WO2008026124A2 - Emulsion explosive - Google Patents
Emulsion explosive Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2008026124A2 WO2008026124A2 PCT/IB2007/053282 IB2007053282W WO2008026124A2 WO 2008026124 A2 WO2008026124 A2 WO 2008026124A2 IB 2007053282 W IB2007053282 W IB 2007053282W WO 2008026124 A2 WO2008026124 A2 WO 2008026124A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- emulsion
- base emulsion
- sensitizing
- sodium perchlorate
- sensitizing solution
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B23/00—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents
- C06B23/002—Sensitisers or density reducing agents, foam stabilisers, crystal habit modifiers
- C06B23/004—Chemical sensitisers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B47/00—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase
- C06B47/14—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase comprising a solid component and an aqueous phase
- C06B47/145—Water in oil emulsion type explosives in which a carbonaceous fuel forms the continuous phase
Definitions
- This invention relates, broadly, to an emulsion explosive. More particularly, it relates to an emulsion explosive in which a discontinuous aqueous phase comprising predominantly ammonium nitrate is dispersed in a continuous fuel phase.
- a discontinuous aqueous phase comprising predominantly ammonium nitrate
- cooling can result in solidification of droplets of the discontinuous phase, but the explosive is nevertheless still regarded for the purpose of the present invention as an emulsion explosive, although it is in fact a suspension of ammonium nitrate- containing particles in the continuous phase, rather than an emulsion of droplets.
- a base emulsion for an emulsion explosive being a water-in-oil emulsion and comprising an aqueous discontinuous oxidiser phase dispersed in a continuous fuel phase, the fuel phase comprising a liquid hydrocarbon fuel and the oxidiser phase comprising water, ammonium nitrate and sodium perchlorate, and the base emulsion being repumpable and having a sufficiently low sodium perchlorate content to be non-detonatable.
- the sodium perchlorate content (as NaCIO 4 ) in the aqueous phase is sufficiently low for the base emulsion to be classified as non-detonatable in terms of the United Nations Transport of Dangerous Goods classification, the sodium perchlorate being dissolved in the aqueous phase.
- Base emulsions comprising water-in-oil emulsions in which droplets or particles of the ammonium nitrate-containing aqueous phase are dispersed in the fuel phase are well known, and there are numerous formulations thereof, typically comprising various additives such as surfactants/emulsifiers, buffers, accelerators or the like.
- the present invention in principle applies to all such formulations, routine trial and experiment being required to determine acceptable or optimum sodium perchlorate contents thereof.
- the sodium perchlorate may be present in the range 1 - 10% by mass, preferably 2 - 6% and more preferably 3 - 4%.
- the base emulsion is typically sensitized by admixing thereof with a sodium nitrite-containing sensitizing solution which is intimately admixed therewith to obtain a sensitized emulsion product which is an emulsion explosive sensitized by microscopic nitrogen bubbles therein, which arise from the addition of the sodium nitrite to the base emulsion.
- a sensitizing solution which comprises an aqueous sodium nitrite solution containing also dissolved sodium perchlorate, the solution forming a component of a water-in-oil emulsion in which the solution is dispersed as the discontinuous phase in a continuous liquid hydrocarbon fuel phase, optionally together with a suitable emulsifier.
- a sodium nitrite-containing sensitizing solution for sensitizing a base emulsion, the sensitizing solution containing also sodium perchlorate, and forming a component in a water-in-oil sensitizing emulsion in which the solution is dispersed as the discontinuous phase in a continuous hydrocarbon liquid fuel phase.
- the sensitizing emulsion may comprise also a suitable emulsifier.
- the fuel will typically comprise the same hydrocarbon fuel for both the base emulsion and the sensitizing emulsifier.
- the base emulsion and sensitizing solution are mixed together, for example by means of a static mixer at the end of a lance connected to a pair of delivery hoses respectively for the base emulsion and sensitizing solution, the lance being inserted into a borehole, to load a sensitized emulsion explosive charge into the borehole.
- the base emulsion has been found to be re-pumpable a number of times, i.e. in accordance with the invention it has been found to be possible to formulate non-detonatable UNTG-compliant re- pumpable base emulsions which can be pumped several times before they are finally sensitized while being loaded down a borehole.
- the invention accordingly extends to a two-component explosive system comprising, on the one hand, a base emulsion in accordance with the invention and, on the other hand, a sensitizing solution in accordance with the invention, both containing sodium perchlorate and being as defined and describe above.
- the invention extends further to a method of loading a borehole, which comprises loading the base emulsion defined and described above together with the sensitizing solution defined and described above, simultaneously into a borehole via a static mixer located in the borehole, whereby they are mixed together to provide a sensitized emulsion explosive loaded in the borehole.
- the method may include transporting the base emulsion and the sensitizing solution from sources thereof via respective hoses and a lance to the static mixer, which is provided at or adjacent the end of the lance remote from the hoses, in the borehole; and the method may include pumping the base emulsion a plurality of times, if necessary or if desired, before it is mixed with the sensitizing solution.
- the invention extends to a sensitized emulsion explosive whenever made by loading, into a borehole, of a two-component system defined and described above, the loading being according to the method as defined and described above.
- the Applicant has formulated a base emulsion and a sensitizing solution having compositions as set forth respectively in the following tables, Table 1 and Table 2.
- the Experse 7180M forms the continuous fuel phase of the base emulsion, the remaining constituents, dissolved in the water, forming the discontinuous oxidizer phase.
- the Experse 7180M is a mixture of polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (pibsa) water-in-oil emulsifier with Shellsol and Parprol 32 diluent/fuel oils.
- the pibsa forms 25% by mass of the Experse 7180M, the Shellsol forming 50% thereof and the Parprol 32 forming 25% thereof.
- the Shellsol is a diesel-equivalent fuel oil of low viscosity, available in South Africa from Shell Mining Solvents; and the Parprol 32 is a paraffinic oil available in South Africa from Engen.
- the Applicant has found that, after formulating the base emulsion and the sensitizing solution as respective emulsions, homogeneously admixing them together in a base emulsion:sensitizing emulsion mass ratio of 97:3 by mass, gave rise to a sensitized emulsion explosive. Furthermore, the Applicant has found that the base emulsion is both repumpable and compliant with United Nations safety guidelines as a non-detonatable base emulsion, its repumpability rendering it easy and convenient to work with, compared with non-repumpable base emulsions, which can be pumped only once.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
Abstract
This invention relates to a base emulsion for an emulsion explosive, the base emulsion being a re-pumpable water-in-oil emulsion and comprising: a continuous fuel phase, comprising a liquid hydrocarbon fuel; and an aqueous discontinuous oxidiser phase, dispersed in the fuel phase, the oxidiser phase comprising water, ammonium nitrate and sodium perchlorate. This invention also relates to a sodium nitrite-containing sensitizing solution, for sensitizing such a base emulsion, the sensitizing solution comprising sodium perchlorate. This invention extends, further, to a two-component explosive system comprising such a base emulsion and such a sensitizing solution. Finally, the invention extends to a method of loading a borehole with such a base emulsion and such a sensitizing solution to provide a sensitized emulsion explosive loaded in the borehole; and to such explosive.
Description
EMULSION EXPLOSIVE
This invention relates, broadly, to an emulsion explosive. More particularly, it relates to an emulsion explosive in which a discontinuous aqueous phase comprising predominantly ammonium nitrate is dispersed in a continuous fuel phase. In certain such emulsions, after formulation at an elevated temperature, cooling can result in solidification of droplets of the discontinuous phase, but the explosive is nevertheless still regarded for the purpose of the present invention as an emulsion explosive, although it is in fact a suspension of ammonium nitrate- containing particles in the continuous phase, rather than an emulsion of droplets.
According to one aspect of the invention there is provided a base emulsion for an emulsion explosive, the base emulsion being a water-in-oil emulsion and comprising an aqueous discontinuous oxidiser phase dispersed in a continuous fuel phase, the fuel phase comprising a liquid hydrocarbon fuel and the oxidiser phase comprising water, ammonium nitrate and sodium perchlorate, and the base emulsion being repumpable and having a sufficiently low sodium perchlorate content to be non-detonatable.
Preferably, the sodium perchlorate content (as NaCIO4) in the aqueous phase is sufficiently low for the base emulsion to be classified as non-detonatable in terms of the United Nations Transport of Dangerous Goods classification, the sodium perchlorate being dissolved in the aqueous phase.
Base emulsions comprising water-in-oil emulsions in which droplets or particles of the ammonium nitrate-containing aqueous phase are dispersed in the fuel phase are well known, and there are numerous formulations thereof, typically comprising various additives such as surfactants/emulsifiers, buffers, accelerators or the like. The present invention in principle applies to all such formulations, routine trial and experiment being required to determine acceptable or optimum sodium perchlorate contents thereof. Broadly, in the base emulsion, the sodium perchlorate may be present in the range 1 - 10% by mass, preferably 2 - 6% and more preferably 3 - 4%.
In practice, the base emulsion is typically sensitized by admixing thereof with a sodium nitrite-containing sensitizing solution which is intimately admixed therewith to obtain a sensitized emulsion product which is an emulsion explosive sensitized by microscopic nitrogen bubbles therein, which arise from the addition of the sodium nitrite to the base emulsion.
In accordance with the present invention, a sensitizing solution is employed which comprises an aqueous sodium nitrite solution containing also dissolved sodium perchlorate, the solution forming a component of a water-in-oil emulsion in which the solution is dispersed as the discontinuous phase in a continuous liquid hydrocarbon fuel phase, optionally together with a suitable emulsifier.
Thus, according to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a sodium nitrite-containing sensitizing solution, for sensitizing a base emulsion, the
sensitizing solution containing also sodium perchlorate, and forming a component in a water-in-oil sensitizing emulsion in which the solution is dispersed as the discontinuous phase in a continuous hydrocarbon liquid fuel phase.
Trial and experiment will be required to determine acceptable or optimum sodium perchlorate contents for the sensitizing emulsion. Suitable values have been found to amount, broadly, to 20 - 70% by mass of the sensitizing emulsion, preferably 50 - 60% and more preferably 55 - 58%.
The sensitizing emulsion may comprise also a suitable emulsifier. The fuel will typically comprise the same hydrocarbon fuel for both the base emulsion and the sensitizing emulsifier.
In use, the base emulsion and sensitizing solution are mixed together, for example by means of a static mixer at the end of a lance connected to a pair of delivery hoses respectively for the base emulsion and sensitizing solution, the lance being inserted into a borehole, to load a sensitized emulsion explosive charge into the borehole.
It is a feature of the present invention that the base emulsion has been found to be re-pumpable a number of times, i.e. in accordance with the invention it has been found to be possible to formulate non-detonatable UNTG-compliant re- pumpable base emulsions which can be pumped several times before they are finally sensitized while being loaded down a borehole.
The invention accordingly extends to a two-component explosive system comprising, on the one hand, a base emulsion in accordance with the invention and, on the other hand, a sensitizing solution in accordance with the invention, both containing sodium perchlorate and being as defined and describe above.
The invention extends further to a method of loading a borehole, which comprises loading the base emulsion defined and described above together with the sensitizing solution defined and described above, simultaneously into a borehole via a static mixer located in the borehole, whereby they are mixed together to provide a sensitized emulsion explosive loaded in the borehole.
The method may include transporting the base emulsion and the sensitizing solution from sources thereof via respective hoses and a lance to the static mixer, which is provided at or adjacent the end of the lance remote from the hoses, in the borehole; and the method may include pumping the base emulsion a plurality of times, if necessary or if desired, before it is mixed with the sensitizing solution.
Finally, the invention extends to a sensitized emulsion explosive whenever made by loading, into a borehole, of a two-component system defined and described above, the loading being according to the method as defined and described above.
The invention will now be described, by way of non-limiting illustrative example, with reference to the following worked Example.
EXAMPLE
The Applicant has formulated a base emulsion and a sensitizing solution having compositions as set forth respectively in the following tables, Table 1 and Table 2.
TABLE 1- BASE EMULSION
Constituent % Bγ Mass
Ammonium Nitrate Oxidiser 76.94' Vo
Sodium Perchlorate Sensitizer 3.77°/c )
Water 12.87' Vo
Acetic Acid 0.1 %
Sodium Acetate 0.1 1 °/c )
Thiourea 0.18°/c )
Experse 7180M 6.03°/c )
The Experse 7180M, available from Lake International Technologies, forms the continuous fuel phase of the base emulsion, the remaining constituents, dissolved in the water, forming the discontinuous oxidizer phase. The Experse 7180M is a mixture of polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (pibsa) water-in-oil emulsifier with Shellsol and Parprol 32 diluent/fuel oils. The pibsa forms 25% by mass of the Experse 7180M, the Shellsol forming 50% thereof and the Parprol 32 forming 25% thereof. The Shellsol is a diesel-equivalent
fuel oil of low viscosity, available in South Africa from Shell Mining Solvents; and the Parprol 32 is a paraffinic oil available in South Africa from Engen.
TABLE 2 - SENSITIZING SOLUTION
Constituent % Bv Mass
Sodium perchlorate sensitizer 57%
Water 31 .9%
Shellsol Fuel Oil 7.3%
Sodium Nitrite 3.8%
Sorbitar i Mono-oleate Surfactant/Emulsifier 2%
The Applicant has found that, after formulating the base emulsion and the sensitizing solution as respective emulsions, homogeneously admixing them together in a base emulsion:sensitizing emulsion mass ratio of 97:3 by mass, gave rise to a sensitized emulsion explosive. Furthermore, the Applicant has found that the base emulsion is both repumpable and compliant with United Nations safety guidelines as a non-detonatable base emulsion, its repumpability rendering it easy and convenient to work with, compared with non-repumpable base emulsions, which can be pumped only once.
Claims
1 . A base emulsion for an emulsion explosive, the base emulsion being a water- in-oil emulsion and comprising: a continuous fuel phase, comprising a liquid hydrocarbon fuel; and an aqueous discontinuous oxidiser phase, dispersed in the fuel phase, the oxidiser phase comprising water, ammonium nitrate and sodium perchlorate, and the base emulsion being repumpable and having a sufficiently low sodium perchlorate content to be non-detonable.
2. A base emulsion according to claim 1 wherein the sodium perchlorate content is sufficiently low for the base emulsion to be classified as non-detonatable in terms of the United Nations Transport of Dangerous Goods classification, the sodium perchlorate being dissolved in the aqueous phase.
3. A base emulsion according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the sodium perchlorate is present in the range 1 - 10% by mass.
4. A base emulsion according to claim 3, wherein the sodium perchlorate is present in the range 2 - 6% by mass.
5. A base emulsion according to claim 3 or claim 4, wherein the sodium perchlorate is present in the range 3 - 4% by mass.
6. A sensitizing solution for sensitizing a base emulsion according to any one of claims 1 - 5, wherein the sensitizing solution comprises an aqueous sodium nitrite solution containing dissolved sodium perchlorate, the solution forming a component of a water-in-oil emulsion in which the solution is dispersed as a discontinuous phase in a continuous liquid hydrocarbon fuel phase.
7. A base emulsion according to claim 6, wherein the sensitizing solution further includes an emulsifier.
8. A sensitizing solution according to claim 6 or claim 7, wherein the sodium perchlorate content of the sensitizing emulsion is 20 - 70% by mass.
9. A sensitizing solution according to claim 8 wherein the sodium perchlorate content of the sensitizing emulsion is 50 - 60% by mass.
10. A sensitizing solution according to claim 8 or claim 9 wherein the sodium perchlorate content of the sensitizing emulsion is 55 - 58% by mass.
1 1 . A two-component explosive system comprising: a base emulsion according to any one of claims 1 - 5; and a sensitizing solution according to any one of claims 6 - 10.
12. A method of loading a borehole, the method comprising loading a base emulsion, according to any one of claims 1 - 5, together with a sensitizing solution, according to any one of claims 6 - 10, simultaneously into a borehole, and mixing together the base emulsion and the sensitizing solution to provide a sensitized emulsion explosive loaded in the borehole.
13. A method according to Claim 12, wherein the base emulsion and sensitizing solution are simultaneously loaded into the borehole via a static mixer whereby they are mixed together.
14. A method according to claim 15, which further includes transporting the base emulsion and the sensitizing solution from sources thereof via respective hoses and a lance to the static mixer, which static mixer is provided at or adjacent the end of the lance remote from the hoses, in the borehole.
15. The method according to claim 14 or claim 15 which further includes pumping the base emulsion a plurality of times before it is mixed with the sensitizing solution.
16. A sensitized emulsion explosive whenever made by loading, into a borehole, of a two-component system according to claim 1 1 , the loading being according to the method of any one of claims 12 - 15.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA2006/07209 | 2006-08-29 | ||
| ZA200607209 | 2006-08-29 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2008026124A2 true WO2008026124A2 (en) | 2008-03-06 |
| WO2008026124A3 WO2008026124A3 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
Family
ID=39136341
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2007/053282 WO2008026124A2 (en) | 2006-08-29 | 2007-08-17 | Emulsion explosive |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CL (1) | CL2007002498A1 (en) |
| PE (1) | PE20080896A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2008026124A2 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200709566B (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2011060455A1 (en) * | 2009-11-12 | 2011-05-19 | African Explosives Limited | A sensitizing composition for an explosive |
| CN102976876A (en) * | 2012-12-03 | 2013-03-20 | 贵州巨能化工有限公司 | Polyisobutylene succinimide quaternary ammonium salt emulsifier and preparation method thereof |
| US20140216289A1 (en) * | 2013-02-07 | 2014-08-07 | Dyno Nobel Inc. | Systems for delivering explosives and methods related thereto |
Citations (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1262973A (en) * | 1969-04-01 | 1972-02-09 | Atlas Chem Ind | Blasting composition |
| EP0109747A2 (en) * | 1982-11-17 | 1984-05-30 | Aeci Limited | A method and means for making an explosive in the form of an emulsion |
| EP0228354A1 (en) * | 1985-12-23 | 1987-07-08 | Nitro Nobel Aktiebolag | A method for the preparation of a water-in-oil type emulsion eyplosive and an oxidizer composition for use in the method |
| EP0327205A1 (en) * | 1988-02-02 | 1989-08-09 | Cil Inc | Chemical foaming of emulsion explosive compositions |
| US5074939A (en) * | 1989-09-05 | 1991-12-24 | Ici Australia Operations Proprietary Limited | Explosive composition |
| US5160387A (en) * | 1989-11-16 | 1992-11-03 | Ici Australia Operations Proprietary Limited | Emulsion explosive |
| EP0775681A1 (en) * | 1995-11-24 | 1997-05-28 | ICI Canada Inc. | Microemulsion and oil soluble gassing system |
| US5920030A (en) * | 1996-05-02 | 1999-07-06 | Mining Services International | Methods of blasting using nitrogen-free explosives |
| WO2000078694A1 (en) * | 1999-06-18 | 2000-12-28 | Orica Explosives Technology Pty Ltd | Emulsion explosive |
| EP1571136A2 (en) * | 2004-03-02 | 2005-09-07 | Westspreng GmbH | High-viscosity emulsion explosive, process for the production thereof and process for transferring it |
-
2007
- 2007-08-14 PE PE2007001091A patent/PE20080896A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2007-08-17 WO PCT/IB2007/053282 patent/WO2008026124A2/en unknown
- 2007-08-27 CL CL200702498A patent/CL2007002498A1/en unknown
- 2007-11-06 ZA ZA200709566A patent/ZA200709566B/en unknown
Patent Citations (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1262973A (en) * | 1969-04-01 | 1972-02-09 | Atlas Chem Ind | Blasting composition |
| EP0109747A2 (en) * | 1982-11-17 | 1984-05-30 | Aeci Limited | A method and means for making an explosive in the form of an emulsion |
| EP0228354A1 (en) * | 1985-12-23 | 1987-07-08 | Nitro Nobel Aktiebolag | A method for the preparation of a water-in-oil type emulsion eyplosive and an oxidizer composition for use in the method |
| EP0327205A1 (en) * | 1988-02-02 | 1989-08-09 | Cil Inc | Chemical foaming of emulsion explosive compositions |
| US5074939A (en) * | 1989-09-05 | 1991-12-24 | Ici Australia Operations Proprietary Limited | Explosive composition |
| US5160387A (en) * | 1989-11-16 | 1992-11-03 | Ici Australia Operations Proprietary Limited | Emulsion explosive |
| EP0775681A1 (en) * | 1995-11-24 | 1997-05-28 | ICI Canada Inc. | Microemulsion and oil soluble gassing system |
| US5920030A (en) * | 1996-05-02 | 1999-07-06 | Mining Services International | Methods of blasting using nitrogen-free explosives |
| WO2000078694A1 (en) * | 1999-06-18 | 2000-12-28 | Orica Explosives Technology Pty Ltd | Emulsion explosive |
| EP1571136A2 (en) * | 2004-03-02 | 2005-09-07 | Westspreng GmbH | High-viscosity emulsion explosive, process for the production thereof and process for transferring it |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2011060455A1 (en) * | 2009-11-12 | 2011-05-19 | African Explosives Limited | A sensitizing composition for an explosive |
| CN102976876A (en) * | 2012-12-03 | 2013-03-20 | 贵州巨能化工有限公司 | Polyisobutylene succinimide quaternary ammonium salt emulsifier and preparation method thereof |
| CN102976876B (en) * | 2012-12-03 | 2015-01-14 | 贵州巨能化工有限公司 | Polyisobutylene succinimide quaternary ammonium salt emulsifier and preparation method thereof |
| US20140216289A1 (en) * | 2013-02-07 | 2014-08-07 | Dyno Nobel Inc. | Systems for delivering explosives and methods related thereto |
| US9207055B2 (en) | 2013-02-07 | 2015-12-08 | Dyno Nobel Inc. | Systems for delivering explosives and methods related thereto |
| US9435625B2 (en) | 2013-02-07 | 2016-09-06 | Dyno Nobel Inc. | Systems for delivering explosives and methods related thereto |
| US9638505B2 (en) | 2013-02-07 | 2017-05-02 | Dyno Nobel, Inc. | Systems for delivering explosives and methods related thereto |
| US10495432B2 (en) | 2013-02-07 | 2019-12-03 | Dyno Nobel Inc. | Systems for delivering explosives and methods related thereto |
| US11346642B2 (en) | 2013-02-07 | 2022-05-31 | Dyno Nobel Inc. | Systems for delivering explosives and methods related thereto |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CL2007002498A1 (en) | 2008-07-04 |
| PE20080896A1 (en) | 2008-08-21 |
| ZA200709566B (en) | 2008-11-26 |
| WO2008026124A3 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
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