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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
  • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
  • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
  • C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
  • C12N15/1138—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing against receptors or cell surface proteins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
  • C12N2310/10—Type of nucleic acid
  • C12N2310/11—Antisense
  • C12N2310/111—Antisense spanning the whole gene, or a large part of it
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
  • C12N2310/10—Type of nucleic acid
  • C12N2310/14—Type of nucleic acid interfering N.A.
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
  • C12N2310/50—Physical structure
  • C12N2310/53—Physical structure partially self-complementary or closed
  • C12N2310/531—Stem-loop; Hairpin

Definitions

• the present invention in some embodiments thereof, relates to siRNAs capable of down-regulating CD24 and to uses thereof for the treatment of a variety of diseases including cancer.
• Cell adhesion proteins are dynamic molecules involved in several aspects of cellular function including migration, inflammation and tissue development. For example, the maturation of hematopoietic cells is associated with the regulated expression of numerous genes, some of which encode cell surface proteins that mediate maturation-stage-specific signals into and out of the cell. This is accomplished by binding of the cell surface protein to a variety of ligands such as soluble interleukins and adhesion receptors either on other cells or within the extracellular matrix.
• CD24 a glycoprotein consisting of 31 to 35 amino acid residues anchored to the plasma membrane by glycosyl phosphatidylinositol [Kay et al., J. Immunol., 1991, 147, 1412-1416].
• the apparent molecular weight of CD24 ranges between 32 KDa in brain and 70 KDa in lymphoid cells due to variable glycosylation patterns.
• CD24 is primarily found in developing (immature but not mature) B- cells and neurons.
• the human CD24 gene was cloned by Kay, Rosten and Humphries [Kay et al., J. Immunol., 1991, 147, 1412-1416] and is also disclosed and claimed in PCT publication WO 99/41376 [Yang et al., 1999].
• Human CD24 is located on chromosome 6 at band q21.
• the chromosome region 6ql6-q22 has been shown to be associated with .recurrent chromosome abnormalities in lymphoproliferative and myeloproliferative diseases [Sandberg, Chromosomes in Human Cancer and Leukemia 2nd ed., 1990, Elsevier: New York, 625-751]. Additional homologous sequences of CD24 have been mapped to chromosomes 15q21-q22 and YqIl. CD24 is thus a member of a multigene family but it is not known yet known if the genes related to CD24 are functional (Hough et al., Genomics, 1994, 22, 154-161).
• CD24 The principal cellular function of human CD24 is not clear but several B cell- related functions have been suggested. CD24 is involved in B cell adhesion both directly and by modifying the specificity and/or avidity of other adhesive interactions such as the interactions between VLA-4 and VCAM-I, VLA-4 and fibronectin [Hahne et al., J. Exp. Med., 1994, 179, 1391-1395] and the interaction of VLA-5 with Ll [Ruppert et al., J. Cell Biol., 1995, 131, 1881-1891]. The investigations of Zarn et al.
• CD24 may play a role in mediating an adhesion pathway in cancer metastasis [Aigner et al., Faseb. J., 1998, 12, 1241-1251].
• CD24 stimulates the migration of gliomas. This suggests a role for CD24 in promotion of brain invasion by human gliomas [Senner et al., J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 1999, 58, 795-802].
• Anti-CD24 antibodies have been used to inhibit CD24 in investigative and therapeutic efforts to control various diseases including: Epstein-Barr virus-induced B-lymphoproliferative disorder, [Benkerrou et al., Blood, 1998, 92, 3137-3147; Fischer et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 1991, 324, 1451- 1456; Lazarovits et al., Clin. Invest. Med., 1994, 17, 621-625], small cell lung cancer [Jackson et al., Cancer Res., 1992, 52, 5264-5270; Zangemeister-Wittke et al., Int. J.
• U.S. Pat. Appl. 20040097448 teaches therapeutic strategies aimed at inhibiting the action of CD24 by administering anti sense oligonucleotides targeted to nucleic acid encoding CD24 for the treatment of small cell lung cancer and breast cancer (as well as other pathologies including autoimmune neurologic diseases, blood disorders and conditions related to excessive apoptosis).
• U.S. Pat. Appl. 20040005596 teaches administration of siRNA molecules targeted to CD24 for the treatment of a variety of cancers.
• a method of treating a CD24-related medical condition comprising administering to a subject in need thereof at least one siRNA molecule selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to 4, thereby treating the CD24- related medical condition.
• an siRNA molecule selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-4.
• an article of manufacture comprising two siRNA molecules set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 4.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one siRNA molecule, wherein the siRNA molecule is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1- 4.
• the present invention there is provided a use of at least one siRNA molecule selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-4, for the manufacture of a medicament identified for treating a CD24- related medical condition.
• the CD24-related medical condition is selected from the group consisting of a hyperproliferative disease and an autoimmune disease.
• the hyperproliferative disease is a colorectal cancer.
• the at least one siRNA molecule is two siRNA molecules set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 4.
• FIG. 1 is a photograph of a Western blot analysis illustrating the level of CD24 expression in various human CRC and pancreatic cancer cell lines as compared to ⁇ - actin.
• HT-29 (lane 1), SW480 (2), HCTl 16 (3), CaCo2 (4) and Colo320 (5).
• FIG. 2 is a photograph of a Western blot analysis illustrating the level of CD24 expression in HT29 cells following expression of siRNA to CD24 at positions 833 (SEQ ID NO: 3), 1074 (SEQ ID NO: 2) and 1099 (SEQ ID NO: 4) as compared to expression of control siRNA sequences to luciferase and GFP.
• FIGs. 3A-E are photographs and graphs illustrating the level of CD24 expression in HT29 cells following expression of two siRNAs to CD24 in a single clone.
• Figure 3 A CD24 mRNA levels shown via semi-quantitive RT-PCR with CD24 specific primers. The house keeping gene GAPDH served as the control for equal loading.
• Figure 3B Western blot analysis for CD24 expression, loading 20 ⁇ g of total lysate from each clone onto an SDS-PAGE. Membranes were incubated with a 1:500 dilution of SWAI l antibodies. ⁇ -Actin expression was used for normalization.
• Figure 3C Western blot analysis for the indicated Colo357 clones of pRS 833 and controls performed similarly (loading 50 ⁇ g protein).
• Figures 3D-E Flow cytometry analysis of cells incubated with anti-CD24 ML5 antibodies and FL- conjugated anti-mouse secondary antibodies was used to assess the CD24 expression levels on the membrane; the final CD24 levels were thus define as the mean.
• FIGs. 4A-E are graphs and table illustrating that down-regulation of CD24 slows cell growth:
• Figures 4A and 4C HT29 cells and the siRNA control cells (GFP), and clones 833(4), E, and G were plated in triplicates in twelve- well plates in complete medium (Figure 4A) or starvation- 0.5 % FBS ( Figure 4C). Number of cells was determined every 2-3 days using a Coulter counter.
• Figures 4B and 4D Colo357, its clones 833 (4, 10 and 12) and their controls were similarly examined. Each experiment was repeated at least twice.
• Figure 4E Cell cycle parameters for exponentially growing HT29 and its discussed clones following PI staining for DNA content.
• FIGs. 5A-B are graphs illustrating that CD24 down-regulation results in lowered tumorigenicity: HT29 ( Figure 5A) and Colo357 ( Figure 5B) cells and their CD24 under-expressing clones were injected subcutaneously into each of two flanks of athymic nude mice (5-7*10 6 cells per injection, 5 mice per group). Tumor volumes were measured twice weekly standard error bars are presented for each measurement.
• FIGs. 6A-B are photographs and graphs illustrating that HT29 cells in which the CD24 was down-regulated showed less migratory capacities, in proportion to the total cells number, in comparison to HT29 cells with control siRNA.
• Figure 6 A 6*10 4 cells per well of HT29 cells and their CD24 under-expressing derivatives were seeded onto the upper chamber of a transwell plate (0.8 ⁇ m pore-size, Corning, NY). 48 hours later, cells were fixated to the plate using PFA and stained in crystal violet. Picture was taken after wiping off the cells from the upper chamber using a cotton-stick.
• Figure 6B The number of cells was determined using the TINA2.0 software by reading the mean color intensity per well. The experiment was performed twice in duplicates; results are presented in percents compared to the control clone for each experiment.
• the present invention in some embodiments thereof, relates to siRNAs capable of down-regulating CD24 and use thereof in treating medical conditions such as cancer.
• siRNAs capable of down-regulating CD24 and use thereof in treating medical conditions such as cancer.
• the invention is not necessarily limited in its application to the details set forth in the following description or exemplified by the Examples. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways.
• CD24 expression has been correlated with a wide variety of diseases including hyperproliferative disorders such as cancer and autoimmune diseases.
• down-regulation of CD24 has been postulated as a means of treating such diseases.
• the present inventors have uncovered four different siRNAs which are capable of down-regulating CD24 and have proven therapeutic efficacy of such molecules in both in vitro and in vivo colorectal cancer models. Whilst reducing the present invention into practice, the present inventors have shown that the siRNAs of the present invention are capable of decreasing proliferation and migration of cells derived from human colorectal carcinoma ( Figure 7). Furthermore, injection of such cells expressing at least one of the siRNAs of the present invention into nude mice result in slower tumor formation as compared to control cells not expressing the siRNAs of the present invention ( Figure 6).
• the present inventors have shown that a combination of two of the siRNAs of the present invention (SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 4) are particularly effective at reducing CD24 expression ( Figures 3 and 5B). Accordingly, a combination of the above mentioned siRNAs were able to decrease CD24 expression by more than 90 %.
• a method of treating a CD24-related medical condition comprises administering to a subject in need thereof at least one siRNA molecule selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 to 4.
• CD24-related medical condition refers to a disease or disorder that results from an expression of CD24.
• exemplary CD24-related medical conditions include, but are not limited to hyperproliferative disorders such as cancer (e.g. colorectal cancer) and autoimmune diseases which are further described herein below.
• subject in need thereof refers to a subject which has the disease, or which is susceptible to having the disease. The subject may be a mammal, e.g.
• the subject is typically one being diagnosed with colorectal cancer, with or without metastasis, at any stage of the disease (e.g., TX, TO, Tis, Tl, T2, T3, T4, NX, NO, Nl, MX, MO and Ml).
• stage of the disease e.g., TX, TO, Tis, Tl, T2, T3, T4, NX, NO, Nl, MX, MO and Ml.
• down-regulating the level of CD24 may be effected by administering to the subject a small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecule.
• siRNA small interfering RNA
• RNA refers to small interfering RNAs, which also include short hairpin RNA (shRNA) [Paddison et al., Genes & Dev. 16: 948-958, 2002], that are capable of causing interference and can cause post-transcriptional silencing of specific genes in cells, for example, mammalian cells (including human cells) and in the body, for example, mammalian bodies (including humans).
• shRNA short hairpin RNA
• RNA interference is a two step process.
• the first step which is termed as the initiation step, input dsRNA is digested into 21-23 nucleotide (nt) small interfering RNAs (siRNA), probably by the action of Dicer, a member of the RNase III family of dsRNA-specific ribonucleases, which processes (cleaves) dsRNA (introduced directly or via a transgene or a virus) in an ATP-dependent manner.
• nt nucleotide
• siRNA small interfering RNAs
• RNA 19-21 bp duplexes (siRNA), each with 2-nucleotide 3' overhangs [Hutvagner and Zamore Curr Opin Genetics and Development 12:225-232 (2002); and Bernstein, Nature 409:363-366 (2001)].
• the siRNA duplexes bind to a nuclease complex from the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC).
• RISC RNA-induced silencing complex
• An ATP-dependent unwinding of the siRNA duplex is required for activation of the RISC.
• the active RISC targets the homologous transcript by base pairing interactions and cleaves the mRNA into 12 nucleotide fragments from the 3' terminus of the siRNA [Hutvagner and Zamore Curr Op Gen Develop. 12:225-232 (2002); Hammond et al, 2001. Nat Rev Gen. 2:110- 119 (2001); and Sharp Genes Dev. 15:485-90 (2001)].
• each RISC contains a single siRNA and an RNase [Hutvagner and Zamore, Curr Opin Gen. Develop. 12:225-232 (2002)].
• RNAi RNAi RNAi RNAi RNAi RNAi amplification step within the RNAi pathway. Amplification could occur by copying of the input dsRNAs which would generate more siRNAs, or by replication of the siRNAs formed. Alternatively or additionally, amplification could be effected by multiple turnover events of the RISC [Hammond et al, Nat Rev Gen. 2:110-119 (2001), Sharp Genes Dev. 15:485-90 (2001); Hutvagner and Zamore Curr Opin Gen. Develop. 12:225-232 (2002)]. Ample guidance for using RNAi to practice the present invention is provided in the literature of the art [refer, for example, to: Tuschl, ChemBiochem. 2:239-245 (2001); Cullen, Nat Immunol. 3:597-599 (2002); and Brantl, Biochem Biophys Acta 1575:15-25 (2002)].
• RNAi molecules suitable for use with the present invention can be effected as follows. First, the mRNA sequence encoding the polypeptide of the present invention is scanned downstream of the AUG start codon for AA dinucleotide sequences. Occurrence of each AA and the 3' adjacent 19 nucleotides is recorded as potential siRNA target sites. Preferably, siRNA target sites are selected from the open reading frame, as untranslated regions (UTRs), being enriched in regulatory protein binding sites. UTR-binding proteins and/or translation initiation complexes may interfere with binding of the siRNA endonuclease complex [Tuschl, Chem Biochem. 2:239-245].
• UTRs untranslated regions
• siRNAs directed at untranslated regions may also be effective, as demonstrated for GAPDH wherein siRNA directed at the 5' UTR mediated approximately 90 % decrease in cellular GAPDH mRNA and completely abolished protein level (http://www.ambion.eom/techlib/tn/142/3.html or http://www.ambion.eom/techlib/tn/l 3 l/4.html).
• potential target sites are compared to an appropriate genomic database (e.g., human, mouse, rat etc.) using any sequence alignment software, such as the BLAST software available from the NCBI server (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/).
• sequence alignment software such as the BLAST software available from the NCBI server (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/).
• Putative target sites which exhibit significant homology to other coding sequences are filtered out.
• Qualifying target sequences are selected as template for siRNA synthesis.
• Preferred sequences are those including low G/C content as these have proven to be more effective in mediating gene silencing as compared to those with G/C content higher than 55 %.
• Several target sites are preferably selected along the length of the target gene for evaluation.
• a negative control is preferably used in conjunction.
• Negative control siRNA preferably include the same nucleotide composition as the siRNAs but lack significant homology to the genome.
• a scrambled nucleotide sequence of the siRNA is preferably used, provided it does not display any significant homology to any other gene.
• siRNAs set forth by SEQ ID NOs: 1-4 were shown to be effective at down-regulating levels of CD24. It will be appreciated that single siRNAs may be used for the treatment of
• CD24 related diseases or alternatively combinations of the above mentioned siRNA molecules may be used. Such combinations may be packaged together as a single article of manufacture.
• a particularly effective combination (SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 4) is disclosed in the Examples section herein below wherein a reduction of CD24 greater than 90 % is achieved.
• siRNA and expression constructs/vectors comprising siRNA are known by those skilled in the art.
• U.S. applications 2004/106567 and 2004/0086884, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety, provide numerous expression constructs/vectors as well as delivery mechanism including, but not limited to viral vectors, non viral vectors, liposomal delivery vehicles, plasmid injection systems, artificial viral envelopes and poly-lysine conjugates.
• regulatory sequences useful in expression constructs/vectors with siRNA.
• regulatory sequences may be a constitutive promoter, an inducible promoter, a tissue-specific promoter, or a combination thereof.
• siRNAs of the present invention may be administered systemically or locally (e.g. intratumoral injection) as further described herein below.
• the siRNAs of the present invention may be used to treat diseases such as hyperproliferative diseases and autoimmune diseases.
• Types of hyperproliferative diseases amenable to treatment via the method of the present invention include benign tumors, warts, polyps, precancers, and malignant tumors/cancer.
• cancer refers to the presence of cells possessing characteristics typical of cancer-causing cells, for example, uncontrolled proliferation, loss of specialized functions, immortality, significant metastatic potential, significant increase in anti-apoptotic activity, rapid growth and proliferation rate, and certain characteristic morphology and cellular markers.
• cancer cells will be in the form of a tumor; such cells may exist locally within an animal, or circulate in the blood stream as independent cells, for example, leukemic cells.
• the cancer is colonorectal cancer.
• colonal cancer refers to malignant tumors of the epithelium of the colon or rectal, including but not limited to squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinomas, cloacogenic (basaloid transitional cell) tumors, and adenocarcinomas.
• Exemplary autoimmune diseases that may be treated with the siRNAs of the present invention include, but are not limited to rheumatoid diseases, rheumatoid autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis (Krenn V. et al, Histol Histopathol 2000 Jul;15 (3):791), spondylitis, ankylosing spondylitis (Jan Voswinkel et al, Arthritis Res 2001; 3 (3): 189), systemic diseases, systemic autoimmune diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus (Erikson J. et al, Immunol Res 1998;17 (l-2):49), sclerosis, systemic sclerosis (Renaudineau Y.
• myasthenic diseases myasthenic diseases, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (Takamori M. Am J Med Sci. 2000 Apr;319 (4):204), paraneoplastic neurological diseases, cerebellar atrophy, paraneoplastic cerebellar atrophy, non-paraneoplastic stiff man syndrome, cerebellar atrophies, progressive cerebellar atrophies, encephalitis, Rasmussen's encephalitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Sydeham chorea, Gilles de Ia Tourette syndrome, polyendocrinopathies, autoimmune polyendocrinopathies (Antoine JC. and Honnorat J.
• vasculitises necrotizing small vessel vasculitises, microscopic polyangiitis, Churg and Strauss syndrome, glomerulonephritis, pauci-immune focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis, crescentic glomerulonephritis (Noel LH. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 2000 May; 151 (3): 178); antiphospholipid syndrome (Flamholz R. et al, J Clin Apheresis 1999; 14 (4): 171); heart failure, agonist-like beta-adrenoceptor antibodies in heart failure (Wallukat G. et al, Am J Cardiol.
• siRNAs of the present invention may be administered per se or as part of a pharmaceutical composition.
• a "pharmaceutical composition” refers to a preparation of one or more of the active ingredients described herein with other chemical components such as physiologically suitable carriers and excipients.
• the purpose of the pharmaceutical composition is to facilitate administration of the active ingredients to the subject.
• physiologically acceptable carrier and “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” which may be interchangeably used refer to a carrier or a diluent that does not cause significant irritation to the subject and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the administered active ingredients.
• An adjuvant is included under these phrases.
• excipient refers to an inert substance added to the pharmaceutical composition to further facilitate administration of an active ingredient of the present invention.
• excipients include calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars and types of starch, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, vegetable oils and polyethylene glycols.
• the pharmaceutical composition may advantageously take the form of a foam or a gel. Techniques for formulation and administration of drugs may be found in
• Suitable routes of administration include any of various suitable systemic and/or local routes of administration. Suitable routes of administration may, for example, include the inhalation, oral, buccal, rectal, transmucosal, topical, transdermal, intradermal, transnasal, intestinal and/or parenteral routes; the intramuscular, subcutaneous and/or intramedullary injection routes; the intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, and/or intraocular injection routes; and/or the route of direct injection into a tissue region of the subject.
• the pharmaceutical composition may be manufactured by processes well known in the art, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or lyophilizing processes.
• compositions for use in accordance with the present invention thus may be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries, which facilitate processing of the active ingredients into preparations which, can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.
• the active ingredients of the pharmaceutical composition may be formulated in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological salt buffer.
• physiologically compatible buffers such as Hank's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological salt buffer.
• penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art.
• the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated readily by combining the active ingredients with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art.
• Such carriers enable the pharmaceutical composition to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions, and the like, for oral ingestion by a patient.
• Pharmacological preparations for oral use can be made using a solid excipient, optionally grinding the resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores.
• Suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl- cellulose, sodium carbomethylcellulose; and/or physiologically acceptable polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
• disintegrating agents may be added, such as cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.
• Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings.
• concentrated sugar solutions may be used which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
• Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active ingredient doses.
• compositions which can be used orally include push-fit capsules made of gelatin as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
• the push-fit capsules may contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
• the active ingredients may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
• stabilizers may be added. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for the chosen route of administration.
• compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.
• the active ingredients for use according to the present invention can be delivered in the form of an aerosol/spray presentation from a pressurized pack or a nebulizer with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., a fluorochlorohydrocarbon such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichloro-tetrafluoroethane; carbon dioxide; or a volatile hydrocarbon such as butane, propane, isobutane, or mixtures thereof.
• a suitable propellant e.g., a fluorochlorohydrocarbon such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichloro-tetrafluoroethane
• carbon dioxide or a volatile hydrocarbon such as butane, propane, isobutane, or mixtures thereof.
• the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount.
• the pharmaceutical composition may be formulated for parenteral administration, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion.
• Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multidose containers with optionally, an added preservative.
• the compositions may be suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
• a pharmaceutical composition for parenteral administration may include an aqueous solution of the active ingredients in water-soluble form. Additionally, suspensions of the active ingredients may be prepared as appropriate oily or water based injection suspensions.
• Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acids esters such as ethyl oleate, triglycerides or liposomes.
• Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances, which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol or dextran.
• the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the active ingredients to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
• the active ingredients may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water based solution, before use.
• a suitable vehicle e.g., sterile, pyrogen-free water based solution
• the pharmaceutical composition may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, using, e.g., conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.
• the pharmaceutical composition should contain the active ingredients in an amount effective to achieve disease treatment.
• the therapeutically effective amount or dose can be estimated initially from in vitro and cell culture assays.
• a dose can be formulated in animal models to achieve a desired concentration or titer. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans.
• Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of the active ingredients described herein can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in vitro, in cell cultures or experimental animals.
• the data obtained from these in vitro and cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in human.
• the dosage may vary depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. The exact formulation, route of administration and dosage can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition. (See e.g., Fingl, et al, 1975, in "The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics", Ch. 1 p.l).
• Dosage amount and interval may be adjusted individually to provide plasma or brain levels of the active ingredients which are sufficient to achieve the desired therapeutic effect (minimal effective concentration, MEC).
• MEC minimum effective concentration
• the MEC will vary for each preparation, but can be estimated from in vitro data. Dosages necessary to achieve the MEC will depend on individual characteristics and route of administration. Detection assays can be used to determine plasma concentrations.
• dosing can be of a single or a plurality of administrations, with course of treatment lasting from several days to several weeks or until cure is effected or diminution of the disease state is achieved.
• the amount of the composition to be administered will be dependent on the subject being treated, the severity of the affliction, the manner of administration, the judgment of the prescribing physician, etc.
• compositions of the present invention may, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device, such as an FDA approved kit, which may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the active ingredients.
• the pack may, for example, comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack.
• the pack or dispenser device may be accompanied by instructions for administration.
• the pack or dispenser may also be accommodated by a notice associated with the container in a form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use or sale of pharmaceuticals, which notice is reflective of approval by the agency of the form of the compositions or human or veterinary administration.
• Such notice for example, may be of labeling approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for prescription drugs or of an approved product insert.
• compositions comprising, “comprising”, “includes”, “including”, “having” and their conjugates mean “including but not limited to”. This term encompasses the terms “consisting of and “consisting essentially of.
• Consisting essentially of means that the composition or method may include additional ingredients and/or steps, but only if the additional ingredients and/or steps do not materially alter the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed composition or method.
• the singular form “a”, “an” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
• the term “a compound” or “at least one compound” may include a plurality of compounds, including mixtures thereof.
• IEC 18 cells Normal enterocytes derived from rat ileum (IEC 18 cells), were transfected with a variety of oncogenes (Ras, cyclin Dl, anti-sense bak, CENP-C, bcl-2, WNT-2) and became transformed. It was shown that Ras transformed IEC- 18 (Rl) cells are most aggressive.
• the present example seeks to validate the increased expression of CD24.
• the primary antibodies After blocking with goat serum for 20 minutes, the primary antibodies, anti- CD24 MAb (Ab-2, clone 24C02, from Neomarkers, Fremont, CA), were applied and incubated overnight at 4 0 C in a high-humidity chamber. Although all concentrations of primary antibody gave good membranous staining, the ideal concentration with minimal background was 20 ⁇ g/mL. As a negative control, duplicated sections of selected tissue samples were immunostained in the absence of the primary antibody. Subsequent steps utilized the Vectastain rabbit Elite ABC kit (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
• Vector Laboratories Burlingame, CA
• Membrane staining was considered positive if the chromogen was detected in at least 5 % of the cells within a microscopic field.
• the samples included tissue specimens from normal adjacent mucosa and tumors of the esophagus, stomach, pancreas and small and large bowel. Positive staining represents an intensity score of the membrane/cytoplasm >1 on a scale of 0, 1, 2, and 3 of increasing intensity.
• RESULTS CD24 was shown to be over-expressed in these tumors, both at an early stage of the multi-step carcinogenesis process as well as in later stages of the process, as it was expressed to the same extent in adenomas (the pre-malignant stage of CRC), as well as in carcinomas (Table 1, herein below).
• plasmids Four 19 base-pairs sequences were selected from the cDNA sequence of CD24 and the most efficient siRNA molecule comprised of same was saught. The sequences were chosen according to the recommendations of two siRNA design software, available for free access on the websites of the companies Dharmacon and Genscript. Four different plasmids were designed since it was estimated that the odds of success in achieving down regulation with a single siRNA sequence are usually around 1: 4.
• pSUPER-RNAi SystemTM For the construction of stable expression vectors to deliver these molecules, commercially available pSUPER-RNAi SystemTM, OligoEngineTM were used. These are based on the technology of expressing short-hairpin RNA molecules transcribed continuously from a regular double-strand expression vector. Accordingly, four 64 base-pairs oligos, and their anti-sense, were designed according to the protocol of the pSUPER-RNAi SystemTM where the desired sequences for CD24 siRNA were inserted in the specified places in order to reach the sequence that encodes for the shRNA structure. The oligo-sequences were ordered and synthesized (Sigma- Aldrich, Israel).
• Each oligo and its anti-sense sequence were annealed (10' at 70 0 C) and inserted into the pSUPER vectors.
• Each of the four sequences was inserted to two different vectors: pSUPER-Puro that contains puromycine- resistance gene and a non-commercially available pSUPER-Hygro that contains hygromycine- resistance gene.
• 8 vectors were constructed with four different siRNA sequences to CD24 and two different selectable markers. Additional vectors were prepared to serve as a control to the effect of nonspecific shRNA molecules in the cells. Thus the specific effect of CD24 down- regulation could be distinguished from the effect of the transfection, selection and siRNA.
• Two siRNA sequences, to the non-eukaryotic genes to Luciferase and GFP were inserted each to the pSUPER-Puro and pSUPER-Hygro vectors.
• HT29 clones Formation of stable CD24- down-regulated HT29 clones: The formation of stable CD24- down-regulated HT29 clones was effected by two transfections, selection with the respective antibiotics and clonal expansion. During the first step HT29 cells were transfected with the six vectors: pSUPER-Puro-284, pSUPER-Puro- 833, pSUPER-Puro-1074 and pSUPER-Puro-1099 to CD24 and pSUPER-Puro-GFP and pSUPER-Puro-Luc (luciferase) as a control.
• HT29 human colorectal
• Colo357 pancreatic cancer cell lines were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA), cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (Sigma, Israel) containing 5 % -10 % fetal bovine serum (Biological Industries, Beit Haemek, Israel), 1 % penicillin, and 1 % streptomycin (complete medium) at 37 °C in an atmosphere of 95 % oxygen and 5 % CO 2 .
• Transfections were performed using LipofectAMINE and Plus Reagents (Invitrogen, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. A total of 7xlO 5 cells were seeded in six-well plates. The next day, 50 % confluent dishes were transfected with l ⁇ g vectors. At first, cells were transfected with pRS 833 , pRS !u ⁇ and Prs GFP ; resistant ceils were selected in complete medium with 1 ⁇ g/ml puromycin (Sigma, Israel) for three weeks.
• Colo357 were transfected similarly with the vectors pRS 833 , pRS lu ⁇ and pRS GFP and puro+ clones were selected and expanded.
• Four resistant clones were randomly chosen, designated 833-1, 4, 10 and 12. 3-4 clones were expanded from each of the siRNA and 2 from each control vector.
• Flow cytometry Analysis In order to confirm the results from the Western- blot analysis and to more specifically determine the CD24 content on the cell surface, flow cytometry was performed using a fluorescence labelled anti-CD24 monoclonal antibody (ML-5) and secondary fluorescent anti-mouse antibodies (Jackson Laboratories, UK).
• CD24 the most efficient HT29 clone was selected, which harbored the vector pSUPER-Puro-833, number 4, indicated with a star. This clone was transfected as described in Materials and Methods with the vector pSUPER-Hygro-1099 in order to produce clones where two different siRNA sequences to CD24 are simultaneously active. As a control, the same clone was transfected with pSUPER-Hygro-Luc as well. The clones that harbored both siRNA to CD24 at positions 833 and 1099 were numbered alphabetically by the order of their expansion (A to G).
• Clones E and G showed a decrease in CD24 expression above 90 % and were therefore chosen for further characterization, along with the parental HT29 cells, HT29 cells with control siRNA and the original single siRNA 833(4) clone.
• Cell proliferation and growth rate was measured to evaluate the change in doubling time and saturation densities of cells following CD24 overexpression: 3x10 4 cells per well from the parental cell, vector control and established clones were seeded in 12 well plates. For each cell, two wells were collected and counted every two days for two weeks. Results were repeated at least 3 times.
• RESULTS siRNA to CD24 was shown to reduce the growth rate of HT29 cells while control siRNA has no effect on the cells ( Figures 4A-E). Clones E and G, derived from clone 833(4) with an additional siRNA to CD24 showed a significant decrease in growth rate.
• Selected clones comprising control siRNA or the siRNAs of the present invention were injected into nude mice in order to check the level of their tumorigenicity in-vivo.
• exponentially growing cells were harvested with a brief treatment of 0.25 % Trypsin EDTA solution and re-suspended at a final concentration of 7xlO 6 cells per 0.15 ml per injection in PBS.
• Athymic nude mice were obtained and housed in sterile cages at the animal facilities in Tel Aviv Medical Center. Injecting the cells into two flanks of each animal produced subcutaneous tumors. Each tumor diameter was measured twice weekly using a micrometer caliper. Tumor volumes were calculated as: 4/3* ⁇ r 3 . The radius was taken as the mean between longest and shortest measurement when tumors were not concentric.
• malignant transformation An important feature of malignant transformation is that the cell acquires the ability to detach from its original tissue and migrate through the basal membrane and invade deeper into regional tissues.
• the amoeboid movement and diapedesis depends on the ability to de- and re-construct actin filaments.
• a three-dimensional cell migration assay was performed with the Transwell system (Corning, NY), which allows cells to migrate through an 8- ⁇ m pore size polycarbonate membrane. Complete medium was first added to the 24- well plate well (the lower chamber of Transwell), and then to the Transwell insert (the upper chamber of Transwell) and prepared in the incubator for 3-5 hours. Cells were trypsinized, washed and resuspended in DlVIEM medium containing 5 % calf serum (6x 10 5 cells/ml). The cell suspension (100 ⁇ l) was plated onto the upper chamber of the Transwell. The lower chamber was filled with 600 ⁇ l of the same medium.
• the cells were fixed for 10 minutes in 4 % paraformaldehyde, perforated with 0.01% Triton (Sigma) for 5 minutes and stained for 5 minutes with crystal violet.
• the filters were then rinsed thoroughly in distilled water and the non-migrating cells were carefully removed from the upper surface of the Transwell with a wet cotton swab. The wells were counted and the number of trans-migrated cells was assessed by color quantification using the TENA 2.0 software.

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