WO2008012934A1 - Display device, and its manufacturing method - Google Patents

Abstract

A liquid crystal display device has used a polarizing plate to cause an optical loss of 50 %. Moreover, the transverse-field particle moving type display device of the prior art is defective in a response speed, a drive voltage, brightness, a contrast and so on. Provided is a display device having a cell constituted by sandwiching a dispersion system having fine particles dispersed between substrates, at least one of which is transparent, so that an optical transmittivity or an optical reflectivity normal to the substrates of the cell may be varied by moving the fine particles with an electric field. Monochromatic and color displays of ahightransmittivity, a high contrast and a low-voltage drive can be made in a thin type, in a light weight and at a high speed, by setting an electrode pitch (p) between a drive electrode and a common electrode for applying an electric field, to 5μ to 100 μ, by setting a cell thickness (d) to 0.2 to 1.5 times as large as p, and by setting the electrode area percentage of the drive electrode to 20 % or less. The display device can be applied to various aspects such as a superhigh light modulating element, a display for a portable device, electronic paper, a large-size monitor, a large-size TV or a very large public display.

Description

 Specification

 Display device and manufacturing method thereof

 Technical field

 [0001] At least one of the transparent substrates comprises a cell in which a dispersed system in which charged fine particles are dispersed in a medium is sandwiched, and the fine particles are moved by an electric field to form a cell on the cell substrate. In a display device that changes the light transmittance or light reflectance in the vertical direction, the pitch P between the drive electrode and the common electrode provided for applying an electric field is 5 to 100, and the drive within the pixel A display device characterized by an electrode area ratio of 20% or less and a cell gap d set between 0.2 and 1.5 times the pitch p. A wide range of displays from small to meter-sized direct-view display devices, thin flexible black and white and full-color electronic paper displays, and super-large display devices with a number of basic cells or two or more basic panels arranged in two dimensions. Suitable for size The present invention relates to a display device that can be used only for reflection, transmission only, or applicable to both reflection and transmission, and a manufacturing method thereof. Background art

 [0002] A typical thin display device is a liquid crystal display device, which is provided with a three-color filter of monochrome (Red), green (G), and blue (B) and a corresponding liquid crystal layer. It is operated as a shutter that changes the color, and full color is realized by the additive method of R, G, B light. The one with a white backlight on the back is a transmissive color liquid crystal device, which is widely used for liquid crystal TVs, personal computer monitors, mobile phone displays, and so on. However, one of the serious difficulties of liquid crystal display devices is optical loss exceeding 50% due to the use of polarizing plates.

[0003] Transverse electric field type particle movement display method for changing light transmissivity or light reflectivity by moving and accumulating fine particles dispersed in a transparent liquid or gas as a display device other than liquid crystal in the horizontal direction with respect to the display surface (Patent Literature) 1 to 1 3). As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a fine particle dispersion system is sandwiched between a transparent substrate 1 provided with a transparent counter electrode 3 and a substrate 2 provided with a collect electrode 4. It is characterized in that the light transmittance of the cell is changed depending on whether particles are deposited on the counter electrode 3 by applying a voltage between the electrodes 4 or accumulated on the collector electrode 4 having a small area. In other words, when the fine particles are black light-absorbing, they are in the dark state in (A) and (C) and in the bright state in (B) and (D).

 [0004] Another configuration is shown in FIG. Here, the transparent collect electrode 4 and the transparent force counter electrode 3 are provided on the same surface, and the particles are deposited on the transparent counter electrode 3 or deposited on the transparent collector electrode 4 in the dark state in a dispersed state. When you let it go, it becomes bright.

[0005] The electrode configuration and the display mode as shown in Figs. 1 and 2 have serious problems in that the drive voltage increases and the response speed decreases. In other words, as is clear from Fig. 1 (A) and Fig. 2 (A), the particles in the middle of the collect electrodes 4 at both ends (that is, the center of the cell) have a weak electric field, and these particles are collected in the dark and dark. In order to bring it to the top or the center of the counter electrode, it is necessary to move a long distance, and there is a problem that the switching time (response speed) of light and dark becomes extremely worse. In addition, since it is difficult to deposit particles uniformly on a solid transparent counter electrode having a large area in a non-uniform electric field, it was difficult to achieve a display with excellent contrast. Furthermore when used in reflective type because they provided a large transparent counter electrode to a pixel, even if the transmittance because light passes twice a transparent electrode is 90% (0.9 ² = 0.8 1 ) Generates 20% or more light loss. When the three-layer laminated 0. 9 ⁶ from reflection brightness had difficulty cormorants have when reduced to 5 3% or less. In conventional display devices, conditions for realizing high contrast and high transmittance were not presented. The electrode configuration and display mode as shown in Fig. 1 (C) are certainly excellent in that the electric field strength is uniform in the pixel plane. In addition, the dark state is not necessarily the state in which particles are accumulated on the counter electrode, but the use of a state in which particles are dispersed almost uniformly also leads to improved responsiveness. However, large area From the standpoint of practical use, the same optical loss as in Fig. 1 (A) and Fig. 2 (A) is unavoidable due to the provision of a solid transparent pixel electrode, and the amount of dispersed particles, collect electrode width, electrode pitch, cell thickness, etc. However, the conditions for realizing high contrast, high transmittance, low voltage drive, and high-speed response were not presented, so the practicality was poor. Patent Document 1: JP-A-49-24695

Patent Document 2: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 03_91 722

Patent Document 3: US P5, 745,094

Patent Document 4: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9_21 1 499

Patent Document 5: JP 2001 _ 201 770

Patent Document 6: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004_2081 8

Patent Document 7: Special Table 2005—500572

Patent Document 8: JP 2002-333643

Patent Document 9: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-248244

Patent Document 10: JP-A-2005-3964

Patent Document 11: JP-A-2004-25861 5

Patent Document 12: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-252277

Patent Document 13: Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002_1 22890

Disclosure of the invention

Problems to be solved by the invention

It is desirable for the display device to have a high response speed. In order to realize a practical response speed, an electric field strength of about 0.2 to 2 VZ is usually required for particle migration by electrophoresis. There are various sizes of pixels of a display device depending on applications. Since the light bulb used for enlarged projection requires small size and high definition, the pixel size may be 10 or less. On the other hand, in a public display installed indoors or outdoors, the pixel may be in the order of centimeters. In this application, the particle display is applied to pixels of all sizes, and the transmittance, By optimizing important display characteristics such as trust and response speed, practicality has been improved.

 Means for solving the problem

 [0007] In order to solve the above problems, the present invention uses a horizontal electric field as in the prior art. However, the cell configuration and the display mode improve the display performance such as transmittance, contrast, response speed, and reduce the drive voltage. This is a proposal.

 The configuration of the basic cell of the present invention is as shown in FIG. 3 (A). Cell 8 is constituted by partition walls 20 provided between two substrates 1 and 2, at least one of which is transparent, such as glass and plastic. The cell is filled with a dispersion system 7 in which fine particles 5 are dispersed in a transparent medium, and a pair of electrodes 6-1 and 6-2 made of fine wires as shown in FIG. A cell 8 is formed on the entire surface of the cell.

 As shown in Fig. 3 (A), when the black light-absorbing fine particles 5 such as carbon black are uniformly dispersed in the cell 8, the light incident from the transparent substrate 2 has sufficient hiding power of the fine particles 5. Then it becomes black.

When a DC voltage is applied between the electrodes 6-1 and 6-2 as shown in FIG. 3 (B), when the fine particles 5 are positively charged, they are accumulated on the negative electrode 6 _ 1 by the Coulomb force. To do. In this case, the region other than the linear electrode 6-1 where the particles are accumulated is transparent because it does not block light. If an appropriate DC voltage pulse or AC voltage of opposite polarity is applied between 6-1 and 6-2 here, the fine particles on 6-1 will diffuse and distribute in the cell 8 leaving the electrode, and the cell 8 will become opaque again. It becomes. In this way, by changing the amount of dispersed particles in cell 8 (and thus the amount of particles accumulated in 6_1), the transmittance of the cell can be continuously changed. The display has a memory property in order to maintain the state after the voltage is turned off. Dispersion system 7 consists of a gas or a transparent liquid in which positively or negatively charged fine particles are dispersed. In the case of a liquid, the movement of the particles is called electrophoresis. As shown in Fig. 4, the shapes of electrodes 6 _ 1 and 6 _ 2 are comb-shaped, vortex-shaped, and similar shapes. . The overall shape is arbitrary, such as short, circular, hexagonal. In the present invention, the electrode 6-1 for accumulating particles is called a drive electrode, and the other electrode 6-2 is called a common electrode. In the case of Fig. 1 where particles are accumulated and dispersed by the strong edge electric field between the common electrode 6-2 and the electrode is provided only on the periphery of the cell because the thin line drive electrode exists on the entire cell surface. The response speed is remarkably improved especially when the pixel size is increased. In addition, the electric field strength for moving the particles is determined by the distance between the electrodes 6 _ 1 and 6 _ 2 and the driving voltage, so that a sufficient electric field can be applied even at low voltages regardless of the cell size. High-speed response can be realized.

 The thin line drive electrode is a conductive film provided by depositing a metal such as aluminum, chromium, gold, or tantalum with a spatter and patterning by photo processing, or printing conductive paint, drawing ink jets, etc. A thick film can be used. The pair of electrodes may be provided on the upper substrate 1.

 [001 1] When the fine particles are accumulated on the drive electrode, it is not preferable that the surface of the common electrode is fixed to the gap between both electrodes or the inner surfaces of the upper and lower substrates because the light transmittance of the bright state of the cell is inhibited. Therefore, it is desirable that this part of the cell is coated with a low surface tension material such as a fluorine compound or surface treatment so as to be charged with the same polarity as the charged particles so as to prevent the fine particles from sticking. When the dispersion medium is a liquid, it is desirable that the specific gravity of the fine particles and the liquid be as close as possible because it is difficult for the particles to settle or float.

In the present invention, the dispersed state is a colloidal state in which fine particles are stably dispersed uniformly in the liquid regardless of the specific gravity difference due to Brownian motion, as well as some or most of the particles on either of the inner surfaces of the substrates 1 and 2. This includes the state in which the particles are loosely attached, and the particles are loosely aggregated together to form a three-dimensional network structure between the two electrodes. The fine particles do not have to be one kind, and various kinds of fine particles may be mixed to optimize the optical characteristics. The fine particles 5 are usually light-absorbing, but it is also possible to use white or other reflective materials such as titanium dioxide. In this case, the incident light is scattered by the fine particles in the dispersed state of the cells 8. Reflected light is attenuated according to the degree of reflection. When viewed through reflection, the particle color, If the lower part of the plate 2 or the transparent substrate 2 is a color different from the particles (for example, black), the reflected color in the particle accumulation state is almost black.

 [0013] In the passive display device as in the present application, what determines the display performance is transmittance (reflectance), contrast, color purity, response speed, resolution, viewing angle, etc. The drive voltage and power consumption of the device Is also an important factor. In the display device as shown in Fig. 3, the transmission contrast is determined by the transmittance in the particle dispersion state (dark) and the transmittance in the particle accumulation state (bright). In particular, creating a sufficiently dark state is an essential requirement for improving contrast. To achieve a contrast of 1000: 1, 100: 1, 10: 1 or higher, the transmittance of the cell in the particle dispersion state is 0.1% (optical density of 3 or higher), 1% (optical density of 32 or higher), 10 Must be less than% (optical density 1 or more). In the cell configuration of the present application, it is very easy to set the transmittance in the dispersed state to the above value by increasing the particle concentration of the dispersed system. However, increasing the particle concentration generally slows the moving speed of the particles and tends to deteriorate the light transmittance, so it is not a good idea to increase the particle concentration unnecessarily.

 [0014] The transmittance in the bright state at the time of particle accumulation in this display device will be described with reference to FIG.

Assuming that all the particles in the dispersion system in which fine particles are dispersed at a concentration that provides sufficient coverage are collected on the upper substrate, the thickness of the particle layer at this time is d, and the area of the pixel is S (A ) In the bright state in which the total area of the drive electrode viewed from the display surface of one pixel is As and all dispersed particles are accumulated in Δs, the thickness h of the particle layer on the drive electrode is d * S / As ( B). The bright state is realized by maximizing S_As, ie minimizing As. AsZS is defined as the area ratio of the drive electrode. If the area ratio is 10% and 20%, the transmittance of 90% and 80% can be realized. However, the thickness h of the particle layer on Δs at this time is 10 times and 5 times of d, respectively. In other words, if the particles are stacked as thick as possible on the drive electrode with the smallest area, high transmittance and high contrast can be realized, and the smaller the d, the higher the hiding power, the thinner the particle layer It can be expected that performance will be realized. The concealment force is not only the characteristics of the particles themselves, but also the particle size is deeply involved, and the particle size should be selected to increase the concealment force. [0015] The minimum area ratio can be realized by using a thin wire electrode as shown in FIG. 4, and the drive electrode width can be considered in consideration of ease of manufacture, reliability of the electrode, and stability of the integrated particle layer. It should be formed with the smallest possible width. The line width should be 30 or less, preferably 10 or less. For example, even if four 5-width drive electrodes are provided in a 100-width pixel, the area ratio is 20%, and the area ratio can be reduced to 10% or less by making the electrodes thinner.

If the particle concentration is lowered, the moving speed of the particles is increased, and if the dispersion is thickened, the hiding property or coloring power can be increased even at a low particle concentration (gZcm ³ ). However, the farther away from the electrode, the weaker the electric field acting on the particles, and the particles need to move a longer distance to accumulate on the electrodes, resulting in a slower response.

 From experience, the cell gap is selected to be about 0.2 to 1.5 times the electrode pitch P (20 to 1 50%), so that the electric field ripple is secured, and therefore the response when on (bright) and off (dark). Can be secured.

 [0016] As described above, an electric field strength of about 0.2 to 2 VZU is necessary to realize a practical responsiveness by particle movement by electrophoresis, and it is desirable to ensure this electric field strength regardless of the pixel size. If the electrode pitch p shown in Fig. 4 (A) is selected to be about 5 to 100, and the cell gap d is set to 0.2 to 1.5 times (1 to 1 50) of the electrode pitch p, the voltage between the counter electrodes The electric field strength of 0.2 to 2 VZ can be almost secured at 1 V to 200 V. For direct-view displays, the electrode pitch is about 20-50, cell gap 10-75, and applied voltage 4-100V are practical. Even if the display is an ultra-large display with pixels of several mm to several cm, it can be driven at a sufficiently low voltage if the electrode pitch is set to about 20 to 50 above.

 [0017] On the other hand, if the pixel size is about 10 with a small high-definition panel such as a line valve, the electrodes are used at an electrode pitch of about 10 provided at both ends of the cell, or provided at both ends of the cell, the lower part of the partition wall, or the side wall of the partition wall. A common (drive) electrode may be inserted between the drive (common) electrodes and used at a pitch of about 5.

As described above, the electrode pitch and cell thickness are closely related to the drive voltage and response speed, and practical values are shown. [0018] Incidentally, Patent Document 2 describes an example in which a 400-width electrode is arranged with a gap of 1 000, so the area ratio = 厶 sZS = 400/1 400 = 28.5%, and a cell gap of 100 A 100% to 30 OV was applied to the sample, and 55% transmission and 110 ° contrast were reported. The ratio of the cell gap to the electrode pitch is 100/1 400 = 7.1%, which is extremely small, and the electric field at the center between the strip electrodes becomes extremely weak. Although the maximum electric field strength is 1 to 3 v /, this is only an electric field between the electrodes facing each other, and the electric field acting on the particles at the center between the strip electrodes must be extremely reduced as in Fig. 1 (A). It was difficult to say that the response speed was lowered and the electric field was made uniform.

 [0019] As described above, the drive voltage and response speed are reduced by setting the electrode pitch and the corresponding cell thickness. The transmittance and contrast are improved by reducing As, the selection of dispersed particles, and the optimum amount of dispersed particles. It can be said that it can be realized by the conversion.

 [0020] In addition to the electrode configurations used in the present invention, those shown in Figs. 3 and 4, various types can be used.

 Fig. 6 (A) shows the case where one electrode of Fig. 4 is provided on the counter substrate. Even if the dispersion is a little thicker, it is possible to apply a stronger electric field to the particles as a whole than in the case of Fig. 3.When electrodes are provided on different substrates as shown in Fig. 6 (A), driving as shown in Fig. 7, Each common linear electrode may have a closed electrode configuration such as a stripe, lattice, or vortex.

 [0021] There are a case where the drive electrode and the common electrode are located at positions where they overlap each other in the same pattern, and FIG. 6 (A) is slightly shifted from each other (FIG. 6 (B)). In the case of Fig. 6 (B), the common electrode should be transparent, and there is an advantage that a strong electric field can be applied to the particles in the center between each electrode, but the particles have both positive and negative polarities. When using, particles with the same polarity should be selected because of the disadvantage that the transmittance decreases.

[0022] FIG. 6 (C) has a common electrode and a drive electrode pair as shown in FIG. 4 on both substrates, and is arranged so that the drive electrode and the common electrode overlap with each other, as in FIG. 6 (B). When the fine particles are redispersed, the fluid flow between the substrates due to the electric field is fine Contributes to child distribution.

 [0023] FIG. 6 (D) is an arrangement in which the drive electrodes are overlapped with each other. Since particles can be stacked in the same region as viewed from the display surface, it contributes to an improvement in transmittance.

 FIG. 6 (E) shows the case where the common electrode is on a separate substrate from the drive electrode and is a transparent solid electrode. As shown in Fig. 7, the drive electrode can be selected from either closed stripes, grids, vortices, etc., or non-closed electrode configurations as shown in Fig. 4. In this case as well, an electric field is likely to act on the particles between the linear drive electrodes, but if the particles are not unipolar, the aperture ratio is disadvantageous. The dark state in transmission can be realized by the particle dispersion state or the particle deposition state on the solid electrode. Even though the common electrode is transparent, it absorbs a certain amount of spectrum, so there is a disadvantage that the optical loss increases when cells are stacked as described above. In the present invention, when the common electrode is a solid electrode or the drive electrode and the common electrode are provided on different substrates, the pitch P between the drive electrode and the common electrode means the shortest distance between the drive electrode and the common electrode. To do.

 FIG. 6 (F) shows a configuration in which a drive and common electrode pair as shown in FIG. 4 is provided on the opposite side of the transparent solid common electrode of FIG. 6 (E). Although this is a useful configuration for speeding up the particle dispersion state, the common electrode should be transparent.

 In FIG. 6 (G), fine line-like drive electrodes 6 _ 1 are similarly provided with a pitch shifted from each other with a fine line-like common electrode 6 _ 2 and an insulating layer 23 as shown in FIGS. The fact that both electrodes can be formed only on one side of the substrate has the advantage of increasing the degree of freedom of shape of both electrodes. The common electrode 6_2 should be transparent and the dispersion thickness should be thin so as not to reduce the response speed.

 [0027] FIG. 6 (H) is obtained by replacing the common electrode 6_2 in FIG. 6 (G) with a solid transparent electrode. There is an advantage that both electrodes can be formed only on one side of the substrate. When used for transmission, the dark state can be realized only by the particle dispersion state or by evenly depositing the particles on the insulating layer 23 other than the drive electrode portion.

As described above, in each electrode configuration of FIG. 6, even if each of the drive electrode and the common electrode is on different substrates, the cells are electrically coupled to each other so that the cell operates as a two-terminal element of the drive electrode and the common electrode. It is configured as follows. [0029] Although all the particles are described as being unipolar in Fig. 6, the bipolar particles may be more advantageous depending on the electrode configuration.

[0030] As described above, if opaque dispersed particles can be accumulated with a minimum cross-sectional area when viewed from the display surface, the transmittance can be maximized. Reducing the integrated cross-sectional area of the determined amount of particles means that the particles are stacked as thick as possible, and the countermeasures are shown below.

 [0031] Fig. 8 (A) shows an example in which the accumulated cross-sectional area of particles on the drive electrode is stacked in an almost elliptical shape with the major axis perpendicular to the substrate. (1) When the electrical resistance of the particles is small Since the local electric field is strengthened by the accumulated particle layer, the particle layer is thick and easy to accumulate as shown in the figure.

 [0032] (2) Even when the electric field between the common electrode and the drive electrode is converged in a narrow range as much as possible, it is effective for increasing the thickness of the integrated particle layer, and reducing the width of one or both electrodes, In addition, as shown in Fig. 6 (A), the common electrode can be made to be almost the same type as the drive electrode pattern, and the electric fields on the drive electrodes can be converged by arranging them so that the patterns overlap each other.

 (3) As shown in FIG. 8 (B), the integrated cross-sectional area can be reduced by providing a thin depression in the electrode portion and forcibly attracting the particles into the depression. The depression can be formed, for example, by uniformly applying a photoresist resist or the like on the common electrode or the drive electrode surface, and piercing the upper portion of the electrode by photoetching.

 [0034] (4) As shown in FIG. 8 (C), the driving electrode is provided with minute protrusions to concentrate the local electric field.

 [0035] (5) As shown in Fig. 8 (D), if positive and negative particles are mixed in the dispersion system, the particles can be accumulated on both the drive electrode and the common electrode. If the two layers overlap each other, it is substantially equivalent to doubling the thickness of the accumulated particle layer in the case of a single polarity, and high transmittance can be realized.

 [0036] When the electrodes are configured as shown in Figs. 6 (A) and (C), an ambipolar dispersion system is effective. In the case of such an electrode configuration, both electrodes may be opaque electrodes, and the degree of freedom in selecting electrode materials is increased.

[0037] When the dispersion medium is a gas body, particles that are likely to have positive and negative charge series are mixed. Since the positive and negative charge amounts of the particles can always be held stably due to the Katsumasato charge, it is also advantageous to realize a highly stable dispersion system compared to the single particle system.

[0038] In the bipolar particle system, in order to make the cell dark again, a reverse voltage with an appropriate pulse width to such an extent that the particles on each electrode can leave the electrode should be selected. Even when an AC voltage of an appropriate frequency is applied, the particles can be dispersed.

[0039] It is desirable that the area ratio of the drive electrode is 20% or less, preferably 10% or less by utilizing the above-described measures for improving the aperture ratio. In Patent Document 2, transparent electrodes are used for both electrodes. However, in this application, the driving electrode may be opaque as long as it is thinned because it aims to stack particles as much as possible on the thin driving electrodes.

In FIG. 3, the particles are confined inside the cell by the partition wall 20 in order to prevent the fine particles from moving to the adjacent cells and to maintain the particle concentration in each pixel constant. Instead of confining the fine particles with the partition walls, the fine particle dispersion system may be confined in the force cell.

 [0041] Fig. 9 (A) shows a cross-sectional view in which capsule particles 10 incorporating a fine particle dispersion system are arranged. For example, when a planar comb-shaped drive electrode made of fine wires and a common electrode are provided at the bottom of each capsule, one capsule can be made into one pixel, and a pair of electrodes straddling n horizontal force cells For example, in the case of a square pixel, one pixel is formed by n × n capsules. FIG. 9 (B) shows an example in which spherical capsule particles 10 are deformed so as to form a substantially rectangular parallelepiped by the pressure applied between the substrates, and a gap is formed with a spacer smaller than the diameter of the capsule particles. By applying such a modification, it can be used in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped similar to the partition, and the step of improving the aperture ratio and forming the partition can be eliminated. In this application, the capsule is drawn with a single particle layer, but the capsule particle does not necessarily have to be a single layer as is clear from the display principle. However, an equiaxed structure in which the capsule centers are aligned in the direction perpendicular to the substrate is desirable.

[0042] Particularly in the case of a flexible sheet display using a film as a substrate, it is preferable that both the substrates are respectively bonded to the upper and lower surfaces of the partition wall. Capsule particles When used, the binder resin contributes to the adhesion between the upper and lower substrates. Another advantage of confining the fine particles in the force cell is that the fine particle dispersion system as a liquid or fluid powder can be solidified and can be easily applied to the display element surface and the upper and lower substrates. That's it. When capsule particles are used, the electrode patterns and electrode configurations shown in Figs. 3, 4, 6, 7 can be selected.

 [0043] In the present invention, a cell refers to a region in which particles are confined by a partition or a capsule. A pair of electrodes may be provided in one cell or a set of many cells. A pixel is a region having a pair of electrodes, and may be a single cell or a number of cells.

 [0044] Fig. 10 (A) shows a cross section of a full-color display element that prevents light loss, and a backlight unit 17 consisting of a light source 13 is provided on the back surface so that it can be used for transmission. It is composed of laminated cells 24, which are three layers of cells. However, the three layers of fine particles 5 are C (cyan), M (magenta), and Y (yellow) colors, respectively. If Y and soot particles are in a moderately dispersed state, and C particles are in an electrode-integrated state, that portion is R (red), and C and M particles are in a moderately dispersed state and Y particles are in an electrode-integrated state. Thus, B (blue), Y, and C particles become G (green) in the dispersed state. Of course, only C particles, soot particles, and soot particles become C, M, and Y colors when dispersed. In addition to the C, M, and Y panels, a fourth cell that can be modulated from white to black to block the light more completely is added to form a four-layer structure. Further, the cell stacking order can be arbitrarily selected. When the white light source is off, it can be used as a reflective color panel with a white diffuser. For multi-color display, a two-layer structure with dispersive systems with different colors may be used.

[0045] In order to realize color display with good contrast and color purity, sufficient contrast must be realized in each of the C, M, and Y panels. C, M, and Y particles absorb R, G, and B light, respectively. As described above, the C, M, and Y panels used in the present application are set so that the transmittance is 20% or less, preferably 10% or less, in the R, G, and B light absorption bands, respectively. I hope that. [0046] As shown in Fig. 10, the color panel of the present invention is formed by laminating at least three particle layers that change to C, M, and Y as in Patent Document 7, but has a configuration that does not use a transparent electrode. As a result, a low-cost, bright and highly reliable panel can be manufactured. In other words, in the cell configuration of Patent Document 7, at least one transparent electrode is used for each color, so when viewed by reflection, incident light must pass through the transparent electrode six times, and the transmittance of the transparent electrode is low. if 9 0 any 0%. 9 ⁶ = 0. 3 in 4 7% of Li bright white, such that the light energy results in loss can not be reproduced. In addition, when a pixel becomes large, there is a problem that a high voltage is required for driving, but in the present application, a feature that can be driven at a low voltage regardless of the size of the pixel can be exhibited.

 [0047] FIG. 10 (B) is provided with electrode pins on the back surface of the stacked cell 24 as shown in FIG. 10 (A), and with electrode pins 25 configured to apply signals to the drive electrodes and light sources of each color. A full color element is shown. A full-color element with a thickness of several millimeters can be obtained by using a film substrate for each color and configuring the backlight unit with a thin light source such as 0-1_. Each element may be used as a color indicator, but by arranging a large number of such basic cells in an X_Y matrix, both the reflective and light-emitting elements are turned into a reflective type when the light source is turned off and a light-emitting type when turned on. A full-color super-large display system can be configured.

 [0048] Needless to say, a panel with a multi-pixel pin using a single-pixel element as well as a multi-pixel panel is possible. It is also possible to display a curved surface by arranging each element in a curved shape. Since the terminals of each pixel can be taken out through the pins, the flexibility of driving methods such as static drive, multiplex drive, and active matrix drive is increased.

In the three-layer stacked display device shown in FIG. 10 (A), when the thickness of the intervening substrate is thicker than the pixel size, the viewing angle is limited when viewed in reflection. In Fig. 10 (A), if the cross-sectional view shows one pixel, see the correct color because the reflected light does not pass through all three layers when viewed from the direction beyond the angle 0 from the substrate normal. Does not appear. If the pixel size is S, the cell thickness q for one color q (the total of the upper substrate, dispersion system, lower substrate, and adhesive layer) is q = S / (3 x tan 0). In general, q = n layers S / (nx tan (Θ)). 0 = 60 degrees (tan (0) = 1. 7 3) From q = S / 5.19, when the pixel size is 0.1mm, 1mm q =, 19.2, 190, 0 = 80 When degrees (tan (0) = 5.65), q = 5. 9 μ, 59. In other words, in a multilayer reflective display device, it is difficult to realize a display with an excellent viewing angle unless the intervening substrate is made as thin as possible. As this point transparent substrate, the film is advantageous in terms of thinness.

 [0050] Fig. 11 shows a cross-sectional view of a color panel in which C, M, and Y capsule particles are laminated. Since a substrate in which an electrode is provided and capsules are laid out can be laminated in order for each color through an adhesive, the number of substrates can be easily reduced, and a cell advantageous in view angle characteristics can be configured.

[0051] There are (1) static (2) simple matrix (3) two-terminal active matrix (4) three-terminal active matrix and the like as driving methods for a display device composed of a large number of pixels.

 FIG. 12 shows a process of manufacturing a panel having a simple matrix configuration. An electrode thin film made of aluminum, chromium, gold or the like is deposited on the substrate 2 such as glass or plastic by vapor deposition or sputtering, and then connected to the column electrode C i and this as shown in Fig. 12 (A) in the photoetching process. The drive electrode 6_1 is formed. Next, after forming an insulating layer 23 at least at a predetermined position of the column electrode, the common electrode 6-2 and the row electrode Ri are formed (B). A display panel is formed by confining the dispersion system at a predetermined position by partitioning a partition wall between the substrate with electrodes thus obtained and another insulating substrate. A signal is applied to the column electrode C i, and a scanning signal is applied to the linear common electrode R i, so that a line sequential display is achieved. Although the panel configuration is simple, there is a merit that it can be manufactured at low cost. However, since each pixel requires threshold characteristics, it cannot be used for applications with large display capacity.

In order to increase the display capacity, it is necessary to adopt an active matrix (hereinafter abbreviated as AM) configuration. Fig. 13 shows that the anodized film is sandwiched between metal electrodes. The manufacturing process of a 2-terminal AM array consisting of MIM (Metal Insulator Metal) elements. After forming parallel linear column electrodes Ci with a metal thin film such as aluminum or tantalum, the column electrodes Ci are anodized to form an oxide film on the surface (A). Next, a metal film is provided by vapor deposition or sputtering to form, for example, a comb drive electrode 6_1 (B). A two-terminal element 21 is formed in a region where the drive electrode and the column electrode intersect. Next, an insulating layer 23 is formed at least at a location where the column electrode intersects the row electrode later, and then a common electrode 6_2 and a scanning electrode Ri are formed (C), thereby forming a two-terminal AM array. A display panel is formed by confining the dispersion system at a predetermined position by partitioning or encapsulating between the substrate with electrodes thus obtained and another insulating substrate. Instead of MIM, a two-terminal AM array can also be formed by inserting a non-linear resistance element in which a semiconductor such as zinc oxide is dispersed in resin at the intersection of electrodes 6_1 and Ci.

 FIG. 14 is a front view showing an electrode configuration for two pixels of an AM array composed of TFT (Thin Film Transistor) three-terminal elements. The drive electrode 6_1 separated from the signal line Ci by an insulating layer is connected to the drain (D) electrode, the source (S) electrode consists of one part of the column electrode Ci, and a semiconductor between S and D The gate insulating film is laminated. A three-terminal AM array is formed by providing an interlayer insulating film in the column electrode portion and then providing a row electrode Ri (gate electrode). The common electrode 6_2 is separated from the column electrode and the row electrode by an insulating layer, and is stretched around the entire panel like the column electrode and the row electrode, and is taken out of the panel as one terminal common to all pixels. The partition panel is placed in the C i, R i part of the AM array substrate made of TFTs thus obtained, or force pusher particles are installed in the center of the pixel, and the display panel is confined between the transparent insulating substrate and the dispersion system. Composed. In FIG. 14, the TFT is shown as a staggered type, but of course a reverse staggered type TFT is also possible.

[0055] The array configuration in Fig. 14 is almost similar to the array configuration of an IPS (In-Plane-Switching) mode TFT panel currently used in LCD monitors, LCD TVs, etc. (however, Fig. 4 (A ) Comb electrode configuration). In the active matrix panel of FIGS. 13 and 14, the drain is applied to hold the voltage applied to the pixel drain. Although it is desirable to add a parallel capacitance between the rain (drive electrode) and the common electrode, the insulating layer between the common electrode and the drain electrode can be used as a parallel capacitance.

 In the matrix panels in FIGS. 12 to 14, all the electrodes are provided on one side of the substrate, but it goes without saying that the various electrode configurations in FIG. 6 may be adopted.

 [0056] FIG. 15 shows a three-layer laminated panel having further excellent viewing angle characteristics. Here, one pixel is illustrated as being composed of 3 × 3 single-layer capsule particles 10. If the capsule particle size is 20 then the spacer needs to be about 60 height. If the substrate is provided with a recess corresponding to the diameter of the capsule particles in advance, the spacer may be about 50. In Fig. 15, all three color XY active matrix arrays are formed on the lower substrate 2 for the TFT and other switch elements to apply an electric field to the first, second and third capsule particles. It is shown as being composed of 3d.

[0057] There are roughly four methods for manufacturing an active matrix panel configured as shown in FIG. (1) The AM array for driving C, M, and Y capsule particles is all formed on the substrate 2 (preferably provided under the partition wall or spacer to improve the aperture ratio). The electrode and the common electrode opposite to the electrode are formed inside or through the surface of the partition wall or the spacer. After the array substrate and the partition wall or the spacer are formed, the capsule particles are stacked one by one. (2) The TFTs for driving C, M, Y capsule particles are all the same as (1) in that they are formed on the substrate 2, but the drain electrodes for each color, the common electrode, etc. are formed and formed below. Wiring with the corresponding color drain electrode is added after the color capsules are spread. (3) Sequentially form the array and capsule particle layer, such as laying the first color capsule particles on the substrate on which the first color array is formed, flattening the surface, and then forming the second color TFT array. I will do it. (4) From the transfer substrate on which a single-color active matrix composed of a TFT array and color particles has been formed in advance, transfer three layers sequentially to the final substrate side where the adhesive layer is provided. In any of the above methods, conductor stacking For the raising, a method of drawing a conductive pace of the conductor pace or an electroless or electroless plating method widely used as an additive method can be used.

 [0058] A large display system composed of MX mX N Xn pixels can be configured by arranging m basic panels of vertical M pixels and N horizontal panels, for example, as described above. In order to make the gap between the panels as narrow as possible, the electrodes of each panel are pulled out to the back of the panel in a direction perpendicular to the panel surface using a thin FPC, etc., and connected to the drive circuit provided behind the back substrate or backlight. Configured to be driven. By using such a basic panel, it is possible to construct a low-power, high-definition full-color large-sized public display system for both reflection and transmission of several tens of ohms.

 [0059] FIG. 16 shows an AM reflective line valve using a silicon substrate, which is used in a projector or the like. Insulating film 23, pixel part reflecting film 14, insulating film 23, electrodes 6_1, 6-2 are provided on AM array made of FET elements formed on silicon substrate 15 and each electrode is provided on insulating film 23 Connected to the corresponding drain terminal and common terminal on the corresponding AM substrate through the holes, and the dispersion system 7 is sandwiched between the transparent substrate 1 and the light valve is configured. For example, when a 1-inch full HD (1 920 x 1 440 pixels) line valve is configured, the pixel pitch is about 11 1. The lower the partition wall height, the easier it is to manufacture. Therefore, if the drive electrode pitch and cell thickness are set to several microns, it is possible to construct a live valve that can be driven at 1 OV or less. In the case where the partition is made of insulating black or a reflective partition, it is desirable to form a black film between the upper substrate and the partition.

[0060] The reflection type light valve shown in Fig. 16 is configured by replacing the liquid crystal in the liquid crystal line valve called L COS (I iquid-crysta 卜 on-si I icon) with a fine particle dispersion system. The In L COS, the pixel consists of an upper transparent electrode, a liquid crystal layer, and a lower reflective electrode, but the electrode configuration in this application can have various configurations as shown in Figs. In order to raise, the reflector 14 is essential. Like L COS, a white light source such as an ultra-high pressure mercury lamp is separated into R, G, and B light by a dichroic mirror and prism, and each color light is irradiated onto the light valve in Fig. 16 to obtain R, G, B A full-color image can be obtained by magnifying and synthesizing a colored light image on a screen using a lens. If an LED or semiconductor laser is used as the light source, a compact projector can be constructed. A rear projector can be used as well as a front projector by bending the optical path along the way. Although the pixel pitch is monochrome 1 Z 3, it is also possible to configure a single-plate color line valve by providing a color filter on the front, and if a three-layer laminated panel as shown in Fig. 15 is configured, light utilization will be possible A single plate type color light bulb with a high rate can be constructed. As the dispersion system, either a partition wall type or a force-pessel type may be used. In the reflection type, since the light beam passes through the dispersion layer twice, the dispersion particle concentration is 1 Z 2 which is a transmission type, and a high-speed response is possible.

 [0061] Instead of the silicon substrate, a single-plate or three-plate high-definition transparent line valve can be configured by using an AM substrate in which an AM array is made of polysilicon or the like in heat-resistant glass such as quartz. Is possible.

 A full color panel can be easily configured by replacing the liquid crystal of the current liquid crystal color panel with the light modulation element of the present invention.

 Figure 17 shows a cross-sectional view of the transmissive full-color panel of the present invention. It can be constructed by replacing the liquid crystal as the line valve of the current liquid crystal color panel with a dispersion system 7 in which fine particles capable of modulating transmittance in black and white are dispersed. That is, a transparent glass substrate 2 on which an AM array with an X—Y matrix configuration 13 C is formed, and transparent with R, G, B color filters 1 3 a and black matrix 1 3 b in the form of stripes or dots A dispersion system 7 is sandwiched between the substrate 1 and the substrate 1. The drive electrode 6 _ 1 and the common electrode 6-2 that are each pixel are connected to the drain electrode and the common electrode of the AM array 13 C. Any of the configurations shown in FIGS. 4, 6, and 7 may be used for the electrodes of each pixel.

[0063] In FIG. 17, the configuration in which R, G, and B color filters are provided in adjacent pixels has been described, but instead of using the color filter, the dispersion medium of each cell may be colored in R, G, and B . However, each color cell must be color-coded in a stripe or dock shape.

[0064] R, G, B side-by-side color filter or R, G, B coloring liquid is used, so light Although there is a drawback that 2 Z 3 of white incident light to the modulation element is required, there is an advantage that the mass production process and equipment of the TFT array that has been established can be used almost as it is.

It can be manufactured in any size from small to large exceeding 100 inches. Unlike LCD color panels, viewing angle widening films, polarizing plates, alignment films, alignment processing processes, etc. are unnecessary, and in addition to simplifying the process and reducing the number of components, polarizing plates are unnecessary. Brighter and wider viewing angle can be realized.

 [0065] There are uses that do not necessarily require full color display for electronic price tags, message display, and the like. Figure 18 describes an example of multi-color display without using a color filter in a single-layer dispersion system. A dispersion system in which fine particles having different colors and moving speeds are mixed and dispersed in a transparent dispersion medium may be used. That is, if a DC voltage is applied between electrodes 6–1 and 6 _2 (first pulse) and particles are deposited on one electrode (in the case of the same polarity particles) (Fig. 18 (A)), the cell becomes It looks transparent (white when the reflector is white). Here, if a reverse polarity DC pulse (second pulse) with an appropriate width or peak value is applied, the fast moving particles (first particles: red) will first leave the electrode and become dispersed. When the pulse is stopped, the cell appears red, which is a dispersed state of particles with a fast moving speed (Fig. 12 (B)). In the case of a reverse polarity pulse having a width or peak value larger than that of the second pulse, the first particles accumulate on the counter electrode 6_2, and only the second particles (which are black) that are slow in speed are dispersed in the dispersion system. The cell looks almost black (Fig. 12 (C)). When an appropriate AC voltage is applied between the electrodes, the first and second particles are both dispersed, and a red-black color, which is a mixture of these, is presented. In other words, four colors can be selected on a single-layer panel. Even if the microparticles of different colors have different polarities, they can be used if the moving speed is different.

[0066] Figure 18 shows an example of multi-color display using the difference in particle movement speed. However, the properties of the particles and electrodes are used to desorb particles deposited on the electrodes from the electrodes by applying a reverse polarity voltage. There may be a threshold voltage. This difference in threshold characteristics of different color particles can be used effectively. First and second particle threshold values for each V 1 and V 2 (V 1> V 2), and when the voltage V 1>V> V 2, only the second particles can be dispersed. This is because it is possible to produce a distributed state of. In addition, mixed dispersion colors can be obtained with AC voltages of V> V 1, and differences in threshold as well as differences in migration speed can be effectively utilized for selective dispersion of particles. Display is possible.

 [0067] Panels with electrodes on both sides, such as Fig. 6 (A), (B), (C), (D), and laminated panels such as Fig. 10, Fig. 11, and Fig. 15 using a thin film substrate. When it is formed, it becomes difficult to align both substrates and panels because the film expands and contracts due to temperature and tension. Attaching both film substrates to a rigid substrate such as glass in advance with a size that assumes single-piece or multiple-piece production.

After performing the formation process of switch elements, partition walls, etc., the display medium is sandwiched between the film substrate provided on the other substrate and sealed to form a film panel, and then from the rigid substrate. If the panel is peeled off, the difficulty of the process such as the vertical alignment of the electrodes due to the thinness of the film and the elasticity will be reduced.

[0068] The case where the transfer method that can be effectively used for the production of the flexible panel of the present application is applied to the production of a laminated color panel, for example, will be described. Heat resistance such as glass A release layer consisting of an inorganic film such as amorphous silicon or an organic film such as polyimide or silicon resin is provided on a rigid substrate in advance, and an organic or inorganic substrate material with a thickness of several microns is provided on top of this. Electrodes, AM, and spacers are formed as needed, and the capsule particles are spread in place. If necessary, the binder is cured with UV or heat. Then, depending on the electrode configuration to be used, an electrode surface of a thin substrate such as a film provided with an electrode and a capsule particle layer are bonded together with an adhesive to complete a display panel on a rigid substrate. Next, the substrate that will be the final panel is used as the transfer substrate, and the display panel that has been formed on the rigid substrate is transferred via an adhesive. By transferring the second and third colors in the same way, a stacked full-color panel with the configuration shown in Fig. 11 can be formed. Capsule particles If it is transferred and laminated on the substrate to be transferred when it is spread, a laminated panel with the configuration shown in Fig. 15 is possible, and a laminate consisting of only a substantial particle layer can be constructed. Even if protective sheets are provided only on the top and bottom, a full color display panel suitable for applications where flexibility such as electronic paper is desired can be realized.

 [0069] In the case of a single-color panel, the panel may be completed by peeling without using a transfer substrate. Of course, not only capsule particle systems but also partition-type panels are possible. Transfer of only the AM array, transfer after filling the dispersion system, peeling after forming the panel, etc., peeling and transfer methods are acceptable. It can be used very effectively for the panel formation of the present invention using a conductive film substrate. Using a film with a thickness of about 10 and forming a full-color panel with a cell thickness of 30 for each color, the thickness of the panel with the configuration shown in Fig. A flexible display like paper can be realized.

 [0070] Even if the panel itself is flexible, if a drive circuit, a battery, or the like is mounted, the vapor-like property of the display panel tends to be impaired. Since the display panel of the present invention has a memory property, once the display is updated, the display is maintained even if the driver is disconnected. Therefore, it is possible to use the panel Z signal source separation method in which the panel electrode terminal part or signal supply circuit part is exposed and connected to the signal supply source only when the display is updated. The flexibility of the panel can be secured with cost.

[0071] The formation of the current amorphous silicon (aS i) AM requires a high-temperature process of about 400 ° C., so sS i AM cannot be formed directly on the film. However, all high-temperature processes are performed on a heat-resistant rigid substrate, and it is inferior in heat resistance and can be peeled and transferred near normal temperature onto an organic film that stretches rapidly due to temperature changes. Is an extremely effective method. Release transfer can be realized when the adhesive force on the transfer substrate side exceeds the adhesive force on the release layer side. Irradiate pulsed laser light etc. to weaken the adhesive strength on the release layer side, use the difference in thermal expansion between the release layer and rigid substrate, or generate gas in the release layer by light irradiation and weaken the adhesive strength Methods are used. In a display device in which a large number of cells are stacked, attention should be paid to interface reflection. Interface reflections always occur at interfaces with different refractive indices. In the three-layer stacked display cell shown in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11, each layer is composed of a number of layers (substrate, dispersion medium, adhesive layer) per monochrome element. It is important to use materials with the same rate as possible to reduce unnecessary interface reflections.

[0073] When a plastic film is used as the transparent substrate of the light modulation element used in the present invention, the feature of continuous mass production by roll-to-roll can be exhibited.

 Figure 19 shows an example of manufacturing a roll-to-roll panel. A film-like film pre-formed with an AM array, electrode pattern, spacer, etc. is supplied from the upper film, and the dispersion system is applied in the form of capsule particles. On the other hand, punching holes for electrode removal are opened and both substrates are accurately placed so that bubbles do not remain between the lower film substrate with a sealant such as UV seal resin for printing or ink jet drawing. Align and paste and fix. It is possible to produce multiple single-color film panels at once by cutting with punching. An AM formation process such as organic TFT, which can be processed at low temperature, is compatible with a single-roll, one-roll process, and of course can be effectively applied to the roll-to-roll panel formation of the present application. If the previous process such as electrode pattern A M formation can be formed by roll-to-roll, it can be an ideal mass production method.

 [0074] The roll-to-roll method can be performed even with a single continuous film, and is particularly easy with a one-sided electrode configuration. After forming an electrode or an AM array on the film supplied from the mouthpiece, a capsule particle layer is provided by printing or the like at a predetermined location, and then a transparent protective layer is applied.

In particular, in the present application, a panel configuration that requires an electrode only on one side substrate as shown in FIG. The partition may be formed on the lower film with a photoresist, etc., but the partition and cells are formed by emulsifying a temporary cured film after applying UV curable resin and then cured to form a dispersion. It is also possible to manufacture a partition-type film panel by filling with and sealing with an electrode or an upper film with AM It becomes ability.

 [0076] Examples of film materials include vinyl polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polypropylene, polystyrene, fluororesin, polyester polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyamide nylon, and heat resistant engineering plastic. Polyimide, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylenesulfide, polyetherketone, polyetherimide, etc. can be used

[0077] A polymer film is generally more permeable to gas than glass or the like. In a display device using a film, the film may be exposed to the outside air, and moisture may enter the dispersion system and degrade the characteristics. Therefore, in order to improve the reliability of the film panel, it is effective to provide a gas barrier layer on the film surface. As the gas barrier layer, it is known that thin films such as silicon oxide and silicon nitride, and laminated films of these films and organic films such as vinyl alcohol-containing polymers are known.

 In the light modulation element of the present invention, since the light transmittance does not change in the gaps between the partition walls or the force pusher particles, it is desirable that the width of this part in the light transmission direction is as narrow as possible. On the other hand, if this part is transparent, light leakage occurs and the light blocking power of the light modulation element is reduced, so that pure black cannot be obtained. Therefore, it is desirable to make this part black light absorbing or light reflecting. . In order to achieve a transmittance modulation of 1 0 00: 1 or more, it is necessary to keep the light transmittance of the cell in a fine particle dispersed state including the partition wall portion to less than 0.1%. If it is necessary to prevent light from passing through the gap, it can be achieved by selecting the concentration of fine particles contained in the cells or capsules after providing a black matrix (BM) layer.

 [0079] The materials used in the present invention will be described.

As described above, it is desirable that the fine particles have as high a concealing power or coloring power as possible. For black and white, carbon black, pigment black, graphite, etc., or a toner in which these are embedded in a resin can be used. CM, As Y fine particles, various organic pigments such as azo, phthalocyanine, nitro, nitroso, etc. used in printing ink, color copier toner, ink-jet ink, etc., iron oxide, force damme yellow, cadmium red, etc. A variety of inorganic pigments can be used. As amber particles, Hansa Yellow, Benzine Yellow, Quinoline Yellow, etc., As amber particles, Pigment Red, Rhodamine Β, Rose Bengal, Dimethylquinacridone, etc. As c-colored particles, Aniline Blue, Phthalocyanine Blue, Pigment Blue, etc. The black fine particles may be mixed with C, M, Y fine particles.

 [0080] The fine particles are not limited to simple substances but may be capsule fine particles in which a dye, a pigment, and some color materials are encapsulated with a resin or a liquid in order to optimize chargeability and color tone. Particles with an anisotropic shape such as a spherical shape, needle shape, rod shape, scale shape, etc. can be said to be suitable when a linear electrode is used as in the present application. This is because particles are oriented in all directions in a dispersed state, and have high light absorption ability and light scattering ability. When they are accumulated on an electrode, needle-like and rod-like particles are arranged parallel to the electrode, and in a scale-like form, they overlap each other. This is because both the absorption and scattering cross sections are reduced and the contrast is easily increased. The size of the fine particles is desirably about 5 nm to 5. Fine particles can be surface-modified by surface coating at the atomic or molecular level, or can be charged and imparted with good dispersion using a dispersant, surfactant, etc. It needs to be adjusted so that it can be quickly redistributed.

 [0081] In the bulkhead panel, it was explained that the electrodes 6-1 and 6-2 were both exposed to the dispersion system except for Fig. 6 (G) and (H). There is also a mouth that is covered with a conductive, semi-conductive or insulating film for the purpose of controlling threshold properties.

[0082] Various known methods can be applied to the method for producing the microcapsules used in the present invention. (1) Typical interfacial polymerization methods as chemical methods and ins are e-polymerization methods (interfacial reaction methods) (2) Typical submerged drying methods, coacervation methods, melt dispersion cooling as physicochemical methods (3) Typical spray drying method as a mechanical method , Dry mixing, orifice method, etc. A variety of polymer materials such as gelatin, gum arabic, melamine resin, urea resin, formalin resin, urea resin, polyurea resin, amino acid resin, and melamine formaldehyde resin can be used as the membrane material for the microcapsules. Microcapsules with a gas body inside are generally called microballoons.

 [0083] The method for producing a microballoon containing fine particles is as follows: (1) For example, a diazo component that generates nitrogen gas or the like when irradiated with ultraviolet light is introduced or adsorbed on the surface, and the fine particle group is polymerized. After covering with resin, ultraviolet light is irradiated to generate gas inside to form a hollow capsule with fine particles (2) Encapsulate particles with bubbles (3) Dry matter such as dry ice in a gaseous state For example, the liquid can be liquefied at a low temperature or solidified into a fine powder and encapsulated at a low temperature with fine particles.

 [0084] When the dispersion system 7 is a dispersion system in which fine particles with high fluidity are dispersed in a gas body such as air or nitrogen, a display panel with a high-speed response is possible because the resistance to particle movement is low. It is known that the formation of minute irregularities on the surface of the fine particles further increases the fluidity, and that the surface treatment of the particles with a silane-powered pulling agent or silicone oil is effective for controlling the chargeability and improving the fluidity.

 [0085] Because it will be exposed to strong light for outdoor use, especially for the materials used (transparent substrate, adhesive, fine particles, dispersion medium, capsule material, binder resin, partition material, electrode, AM, etc.) It is necessary to use one with excellent light resistance and heat resistance. The panel surface should be reinforced with an acrylic plate or with a built-in UV absorber or coated on the surface. An anti-reflective coating is also useful for improving visibility.

 [0086] When the medium is a liquid, various types of highly insulating solvents such as silicon-based, petroleum-based and halogenated hydrocarbons can be used.

[0087] As described above, as non-linear element materials, semiconductors such as MIM, chalcogenide-based compounds, and zinc oxide, in which thin films such as Ta and AI are anodized and sandwiched between other metals, can be used. As a—S i, a- l nGaZnO, polysilicon Inorganic semiconductors such as low molecular and high molecular organic semiconductors such as pentacene, polyfluorene, and polyphenylthiophene are used.

 The invention's effect

 [0088] The present invention has the following effects.

 A display device that changes the light transmissivity by moving charged fine particles with an electric field. Low voltage by examining the electrode configuration, the amount of fine particles in the cell, the electrode pitch, the cell thickness, and the drive electrode area ratio Achieves high contrast and high transmittance, high-definition compact light bulb for enlarged projection, small to meter-size direct-view display, thin flexible black-and-white and full-color electronic vapor, more than 10 meters Applicable to a wide range of display sizes up to ultra-large display devices, realizing a display device that can be used exclusively for reflection, transmission, or both reflection and transmission. Brief Description of Drawings

 [0089] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing the principle of a conventional horizontal electric field particle movement type display device.

 FIG. 2 is another cross-sectional view showing the principle of a conventional horizontal electric field particle movement type display device.

 FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing the principle of the horizontal electric field particle movement type display device of the present invention.

 FIG. 4 is a front view of electrodes used in the display device of the present invention.

 FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining light state transparency of the display device of the present invention.

 FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing another electrode configuration of the display device of the present invention.

 FIG. 7 is a front view of another electrode used in the display device of the present invention.

 [FIG. 8] is a cross-sectional view of an electrode part for improving the transparency in the bright state of the display device of the present invention.

 FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing another configuration of the display device of the present invention.

 [FIG. 10] (A) is a cross-sectional view of the laminated color panel of the present invention, and (B) is a perspective view of the pinned color panel of the present invention.

 [FIG. 11] Sectional view of a color panel laminated with C, M, Y capsule particles of the present invention. [FIG.

[FIG. 13] Front view of the 2-terminal AM array manufacturing process and electrode configuration of the invention FIG. 14 is a front view of the electrode configuration of the pixel portion of the 3-terminal AM panel of the present invention.

 [Fig. 15] Cross section of another color panel in which C, M, Y capsule particles of the present invention are laminated

 FIG. 16 is a sectional view of a reflective type light valve using the silicon integrated circuit of the present invention as a lower substrate.

 FIG. 17 is a sectional view of a color panel with a color filter of the present invention.

FIG. 18 is a sectional view showing the operating principle of the single-layer multi-color panel of the present invention.

[FIG. 19] An example of a process diagram for producing the panel of the present invention by roll-to-roll

Explanation of symbols

 1 Transparent upper substrate

 2 Lower board

 3 Counter electrode

4 Collect electrode

 5 Fine particles

 6-1 Drive electrode

6-2 Common electrode

 Distributed system

 8 cells

9 Spacer

1 0 force pushell particle

1 1 Adhesive

1 2 White diffuser

 1 3 Light source

1 3a Color filter

1 3 b

Black marix

 1 3c X_Y active matrix array

1 3d For 3 colors Χ— ΥActive matrix array a reflector

 Silicon substrate

 Binder

 Backlight unit

 C1, C2, C3, Column electrode terminal R1.R2, R3, Row electrode terminal Bulkhead

 2-terminal element

T FT element

Insulation film

Stacked cell

Electrode pin

Claims

The scope of the claims

 [1] At least one of them forms a cell by sandwiching a dispersion system in which charged fine particles are dispersed in a liquid or gas medium between transparent substrates, and the fine particles are moved by an electric field, In a display device that changes the light transmittance or light reflectivity in the direction perpendicular to the cell substrate, the electrode pitch P between the drive electrode and the common electrode provided for applying an electric field is 5 to 100, A display device characterized in that the drive electrode area ratio is 20% or less and the cell gap d is set to 0.2 to 1.5 times the pitch p.

 [2] The display device according to claim 1, wherein the amount of fine particles in the cell is adjusted so that the optical transmittance of the cell is 10% or less in a fine particle dispersed state.

 [3] The display device according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the drive electrode area ratio is 10% or less.

 [4] The display device characterized in that the cell according to claims 1 to 3 is formed by partition walls provided between the substrates, or is formed by force pusher particles incorporating a dispersion system.

 [5] The display device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the fine particles are charged with a single polarity.

[6] The display device according to claim 1 to 4, wherein the fine particles are a mixture of positively and negatively charged particles.

[7] The display device according to any one of [1] to [6], wherein the fine particles are reflective, and the color of the lower substrate side is different from the color of the particles.

[8] In the display device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, the dispersion system is (1) a mixed particle system having a different color and moving speed or (2) particles having different colors and different desorption threshold characteristics from electrodes. Display device comprising mixed mixed particle system

[9] The display device according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein a dispersion system in which fine particles of different colors are dispersed is laminated.

[10] In claim 9, the cyan particles each of which absorbs red color, green A full-power error display device characterized in that at least these three layers are laminated.

[11] In the display device according to claim 9 to claim 10, when n layers of dispersion systems of different colors are stacked, an angle from the substrate normal is 0, and a pixel size is S, a necessary view A color display device characterized in that the cell thickness per color consisting of the substrate and the dispersion system is configured to satisfy q≤S Ztan (6 ») Z n

 [12] The color display device according to any one of [1] to [6], wherein color filters of R, G, and B are provided in adjacent pixels, respectively.

 [13] The display device according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the electrode is configured to be driven in a simple matrix drive, a static drive or an active matrix drive.

 [14] The display device according to claims 1 to 13 is characterized in that a light source is provided on the back surface.

 [15] The display device according to claim 1 to claim 14, wherein the display device is configured by assembling a plurality of panels composed of a single cell or a large number of cells in the X and Y directions.

16. The display device according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the display device is configured to have a curved shape.

[17] The display device according to claim 1 to claim 16, wherein the display device is peeled after the process up to the formation of the dispersion layer or the process up to the panel formation is performed on the release layer provided on the rigid substrate. Display device and manufacturing method thereof

[18] The display device according to claim 1 to claim 16 is manufactured by roll-to-roll using a roll film, and a method for manufacturing the display device