WO2008019704A1 - Procédé de mesure et dispositif de mesure avec un élément à effet Hall - Google Patents

Procédé de mesure et dispositif de mesure avec un élément à effet Hall Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008019704A1
WO2008019704A1 PCT/EP2006/008147 EP2006008147W WO2008019704A1 WO 2008019704 A1 WO2008019704 A1 WO 2008019704A1 EP 2006008147 W EP2006008147 W EP 2006008147W WO 2008019704 A1 WO2008019704 A1 WO 2008019704A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
signal
frequency
alternating
sensor
field
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2006/008147
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Ottmar Kechel
Original Assignee
Ottmar Kechel
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ottmar Kechel filed Critical Ottmar Kechel
Priority to DE112006003963.6T priority Critical patent/DE112006003963B4/de
Priority to PCT/EP2006/008147 priority patent/WO2008019704A1/fr
Priority to DE102007036975A priority patent/DE102007036975A1/de
Priority to DE102007036976A priority patent/DE102007036976A1/de
Publication of WO2008019704A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008019704A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
    • G01R33/06—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using galvano-magnetic devices
    • G01R33/07—Hall effect devices

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a measuring method and a measuring device with a Hall element.
  • Spherics can be used, which emanate from strong weather disturbances, such as thunderstorms, weather fronts or convective clouding forms.
  • Spherics signals are electromagnetic signals in the form of irregular radiation pulses, which are caused by dynamic processes in the atmosphere. Individual parameters of the Spherics signals, such as number, amplitude, frequency or pulse repetition frequency, frequency distributions on frequency values and waveforms are closely linked to the weather events triggering them.
  • Typical pulse durations of Spherics signals are in the range of a few 100 ⁇ s and typical frequencies are between 2 kHz and
  • the pulse repetition frequency can be up to several 100 Hz.
  • the maximum amplitude of the Spherics signals depends on the type and distance of the signal source and is up to a few volts per meter for the electric field vector.
  • the typical discharge currents are less than 1 kA, so that the effective range is a maximum of about 50 km.
  • the radiation range relevant for the effectiveness on a biological process or organism thus lies in a vicinity of the radiation source, i. within an order of magnitude corresponding to one wavelength. For physical reasons, such radiation sources can therefore not be targeted.
  • the object of the invention to specify a measuring method and a measuring device with which, for example, effective radiation can be detected on biological processes.
  • the object directed to the method is achieved by a measuring method in which a sensor is exposed to an alternating electric field having a first frequency and an alternating magnetic field having a second frequency and a signal occurring using the Hall effect is applied to the sensor is tapped from the first frequency different signal frequency or with a different phase of the alternating electric field and processed. It can be detected in a simple way effects that emerge from a combined effect of the electric and the alternating magnetic field. In addition, Kings ⁇ NEN material properties of a sample of interest to be examined.
  • the invention is based on the consideration that free charge carriers in a material, to which an electrical voltage is applied, are correspondingly accelerated.
  • the charge carriers oscillate. This applies in an idealized form when the charge carriers are freely movable and are not limited by a limited free path in the material in their freedom of movement.
  • suitable materials such as Semiconductor materials in which charge carriers such as electrons have a large free path length, this ideal can be approximated.
  • the velocity of the charge carriers resulting from the acceleration of the charge carriers corresponds to the integral of the acceleration, so that the velocity of the charge carriers in the steady state is offset by 90 ° to the applied voltage. Due to the applied alternating magnetic field, the accelerated charge carriers are additionally accelerated according to their velocity and their angle to the magnetic field in accordance with the Hall effect.
  • the resulting total acceleration corresponds to a multiplication of the fields.
  • the signal generated by the accelerated charge carriers therefore corresponds to a multiplication of the signals of the alternating electric and magnetic field and can provide information about the interaction of these fields.
  • information about the biological effectiveness of the interacting fields can be obtained.
  • information about the material harboring the charge carriers can be obtained.
  • the free path of charge carriers in a crystal structure or amorphous structure is limited and very different lent in different materials.
  • the amplitude of the alternating magnetic field is advantageously so small that the free charge carriers through the Hall effect in a period of oscillation only a small part of a circle segment of at most 30 °, in particular at most 15 ° to go through to a high polarization or at least in Substantially linear multiplication of signals to come.
  • Processing of the signal may be a use for further method steps and / or an output of the signal or a result resulting therefrom.
  • the first and second frequencies in a quotient form an integer, in particular, the first and second frequencies are equal, so the number is 1.
  • the Hall effect can be used to phase shift and in this way the sensor can be used as a very easily manufacturable phase shifter. If the signal frequency differs from the first frequency, the phase of the processed signal may be equal to or different from that of the electric field or its signal.
  • the measuring method is a method for polarization measurement.
  • a polarization may in this case be a charge separation of the charge carriers resulting from the action of the electrical and the magnetic alternating field.
  • the polarization can be determined from the signal, for example by measuring a DC voltage at the sensor, in particular in a direction perpendicular to the two fields.
  • the processed signal in this case is a DC signal.
  • Such unnatural polarization can occur by artificial radiation, for example, for information transmission, heaped in biological material or living things. Such conditions can be harmful to your health.
  • a particularly pronounced multiplication signal can be detected at the sensor when the alternating electric and magnetic fields are at an angle between 60 ° and 120 ° to each other.
  • an effective polarization can be achieved, which can lead to a pronounced DC voltage signal.
  • the elec ⁇ tric and the alternating magnetic field are perpendicular to each other, whereby the. most effective polarization can be achieved.
  • the electrical and the magnetic alternating field components which are in a phase angle between 60 ° and 120 ° to each other.
  • the speed of the charge carriers and the alternating magnetic field in a range of 30 ° in phase with each other, whereby a good Hall acceleration of
  • Charge carrier can be achieved by the magnetic alternating field.
  • the processed signal frequency is a multiplication product of the first and second frequencies. It is a multiplication of alternating signals achievable with simple means and without example
  • the multiplication may be an analog four-quadrant multiplication known in signaling technology. If the same source signal is used for both input signals, a squaring of the original signal can be carried out in a simple manner, wherein the resulting components can be evaluated independently of one another by signals picked up on the sensor.
  • one component can be a signal with twice the first frequency and a second component can be a DC voltage that arises.
  • Another component may, for example in the case of amplitude-modulated input signals, be in the low-frequency range and be used in particular for demodulation. expediently
  • the processed signal is a low-frequency component of a multiplication product of signals of the alternating fields.
  • the low-frequency component in this case has a frequency which is lower than the first frequency and lower than the second frequency.
  • the advantage of signal multiplication lies in the simplicity of the device and the large usable frequency range.
  • the multiplication may be a multiplication of the signal of the velocity of the charge carriers and of the alternating magnetic field.
  • the measurement method can be measured in the signal processing, and the method of measurement can also be referred to as signal generation method or method for multiplying signals.
  • the measurement method can also be used to determine a material property.
  • the sensor may in this case be a sample of the material itself, which generates the measurement signal, for example a solid, a liquid, a suspension or the like.
  • a material property of the sensor is determined from the signal, for example a mean free path of charge carriers in the material.
  • One possible method of determining material properties may be to increase the strength of the alternating magnetic field by measuring a DC voltage across the sample that is a measure of polarization. As the magnetic field increases, the DC voltage that is initially present can disappear and then reverse its sign, disappear again and reverse the sign, and so on.
  • the magnetic field strengths, at which the polarization voltage disappears, are dependent on the frequency of the alternating magnetic field and in the Probe or field strength generated by the sensor and are characteristic of various materials.
  • the sample or sensor may be a solid, a fluid, an amorphous body, a gel, or the like.
  • the object directed to the device is achieved according to the invention by a device for carrying out the method described above, in particular by a measuring device with a Hall element, a Hall element surrounding, electrically shielding housing, a means for generating an alternating electric field a first frequency in the housing, with signal taps for picking up a perpendicular to the electric field in the Hall element signal and an evaluation means for evaluating a different signal frequency from the first frequency or with a different phase of the alternating electric field. It can be detected by simple means effects resulting from a combined effect of the electric with an alternating magnetic field. In addition, material properties of the Hall element used can be examined.
  • the alternating electric field is advantageously designed such that it passes through the Hall element with at least substantially straight field lines.
  • the evaluation means may be suitable for the signal frequency evaluation.
  • the electrical shielding of the housing is advantageously carried out with an eddy current inhibiting means. Unwanted currents in the housing material can be kept at least small and thereby caused disturbing magnetic fields are at least largely avoided.
  • the eddy current inhibiting means may contain sintered metal or consist of, for example, a herringbone shield.
  • the Hall element can be at least largely shielded against unwanted external magnetic fields.
  • the measuring device may comprise a means for generating a magnetic field, in particular for generating an alternating magnetic field.
  • the magnetic field shield magnetically shields the Hall element from all directions.
  • the magnetic field shield may be passive, for example in the form of a layer of so-called mu metal, or be active, for example in the form of a compensation means for generating a compensation magnetic field for compensating an external magnetic field.
  • the compensation means here comprises an electronic compensation control, whereby an external magnetic field can be reliably kept away from the Hall element serving as sensor or sample.
  • a weak DC voltage signal can be reliably tapped and detected at the sensor or the Hall element if the measuring device has an adjustment circuit for compensating an undesired voltage at signal taps.
  • the DC voltage can be set to zero before a measurement and a change during a measurement reliably detected.
  • a temperature control means for controlling the temperature of the heating element it is possible to detect material properties of the Hall element or the sample as a function of the temperature of the sample, for example by carrying out a measurement at differently set temperatures of the sample.
  • the measuring device advantageously comprises a balancing means for compensating an input signal in the tapped signal.
  • a fault of the tapped signal due to an unwanted interference by a direct signal of the alternating electric field can be avoided and a weak tapped signal can be detected.
  • Fig. 1 shows a sensor in an electrical and magnetic
  • FIG. 2 shows a diagram of the amplitudes of the fields
  • FIG. 3 shows a diagram of the velocity of charge carriers in the sensor and the force on the charge carriers
  • Fig. 5 a diagram for evaluating signals
  • Fig. 8 shows a measuring device for measuring material properties
  • Fig. 9 shows an equivalent circuit diagram of a signal adjustment with a matching means.
  • a sensor 2 designed as a disk in a cylindrical shape, a 10-ohm NTC resistor made of doped semiconductor material gallium arsenide, in which electrons as charge carriers have a large free path length of several 100 nm at room temperature.
  • Such a sensor 2 can be called a Hall sensor because of the large free path of the charge carriers.
  • GaAs / AlGaAs heterostructures are well suited as alternative sensor material.
  • a two-dimensional conducting electron gas is formed at the layer boundary between GaAs and AlGaAs.
  • the electrons are highly mobile and have a mean free path of several microns.
  • n-doped indium antimonite (InSb) is particularly suitable.
  • the sensor 2 is an alternating electric field E, which oscillates in the x-axis of a Cartesian coordinate system 4, and an alternating magnetic field B which oscillates in the y-axis of the coordinate system 4, set.
  • the sensor 2 comprises two opposing antennas 6, which are electrically connected to the semiconductor material of the sensor 2.
  • the sensor 2 comprises two signal taps 8 located in the z direction, which are likewise connected to the semiconductor material. The signal taps 8 are aligned perpendicular to the two alternating fields E and B.
  • the relative amplitudes A of the two alternating fields E, B are plotted against the time t in units of the oscillation period.
  • the two alternating fields E, B are at a phase angle of 90 ° or ⁇ / 2 to each other, wherein the alternating electric field E a time period of vibration oscillates in front of the alternating magnetic field B.
  • the alternating electric field E penetrates the sensor 2 and exerts a force on the charge carriers therein, which are accelerated by the force of the solid state according to the conditions of the solid.
  • the resulting velocity v of the charge carriers in the sensor 2 is shown in FIG. 3 in a diagram over time. It corresponds - in an idealized view, ie with unrestricted freedom of movement and without collisions on the crystal lattice - to the integral of the acceleration, so that the velocity v of the charge carriers in the steady state is also sinusoidal in a sinusoidal alternating electrical field E and in phase by ⁇ / 2 is shifted in time behind the alternating electric field E or a voltage applied to the sensor 2 voltage.
  • the alternating magnetic field B exerts a force F on the charge carriers in accordance with the Hall effect which acts perpendicular to the alternating magnetic field B and perpendicular to the velocity v, ie perpendicular to the alternating electric field E and thus in the z direction.
  • This force F which is likewise shown in the diagram in FIG. 3, is a multiplication product of the alternating fields E, B or of the alternating field B at the speed v and is in the illustrated example in which the alternating fields E, B are closed by ⁇ / 2 - which are phase-shifted, always positive.
  • the sensor 2 For measuring a polarizing field interaction, the sensor 2, as shown in Fig. 1, introduced into the two alternating fields E, B and both signals of the multiplication or only one of them are taken at the signal taps 8 and evaluated, for example by a DC voltage and / or a signal frequency f s is displayed. Particularly advantageous is a recording of a DC voltage over time and an additional recording of the signal frequency f s and the amplitude of the high-frequency signal associated with the DC voltage with the signal frequency f s . From the DC voltage, which corresponds to a polarization, which is caused by the interaction of the two alternating fields E, B, can be concluded that the strength with which the alternating fields E, B, for example, bio- influence logical material with mobile charge carriers.
  • Fig. 5 is a graph showing a relationship between the signal frequency f s and the distance. Based on the theory of the electric dipole, the two alternating fields E, B are in phase with each other at a great distance from the source. In this case, no polarization of the charge carriers occurs, since they are deflected by the Hall effect in the positive and negative z-direction and oscillate in the sum of a rest point.
  • the sensor 10 comprises a layer 12 of a semiconductor material, which is provided on both sides with a metal layer 14. These two metal layers 14 are each subdivided by interruptions 16 into segments 18, 20 which pass through
  • antennas 22 are electrically conductively attached.
  • signal taps 24 are attached electrically conductive.
  • the resistance between the signal taps 24 has been adjusted to 50 ohms, which is advantageous for high frequency measurements.
  • the resistance between the antennas 22 was on 240 ohms, which is advantageous for the adaptation of a folding dipole.
  • the antennas 22 are now supplied with an external signal, for example a DC voltage, and a resulting signal is detected at the signal taps 24.
  • an external signal for example a DC voltage
  • the location or size of the segments 18, 20 must be changed until the resulting signal disappears.
  • a reduction of the applied DC voltage at the signal taps 24 by, for example, a factor of 100,000 can be achieved with the simplest means, which corresponds to an attenuation of 100 dB.
  • the sensor 10 is balanced and ready for measurement. It is introduced into an external electric and magnetic alternating field E, B and resulting signals with signal frequencies F 5 are detected and displayed or processed by a corresponding evaluation means.
  • the antennas 6, 22 of the sensors 2, 10 have the advantage that they amplify the alternating electrical field E in the sensor 2, 10, but they determine the direction of the sensor 2, 10 relative to the alternating electric field E fixed. If this direction is unknown, then a sensor 26 shown in FIG. 7 is advantageous, which is symmetrical at least in two dimensions. As long as the plane of a semiconductor layer 28 of the sensor 26 is aligned in the direction of the alternating fields E, B, the resulting multiplication signal can be detected at signal taps 30.
  • a measuring device 32 for determining material properties and / or signal multiplication is shown in FIG. 8.
  • the measuring device 32 comprises a means 34 for generating an alternating electric field E by a designed as a Hall element 36 sample or sensor, with which the
  • Frequency f E of the alternating electric field E whose amplitude A E and a phase angle ⁇ can be set, with which the alternating electric field E is shifted to a magnetic alternating field E selfeld B, which is generated by a means 38 for generating an alternating magnetic field B.
  • the means 34 comprises four metallic plates 40, which are each arranged in pairs relative to the Hall element 36 and can be subjected to a voltage in pairs.
  • the means 38 for generating an alternating magnetic field B has three coils 42 at a respective terminal 44, wherein in FIG. 8, for the sake of clarity, only one of the coils 42 is shown.
  • the coils 42 are arranged relative to one another such that the magnetic field generated by them is perpendicular to the other two magnetic fields. In this way, a magnetic field in any direction through the sample can be achieved by a combination of the three magnetic fields and it can be an external magnetic field, such as the earth's magnetic field, compensated so that no disturbing magnetic field or alternating magnetic field flows through the Hall element 36.
  • the measuring device 32 For shielding an undesired electric field, the measuring device 32 comprises an electrically shielding housing 46, for example in the form of a herringbone shield, which counteracts undesired generation of a magnetic field or alternating magnetic field by an electric field or alternating field.
  • An evaluation means 48 is connected to signal taps 50 on the Hall sensor 36 and is provided for evaluating a DC signal or a signal with a signal frequency f s which differs from a frequency F E , F B of a generated electrical or magnetic alternating field E, B can be.
  • a temperature control 52 the Hall element 36 can be heated or cooled to a desired temperature.
  • the evaluation means 48 comprises a matching means 54, the equivalent circuit diagram of which is shown in FIG.
  • the Hall sensor 36 is substituted as an element of four ohmic resistors 56 shown.
  • the signal to be evaluated is picked up, to which an input signal of the signal strength Uo of the alternating electric field E strikes with a disturbing voltage U m .
  • the adjustment means 54 comprises a potentiometer 58, with the aid of which the evaluation means 48 automatically regulates the interference voltage U m to zero in the absence of a magnetic field.
  • a manual control is conceivable.
  • the outer, undesired magnetic field is first compensated to zero with the aid of the three coils 42.
  • This active magnetic field shielding by a compensation magnetic field is maintained by an electronic compensation control, which is part of the means 38.
  • an alternating magnetic field B with a desired frequency f B and amplitude A B is additionally generated by superposing the compensation equal field with the alternating field B.
  • the direction of the alternating magnetic field B is also adjustable here.
  • an alternating electric field E with a frequency f E and an amplitude A E is set, wherein the frequency f E is equal to the frequency f B and the direction of the electric alternating field E is set perpendicular to the alternating magnetic field B.
  • the adjustability of the frequencies F E , F B , the amplitudes AE , A B and the directions of the alternating fields E, B spatial information about the mobility and thus the lattice or band structure of the Hall element 36 can be obtained.
  • the adjustability of the temperature of the Hall element 36 information about the temperature dependence of the mobility and the band structure can be obtained.
  • the measuring device 32 may be for multiplying signals after that as described above Procedure can be used. In this case, a direction adjustability of the alternating fields E, B is not necessary, as a result of which the measuring device can be simplified accordingly.
  • the measuring device can also be simplified by a magnetic field shield, for example in that the housing 46 is not only designed to be electrically but also magnetically shielding, for example, magnetically shielding metal, such as metal or the like.
  • a compensation of an unwanted external magnetic field as described above can be dispensed with.
  • the magnetic shield has the advantage that unwanted external alternating magnetic fields are kept away from the sample, which are difficult to compensate.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Measuring Magnetic Variables (AREA)
  • Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Magnetic Means (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de mesure avec lequel un capteur (2, 10, 26) est exposé à un champ (E) électrique alternatif ayant une première fréquence (F<SUB>E</SUB>) et à un champ (B) magnétique alternatif ayant une deuxième fréquence (F<SUB>B</SUB>) et un signal produit en utilisant l'effet Hall ayant une fréquence (F<SUB>S</SUB>) de signal différente de la première fréquence (F<SUB>E</SUB>) ou ayant une phase différente du champ (E) électrique alternatif est prélevé sur le capteur (2, 10, 26) puis traité. Il est ainsi facile de détecter un rayonnement agissant sur des phénomènes biologiques, par exemple.
PCT/EP2006/008147 2006-08-18 2006-08-18 Procédé de mesure et dispositif de mesure avec un élément à effet Hall WO2008019704A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE112006003963.6T DE112006003963B4 (de) 2006-08-18 2006-08-18 Messverfahren mit einem Hall-Element
PCT/EP2006/008147 WO2008019704A1 (fr) 2006-08-18 2006-08-18 Procédé de mesure et dispositif de mesure avec un élément à effet Hall
DE102007036975A DE102007036975A1 (de) 2006-08-18 2007-08-06 Verfahren zur Konzentrationsverschiebung von zwei in einem Stoffgemisch gemischten verschiedenen Stoffen
DE102007036976A DE102007036976A1 (de) 2006-08-18 2007-08-06 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Warnen vor atmosphärischen Störungen

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2006/008147 WO2008019704A1 (fr) 2006-08-18 2006-08-18 Procédé de mesure et dispositif de mesure avec un élément à effet Hall

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2008019704A1 true WO2008019704A1 (fr) 2008-02-21

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DE (3) DE112006003963B4 (fr)
WO (1) WO2008019704A1 (fr)

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4238829A1 (de) * 1992-11-17 1994-05-19 Dr Fischer Ag Einrichtung zur Beeinflussung von elektrischen und magnetischen Feldern niedriger Frequenz
DE19615017A1 (de) * 1996-04-17 1997-10-23 Kurt Dr Ing Weyand Saturationskern-Magnetometer nach dem Verfahren der Pulsbreitenmodulation zur Messung magnetischer Gleich- und Wechselfelder
DE10229624A1 (de) * 2002-07-02 2004-01-15 Delphi Technologies, Inc., Troy Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Endkontrolle eines Magnetsensors
WO2005010543A1 (fr) * 2003-07-30 2005-02-03 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Dispositif du type capteur magnetique monte sur puce et caracterise par une suppression de la diaphonie
WO2006034551A1 (fr) * 2004-09-28 2006-04-06 The University Of Queensland Dosimetre de champ magnetique

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NZ501475A (en) * 1999-12-02 2002-08-28 Tru Test Ltd Electric fence current pulse amplitude indicated by tone output

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4238829A1 (de) * 1992-11-17 1994-05-19 Dr Fischer Ag Einrichtung zur Beeinflussung von elektrischen und magnetischen Feldern niedriger Frequenz
DE19615017A1 (de) * 1996-04-17 1997-10-23 Kurt Dr Ing Weyand Saturationskern-Magnetometer nach dem Verfahren der Pulsbreitenmodulation zur Messung magnetischer Gleich- und Wechselfelder
DE10229624A1 (de) * 2002-07-02 2004-01-15 Delphi Technologies, Inc., Troy Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Endkontrolle eines Magnetsensors
WO2005010543A1 (fr) * 2003-07-30 2005-02-03 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Dispositif du type capteur magnetique monte sur puce et caracterise par une suppression de la diaphonie
WO2006034551A1 (fr) * 2004-09-28 2006-04-06 The University Of Queensland Dosimetre de champ magnetique

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE112006003963B4 (de) 2017-12-28
DE112006003963A5 (de) 2009-06-25
DE102007036976A1 (de) 2008-05-08
DE102007036975A1 (de) 2008-04-17

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