication of WO2008081233A3 publication Critical patent/WO2008081233A3/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/87—Vitaceae or Ampelidaceae (Vine or Grape family), e.g. wine grapes, muscadine or peppervine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders

Definitions

  • the invention relates to compositions and methods for preventing, treating, or managing osteoporosis or other related disorders such as bone loss, bone fracture, glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis, Pagets disease, osteoarthritis, peri-prosthetic osteolysis, cartilage degeneration, osteogenesis imperfecta and the like, comprising administration of a prophylactically and therapeutically effective amount of Cissus quadrangularis plant or extracts thereof to a mammal in need of such therapy.
  • the mammal is human and the compositions comprise of single extract or a combination of extracts thereof.
  • the present invention further relates to extracts which are isolated from different parts of Cissus quadrangularis plant, the preparation of such extracts, the medicaments containing said extracts, and the use of these extracts and constituents for the preparation of a medicament.
  • the present invention also relates to the process for preparing the extracts from the whole plant of Cissus quadrangularis plant.
  • Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that is characterized by low bone mass and micro- architectural deterioration of bone tissue. Affecting 200 million individuals world-wide, osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disorder which leads to an increased level of bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture (Walker-bone, et al. 2002; Lin and Lane, 2004). A. Classification of Osteoporosis
  • osteoporosis is categorized as a primary or secondary disease.
  • the latter involves the onset of osteoporosis as a result of an existing condition such as an endocrine disorder, the use of certain medications, a hematopoietic disorder, immobilization, or a nutritional, gastrointestinal or connective tissue disorder (Lin and Lane, 2004).
  • Primary osteoporosis is further subdivided into two types. Type I generally occurs in postmenopausal women and is attributed to loss of gonadal hormone function, such as estrogen deficiency associated with menopause (Lin and Lane, 2004; Simon, 2004).
  • Type II osteoporosis generally called as senile osteoporosis is age-related, affecting both men and women over the age of 60.
  • BMD bone mineral density
  • DEXA dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
  • the World Health Organization has defined osteoporosis as a BMD more than 2.5 standard deviations below the mean of normal, healthy individuals at their peak bone mass (Lin and Lane, 2004; Simon, 2004; Christodoulou and Cooper, 2003).
  • Bone remodeling occurs at specific sites on the bone surface known as basic multicellular units and is carried out by osteoclasts (bone resorption cells) and osteoblasts (bone formation cells) (Tolstoi 2004, Manolagas and Weinstein, 1999).
  • Both osteoblasts and osteoclasts are derived from precursors originating in the bone marrow and the formation and activation of these cells is regulated by cytokines and growth factors also produced in the bone marrow, which are in turn controlled by sywhole plantic factors and mechanical stimuli (Manolagas and Weinstein 1999).
  • the bone remodeling cycle is highly dependent on a- delicate balance between regulatory signaling and cellular activity. Loss of the capacity to recruit active osteoblasts or deactivate osteoclasts results in a net bone loss and can lead to the onset of osteoporosis.
  • osteoporosis Although numerous risk factors have been identified to increase the likelihood of developing this disease, including Caucasian race, advanced age, female gender, history of fracture, smoking and alcoholism, the exact cause of osteoporosis has not yet been identified. Despite this, numerous theories have been proposed in an attempt to explain its etiology. Some theories regarding the etiology of osteoarthritis include bone cell senescence, lifestyle factors (primarily exercise and nutrition) and loss of vitamin D metabolism with age (Tsai, et al., 1984). The latter hypothesis infers that aging leads to an impaired metabolism of vitamin D. Activated vitamin D is a signaling molecule that is largely involved in the regulation of intestinal calcium absorption Tsai, et al., 1984).
  • antiresorptive drugs which slow the progressive thinning of bone
  • bone forming drugs which help to rebuild the skeleton
  • drugs with a more complex mechanism of action drugs used to treat osteoporosis.
  • calcium and vitamin D supplements might also be prescribed to ensure adequate intake and to ensure maximum effectiveness of the drug therapy.
  • Bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption. They are currently the first choice of treatment in a variety of bone metabolism disorders characterised by high bone resorption. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS) mimic estrogens in some tissues and anti-estrogens in others, and ideally provide the bone-retaining effects of estrogen without its unwanted side effects.
  • SERM selective estrogen receptor modulators
  • a new drug has been approved for the treatment of osteoporosis - this time one that improves bone formation, as opposed to the action of available drugs that is usually the prevention or slowing bone resorption. It is teriparatide, a 34-amino-acid polypeptide produced by a recombinant DNA technique, which represents the biologically active part of human parathyroid hormone. It has to be given once daily by subcutaneous injection. They treat osteoporosis by stimulating bone-forming cells called osteoblasts. It has a dramatic effect on bone, increasing bone mineral density in the spine by as much as 13% in 18 months and reducing the risk of fracture by as much as 90%. The reason that patients are not using this drug is "cost". Forteo costs about $600 a month, and it also must be injected every day. For those reasons, it's generally only prescribed for patients with severe osteoporosis, or who have already had one or more fractures.
  • Cissus quadrangularis is an indigenous medicinal plant of India.
  • the use of this plant by the common folk for promoting fracture-healing process is an old practice-. It has been prescribed in ancient Ayurvedic texts by Bhava Prakash and Chakra Dutta as a general tonic especially for the fractured patient. Since then it has been in extensive use by bonesetters both for external application and as an internal medicine to be taken with milk.
  • the stem of Cissus quadrangularis is also pondered in Ayurveda as alterative, anthelmintic, dyspeptic, digestive, tonic, analgesic in eye and ear diseases, in the treatment of irregular menstruation and asthma, and in complaints of the back and spine. Scientific studies have revealed the Cissus extract to possess cardiotonic and androgenic property.
  • Cissus quadrangularis contains high amount of vitamin C, carotene A, anabolic steroidal substances and calcium. These anabolic steroidal principles from Cissus quadrangularis showed a marked influence in the rate of fracture- healing by influencing early regeneration of all connective tissues of mesenchyma origin, namely the fibroblasts, the chondroblasts and osteoblasts involved in the healing and quicker mineralization of the callus. It has greater impact on osteoblastic proliferation than other cellular responses.
  • Cissus quadrangularis causes less amount of tissue reaction in the fractured region leading to optimum decalcification in the early stage with minimum of callus formation. Hence deposition of calcium is just enough to join the two broken segments of bone so that it's remodeling takes much faster. This early completion of calcification process and earlier remodeling phenomenon lead to early recovery of Cissus treated animals. Cissus is also shown to cause early gain in the tensile strength of fractured bones of about 90 per cent of its normal strength at the end of 6 week. Cissus quadrangularis builds up the chemical composition of the fractured bone namely its mucopolysaccharides, collagen, calcium, phosphorus and others as well as its functional efficiency. Mucopolysaccharides play an important role in the healing by supplying raw materials for repairs.
  • Cissus quadrangularis is shown to neutralize the anti-anabolic effect of steroids like cortisone in' healing of fractures.
  • Antianabolic effects of cortisone include inhibition of tissue regeneration and repair, also retarding formation of the specific skeletal structures. In such conditions even if the cartilage tissue is produced, its maturation and ultimate bone replacement do not take place in the normal pattern. It has main inhibitory action on fibroblasts and mast cells, which produce mucopolysaccharides of connective tissue. There have been reports that continuous intake of corticosteroids induces osteoporosis and pseudofractures in the bone.
  • osteoporosis the bones begin to deteriorate due to calcium deficiency as a result of the body's efficiency in maintaining mineral balance in the blood at the expense of bone integrity.
  • hormones affects the body's ability to maintain calcium levels resulting in an increased loss of minerals from the bones.
  • Postmenopausal women are at particular risk to osteoporosis because the loss of estrogen associated with the menopause leads to bone loss of much greater magnitude than one would expect on the basis of age alone.
  • Cissus quadrangularis with significant ability to inhibit antianabolic effects and bone fracture healing effects is likely to exert some beneficial effects on recovery of bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
  • the invention relates to compositions and methods for preventing, treating, or managing osteoporosis other related disorders such as bone loss, bone fracture, glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis, Pagets disease, osteoarthritis, peri-prosthetic osteolysis, cartilage degeneration, osteogenesis imperfecta and the like, comprising administration of a prophylactically and therapeutically effective amount of Cissus quadrangular is plant or extracts thereof to a mammal in need of such therapy.
  • the mammal is human and the compositions comprise of single extract or a combination of extracts thereof.
  • the present invention further relates to extracts which are isolated from whole plants of Cissus quadrangularis plant, the preparation of such extracts, the medicaments containing said extracts, and the use of these extracts and constituents for the preparation of a medicament.
  • the present invention also relates to the process for preparing the extracts from Cissus quadrangularis plant whole plants.
  • the process comprises of:
  • compositions/medicaments may contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent.
  • the compositions can be included as unit dosage suitable for parenteral, oral, or intravenous administration to a human.
  • the compositions are dietary supplements, food compositions or beverage compositions suitable for human or animal consumption.
  • the invention further describes the biotherapeutic potential of various extracts of Cissus quadrangular is as described above, by studying their performance in cell based assay models.
  • Fig 1 The cell viability for the extracts ANOl, AN02, AN03
  • Figure 5 The cell viability for plant extract ANOl, AN02, AN03 for the resorption experiment
  • Figure 11 The cell viability for plant extract AN02 lead characterization
  • Figure 12 The cell viability for plant extract AN03 lead characterization
  • Figure 14 The TRAP activity for plant extract AN02 lead characterization
  • Figure 15 The TRAP activity for plant extract AN03 lead characterization
  • Figure 16 The ALP activity for plant extract ANOl for the bone formation experiment
  • Figure 17 The ALP activity for plant extract AN 19 for the bone formation experiment
  • Figure 18 The cell viability for plant extracts ANOl, AN03 for the bone formation experiment
  • a method for treating a disease in a mammal which comprises administering to the said mammal an effective non-toxic amount of at least an extract from Cissus quadrangularis as defined herein.
  • the mammal is a human being.
  • treating a disease means treating, that is to say, alleviating symptoms of the disease and may also mean managing a disease in the sense of preventing such a disease state either advancing ie getting worse or becoming more invasive, or slowing down the rate of advance of a disease.
  • the mammal is human and the said extract comprises a single extract from a plant part of Cissus quadrangularis or a combination of extracts therefrom as detailed herein.
  • the present invention further relates to extracts, which may be isolated from whole plants of the Cissus quadrangularis plant, the preparation of such extracts, medicaments comprising such extracts, and the use of these extracts and constituents for the preparation of a medicament.
  • Extracts of the present invention can be isolated from whole plants of Cissus quadrangularis, using conventional organic solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction technology.
  • extracts of the invention capable of functioning in a prophylactic or therapeutic manner as outlined herein can be extracted from any Cissus quadrangularis plant, depending on the end purpose that is required of the extract.
  • a process for preparing extracts of the invention from plant parts of Cissus quadrangularis that comprises: • Pulverizing selected plant material to a powder;
  • the choice of selected plant material may be of any type but is preferably the whole plants of the Cissus quadrangular is plant.
  • the solvent extraction process may be selected from direct types such as extraction from plant parts in soxhlet apparatus or in flasks at room temperature or at higher temperature with polar and/or non-polar solvent(s). Typically, the extraction process is as outlined herein.
  • mouse osteoblastic cells MC3T3 (mouse clavarial osteoblast like cells) were seeded at a density of 20,000 cells in 96 well plates and cultured for one day prior to the addition of the plant extracts.
  • the stock solutions of the extracts dissolved in DMSO were diluted to 3 different concentrations.
  • the cells after addition of the extracts are cultured for 3 days and cell viability is measured by a colorimetric based cell viability assay as exemplified in the detailed description.
  • separate cytotoxicity tests, stability tests and the like can be conducted to evaluate the toxicity of the extracts or compositions can be conducted.
  • the therapeutic compositions of the invention will need to meet certain criteria in order to be suitable for human or animal use and to meet the regulatory requirements.
  • standard in-vivo and in vitro tests can be conducted to determine the information about the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of the compositions, including data on the drug- drug interactions where appropriate, which can be used to design human clinical trials.
  • the present invention further contemplates that where toxicity is a factor, for example, in patients who cannot tolerate optimal or standard therapeutic dosages, or in cases where the patient's metabolism is compromised sub-optimal doses would be preferred.
  • osteoclasts are largely derived from CD 14 positive monocytes (J.Haemotol, 1999 JuI; 106(l):167-70). Clonal analysis of haematopoietic cells by surface phenotypes has been used to further identify osteoclast precursor by characterizing osteoclast like cells distinct from other haematopoietic progenitors (Lee et.al; 1992b Muguruma & Lee; 1988). Surface phenotype analysis has shown that human osteoclasts are derived from CD14 monocytes (Massey & Flanagan, 1999). CD 14 marker is strongly expressed on monocytes, the putative osteoclast precursor in peripheral blood and CD14 positive monocytes have been selected for osteoclastogenesis. (Clin.Sci (Lond) 2000, Aug, 99(2): 133-40).
  • a method of screening of plant extracts suitable for inclusion in the therapeutic compositions comprising (a) providing one or more plant extract isolated with a specific solvent (b) analyzing the one or more extract for their inhibitory activity on bone resorption (c) selecting the extracts that decrease the activity of bone resorption by atleast 40%, as plant extracts suitable for inclusion in the therapeutic compositions.
  • Bone particle-based assays Bone particles, obtained by grinding of 45Ca- or [3H] proline-labeled bones, are cultured with osteoclasts. 45Ca or [3H] release is measured at the end of the cultures (Oreffo et al. 1988). Bone slice assay. This widely used assay is based on the observation that isolated osteoclasts make resorption pits on slices of devitalised dentine or bone (Boyde et all 984) and that these pits resemble Howship's lacunae.
  • Various formats may be used if the potential extracts are to be tested against a specific set of cultured osteoclast cells.
  • the assays may be adapted in order to facilitate the simultaneous testing of many potential extracts. Such techniques are being constantly developed and the use of such techniques to identify the potential extract activity is considered to be within the scope of the present invention.
  • osteoblast culture sywhole plants that have been developed include cultures containing osteoblast or osteoblast-like cells from different species, bones of different ages, and a variety of anatomical sites and pathological states. Sywhole plants have also been developed for specific cell populations, such as osteoprogenitor cells and osteocytes.
  • Several recent articles have also discussed various osteoblast cell culture models and provide some critical commentaries about their use (Marie, 1994; Rodan et al. 1994; Gundle & Beresford, 1995, Parfitt,1995; Roby, 1995).
  • MC3T3 cell line was used. These cells are murine osteogenic mesenchymal precursor cells, which can be differentiated into osteoblasts by ascorbic acid and beta-gylcerol phosphate.
  • a plant extract that increases activity of the osteoblast cells comprising (a) providing one or more plant extract isolated with a specific solvent (b) analyzing the one or more extract for their activity on bone formation (c) selecting the extracts that promote the activity of bone formation.
  • a colorimetric assay with o-cresolphthalein is commonly used to measure calcification in TCA extracts of cultured bones (Gronowicz et al. 1989).
  • Calcein a fluorescent dye that stains calcium phosphate deposits (Hock et al. 1968), can be used to measure calcification in mineralising cell cultures. Calcification, however, can be increased by bone damage or death (Ramp & Neuman, 1971). Therefore, the bone should also be checked by histological examination. Several histological methods can be used to assess bone morphology (Malluche & Faugere, 1986).
  • alkaline phosphatase which is simple to measure biochemically.
  • Its expression pattern in osteoblasts Doty & Schofield, 1976; Stein et al. 1996) and its involvement in mineralisation have been extensively documented (Wuthier & Register, 1984).
  • many cell types in bone or marrow stroma contain alkaline phosphatase, such as hypertrophic chondrocytes (Wuthier & Register, 1984) and adipocytes (Beresford et al. 1993), while fibroblastic cells also have a low concentration of this enzyme.
  • the alkaline phosphatase activity can provide a good indicator of osteoblast cells if the cartilage and marrow are removed by dissection.
  • the present invention evaluates the bone formation that has occurred through Alkaline phosphatase assay and the proliferation that has occurred through Alamar blue assay.
  • Suitable cell lines such as ST2 (mature monocytes and macrophages capable of differentiating into osteoclasts ,MLC-6 (osteoclast like cell line derived from mouse, MC3T3-E1 (mouse calvaria, Sudo et al 1983), MBA-15 (Clonal marrow stromal cell line ) and the like.
  • Osteoblast cell lines include 2T3 (osteoblast cell line), AHTO, HOBIT cell lines and the like can be used for the cell based assays. These cell lines can be obtained from ATCC or various other commercial sources. The invention premeditates the use of such suitable osteoclast and osteoblast cell lines for conducting the cell based assays.
  • a pharmaceutical formulation suitable for use in the treatment of Osteoporosis comprising at least one extract as isolated from a Cissus quadr annularis, in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the at least one extract is selected from those listed in Table 1.
  • compositions may comprise of two or more plant extracts of the invention in any concentration, which is capable of giving rise to a therapeutic effect.
  • therapeutic compositions can comprise plant extracts of Cissus substantially devoid of undesirable contaminating compounds.
  • the plant extracts may have, for procedure, undergone a number of solvent extraction steps substantially to separate out undesirable components from desirable components such as those alluded to in the procedures and aforementioned tables.
  • the invention thus further provides a method for the treatment of Osteoporosis or conditions, which are characterized by increased bone resorption in mammals, including humans, which comprises the use of a clinically useful amount of an extract selected from those listed in Table 1 , in a pharmaceutically useful form, once or several times a day or in any other appropriate schedule for example, orally, or intravenously or by delivery to the lungs in a dry or "wet" spray.
  • the amount of compound of extract required to be effective in the treatment Osteoporosis or conditions, which are characterized by increased bone resorption will, of course, vary with the disease being treated and is ultimately at the discretion of the medical or veterinary practitioner.
  • the factors to be considered include the condition being treated, the route of administration, and nature of the formulation, the mammal's body weight, surface area, age and general condition and the particular compound to be administered.
  • a suitable effective dose of an extract of the invention generally lies in the range of about 500 mg twice daily. Whilst it is possible for the active extract to be administered alone, it is preferred to present the active extract in a pharmaceutical formulation.
  • Formulations of the present invention, for medical use comprise an extract of the invention together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and optionally other therapeutic ingredients.
  • the carrier(s) should be pharmaceutically acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and substantially non-deleterious to the recipient thereof.
  • the present invention therefore, further provides a pharmaceutical formulation comprising at least one extract selected from those listed in table 1, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefore.
  • any pharmaceutical formulation comprising an active extract of the invention can include at least .one active extract purified from an extract derived from a Cissus species. " Thus a pharmaceutical formulation may contain more than one active extract derived from two or more Cissus species.
  • Formulations according to the present invention include those suitable for oral or intravenous administration.
  • Intravenous formulations including at least one extract of the invention and may also be administered in the form of suitable liposomal or niosomal preparations or other suitable delivery vehicle.
  • Emulgents and emulsion stabilizers suitable for use in the formulation of the present invention include Tween 60, Span 80, cetostearyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glycerol mono-stearate and sodium laury sulphate.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing the active extracts(s) into association with a carrier, which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active extract(s) into association with a liquid carrier or a finely divided solid carrier or both and then, if necessary, shaping the product into desired formulations.
  • Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, sachets, tablets, lozenges, comprising the active ingredient in a flavoured based, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouth-washes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.
  • Each formulation generally contains a predetermined amount of the active extract; as a powder or granules; or a solution or suspension in an aqueous or nonaqueous liquid such as syrup, an elixir, an emulsion or draught and the like.
  • a tablet may be . made by compression or moulding optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing an a suitable machine the active extract in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, (e.g. povidone, gelatin, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (e.g. sodium starch glycolate, cross- linked povidone, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface active or dispersing agent.
  • Moulded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered extract moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • the tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile.
  • a syrup may be made by adding the active extract to a concentrated, aqueous solution of a sugar, for example sucrose, to which may also be added any necessary ingredients.
  • a sugar for example sucrose
  • Such accessory ingredient(s) may include flavourings, an agent to retard crystallisation of the sugar or an agent to increase the solubility of any other ingredients, such as a polyhydric alcohol for example glycerol or sorbitol.
  • the formulations of this invention may further include on or more accessory ingredients) selected from diluents, buffers, flavouring agents, binders, surface active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including antioxidants) and the like.
  • compositions are dietary supplements, food compositions or beverage compositions suitable for human or animal consumption.
  • a comestible that is to say, a foodstuff comprising at least an extract of the invention, typically in dried form, such as in a lyophilized form selected from those listed in Table 1 herein.
  • comestibles may contain more than one extract of the invention and may be used.
  • Such foodstuffs may be used in a prophylactic manner and may contain further extracts having a similar function to the first added extract or further added extracts may be added that have a different prophylactic function.
  • a foodstuff could either comprise extracts that provide for a comestible having a single functional aspect, or a comestible may have a multi-functional prophylactic effect against two or more disease types.
  • the type of foodstuff or comestible to which at least an extract of the invention may be added includes any processed food such as confectionaries, baked products including breads such as loafs, and flat breads such as pitta bread, naan bread and the like, cakes, snack foods such as muesli bars, compressed dried fruit bars, biscuits, dairy products such as yoghurts, milk and milk-based products such as custards, cream, cheese, butter and creme fraiche, simulated dairy food products such as margarine, olive oil-based spreads, and low fat cream substitutes such as Elmlea products, fruit and vegetable juices, aerated drinks, such as carbonated soft drinks and non-aerated drinks such as squashes, soya milk, rice milk and coconut milk and the like, pastas, noodles, vegetable, seed and nut oils, fruited oils such as sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, walnut, hazelnut, and sesame seed oil and the like, and frozen confections such as ice creams,
  • a suitable effective dose of an extract of the invention to be included in a comestible generally lies in the range 500 mg twice daily.
  • Extraction of Cissus quadrangularis whole plant was carried out by direct extraction method, at 20 - 85 C in reflux extractor apparatus followed by Lyophilizing the obtained extracts between 50 to 500 m Torr (optimum 110 m Torr) and between -30 to -80° C temperature (optimum -60° C).
  • Various solvents used for extraction are 80% Ethanol, Hexane Acetone and water.
  • the extract was concentrated by fitting the flask containing the extract with the empty soxhlet extractor body that in turn was fitted tightly with the water-cooled condenser. Continuous water flow was maintained and the flask wag heated till the solvent from the flask was distilled and collected in the extractor body up to a level. (One inch below the inlet). The temperature was reduced to avoid charring as the volume of the solvent reduced in the flask. The distilled solvent collected in the extractor was transferred to the solvent bottles and label appropriately. The process was continued till only very little solvent was left in the flask and no charring had occurred. The extract in the flask were swirled and were dried under vacuum.
  • Extract ID contains the first six letters of the plant code followed by the part of the plant used. This is followed by type of extraction, extraction temperature, solvent and the percentage of the solvent used. Which is followed by the date, month and year of extraction for the identification of the three extracts, which are the subject matter of the invention.
  • AGT036 Name of the Plant: Cissus quadrangularis
  • Example 4 Effect of the extracts of Cissus quadrangularis on MC3T3 cells (toxicity testing)
  • the plant extracts were tested in three concentrations to examine the toxicity of the extracts to MC3T3 cells.
  • the stock solutions of the extract were diluted 1 :100, 1 :1000 and 1:10000 in the medium for the cells.
  • the concentrations have been chosen so that the concentration of DMSO used for making the stock solutions is not higher than 1%.
  • MC3T3 cells were seeded at a density of 20000 cells per well in 96 well plate. The cells were cultured for one day before the plant extracts were added in the three dilutions. The cells were after the addition of the extracts cultured for three days. At the end of the culture period the cell viability was measured by the Al ' amarBlue assay.
  • Plant extract AN02 and AN03 were toxic at the dilution 1 :100, but not at dilution 1 :1000 and 1:10,000, while extract ANOl and ANl 9 were not toxic at either of the dilutions. Therefore, dilution 1:1000 and 1 :10,000 were used for the hit screening in the bone resorption assay and in the bone formation assay.
  • Example 5 Determination of the bio-therapeutic potential of the extracts of the whole plants of Cissus quadrangularis'. (a) Bone Resorption Principle
  • Collagen type I makes up >90% of the organic matrix of bone.
  • Collagen type I is composed of linked type I collagen molecules, with the amino- and carboxy-terminal regions of a type I collagen molecule linked to the helical region of adjacent collagen molecules through pyridinium cross-links, deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) and pyridinoline (Pyd).
  • Dpd deoxypyridinoline
  • Pyd pyridinoline
  • telopeptides consist of short peptide sequences from the helical domain of a type I molecule and the telopeptide region of an adjacent molecule, joined by a pyridinium cross-link (either Pyd or Dpd).
  • telopeptides released from bone are excreted unchanged in urine, and the remainder are metabolized by the liver and kidneys.
  • Commercial assays have been developed for 3 forms of collagen type I telopeptide: NTX, CTX, and ICTP (a slight variant of CTX).
  • the resorption process can be studied in vitro by culturing bone cells on devitalized slices of bone or dentin.
  • the osteoclasts were isolated as CD 14 positive monocytes and differentiated into osteoclasts for 10-12 days. Hereafter, the osteoclasts were lifted by trypsin, counted and seeded on bovine bone slices at a density of 40000 cells per bone slice. The osteoclasts were seeded on the bone slices for one day before the plant extracts were added. The osteoclasts were hereby allowed to attach and initiate resorption. The plant extracts were added in two concentrations 1:10,000 and 1 :100,000 dilutions because the toxicity study in the MC3T3 cells had shown that these concentrations were not toxic to the cells.
  • Bafilomycin is a V-ATPase blocker and it inhibits the osteoclastic bone resorption approximately 80% compared to DMSO (the negative control will be set to 100 % on the chart.
  • the bone resorption experiment was ended after 5 days of incubation and the cell viability was measured by the use of the AlamarBlue assay. Bone resorption was evaluated as the determination of the CTX release.
  • Plant extract ANOl which is Cissus quadrangular is extract made with 80% ethanol, has an inhibitory effect on the bone resorption at dilution 1:1000. ANOl inhibit bone resoiption ⁇ 90% compared to the control, which is not due to toxicity.
  • Plant extract AN02 which is Cissus quadrangular is extract made with hexane, inhibit resorption at both dilution 1:1000 and 1:10,000. At dilution 1 :1000 inhibits ANOl bone resorption ⁇ 85% compared to the control. Some of the effect is due to toxicity, because dilution 1:1000 are toxic to ⁇ 50% compared to the control.
  • Plant extract AN03 which is Cissus quadrangular is extract made with acetone, inhibit bone resorption at 1 : 1000, which seems to be due to toxicity. There is a small inhibition of the resorption at 1:10,000, which does not seem to be because of toxicity. At 1 :10,000
  • AN03 inhibit bone resorption -40% compared to the control.
  • Plant extract ANl 9 which is Cissus quadrangularis extract made with water, has no effect on bone resorption.
  • Plant extract ANOl, AN02 and AN03 were selected for further test in bone resorption lead characterisation.
  • MC3T3 cell lines were used for the bone formation studies. These cells are murine osteogenic mesenchymal precursor cells, which can be differentiated into osteoclasts by ascorbic acid and beta-glycerol phosphate.
  • the osteoblasts (MC3T3 cells) were seeded at a density of 75000 cells per well in 24 plates. The cells were culture for one day before the plant extracts were added. Then the osteoblasts were cultured for 14 days in medium supplemented with ascorbic acid and beta-glycerol phosphate (AA and bG) and in the presence of the plant extracts (1:10,000 and 1:100,000 dilution)
  • BMP-2 bone morphogenic protein -2
  • BMP-2 is used as a positive control, while the treatment without ascorbic avid and beta-glycerol phosphate (without AA and bG) is the negative control.
  • BMP-2 induces the MC3T3 precursor cells to differentiate into osteoblasts and the ALP activity is induced compared to the negative control.
  • BMP-2 used as a positive control
  • treatment without ascorbic acid and ⁇ -glycerol phosphate without aa and bG
  • BMP-2 induces the MC3T3 precursor cells to differentiate into osteoblasts and the ALP activity is induced compared to the negative control.
  • plant extract AN03 has a positive osteogenic effect on the MC3T3 cells.
  • the ALP activity is higher for AN03 compared to the negative control and it induces ALP activity to a higher level than BMP-2.
  • AN03 was not toxic to the cells at the used dilutions.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des compositions et procédés destinés à la prévention, au traitement ou au contrôle de l'ostéoporose ou d'états caractérisés par une résorption osseuse accrue, et consistant en l'administration d'une quantité prophylactiquement et thérapeutiquement suffisante de la plante Cissus quadrangularis ou de ses extraits à un mammifère justifiant d'un tel traitement. De préférence, le mammifère est humain, et les compositions comprennent un extrait simple ou une combinaison de ces extraits. L'invention concerne également des extraits isolés à partir de parties de Cissus quadrangularis, l'élaboration de tels extraits, les médicaments à base de ces extraits, et l'utilisation de ces extraits et constituants pour l'élaboration d'un médicament. L'invention concerne enfin le procédé d'élaboration des extraits à partir de diverses aprties de Cissus quadrangularis.
PCT/IB2007/002066 2006-07-07 2007-07-09 Extraits végétaux de cissus quandrangularis pour le traitement de l'ostéoporose et procédé d'extraction correspondant WO2008081233A2 (fr)

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US12/307,776 US20090280196A1 (en) 2006-07-07 2007-07-09 Cissus quadrangularis plant extracts for treating osteoporosis and the extraction process thereof
AU2007341056A AU2007341056A1 (en) 2006-07-07 2007-07-09 Cissus quadrangularis plant extracts for treating osteoporosis and the extraction process thereof

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IN1191/CHE/2006 2006-07-07
IN1191CH2006 2006-07-07

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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GB9920393D0 (en) * 1999-08-27 1999-11-03 Medix Scient Uk Limited Plant extract mixtures and their uses
IN188857B (fr) * 2000-07-14 2002-11-16 Govind Kane Dr Shantaram
WO2002085394A1 (fr) * 2001-04-24 2002-10-31 Bakulesh Mafatlal Khamar Procede de production de preparation topique anti-inflammatoire et analgesique
US20050048141A1 (en) * 2003-08-30 2005-03-03 Cortes Brian Paul Use of the plant Cissus quadrangularis or its extracts for osteo-health including prevention or mitigation of degenerative disease, fracture healing and anabolic increase in osteo tissues
US7582316B1 (en) * 2005-07-21 2009-09-01 Jacob Geissler Ketone-steroid extracts from the Cissus Quadrangularis plant and methods thereof
US20070196515A1 (en) * 2006-02-22 2007-08-23 Kothari Shil C Methods and compositions for improving cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic risk factors that cause syndrome X
CA2643385A1 (fr) * 2006-03-08 2007-09-13 Hhc Formulations Ltd. Compositions et methodes pour l'amplification du metabolisme adipeux, de la lipolyse ou du metabolisme lipolytique par thermogenese

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
CLIN.SCI, vol. 9, no. 2, 9 August 2000 (2000-08-09), pages 133 - 40
J.HAEMOTOL, vol. 106, no. 1, July 1999 (1999-07-01), pages 167 - 70

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