Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
  • A61K31/4184—1,3-Diazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. benzimidazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/42—Oxazoles
  • A61K31/423—Oxazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/425—Thiazoles
  • A61K31/427—Thiazoles not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/425—Thiazoles
  • A61K31/428—Thiazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
  • C07D209/10—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
  • C07D209/10—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D209/12—Radicals substituted by oxygen atoms
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
  • C07D209/10—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D209/14—Radicals substituted by nitrogen atoms, not forming part of a nitro radical
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D333/50—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D333/52—Benzo[b]thiophenes; Hydrogenated benzo[b]thiophenes
  • C07D333/54—Benzo[b]thiophenes; Hydrogenated benzo[b]thiophenes with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D333/56—Radicals substituted by oxygen atoms
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  • C07D333/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D333/50—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D333/52—Benzo[b]thiophenes; Hydrogenated benzo[b]thiophenes
  • C07D333/54—Benzo[b]thiophenes; Hydrogenated benzo[b]thiophenes with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D333/60—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D407/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00
  • C07D407/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D407/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D405/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D409/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• the present invention relates to compounds which exhibit antibacterial properties.
• the present invention relates to compounds which exhibit antibacterial properties.
• the compounds of the present invention have the following structural formula:
• n 1 or 2;
• L is a linker which may be a direct bond or ⁇ ⁇ where Z is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, dialkenyl, trialkenyl, or aryl, or C(O)NH; and
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are each independently hydrogen, amino, amine with stabilized carbocations, carboxyl, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryoxy, cycloalkoxy, heteroaryloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylamino, carbamoyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylsulfhydryl, alkylhydroxymate;
• R 8 is hydrogen, OH, a halogen, or an optionally substituted alkyl; with the proviso that the compound is not NSC 290111 , NSC 302569, and NSC 308569.
• at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , or R 4 is hydrogen, amidine, 2-imidazoline, amino, guanidine, methyl, aminomethyl-hydroxamine, or methylamine-guanidine.
• R 6 is hydrogen, amidine, benzamidine, benzimidazoline, imidazoline, guanidine, imidazole, oxazole, benzofuran-2-yl- imidazoline, benzofuran-2-yl-amidine, benzofuran-2-yl-guanidine, benzothiophene-2- yl-imidazoline, benzothiophene-2-yl-amidine, benzene-2-yl-amidine, benzofuran-2- yl-imidazole, or benzofuran-2-yl-oxazole.
• At least one of X 1 or X 2 is N, NH, S, O, SO 2 , CH, C-CH 3 , C-phenyl, N-ethanol, N-chloroethyl, C-amino, C-(2-indole-6-imidazoline), C-(2-indole-6-amidine), C-(2-indole-5-imidazoline), or C-(2-indole-5-amidine).
• at least one of X 3 , X 4 , X 5 , or X 6 is N, NH, S, O, SO 2 , or CH.
• R 7 is -H, -CH 3 , -NH 2 , .
• R is -NH 2 ,
• R 8 is -H, -(CH 2 )2 ⁇ H, or -(CH 2 ) 2 C1.
• L is a direct bond, has the following structural formulae:
• the compound is NSC 92833, NSC 103699, NSC 103701, NSC 130681, NSC 240890, NSC 240891, NSC 240893, NSC 240894, NSC 240895, NSC 240896, NSC 240897, NSC 240898, NSC 240899, NSC 240900, NSC 266472, NSC 266474, NSC 266475, NSC 266476, NSC 266477, NSC 266482, NSC 278995, NSC 278996, NSC 278997, NSC 278999, NSC 290107, NSC 290108, NSC 290109, NSC 291103, NSC 294199, NSC 294200, NSC 294201, NSC 294202, NSC 294203, NSC 294204, NSC 294206, NSC 294207, NSC 294208, NSC 294494, NSC 300509, NSC 300510, NSC 300511, NSC 300512, NSC 308570, N
• the compound is NSC 317880, NSC 317881, NSC 330687, or NSC 369718.
• the present invention provides a method of inhibiting, reducing or preventing growth of or destroying bacteria of at least one bacterial strain which comprises contacting the bacteria with an effective amount of at least one compound provided herein.
• the bacterial strain is belongs to Bacillus, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Helicobacter, Klebsiella, Mycobacterium, Neisseria, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Yersinia, or drug resistant strains thereof.
• the bacterial strain is B. anthracis, B. brevis, B. licheniformis, B. megaterium, B. pumilus, B.
• the bacteria are of two or more bacterial strains.
• the bacteria are on or in an object, such as clothing, a table top, eating utensils, water, food, air, or anything which may come into contact with or may be consumed by a mammal such as a human.
• the present invention provides a method of treating, inhibiting or preventing an infection or intoxication caused by bacteria of at least one bacterial strain in a subject which comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound provided herein.
• the bacterial strain is belongs to Bacillus, Burkholderia, Enter obacter, Escherichia, Helicobacter, Klebsiella, Mycobacterium, Neisseria, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Yersinia, or drug resistant strains thereof.
• the bacterial strain is B. anthracis, B. brevis, B. licheniformis, B.
• the bacteria are of two or more bacterial strains.
• the compound is in the form of a pharmaceutical or cosmetic composition.
• a supplementary active compound is administered to the subject.
• the supplementary active compound may be formulated with a compound of the present invention or provided as a separate composition.
• Figure IAl shows a phase contrast image of GFP-sterne spores that were treated with a DMSO control and the growth of vegetative cells after 22 hours.
• Figure 1 A2 shows a GFP fluorescence image of GFP-sterne spores that were treated with a DMSO control and the growth of vegetative cells after 22 hours.
• Figure IBl shows a phase contrast image of GFP sterne spores treated with
• Figure 1B2 shows a GFP fluorescent image of GFP sterne spores treated with
• NSC 317881 (MIC of 0.084 ⁇ g/ml) for 22 hours.
• Figure 1 C is a graph showing time dependent inhibition of GFP fluorescence by a few compounds of the present invention at their MIC concentrations.
• Figure ID is a graph showing growth inhibition of GFP sterne vegetative cells at different concentrations of a few compounds of the present invention.
• Figure 2 is a graph which shows that NSC 317881 does not have any observable effect on sterne spore germination.
• Figure 3 is a graph which shows that NSC 317881 kills GFP sterne spores in a time dependent manner.
• Figure 4 shows the structural formulas of NSC 317880, NSC 317881, NSC
• the present invention is directed to the antibacterial properties of bi- and triarylimidazoiidines and bi- and triarylamidines.
• the compounds of the present invention do not structurally resemble any of the current classes of clinically used antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, aminoglycosides, streptogramins, oxazolidinones, metronidazole, clindamycin, and vancomycin.
• the compounds of the present invention are active against a broad range of gram positive and gram negative bacteria, including drug resistant strains such as vancomycin resistant enterococcus, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and ciproflaxcin resistant B. anthracis. As provided herein, some of the compounds of the present invention exhibit MIC values ranging from about 0.021 to about 22 ⁇ g/ml. Some of the compounds exemplified herein inhibit the outgrowth of B. anthracis spores and kill B. anthracis vegetative spores in the early stages of germination.
• drug resistant strains such as vancomycin resistant enterococcus, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and ciproflaxcin resistant B. anthracis.
• MRSA methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
• ciproflaxcin resistant B. anthracis ciproflaxcin resistant B.
• X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 5 and X 6 are each independently N, S, O, SO 2 , CR 7 or NR 8 and at least one of X 1 or X 2 is N, S, O, SO 2 , or NR 8 ;
• L is a linker which may be a direct bond or ⁇ ⁇ where Z is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, dialkenyl, trialkenyl, or aryl, or C(O)NH; and
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are each independently hydrogen, amino, amine with stabilized carbocations, carboxyl, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryoxy, cycloalkoxy, heteroaryloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylamino, carbamoyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylsulfhydryl, alkylhydroxymate;
• the bond orders of the specified rings may vary when the various heteroatoms introduce specific requirements to satisfy aromaticity, prevent antiaromaticity, and stabilize tautomeric forms due to localization.
• the appropriate bond orders of the ring structures in the structural formulas of the present invention are contemplated herein.
• R 1 is hydrogen, amidine, 2-imidazoline, amino, guanidine, methyl, aminomethyl-hydroxamine, or methylamine-guanidine.
• R 6 is hydrogen, amidine, benzamidine, benzimidazoline, imidazoline, guanidine, imidazole, oxazole, benzofuran-2-yl- imidazoline, benzofuran-2-yl-amidine, benzofuran-2-yl-guanidine, benzothiophene-2- yl-imidazoline, benzothiophene-2-yl-amidine, benzene-2-yl-amidine, benzofuran-2- yl-imidazole, or benzofuran-2-yl-oxazole.
• X 1 is N, NH, S, O, SO 2 , CH, C-CH 3 , C-phenyl, N- ethanol, N-chloroethyl, C-amino, C-(2-indole-6-imidazoline), C-(2-indole-6-amidine), C-(2-indole-5-imidazoline), or C-(2-indole-5 -amidine).
• X 3 is N, NH, S, O, SO 2 , or CH.
• X 4 is N, NH, S, O, SO 2 , or CH.
• X 6 is N, NH, S, O, SO 2 , or CH.
• At least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 or R 7 is -H, -CH 3 ,
• R is -NH 2 , H,
• R is or
• R 8 is -H, -(CH 2 ) 2 OH, or -(CH 2 ) 2 C1.
• L is a direct bond
• compounds of the present invention have the following structural formulae:
• n 1 or 2;
• L is a linker which may be a direct bond or ⁇ ⁇ where Z is an optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, dialkenyl, trialkenyl, or aryl, or C(O)NH; and
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are each independently hydrogen, amino, amine with stabilized carbocations, carboxyl, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryoxy, cycloalkoxy, heteroaryloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylamino, carbamoyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, alkylsulfhydryl, alkylhydroxymate;
• R 8 is hydrogen, OH, a halogen, or an optionally substituted alkyl; with the proviso that the compound is not NSC 2901 11, NSC 302569, and NSC 308569.
• a "halo” or “halogen” means fluorine, bromine, chlorine, and iodine.
• alkyl is intended to mean a straight or branched chain monovalent radical of saturated and/or unsaturated carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms, such as methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), propyl (Pr), isopropyl (i-Pr), butyl (n-Bu), isobutyl (i-Bu), t- butyl (t-Bu), (sec-Bu), and the like, which may be unsubstituted (i.e., contain only carbon and hydrogen) or substituted by one or more suitable substituents as defined below.
• a "lower alkyl group” is intended to mean an alkyl group having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms in its chain.
• haloalkyl refers to an alkyl that is substituted with one or more same or different halo atoms, e.g., -CH 2 Cl, -CF 3 , -CH 2 CF 3 , -CH 2 CCl 3 , and the like.
• alkenyl means straight and branched hydrocarbon radicals having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms and at least one double bond such as ethenyl, 3-buten-l-yl, 2- ethenylbutyl, 3-hexen-l-yl, and the like.
• alkenyl includes, cycloalkenyl, and heteroalkenyl in which 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from O, S, N or substituted nitrogen may replace carbon atoms.
• alkynyl means straight and branched hydrocarbon radicals having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms and at least one triple bond and includes, but is not limited to, ethynyl, 3-butyn-l-yl, propynyl, 2-butyn-l-yl, 3-pentyn-l-yl, and the like.
• a "cycloalkyl” is intended to mean a non-aromatic monovalent monocyclic or polycyclic radical having from 3 to 14 carbon atoms, each of which may be saturated or unsaturated, and may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more suitable substituents as defined herein, and to which may be fused one or more aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, cycloalkyl groups, or heterocycloalkyl groups which themselves may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents.
• cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl, cyclobutyl, adamantyl, norpinanyl, decalinyl, norbornyl, cyclohexyl, and cyclopentyl.
• heterocycloalkyl is intended to mean a non-aromatic monovalent monocyclic or polycyclic radical having 1-5 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more suitable substituents as defined herein, and to which may be fused one or more aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, cycloalkyl groups, or heterocycloalkyl groups which themselves may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents.
• heterocycloalkyl groups include oxiranyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidyl, tetrahydropyran, and morpholinyl.
• aryl is intended to mean an aromatic monovalent monocyclic or polycyclic radical comprising generally between 5 and 18 carbon ring members, which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more suitable substituents as defined herein, and to which may be fused one or more cycloalkyl groups, heterocycloalkyl groups, or heteroaryl groups, which themselves may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more suitable substituents.
• aryl group includes a benzyl group (BzI). Examples include phenyl, biphenyl, 1,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthyl, naphthyl, anthryl, and phenanthryl.
• a "heteroaryl” is intended to mean an aromatic monovalent monocyclic or polycyclic radical comprising generally between 4 and 18 ring members, including 1-
• heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more suitable substituents as defined below, and to which may be fused one or more cycloalkyl groups, heterocycloalkyl groups, or aryl groups, which themselves may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more suitable substituents.
• Examples include thienyl, furanyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxathiadiazolyl, thiatriazolyl, pyrimidinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinolinyl, napthyridinyl, phthalimidyl, benzimidazolyl, and benzoxazolyl.
• a "hydroxy" is intended to mean the radical -OH.
• alkoxy is intended to mean the radical -OR, where R is an alkyl group.
• alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and the like.
• a "hydroxyalkyl” means an alkyl that is substituted with one, two, or three hydroxy groups, e.g. hydroxy methyl, 1 or 2-hydroxyethyl, 1,2-, 1,3-, or 2,3- dihydroxypropyl, and the like.
• a "haloalkoxy” refers to an -O-(haloalkyl) group. Examples include trifluoromethoxy, tribromomethoxy, and the like.
• a "cycloalkoxy” is intended to mean the radical -OR, where R is acycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl group.
• An "aryloxy” is intended to mean the radical -OR, where R is an aryl or heteroaryl group. Examples include phenoxy, pyridinyloxy, furanyloxy, thienyloxy, pyrimidinyloxy, pyrazinyloxy, and the like.
• An "acyl” is intended to mean a -C(O)-R radical, where R is an alkyl or aryl, bonded through a carbonyl group. Acyl groups include acetyl, benzoyl, and the like.
• An “aralkyl” means an alkyl that is substituted with an aryl group.
• a "heteroaralkyl” group means an alkyl that is substituted with a heteroaryl group. Examples include -CH 2 -pyridinyl, -(CH 2 ) 2 -pyrimidinyl, -(CH 2 ) 3 -imidazolyl, and the like.
• a "carboxy” is intended to mean the radical -C(O)OH.
• An "alkoxycarbonyl” is intended to mean the radical -C(O)OR, where R is an alkyl group. Examples include methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, and the like.
• An "amine with stabilized carbocations" are comprised of two or more NH 2 groups that contribute lone pairs to configure a highly stabilized carbocation. Examples include amidines and guanidines.
• alkylamino is intended to mean the radical -NHR, where R is an alkyl group or the radical -NR a R b , where R a and R b are each independently an alkyl group.
• alkylamino groups include methylamino, ethylamino, n-propylamino, isopropylamino, tert-butylamino, n-pentylamino, n-hexylamino, N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-diethylamino, N-ethyl-N-methylamino, N-methyl-N-n-propylamino, N- isopropyl-N-n-propylamino, N-t-butyl-N-methylamino, N-ethyl-N-n-pentylamino, N- n-hexyl-N-methylamino and the like.
• Examples include methylsulfhydryl, ethylsulfhydryl, n-propylsulfhydryl, iso- propylsulfhydryl, n-butylsulfhydryl, iso-butylsulfhydryl, secondary-butylsulfhydryl, tertiary -butylsulfhydryl.
• Preferable alkylsulfhydryl groups are methylsulfhydryl, ethylsulfhydryl, n-propylsulfhydryl, n-butylsulfhydryl, and the like.
• alkylhydroxymate is intended to mean the radical R-C(O)NH-OH, where R is an alkyl group. Examples include methylhydroxymate, ethylhydroxymate, n-propylhydroxymate, iso-propylhydroxymate, n-butylhydroxymate, iso- butylhydroxymate, secondary-butylhydroxymate, tertiary-butylhydroxymate. Preferable alkylhydroxymate groups are methylhydroxymate, ethylhydroxymate, n- propylhydroxymate, n-butylhydroxymate, and the like.A "carbamoyl” is intended to mean the radical -C(O)NH 2 .
• alkylaminocarbonyl is intended to mean the radical -C(O)NHR, where
• R is an alkyl group or the radical -C(0)NR a R b , where R a and R b are each independently an alkyl group. Examples include methylaminocarbonyl, ethylaminocarbonyl, dimethylaminocarbonyl, methylethylaminocarbonyl, and the like.
• a "mercapto" is intended to mean the radical -SH.
• alkylthio is intended to mean the radical -SR, where R is an alkyl or cycloalkyl group.
• alkylthio groups include methylthio, ethylthio, n- propylthio, isopropylthio, tert-butylthio, n-pentylthio, n-hexylthio, cyclopropylthio, cyclobutylthio, cyclopentylthio, cyclohexylthio, and the like.
• arylthio is intended to mean the radical -SR, where R is an aryl or heteroaryl group. Examples include phenylthio, pyridinylthio, furanylthio, thienylthio, pyrimidinylthio, and the like.
• a "thioacyl” is intended to mean a -C(S)-R radical, where R is an alkyl or aryl, bonded through a thiol group.
• alkylsulfonyl is intended to mean the radical -SO 2 R, where R is an alkyl group. Examples include methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, n-propylsulfonyl, iso- propylsulfonyl, n-butylsulfonyl, iso-butylsulfonyl, secondary-butylsulfonyl, tertiary- butylsulfonyl.
• Preferable alkylsulfonyl groups are methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, n- propylsulfonyl, n-butylsulfonyl, and the like.
• a "protecting group” is intended to refer to groups that protect one or more inherent functional group from premature reaction. Suitable protecting groups may be routinely selected by those skilled in the art in light of the functionality and particular chemistry used to construct the compound. Examples of suitable protecting groups are described, for example, in Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3 rd edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York (1999).
• suitable organic moiety is intended to mean any organic moiety recognizable, such as by routine testing, to those skilled in the art as not adversely affecting the inhibitory activity of the inventive compounds.
• suitable organic moieties include, but are not limited to, hydroxyl groups, alkyl groups, oxo groups, cycloalkyl groups, heterocycloalkyl groups, aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, acyl groups, sulfonyl groups, mercapto groups, alkylthio groups, alkoxyl groups, carboxyl groups, amino groups, alkylamino groups, dialkylamino groups, carbamoyl groups, arylthio groups, heteroarylthio groups, and the like.
• carbocyclic cycloalkyl which may be monocyclic or fused or non- fused polycyclic (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl), or a heterocycloalkyl, which may be monocyclic or fused or non-fused polycyclic (e.g., pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, or thiazinyl); carbocyclic or heterocyclic, monocyclic or fused or non-fused polycyclic aryl (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridiny
• Such moieties may also be optionally substituted by a fused-ring structure or bridge, for example OCH 2 -O. All of these substituents may optionally be further substituted with a substituent selected from groups such as hydroxyl groups, halogens, oxo groups, alkyl groups, acyl groups, sulfonyl groups, mercapto groups, alkylthio groups, alkyloxyl groups, cycloalkyl groups, heterocycloalkyl groups, aryl groups, heteroaryl groups, carboxyl groups, amino groups, alkylamino groups, dialkylamino groups, carbamoyl groups, aryloxyl groups, heteroaryloxyl groups, arylthio groups, heteroarylthio groups, and the like.
• groups such as hydroxyl groups, halogens, oxo groups, alkyl groups, acyl groups, sulfonyl groups, mercapto groups, alkylthio groups, alkyloxyl
• Some of the compounds of the present invention may exist as single stereoisomers (i.e., essentially free of other stereoisomers), racemates, or mixtures of enantiomers, diastereomers, or both when they contain one or more stereogenic centers as designated by R or S according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules whether the absolute or relative configuration is known. All such single stereoisomers, racemates and mixtures thereof are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
• Some of the compounds in the present invention may exist as geometric isomers as the result of containing a stereogenic double bond. In such cases, they may exist either as pure or mixtures of cis or trans geometric isomers or (E) and (Z) designated forms according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules and include compounds that adopt a double bond configuration as a result of electronic derealization.
• an optically pure compound having one or more chiral centers is one that consists essentially of one of the two possible enantiomers (i.e., is enantiomerically pure), and an optically pure compound having more than one chiral center is one that is both diastereomerically pure and enantiomerically pure.
• the compounds of the present invention may be used in a form that is at least 90% optically pure, that is, a form that comprises at least 90% of a single isomer (80% enantiomeric excess (e.e.) or diastereomeric excess (d.e.), more preferably at least 95% (90% e.e. or d.e.), even more preferably at least 97.5% (95% e.e. or d.e.), and most preferably at least 99% (98% e.e. or d.e.).
• solvates are intended to mean a pharmaceutically acceptable solvate form of a specified compound that retains the biological effectiveness of such compound.
• examples of solvates include compounds of the invention in combination with water, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, ethanolamine, or acetone.
• miscible formulations of solvate mixtures such as a compound of the invention in combination with an acetone and ethanol mixture.
• the solvate includes a compound of the invention in combination with about 20% ethanol and about 80% acetone.
• the structural formulas include compounds having the indicated structure, including the hydrated as well as the non- hydrated forms.
• the compounds of the invention also include active tautomeric and stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of the present invention, which may be readily obtained using techniques known in the art.
• active tautomeric and stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of the present invention may be readily obtained using techniques known in the art.
• optically active (R) and (S) isomers may be prepared via a stereospecific synthesis, e.g., using chiral synthons and chiral reagents, or racemic mixtures may be resolved using conventional techniques.
• the compounds of the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable salts, multimeric forms, prodrugs, active metabolites, precursors and salts of such metabolites of the compounds of the present invention.
• salts refers to salt forms that are pharmacologically acceptable and substantially non-toxic to the subject being treated with the compound of the invention.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include conventional acid-addition salts or base-addition salts formed from suitable non-toxic organic or inorganic acids or inorganic bases.
• Exemplary acid-addition salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, phosphoric acid, and nitric acid, and those derived from organic acids such as p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethane-disulfonic acid, isethionic acid, oxalic acid, p-bromophenylsulfonic acid, carbonic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, acetic acid, phenylacetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, stearic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, glutamic acid, salicylic acid, sulfanilic acid, and fumaric acid.
• inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydro
• Exemplary base-addition salts include those derived from ammonium hydroxides (e.g., a quaternary ammonium hydroxide such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide), those derived from inorganic bases such as alkali or alkaline earth-metal (e.g. , sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, or magnesium) hydroxides, and those derived from non-toxic organic bases such as basic amino acids.
• ammonium hydroxides e.g., a quaternary ammonium hydroxide such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide
• inorganic bases such as alkali or alkaline earth-metal (e.g. , sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, or magnesium) hydroxides
• non-toxic organic bases such as basic amino acids.
• multimer refers to multivalent or multimeric forms of active forms of the compounds of the invention. Such “multimers” may be made by linking or placing multiple copies of an active compound in close proximity to each other, e.g., using a scaffolding provided by a carrier moiety. Multimers of various dimensions (i.e., bearing varying numbers of copies of an active compound) may be tested to arrive at a multimer of optimum size with respect to binding site interactions. Provision of such multivalent forms of active binding compounds with optimal spacing between the binding site moieties may enhance binding site interactions. See e.g. Lee et al., (1984) Biochem. 23:4255. The artisan may control the multivalency and spacing by selection of a suitable carrier moiety or linker units.
• Useful moieties include molecular supports comprising a multiplicity of functional groups that can be reacted with functional groups associated with the active compounds of the invention.
• a variety of carrier moieties may be used to build highly active multimers, including proteins such as BSA (bovine serum albumin), peptides such as pentapeptides, decapeptides, pentadecapeptides, and the like, as well as non-biological compounds selected for their beneficial effects on absorbability, transport, and persistence within the target organism.
• Functional groups on the carrier moiety such as amino, sulfhydryl, hydroxyl, and alkylamino groups, may be selected to obtain stable linkages to the compounds of the invention, optimal spacing between the immobilized compounds, and optimal biological properties.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug is a compound that may be converted under physiological conditions or by solvolysis to the specified compound or to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of such compound, or a compound that is biologically active with respect to the intended pharmacodynamic effect.
• a pharmaceutically active metabolite is intended to mean a pharmacologically active product produced through metabolism in the body of a specified compound or salt thereof. Prodrugs and active metabolites of a compound may be identified using routine techniques known in the art See, e.g., Bertolini, G. et ah, (1997) J. Med. Chem. 40:2011-2016; Shan, D. et al, J. Pharm.
• the desired pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable method, for example, treatment of the free acid with an inorganic or organic base, such as an amine (primary, secondary or tertiary), an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, or the like.
• suitable salts include organic salts derived from basic amino acids, such as lysine and arginine, ammonia, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, and cyclic amines, such as piperidine, morpholine and piperazine, and inorganic salts derived from sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum and lithium.
• the compounds of the present invention are useful in inhibiting, reducing or preventing growth of or destroying bacteria of at least one bacterial strain.
• the compounds of the present invention are also treating, inhibiting or preventing an infection or intoxication caused by bacterial of at least one bacterial strain in a subject.
• the bacteria belong to various gram positive and gram negative bacteria strains including Bacillus, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Helicobacter, Klebsiella, Mycobacterium, Neisseria, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Yersinia and the like, including drug resistance strains.
• the bacteria is B.
• anthracis including Ames strain and ciprofloxacin resistant Ames strain
• B. anthlO24 K1021
• B. brevis including Ames strain and ciprofloxacin resistant Ames strain
• B. licheniformis including Ames strain and ciprofloxacin resistant Ames strain
• B. megaterium including Ames strain and ciprofloxacin resistant Ames strain
• B. cepacia B. mallei, M. pseudomallei, and B. thailandensis
• K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa, preferably PAOl
• & aureus and methicillin resistant S. aureous Y. pestis; or a combination thereof.
• the activity of the compounds of the present invention may be measured by any of the methods available to those skilled in the art, including in vitro and in vivo assays. Examples of suitable assays for activity measurements are provided herein. Properties of the compounds of the present invention may be assessed, for example, by using one or more of the assays set out in the Examples below. Other pharmacological methods may also be used to determine the efficacy of the compounds a subject suffering from a given disease or disorder. The compounds of the present invention may be used in combination with or as a substitution for treatments known in the art.
• the therapeutically effective amounts of the compounds of the invention for treating the diseases or disorders described above in a subject can be determined in a variety of ways known to those of ordinary skill in the art, e.g. by administering various amounts of a particular compound to a subject afflicted with a particular condition and then determining the effect on the subject.
• therapeutically effective amounts of a compound of the present invention can be orally administered daily at a dosage of the active ingredient of 0.002 to 200 mg/kg of body weight.
• a dose of 0.01 to 10 mg/kg in divided doses one to four times a day, or in sustained release formulation will be effective in obtaining the desired pharmacological effect.
• Frequency of dosage may also vary depending on the compound used and the particular disease treated It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of the compound used for treatment may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment. Changes in dosage may result and become apparent by standard diagnostic assays known in the art. In some instances chronic administration may be required.
• the compounds of the present invention may be administered before, during, after, or a combination thereof exposure to bacteria.
• the pharmaceutical formulations of the invention comprise at least one compound of the present invention and may be prepared in a unit-dosage form appropriate for the desired mode of administration.
• the pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention may be administered for therapy by any suitable route including oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), dermal, mucosal, vaginal and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and intradermal). It will be appreciated that the preferred route will vary with the condition and age of the recipient, the nature of the condition to be treated, and the chosen compound of the present invention.
• compositions of this invention comprise a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of the present invention, and an inert, pharmaceutically or cosmetically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or a “cosmetically acceptable carrier” is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical or cosmetic administration. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the formulation is contemplated.
• Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into the formulations.
• Supplementary active compounds include antibiotics, antiprotozoal agents, antifungal agents, and antiproliferative agents known in the art, analgesics and other compounds commonly used to treat diseases and disorders associated with bacterial infection and toxic side effects of bacterial infection including intoxication by a toxin.
• Antibiotics include penicillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, bacampicillin, azlocillin, carbenicillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, ticarcillin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, lincomycin, demeclocycline, doxycycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, quinolone, cinoxacin, nalidixic acid, fluoroquinolone, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, trovafloxacin, bacitracin, colistin, polymyxin B, sulfonamide, trimeth, trim
• Antiprotozoal agents include chloroquine, doxycycline, mefloquine, metronidazole, eplornithine, furazolidone, hydroxychloroquine, iodoquinol, pentamidine, mebendazole, piperazine, halofantrine, primaquine, pyrimethamine sulfadoxine, doxycycline, clindamycin, quinine sulfate, quinidine gluconate, quinine dihydrochloride, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, proguanil, quinine, clindamycin, atovaquone, azithromycin, suramin, melarsoprol, eflornithine, nifurtimox, amphotericin B, sodium stibogluconate, pentamidine isethionate, trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole, pyrimethamine,
• Antifungal agents include amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, potassium iodide, flucytosine, and the like.
• the data obtained from the cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans.
• the dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED 5 0 with little or no toxicity.
• the dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.
• the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays.
• a dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC5 0 (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture.
• IC5 0 i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms
• levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography. High throughput screening of small molecules against GFP-sterne spores and vegetative cells
• Cipro resistant Ames 0.584 1.292 1.103 0.348
• B. anthracis spores germinate within minutes following contact with a suitable medium, e.g. the moist tissue of the human respiratory system. Spore germination is usually detected in vitro by alterations in the spore refractility, heat resistance, and staining. Upon germination, spores will become non-refractile, increasing phase dark, susceptible to heat induced death, and stainable with dyes such as Wright-Giemsa stain. To determine the effects of the compounds on spore germination, NSC 317881 was selected for further study.
• Sterne spores were germinated in Muller Hinton medium in the presence of DMSO (control) or NSC 317881 (1 ⁇ M). At time intervals of 0, 15, and 30 minutes, samples were heated at 65 °C for 30 minutes and after cooling on ice, appropriate dilutions of the spores were plated on sheep blood agar plates. The next day, colonies were counted. The % survival was determined by comparing the colony count at different time points to that of the sample collected at time to. Figure 2 shows the percent survival plotted against time. [115] Spores treated with NSC 317881 were killed by heat within 15 minutes following their contact with suitable germination medium, thereby suggesting that spore germination is not affected by the compound.
• Cipro resistant Ames 1.168 1.292 4.41 0.348
• the MBC was defined as 1 :he lowest concentration that produced a 99.9% reduction in viable count
• NSC 317880, NSC 317881 and NSC 330687 are often referred to as diarylimidazolines, as each possesses two indoles, with each of the indoles substituted with an imidazolyl at its six position.
• NSC 317880, NSC 317881 and NSC 330687 are a congeneric series that canvasses the structure-activity relationship of related structures.
• the type of linker (see Structural Formula I) can result in structural differences that translate into large MIC variations from one bacterial species to another bacterial species.
• NSC 369718 is often referred to as a triarylimidazoline which comprises two indoles and one benzofuran. As with the other three compounds, the imidazolyl substitutions occur at the six positions. See Figure 4.
• these compounds exhibit common structural features, including a planar tertiary structure and indoles/furan rings that are substituted with two ionizable imidazolyl functional groups (one at either end of the molecules). Therefore, in some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a planar tertiary structure and indoles/furan rings that are substituted with two ionizable imidazolyl functional groups.
• NSC 240898 and NSC 34190 have been found to inhibit botulinum neurotoxin serotype A light chain metalloprotease activity.
• Various compounds of the present invention including NSC 240898, NSC 266474, NSC 266476, NSC 290107, NSC 290108, NSC 290109, NSC 294200, NSC 294201, NSC 294203, NSC 294204, NSC 294206, NSC 300511, NSC 308571, NSC 308572, NSC 308574, NSC 317880, NSC 317881, NSC 317884, NSC 317885, 317886, NSC 317887, NSC 341907, NSC 341909, and NSC 34191 1 are also found to inhibit the protease activity of anthrax lethal factor.
• the compounds of the present invention may be used as broad spectrum antibiotics that may provide rapid and effective treatment by eliminating the need to identify the bacterial strain before treatment can be administered.
• the compounds of the present invention may be used to prevent, inhibit or reduce the growth and spread of bacteria.
• the compounds of the present invention may be used prophylactically, i.e. administered to a subject prior to exposure or likely exposure to bacteria or bacterial toxins.

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