WO2008017799A1 - Applicateur, kit et procédé - Google Patents

Applicateur, kit et procédé Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2008017799A1
WO2008017799A1 PCT/GB2007/002507 GB2007002507W WO2008017799A1 WO 2008017799 A1 WO2008017799 A1 WO 2008017799A1 GB 2007002507 W GB2007002507 W GB 2007002507W WO 2008017799 A1 WO2008017799 A1 WO 2008017799A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
applicator
friable
liquid
treatment composition
polymeric solid
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB2007/002507
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Neil Atkin
Coreen Iliffe
Malcolm Tom Mckechnie
James Young
Original Assignee
Reckitt Benckiser (Uk) Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Reckitt Benckiser (Uk) Limited filed Critical Reckitt Benckiser (Uk) Limited
Publication of WO2008017799A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008017799A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L13/00—Implements for cleaning floors, carpets, furniture, walls, or wall coverings
    • A47L13/10—Scrubbing; Scouring; Cleaning; Polishing
    • A47L13/16—Cloths; Pads; Sponges
    • A47L13/17—Cloths; Pads; Sponges containing cleaning agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents
    • A01N25/04—Dispersions, emulsions, suspoemulsions, suspension concentrates or gels
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/34—Shaped forms, e.g. sheets, not provided for in any other sub-group of this main group
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L13/00—Implements for cleaning floors, carpets, furniture, walls, or wall coverings
    • A47L13/10—Scrubbing; Scouring; Cleaning; Polishing
    • A47L13/26—Other cleaning devices with liquid supply arrangements
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L23/00—Cleaning footwear
    • A47L23/04—Hand implements for shoe-cleaning, with or without applicators for shoe polish
    • A47L23/05—Hand implements for shoe-cleaning, with or without applicators for shoe polish with applicators for shoe polish
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L—DOMESTIC WASHING OR CLEANING; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47L25/00—Domestic cleaning devices not provided for in other groups of this subclass 
    • A47L25/08—Pads or the like for cleaning clothes

Definitions

  • the invention is concerned with an applicator for delivering a liquid to a surface and a process for its manu- facture .
  • a friable polymeric solid containing a liquid or gel treatment composition such as a cleaning or stain removal liquid, which is rubbed against a surface and releases the liquid or gel as the friable polymeric solid is eroded or crumbles away.
  • Sponges are known in the art and may be in the form of either closed or open cell solid matrices.
  • Actual sponges are solid matrices formed from the exoskeletons of living sponges, and these have been mimicked by synthetic sponges made from solid polymeric materials. It is known to impregnate such sponges with a clean solution and then to apply the solution to a surface to be cleaned. The cleaning solution or liquid is absorbed into voids in the sponge when applied by the user from a separate source of cleaning solution or liquid, and then is squeezed out of the sponge in use when applied to a surface. This process leads to the liquid often coming into contact with the hands of the user necessitating the use of protective gloves.
  • Cleaning liquid may also be wasted in that it permeates into parts of the sponge which are not subsequently used during the immediate cleaning process.
  • the sponge must be squeezed and emptied of the cleaning fluid after use in order to prevent its leakage onto any surfaces where the sponge may be stored subsequently.
  • the sponge requires a separate source of cleaning solution or liquid.
  • the cells making up the matrix of the sponge must be interconnected such that liquids can pass from the outside of the sponge into the cells and then re-pass from the interior cells to the outside when required by the user, initiated by squeezing the sponge to close the cells and eject the cleaning liquid.
  • US 4,476,251 discloses a polyurethane foam having cleaning and germicidal activities.
  • the foam is prepared by mixing together a pre-polymer reactant and water and adding to the mixture, prior to foam formation, a non- ionic surfactant, a quaternary ammonium compound and a silicone based surfactant.
  • the foam is recommended as a disposable wiping pad to household cleaning applica- tions.
  • US 3,283,357 discloses and disinfecting cleansing pad, where a disposable pad or sponge incorporates' a substantially dry water soluble impregnant consisting of a ger- macdal quaternary ammonium compound and amphoteric surfactants which are activated by moistening the pad or sponge immediately prior to use.
  • WO98/59026 discloses and cleaning material for cleansing surfaces comprising a closed cell foam matrix including an antimicrobial composition.
  • the foam matrix may be a polyurethane foam and the antimicrobial composition may comprise silver ions in the form of a combination with a support material such as titanium dioxide.
  • the silver halide/titanium dioxide is incorporated into the closed cell foam as a solid. It has now been found that problems of the prior art can be overcome by use of a friable polymeric solid, which has a liquid or gel cleansing composition contained within the friable polymeric solid.
  • the invention provides an applicator for delivery of a cleansing composition to a surface comprising a plurality of friable polymeric solids and a liquid or gel treatment composition wherein the liquid or gel treatment composition is contained within the friable polymeric solids whereby rubbing the applicator on a surface leads to breakdown of the friable polymeric solid and release of the liquid or gel treatment composition to the surface.
  • each friable polymeric solid contains a bespoke composition. Namely the first polymeric solid contains a first composition, the second polymeric solid contains a second formulation, and so on.
  • the friable polymeric solids are attached to one another, e.g. by being glued together.
  • the applicator comprises two friable poly- meric solids.
  • the applicator may be used to contain cleaning ingredients which would otherwise not be possible in a single polymeric foam.
  • two separate compositions can be provided which contain agents that are normally mutually antagonistic.
  • a first polymer may be used to contain a bleach (e.g. a peroxide such as hydrogen peroxide / alkali metal percarbonate) and a second polymer may be used to contain an enzyme.
  • a bleach e.g. a peroxide such as hydrogen peroxide / alkali metal percarbonate
  • a second polymer may be used to contain an enzyme.
  • a complete cleaning formulation such as fabric cleaning formulation
  • compositions include thioglycolate and malodour conteractant ; enzyme and substrate; and enzyme and enzyme.
  • the applicator is rubbed against a surface to which it is desired to deliver a liquid or gel treatment composition.
  • the liquid or gel is a cleaning liquid or stain removing liquid
  • the applicator will be rubbed against the soft surface containing the stain or soil to be removed.
  • the friable polymeric solid crumbles and breaks away from the body of the ap- plicator
  • the liquid or gel treatment composition contained within the friable polymeric solid is released onto the surface to be treated.
  • the applicator is used on soft surfaces such as fabrics, woven or knitted, carpets, rugs, upholstery or furnishing fab- rics.
  • the liquid or gel does not come into contact with the user where the applicator is held by the user, but is only released where the friable polymeric solid breaks down on contact with the surface.
  • the small particles of the friable polymeric solid which are abraded from the applicator in use may also act to absorb the combined liquid or gel plus stain or soil which has been removed from the surface to be treated, when the system is used for removal of stains or soil from surfaces.
  • the applicator is for instance the de- livery of a polish to surfaces such as shoes, or leather.
  • the applicator can be grasped by the user without coming into contact with the polish and the polish can be applied directly and efficiently to where it is needed.
  • the applicator may be used to deliver pre-treatment agent onto a stain.
  • a composition comprising a bleach precursor such as tetra-acetyl ethylene diamine may be applied to a stain using the applicator as described above, where the stain is on a piece of fabric which is subsequently washed by hand or in a washing machine with a conventional detergent powder containing a peroxide bleach.
  • Another use for the applicator is as an emergency, out of the home, stain removal application for fabrics where there may be no easy access to a water supply.
  • Another use for the applicator is as a general hard surface cleaner such as a limescale remover over small localised areas such as kitchen and bathroom fittings e.g. taps, or larger surfaces e.g. shower walls-.
  • Yet another use for the applicator is as a personal care / personal hygiene applicator for the application of skincare products such as depilatory compositions.
  • the applicator may be used to release a fragrance, insecticide, pesticide or mixture thereof onto a surface, the advantage being that the compound is locked in the friable polymeric solid of the applicator and so is not lost through volatility before it is required on a surface.
  • the friable polymeric solid is preferably a polymeric foam matrix comprising voids enclosed or partially en- closed by solid friable walls.
  • the polymeric foam matrix may be an open cell foam, where the voids are in fluid connection, or may be a closed cell foam.
  • closed cell it is meant that at temperatures from 0° to 40° centigrade and atmospheric pressure, the cells are not permeable to the flow of liquid from one cell to the next, such that if one cell contains liquid or gel, the leakage of that liquid or gel into adjacent cells is negligible .
  • the polymeric foam matrix may comprise both open and closed cells.
  • the polymeric foam matrix is substantially a closed cell foam matrix.
  • the polymeric foam matrix is preferably made from a friable polymeric material such as polyurethane, polyester, polyether, melamine or expanded polyethylene. Suitable polymeric foams include polyurethane foam and floral foam as supplied by Trident Foams Ltd UK and expanded polyethylene foam as supplied by Custom Foams UK.
  • the void diameter in the polymeric foam is suitably 1 nm to 0.5cm, preferably l ⁇ m to 0.3cm.
  • the thickness of the polymeric foam matrix between the voids is suitably from lOOnm to 0.5cm, preferably l ⁇ m to 0.3cm.
  • the friable polymeric solid may also suitably be in the form of a single phase friable polymeric solid without voids, such as exemplified by a pencil eraser.
  • a suitable polymer for this purpose is polyvinyl chloride.
  • the surface to be treated is rubbed with the ap- plicator, and it is particularly preferred for the friable polymeric solid to be of such a friability that it tends to wear away to a limited extent when being rubbed on the surface. Moreover, the fine mildly abrasive particles formed as the friable polymeric solid crumbles in use also provide the benefit of aiding in removal of soil from the surface by abrasion.
  • a test for friability is as follows. A cube of the friable polymeric material containing the liquid or gel composition (35mm x 35mm x 35mm) is weighed. The cube is pushed down on to a sandpaper surface (3MTM P60 245 grade) with an applied force of 55Og and wiped over a 15cm length course for 10 wipes. The cube is reweighed to measure weight loss. The range of suitable friability is from 1% to 50% weight loss.
  • the friability is to be measured after incorporation of the liquid or gel composition, as this may modify the friability of the polymeric material from its staring friability.
  • the friability can be adapted for suitability to the specific applications e.g. higher friability for use on soft materials.
  • the treatment composition is a cleansing or bleaching composition
  • it is preferably an aqueous liq- uid or gel cleansing or bleaching composition, by which is meant that the composition comprises from 40 to 98% by weight of water, preferably from 50 to 95% by weight of water.
  • the cleansing composition comprises a surfactant selected from the group consisting of anionic, cationic, zwitterionic, non-ionic, amphoteric surfactants and compatible mixtures thereof.
  • the cleansing composition suitably comprises from 0.01 to 40% by weight of surfactant, preferably from 0.1 to 20% by weight.
  • a bleaching composition may also contain such a surfactant in the amounts indicated above.
  • the cleansing or bleaching composition may comprise from 0.1 to 30% by weight of a water-miscible solvent.
  • Suitable solvents include alcohols such as ethanol and isopropyl alcohol, and glycol ether solvents such as n- propoxypropanol .
  • water-miscible solvent it is meant the solvent has a solubility in water 'of 2% by weight or more .
  • the bleaching composition contains a bleaching agent such as hydrogen peroxide, preferably in an amount of from 1 to 50% by weight, more preferably from 3 to 6% by weight .
  • compositions such as acids or alkalis, buffers, builders, sequestrants, chelating agents, gelling agents, fragrance, viscosity modifiers, preservatives and antimicrobials.
  • acids or alkalis such as acids or alkalis, buffers, builders, sequestrants, chelating agents, gelling agents, fragrance, viscosity modifiers, preservatives and antimicrobials.
  • the applicator is in the form of a block suitable to be grasped in the hand, or preferably shaped to fit the hand.
  • the end of the applicator that wears away by rubbing the surface being cleaned takes the shape of the contours of the surface being cleaned, enabling awkward nooks, crannies and corners to be cleaned with greater facil- ity.
  • kits of parts comprising an applicator as detailed above and a holder for the applicator wherein the applicator is removably but firmly held within the holder.
  • the applicator is suitably adapted to be grasped in the hand of the user.
  • the kit has the appearance and characteristics of a dry-stick deodorant device, whereby the applicator device can be progressively extruded from the opening of the holder by the user using means conventionally employed in dry-stick deodorant devices (pushing up the base or rotating the base to feed the applicator out of the holder) .
  • the application in use may become coloured at the end applied to a stain.
  • the kit may also comprise a cutter to remove the coloured part of the applicator before it is reused.
  • the applicator may comprise an element for removal of the friable polymeric solid after it has been deposited on a surface.
  • An element for removal of the friable polymeric solid after it has been deposited on a surface is a brush.
  • the invention provides a suitable process for incorporating the liquid or gel treatment composition into the friable polymeric solids comprises the following sequential steps:
  • step (i) of forming the friable polymeric solid into the shape of the applicator may take place after steps (ii) to (iv) .
  • the invention also provides • a process for forming an activator comprising the steps of:
  • each friable polymeric solid ii) impregnating each friable polymeric solid with a liquid or gel treatment composition at elevated temperature and pressure within the pressure vessel,
  • each impregnated friable polymeric solid into a portion of the shape of the applicator.
  • This method is preferably used to make a plurality of separate polymeric solids which are then joined together to make the applicator.
  • a suitable elevated temperature is, for example, at least 5O 0 C, preferably at least 6O 0 C, more preferably at least 80 0 C.
  • a suitable elevated pressure is, for exam- pie, at least 2 bar (20OkPa), preferably at least 3 bar (30OkPa), more preferably at least 5 bar (50OkPa).
  • the friable polymeric solid is impreg- nated with a liquid or gel treatment composition by use of a supercritical or superheated liquid.
  • supercritical fluid is meant a substance at a temperature and pressure above the critical temperature and pressure of the fluid.
  • a preferred supercritical fluid for use in the process of the invention is carbon dioxide.
  • superheated fluid is meant a fluid which is heated to a temperature higher than its boiling point, without boiling, by maintaining it at a pressure higher than atmospheric pressure. It is preferred to use superheated water/steam in the process of the invention, at a pres- sure of 3 Bar or more, preferably 10 bar or more.
  • the supercritical or superheated fluid leads to increased permeability of the friable solid polymer such that the treatment composition can diffuse through the swollen polymer to become entrained within the polymer itself and/or within any voids in the solid if the solid is a polymeric foam.

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)

Abstract

Applicateur pour distribuer une composition de traitement à une surface comprenant une pluralité de solides friables polymères et une composition liquide ou gel de traitement contenue dans les solides, de sorte que le frottement de l'applicateur sur une surface casse le solide et libère le liquide ou le gel. Un procédé pour créer l'applicateur comprend l'imprégnation de la composition de traitement dans les solides à l'aide d'un fluide surchauffé ou supercritique. L'applicateur peut être incorporé dans un support pour en faciliter l'utilisation. L'applicateur est particulièrement utile pour le nettoyage et l'élimination de tâches sur des surfaces molles telles que tissus et tapis.
PCT/GB2007/002507 2006-08-09 2007-07-05 Applicateur, kit et procédé WO2008017799A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0615743.2 2006-08-09
GB0615743A GB0615743D0 (en) 2006-08-09 2006-08-09 Applicator,kit and process

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2008017799A1 true WO2008017799A1 (fr) 2008-02-14

Family

ID=37056018

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB2007/002507 WO2008017799A1 (fr) 2006-08-09 2007-07-05 Applicateur, kit et procédé

Country Status (2)

Country Link
GB (1) GB0615743D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO2008017799A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2008113973A1 (fr) * 2007-03-20 2008-09-25 Reckitt Benckiser (Uk) Limited Applicateur, kit et procédé

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4594362A (en) * 1983-07-06 1986-06-10 Creative Products Resource Associates, Ltd. Friable foam textile cleaning stick
US20020107159A1 (en) * 2000-09-26 2002-08-08 Desimone Joseph D. Phosphate fluorosurfactants for use in carbon dioxide
WO2002061030A2 (fr) * 2001-01-29 2002-08-08 Unilever Plc Articles de toilettes multiphases et leurs procedes de fabrication
WO2004006869A1 (fr) * 2002-07-12 2004-01-22 Johnson & Johnson Gmbh Produits secs contenant un applicateur, une phase aqueuse et une phase liquide
WO2007031786A1 (fr) * 2005-09-17 2007-03-22 Reckitt Benckiser (Uk) Limited Applicateur, necessaire et processus

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4594362A (en) * 1983-07-06 1986-06-10 Creative Products Resource Associates, Ltd. Friable foam textile cleaning stick
WO1987002683A1 (fr) * 1985-10-31 1987-05-07 Creative Products Resource Associates, Ltd. Baton en mousse friable pour le nettoyage de textiles
US20020107159A1 (en) * 2000-09-26 2002-08-08 Desimone Joseph D. Phosphate fluorosurfactants for use in carbon dioxide
WO2002061030A2 (fr) * 2001-01-29 2002-08-08 Unilever Plc Articles de toilettes multiphases et leurs procedes de fabrication
WO2004006869A1 (fr) * 2002-07-12 2004-01-22 Johnson & Johnson Gmbh Produits secs contenant un applicateur, une phase aqueuse et une phase liquide
WO2007031786A1 (fr) * 2005-09-17 2007-03-22 Reckitt Benckiser (Uk) Limited Applicateur, necessaire et processus

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2008113973A1 (fr) * 2007-03-20 2008-09-25 Reckitt Benckiser (Uk) Limited Applicateur, kit et procédé

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB0615743D0 (en) 2006-09-20

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
KR101301010B1 (ko) 개선된 세척 패드
EP1681003B1 (fr) Serviettes décomposables par dissolution pour déposer une solution sur une surface
US20020178507A1 (en) Fabric cleaning
JP4851508B2 (ja) 二区画の活性物質の標的化放出のための製品
WO2007031786A1 (fr) Applicateur, necessaire et processus
JP2008533252A (ja) 活性物質の標的化放出のための製品
WO2008113973A1 (fr) Applicateur, kit et procédé
WO2012084649A1 (fr) Dispositif de nettoyage
KR20060113464A (ko) 부직 웹을 포함하는 화장품 디바이스
TWI222877B (en) Gommage cosmetic composition
US20130011564A1 (en) Cleansing pad
WO2008017799A1 (fr) Applicateur, kit et procédé
WO2002079363A2 (fr) Dispositif de nettoyage et utilisation
EP1373460A1 (fr) Detachage de tissu
US6829913B2 (en) Fabric cleaning
WO2020210894A1 (fr) Système d'administration d'une composition active
RU184460U1 (ru) Влажные салфетки для экспресс-очистки косметических кистей
US7541325B2 (en) Agent for removing solid particles
US20020183225A1 (en) Fabric cleaning
US20040131575A1 (en) Stain removing composition
US20020178508A1 (en) Fabric cleaning
JP3042259U (ja) 清拭ブラシ
WO2020035379A1 (fr) Articles de soins personnels et de soins à domicile pour des traitements en plusieurs étapes
US20040192570A1 (en) Soap impregnated fabric

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 07733464

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: RU

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 07733464

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1