WO2008054488A2 - Attoseringue électrochimique, et son utilisation en tant que dispositif d'entraînement de nanopompe électrochimique - Google Patents

Attoseringue électrochimique, et son utilisation en tant que dispositif d'entraînement de nanopompe électrochimique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008054488A2
WO2008054488A2 PCT/US2007/008290 US2007008290W WO2008054488A2 WO 2008054488 A2 WO2008054488 A2 WO 2008054488A2 US 2007008290 W US2007008290 W US 2007008290W WO 2008054488 A2 WO2008054488 A2 WO 2008054488A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
liquid
pipette
voltage
electrochemical
attosyringe
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Application number
PCT/US2007/008290
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English (en)
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WO2008054488A3 (fr
Inventor
Michael V. Mirkin
Francois O. Laforge
Original Assignee
Mirkin Michael V
Laforge Francois O
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mirkin Michael V, Laforge Francois O filed Critical Mirkin Michael V
Publication of WO2008054488A2 publication Critical patent/WO2008054488A2/fr
Publication of WO2008054488A3 publication Critical patent/WO2008054488A3/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/02—Burettes; Pipettes
    • B01L3/021—Pipettes, i.e. with only one conduit for withdrawing and redistributing liquids
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y15/00—Nanotechnology for interacting, sensing or actuating, e.g. quantum dots as markers in protein assays or molecular motors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/06—Auxiliary integrated devices, integrated components
    • B01L2300/0627—Sensor or part of a sensor is integrated
    • B01L2300/0645—Electrodes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2400/00—Moving or stopping fluids
    • B01L2400/04—Moving fluids with specific forces or mechanical means
    • B01L2400/0403—Moving fluids with specific forces or mechanical means specific forces
    • B01L2400/0415—Moving fluids with specific forces or mechanical means specific forces electrical forces, e.g. electrokinetic

Definitions

  • the embodiments of the present invention relate to a syringe, and more particularly, the embodiments of the present invention relate to an electrochemical attosyringe and its use as an electrochemical nanopump driver.
  • a heat-pulled pipette is back-filled with a solution of interest and then connected from the back to a miniature syringe.
  • the syringe is actuated by a piezo-actuator or a motorized vernier.
  • a heat-pulled pipette is connected from the back to a — positively or negatively — pressurized chamber and immersed in a solution.
  • the liquid is injected or ejected by changing pressure. 2
  • a pipette is filled with a solution of interest and then with a liquid alloy with a low coefficient of expansion, and its back is sealed.
  • the controlled elevation of temperature induces expulsion of the liquid from the nanopipette.
  • Types 1 and 2 the injected volume is not measured directly. Instead it is estimated from the size of the pipette orifice and the rate of liquid transfer.
  • Types 1 and 2 Another limitation inherent to Types 1 and 2 is a difficulty in using high pressures to inject liquid through a submicrometer-sized pipette orifice. This is a serious problem in cell biology because a cell can be damaged when penetrated by a micron-sized pipette.
  • the dispensed volume range is from attoliters to picoliters, Le, > 6 orders of magnitude range.
  • That can reproducibly draw and eject liquid as many times as needed. • That can also be used as a "transfer pipette" to transfer liquid from one place to another, e.g., from one biological cell to another cell.
  • a three chamber peristaltic micropump a piezoelectric micropump, a piezoelectric micropump with no-moving-part valves, and pumps based on continuous displacement of a microsyringe capable of delivering fluid at flow rates as low as picoliters/min.
  • a three chamber peristaltic micropump includes three peristaltic-type chambers that are periodically expanded by microheating. Two out of the three chambers are closed at all time so that no reflux of liquid is permitted. 4
  • the chamber of a piezoelectric micropump is actuated by a piezoelectric device.
  • the flow of fluid is rectified by using cantilever valves. 5
  • the chamber of a piezoelectric micropump with no-moving-part valves is actuated by a piezoelectric device.
  • a net flow of fluid is created by using no-moving-part valves that partially rectify the oscillating fluid moving through them. 6
  • an object of the embodiments of the present invention is to provide an electrochemical attosyringe and its use as an electrochemical nanopump driver, which avoids the disadvantages of the prior art.
  • another object of the embodiments of the present invention is to provide:
  • a glass nanopipette filled with either water or organic solvent that can be used as a versatile electrochemical attosyringe.
  • the pipette with a filling solution is immersed in a liquid-phase immiscible with it, and a suitable voltage is applied between an internal and an external electrode, the outer solution gets sucked inside the pipette due to the change in surface tension at the liquid/liquid interface.
  • An extremely small volume, e.g., 10 aL, of either aqueous or organic solution can be drawn into the pipette and then expelled from it by changing the applied voltage.
  • the electrochemical attosyringe can be used to deliver accurate and precise amounts of solution into a fluid medium.
  • the potential applications include injecting substances into biological cells and nanolitography.
  • the attosyringe can also be used to sample and transfer ultra-small volumes of liquids.
  • An electrochemical nanopump driver capable of pumping ultra-small volumes of liquids — from attoliters to picoliters per second.
  • a glass pipette filled either with water or with a water-immiscible liquid is immersed in the liquid phase immiscible with the filling solution.
  • an AC voltage is applied between internal and external electrodes, the outer solution gets periodically sucked inside the pipette and expelled from it due to the change in surface tension at the liquid/liquid interface. This process produces a flow that can be regulated by controlling the amplitude and the frequency of the applied voltage.
  • the electrochemical nanopump driver can be combined with existing microvalves to produce a complete ultra-small pump.
  • the solution pumped can be either aqueous or non-aqueous.
  • FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic representation of the electrochemical attosyringe of the embodiments of the present invention
  • FIGURE 2 are photographs of the sequential ingress/egress of water in a 1,2- dichloroethane-filled nanopipette of the embodiments of the present invention with a tip-radius of 300 nm, wherein:
  • FIGURE 2B is a photograph of the ingress of water after the potential was stepped to -100 mV and then to +90 mV;
  • FIGURE 2E is a photograph with the potential stepped again to -100 mV and then back to +90 mV;
  • FIGURE 3 is an optical micrograph of the syringe positioned near one of two MFC - 1OA cells into which dye will subsequently be injected, wherein a number of other cells can also be seen;
  • FIGURE 4 is an optical micrograph of the syringe injecting fluorescent dye into an
  • FIGURE 5 A is an optical micrograph of a group of immobilized MFC-IOA cells having an arrow pointing to two cells after injection of the ATP-Bodipy ® dye
  • FIGURE 5B is a fluorescence micrograph of a group of immobilized MFC-IOA cells having an arrow pointing to two cells before injection of the ATP-Bodipy ® dye
  • FIGURE 6 is a diagrammatic scheme of the electrochemical nanopump driver of the embodiments of the present invention
  • FIGURE 7 are three sequences of frames obtained when the electrochemical nanopump driver of the embodiments of the present invention shown in FIGURE 6 having a pipette tip of ⁇ 300 nm was excited with an AC voltage (either 0.2 V or 200 mV) of different frequencies, namely, 1 Hz, 2- Hz, and 10 Hz; and
  • FIGURE 8 is a diagrammatic conceptual representation of parallelized pump drivers.
  • An electrochemical device capable of handling ultra-small volumes of liquids from attoliters to picoliters is accomplished by changing the surface tension at the interface between two immiscible-liquids formed at the tip of a nanopipette.
  • the nanopipette is produced by heat pulling a capillary and separating it into two halves, each of which is shaped like a needle with an orifice radius ranging from nanometers to microns.
  • FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic representation of the electrochemical attosyringe of the embodiments of the present invention
  • the prepared pipette 10 is filled with a water-immiscible inner liquid 12 and immersed in an aqueous outer liquid 14.
  • a suitable voltage 15 is applied between an internal electrode 16 in the inner liquid 12 and an external electrode 18 in the outer liquid 14
  • the outer liquid 14 gets sucked inside the pipette 10 due to the change in surface tension at the inner liquid/outer liquid interface 20.
  • the liquid 14 inside the pipette 10 can then be ejected from the pipette 10 by reversing the voltage 15 applied between the internal electrode 16 and the external electrode 18.
  • FIGURE 2 which are photographs of the sequential ingress/egress of water in a 1,2-dichloroethane-filled nanopipette of the embodiments of the present invention with a tip-radius of 300 nm, show an injection/ejection sequence.
  • the amount of liquid injected and ejected can be controlled through the voltage applied to the electrodes.
  • FIGURE 2 was obtained with a video microscope of x 1000 magnification, which was focused on the pipette tip.
  • the voltage applied was maintained at +600 mV — organic phase positive — to prevent the ingress of liquid inside the pipette.
  • FIGURE 2B which is a photograph of the ingress of water after the potential was stepped to -100 mV and then to +90 mV. This flow can be stopped by stepping the pipette potential to +90 mV.
  • the volume of injected liquid can be controlled by the duration of the potential step and its amplitude.
  • FIGURES 2D and 2B short and intermediate time steps were used, thus showing different volumes of liquid transferred inside the pipette.
  • FIGURES 2B, 2E, and 2D Assuming truncated cone geometry, one can evaluate the volume of the liquid- filled part of the pipette.
  • the nanopipette used in FIGURE 2 is relatively large — 300 nm tip radius.
  • the smallest volume that can be dispensed with this pipette is about 1 fL.
  • Much smaller pipettes, e.g., with a radius of about 10 nm, however, can be routinely produced. These pipettes can be used to dispense as little as 1 attoliter, i.e., 10 "18 L of liquid.
  • the pipette can be filled with water and immersed in a water-immiscible liquid, e.g., organic solvent.
  • a water-immiscible liquid e.g., organic solvent.
  • liquid ingress/egress is clearly related to the variation of surface tension with the interfacial potential difference.
  • the liquid injection/ejection also depends on the wetability of the pipette material. For example, by silanizing a glass pipette, which renders the glass surface hydrophobic, one can slow down — or even preclude — - water ingress into it. The insertion of nanopipettes into immobilized mammalian cells has been carried out.
  • the pipette tip is incomparably smaller than a cell, and consequently no apparent physical damage to the cell, e.g., membrane leakage, changes in the cell shape and volume, was detected in the experiments. This observation suggests the possibility of using the electrochemical attosyringe as a microinjector in biomedical studies.
  • the pipette is back filled with a solution of 10 mM tetrahexylammonium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate in 1 ,2-dichloroethane — Aldrich, 99.8% purity. Care must be taken to avoid the formation of a bubble inside the nanopipette. Bubbles can be eliminated by holding the nanopipette vertically and gently tapping on the side of the nanopipette. A silver wire — 0.125 mm diameter — was inserted inside the filled nanopipette from the back and brought as close as possible to the nanopipette narrow shaft to improve the electrical connection.
  • a silver wire coated with silver chloride was introduced in the buffer solution and connected to ground.
  • the nanopipette was inserted into the micropipette holder — tilted at 45° with respect to the Petri dish plane — and immersed into the sucrose-buffer solution.
  • the internal silver wire was connected to a voltage source set at +1000 mV with respect to ground. At this voltage, aqueous-buffer solution did not enter the pipette.
  • An inchworm piezo motor (EXFO) to which the pipette holder was attached was used to bring the syringe close to the cell membrane under the video-microscopic control as shown in FIGURE 3, which is an optical micrograph of the syringe positioned near one of two MFC -1 OA cells into which dye will subsequently be injected and wherein a number of other cells can also be seen.
  • EXFO inchworm piezo motor
  • the voltage applied to the syringe was stepped to -200 mV to load the nanopipette with the sucrose solution containing the ATP-Bodipy ® .
  • the voltage was changed to +400 mV to stop the ingress.
  • the voltage was raised again to +700 mV at which the sucrose solution was completely expelled from the syringe. This sequence was repeated several times prior to cell injection to verify the consistence of the syringe operation. Using the piezo motor, the nanopipette was moved towards the cell until its tip punctured the membrane.
  • FIGURE 4 is an optical micrograph of the syringe injecting fluorescent dye into an MFC-IOA cell.
  • the injected volume was of the order of 10 fL.
  • the pipette was withdrawn and moved to the next cell. The injection procedure was repeated.
  • a fluorescence micrograph as shown in FIGURE 5B which is a fluorescence micrograph of a group of immobilized MFC-IOA cells having an arrow pointing to two cells before injection of the ATP-Bodipy ® dye, showed that the two cells in which the dye was injected became flourescent.
  • FIGURE 5 A is an optical micrograph of a group of immobilized MFC-IOA cells having an arrow pointing to two cells after injection of the ATP-Bodipy ® dye
  • FIGURE 5B cannot be seen in FIGURE 5B because ATP-Bodipy ® does not cross the cell membrane.
  • the lower cell in FIGURE 5B into which a larger volume of the dye solution was injected exhibited higher fluorescence intensity.
  • the concentration of the injected dye in the labeled cells did not decrease significantly with time. This finding suggests that the injection does not damage the cell membrane.
  • An electrochemical nanopump driver is capable of pumping liquids. Pumping is done by changing the surface tension at the interface between two immiscible liquids formed at the tip of a nanopipette.
  • a nanopipette is produced by heat pulling a capillary and separating it into two halves, each of which is shaped as a needle, with an orifice radius ranging from nanometers to microns.
  • FIGURE 6 which is a diagrammatic scheme of the electrochemical nanopump driver of the embodiments of the present invention
  • the prepared nanopipette 22 is filled with a water-immiscible liquid 24 and immersed in an aqueous solution 26.
  • a suitable voltage 28 is applied between an internal electrode 30 and an external electrode 32
  • the outer solution 26 gets sucked into the pipette 22 due to the change in surface tension at the liquid/liquid interface 34.
  • the same solution 26 is then ejected from the pipette 22 by reversing the voltage 28.
  • a pipette can be filled with an aqueous solution and used for pumping liquids immiscible with water.
  • FIGURE 7 which are three sequences of frames obtained when the electrochemical nanopump driver of the embodiments of the present invention shown in FIGURE 6 having a pipette tip of ⁇ 300 nm was excited with an AC voltage (either 0.2 V or 200 mV) of different frequencies, namely, 1 Hz, 2 Hz, and 10 Hz, was obtained with a video microscope of xl 000 magnification, which was focused on the pipette tip. It contains three sequences of frames from the movies showing the responses of the nanopipette to different AC frequencies.
  • the response of the electrochemical nanopump driver of the embodiments of the present invention to the excitation is sufficiently fast for the displacement of liquid to be synchronized with the voltage changes at any frequency up to ⁇ lO Hz.
  • the electrochemical nanopump driver of the embodiments of the present invention can be employed as a pump driver, and various designs of check valves can be used to rectify the flow of liquid and therefore create a complete nanopump. Assuming a truncated cone geometry, the volume of the water expelled from the pipette during each voltage cycle can be evaluated.
  • These numbers resulted from a pipette radius of ⁇ 300 nm.
  • the pipette radius can be varied within a range of ⁇ 10 nm to ⁇ 10 ⁇ m, which corresponds to a range of flow rates from ⁇ IfL to ⁇ 1 nL/s.
  • the ejected volume and the flow rate can be varied by changing the AC frequency and amplitude. In this way, the range of achievable flow rates can be further expanded.
  • the simplicity of the electrochemical nanopump driver of the embodiments of the present invention allows for its size to be scaled by several orders of magnitude.
  • the moving boundary of the electrochemical nanopump driver of the embodiments of the present invention is a liquid interface that can be expanded or reduced to virtually any size and keep the desired physical properties while the size of the pump chamber — a heat-pulled capillary in the case of the prototype — can range from several nanometers to several hundreds of microns.
  • FIGURE 8 which is a diagrammatic conceptual representation of parallelized pump drivers, shows a configuration where multiple pump drivers 36 can be used either independently or in concert. In the latter case, no special connections are required for individual pumps because the fluids transmit the excitation signal to each liquid-liquid junction.
  • the arrangement pictured in FIGURE 8 can be batch produced by micro- fabrication technologies, for example, by creating an array of conically shaped holes in a Si chip.
  • One of the factors limiting the efficiency of existing micropumps is the pump's compression ratio, i.e., the ratio of the stroke volume to the dead volume. Because the pumped fluid can be entirely ejected from the chamber of the electrochemical nanopump driver of the embodiments of the present invention in each cycle, the dead volume can be limited to that of the check valves. Hence, a very large compression ratio is realized.
  • Thermo-pneumatic pumps use an input voltage of - 20 V.
  • a reported pump driver based on an electrowetting mechanism has an input voltage of 2.3 V.
  • the input voltage of the electrochemical nanopump driver of the embodiments of the present invention can be ⁇ 1 V, thus making it one of the lowest voltage-activated pump drivers.
  • the construction of the electrochemical nanopump driver of the embodiments of the present invention is extremely simple.
  • the moving interface of the electrochemical nanopump driver of the embodiments of the present invention is a liquid-liquid interface. No solid part is either deformed or rubbed against by another solid part so that there is no possible wear during its operation. This makes the electrochemical nanopump driver of the embodiments of the present invention virtually unbreakable.
  • the nanopipette was biased at a +300 mV DC potential with respect to the external reference electrode.
  • An AC voltage e.g., 200 mV rms was applied to the nanopipette in addition to the DC bias.
  • the aqueous solution was sucked and expelled from the tip of the nanopipette at the same frequency as the applied AC voltage.
  • the increase in frequency of the AC voltage resulted in a reduction of the pumped solution volume per cycle, however, raising the amplitude of the AC voltage counteracted this effect.
  • the pumped volume per cycle of the electrochemical nanopump driver of the embodiments of the present invention ranges from attoliters to picoliters, Le, a range of > 6 orders of magnitude.
  • the electrochemical nanopump driver of the embodiments of the present invention can be parallelized using existing microfabrication techniques.
  • the electrochemical nanopump driver of the embodiments of the present invention is very inexpensive, robust, and easy to produce.
  • the very small size of the electrochemical nanopump driver of the embodiments of the present invention makes it suitable for microfluidic systems. Its tip can be made as small as a few nanometers radius and can easily be scaled. •
  • the electrochemical nanopump driver of the embodiments of the present invention is suitable for pumping different kinds of liquids including aqueous and organic solutions.
  • a technique based on electrochemical control of fluid motion inside a nanopipette offers a possibility of manipulating attoliter to picoliter volumes.
  • a glass nanopipette is backfilled with an organic phase and immersed in a buffered aqueous solution, thus creating an interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions ("ITIES").
  • ITIES immiscible electrolyte solutions
  • the electrochemical attosyringe was used to inject controlled amounts of fluids into mammalian cells.
  • a single nanopipette was used to inject several femtoliters of ATP-Bodipy ® — a fluorescent dye that doesn't cross the cell membrane — solution into several immobilized human breast cells. Florescence microscopy showed that the concentration of the injected dye in the labeled cells does not decrease significantly with time. This finding suggests that the injection does not damage the cell membrane.
  • the electrochemical attosyringe can be used in reversed configuration to dispense organic solutions from water-filled nanopipettes. It may also have an application as a pump in microfluidic systems.
  • the syringe is loaded with the outer fluid either by stepping the applied voltage to an appropriate value or by changing it gradually over time, e.g., linear voltage ramp.
  • the ejection of that fluid from the syringe is accomplished in the same manner.
  • the pump driver is operated by superimposing periodic AC voltage of a suitable amplitude on an appropriate constant DC voltage.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Clinical Laboratory Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

L'invention concerne une nanopipette en verre (10) remplie soit d'eau, soit d'un solvant organique (12), qui peut être utilisée comme attoseringue électrochimique souple. Lorsque la pipette (10) avec une solution de remplissage (12) est immergée dans une phase liquide (14) non miscible avec celle-ci, et lorsqu'une tension appropriée (15) est appliquée entre une électrode interne (16) et une électrode externe (18), la solution externe (14) est aspirée à l'intérieur de la pipette (10) à cause du changement de tension de surface au niveau de l'interface liquide/liquide (20). Un volume extrêmement faible, par exemple 10 al, de solution soit aqueuse, soit organique (14) peut être aspiré dans la pipette (10), et être ensuite expulsé de celle-ci en modifiant la tension appliquée (15). Un dispositif d'entraînement de nanopompe électrochimique est capable de pomper des volumes ultra-petits de liquides, allant de quelques attolitres à des picolitres par seconde. Lorsqu'une tension de courant alternatif (28) est appliquée, la solution externe (26) est aspirée périodiquement à l'intérieur de la pipette (22), et expulsée de celle-ci.
PCT/US2007/008290 2006-06-12 2007-04-02 Attoseringue électrochimique, et son utilisation en tant que dispositif d'entraînement de nanopompe électrochimique WO2008054488A2 (fr)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US81286806P 2006-06-12 2006-06-12
US60/812,868 2006-06-12
US85524506P 2006-10-30 2006-10-30
US60/855,245 2006-10-30

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WO2008054488A2 true WO2008054488A2 (fr) 2008-05-08
WO2008054488A3 WO2008054488A3 (fr) 2009-04-16

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2014160036A1 (fr) 2013-03-14 2014-10-02 The Regents Of The University Of California Dispositif de nanopipette et procédé pour l'analyse subcellulaire
CN107210319A (zh) * 2014-11-13 2017-09-26 丽盟科技有限公司 大规模低成本纳米传感器、纳米针和纳米泵阵列

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050164161A1 (en) * 2001-07-12 2005-07-28 Augustine Paul R. Electrical field stimulation of eukaryotic cells

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050164161A1 (en) * 2001-07-12 2005-07-28 Augustine Paul R. Electrical field stimulation of eukaryotic cells

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2014160036A1 (fr) 2013-03-14 2014-10-02 The Regents Of The University Of California Dispositif de nanopipette et procédé pour l'analyse subcellulaire
KR20150128864A (ko) * 2013-03-14 2015-11-18 더 리전트 오브 더 유니버시티 오브 캘리포니아 세포내 분석을 위한 나노피펫 장치 및 방법
CN105164531A (zh) * 2013-03-14 2015-12-16 加利福尼亚大学董事会 用于亚细胞分析的纳米移液管装置和方法
EP2972352A4 (fr) * 2013-03-14 2016-11-23 Univ California Dispositif de nanopipette et procédé pour l'analyse subcellulaire
CN108593927A (zh) * 2013-03-14 2018-09-28 加利福尼亚大学董事会 用于亚细胞分析的纳米移液管装置和方法
EP3578977A1 (fr) 2013-03-14 2019-12-11 The Regents of The University of California Dispositif de nanopipette et procédé pour l'analyse subcellulaire
US10696962B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2020-06-30 The Regents Of The University Of California Nanopipette device and method for subcellular analysis
KR102230544B1 (ko) * 2013-03-14 2021-03-19 더 리전트 오브 더 유니버시티 오브 캘리포니아 세포내 분석을 위한 나노피펫 장치 및 방법
CN107210319A (zh) * 2014-11-13 2017-09-26 丽盟科技有限公司 大规模低成本纳米传感器、纳米针和纳米泵阵列
EP3218934A4 (fr) * 2014-11-13 2018-06-20 Neem Scientific Inc. Réseaux de nanocapteurs, de nanoaiguilles et de nanopompes à grande échelle et à faible coût
CN107210319B (zh) * 2014-11-13 2021-10-08 丽盟科技有限公司 大规模低成本纳米传感器、纳米针和纳米泵阵列

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