WO2008006364A2

WO2008006364A2 - Combustibles and smoke mixtures for cooling the climate, and devices for the production of such a smoke mixture

Info

Publication number: WO2008006364A2
Application number: PCT/DE2007/001268
Authority: WO
Inventors: Franz Dietrich Oeste
Original assignee: Ries, Ernst
Priority date: 2006-07-13
Filing date: 2007-07-13
Publication date: 2008-01-17
Also published as: DE112007001711A5; DE212007000049U1; WO2008006364A3; DE102007022685A1

Abstract

Disclosed are fuels or combustibles and smoke mixtures for cooling the climate, containing at least 10 mg/kg of sulfur and at least 0.5 mg/kg of iron.

Description

description

Fuels and smoke mixtures for air conditioning cooling and devices for producing such a smoke mixture

The invention relates to a fuel whose massive combustion and the resulting smoke to contribute to the air conditioning cooling is to be made.

It is well-known that sufficiently exhausted smoke into the troposphere has a cooling effect on the climate, because the smoke increases both the albedo and methane. The invention is based on the task of increasing these effects.

It could be determined that the mentioned effects not only add up, but can be increased many times, if the two elements iron and sulfur are contained in a suitable proportion in the smoke.

Such a climate-effective smoke is z. B. achieved by combustion of a fuel according to the invention according to claim 1, which has a sulfur content of at least 10 mg / kg and an iron content of at least 0.5 mg / kg. It is surprising that this disproportionately effective cooling effect already starts at these values. Particularly massive then makes the cooling effect at iron levels in the fuel of the invention of 5 mg / kg iron and above and 10 mg / kg of sulfur and noticeable above and then increases further with increasing iron and sulfur contents of the fuel continuously.

A fuel should be both pure fuel burned to produce smoke but also fuels are understood that are used in internal combustion engines and turbines to drive vehicles. Such propellants can be systematically used in airplanes to cover high traffic areas (eg, transatlantic air traffic routes) with a low-emission smoke layer.

Fuels that produce smoke that contains the iron predominantly in water-insoluble form are not among the preferred fuels because it has become known that impaired lung function may occur upon inhalation of solid, water-insoluble, iron-containing particles. This is usually not the case if the iron content does not more than double the sulfur content in the fuel. Wherever the smoke emissions generated by the fuels according to the invention can act on urban areas on a short path between emission and immission, it is therefore preferred that the fuel or the smoke mixture according to the invention is characterized in that its iron content at most that Should be twice the weight of the sulfur content contained therein.

Depending on the smoke emission takes from the fuels of the invention formed sulfur and iron-containing smoke there in the atmosphere sulfur compounds and other substances such. As chlorides, chlorine, nitrates, nitrogen oxides, etc. on binding as soluble or dissolved iron salts. Therefore, for the formation of the smoke according to the invention, the remote from the place of immission, such. B. is released over the open ocean or at high altitude, readily select an iron content in the fuel, which exceeds its sulfur content by more than double, since in such cases the immission of iron-containing, water-insoluble particles is restricted or can not occur.

With iron and / or sulfur contents in mineral oil-containing fuels of more than 10 percent by weight, the specific cooling performance decreases again because the particles in the smoke tend to agglomerate considerably. Such substances are therefore not preferred.

According to claim 3, therefore, a preferred variant of the fuels according to the invention contains a sulfur content of at most 100 g / kg and an iron content of at most 100 g / kg.

Preferably, the fuel contains the iron as an oil-soluble substance, such as. B. as ferrocene, ferrocene derivatives, iron carbonyls, iron naphthenates, iron soaps and other organic bond. The sulfur is preferably present therein as an oil-soluble sulfur compound, e.g. In the form of elemental sulfur, carbon disulfide, organic sulfides and disulfides, organic polysulfides, organic sulfonic acids, organic sulfonates, organic sulfoxides, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans and other organic bonds.

For further activation of the cooling-effective smoke properties, the smoke from the fuels according to the invention can be enriched with chlorine-containing substances, preferably with hydrogen chloride. This can z. B. done by adding halogenated organic substances to the fuel. The smoke formed in the excess of oxygen is dioxin-free.

In order to avoid the formation of slightly acidic smoke, alkalis may be added to the fuel, e.g. As alkali and alkaline earth metal soaps, alkali or Erdalkalikronen- ether complexes, but also additives of silicon and / or titanium-organic compounds, such as. As silicone oils and titanocene. The combustion of the latter non-alkalis also forms nitrides, from which ammonia is formed by hydrolysis as alkali.

The fuels according to the invention, in particular those according to claim 2, are distinguished above all by the advantage that the smoke released by them can not or only very limited lead to the formation of strongly acidic precipitates, because the smoke aerosol of the flue gases wholly or at least partially in the form of Salts or saline solutions at the immission affected and not or only partially as acid.

A climate-friendly smoke is also produced when mixing the smoke from the separate combustion of several fuels containing different amounts of sulfur and iron. The decisive factor is that the respective sulfur and iron contents are chosen so that the smoke mixture has a sulfur and iron content, as present in a combustion of a fuel according to claim 1 to 3.

To produce such a smoke mixture devices according to claims 6 and 7 can be used. These have the advantage that sulfur-containing fuels with a higher sulfur content compared with the iron content and iron-containing fuels with a higher iron content than the sulfur content can be provided separately from one another.

Smoke from the combustion of the fuels according to the invention or the smoke mixtures according to the invention can be produced in many ways. It is easiest to achieve by burning the combustion Substances in engines or turbines of ships and aircraft.

Another option is z. B. the pure combustion of fuels containing a mixture of elemental sulfur and solid organo-iron compounds such. As Fer- rocen contain, or the respective separate combustion of fuels, each containing only one of said substances, wherein their smoke is then mixed to a smoke mixture according to the invention. Both the separate combustion of solid or liquid fuels and the combustion of fuels according to the invention can, for. B. done according to the candle wick principle.

Preferably, the smoke is formed in the troposphere or in the stratosphere.

The preferred fuels of the invention include mixtures of oil-soluble iron compounds with sulfur-containing petroleum raffinates such as. As diesel oils, kerosene, with elemental sulfur, carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide and other combustible sulfur compounds.

The combustion devices for generating the smoke from the fuels according to the invention or for the formation of the smoke mixtures according to the invention may also be arranged on balloons, on drilling rigs or other z. B. purpose-built for this purpose flying, floating or land-based facilities. Hot air balloons are preferred for the balloons. Preferred hot gas is heated air. The hot gas may, for. B. by transferring the heat released in the combustion of sulfur and iron-containing fuels to the air. The combustion of fuels according to the invention, in the form of solutions, melts or aerosols, may also be e.g. B. happen with oil burners. Gaseous sulfur phases, such as. As hydrogen sulfide, can be burned together with liquid iron-organic phases by the liquid phase is atomized in the gaseous phase and then subsequently burned.

Advantages of the fuel combustion according to the invention:

1. The smoke aerosol causes accelerated Rußagglomeration and oxidation. This minimizes soot-induced atmospheric heating.

2. The smoke accelerates generating sulfuric acid, sulfate and iron-containing, water vapor-binding aerosol particles. In humid air, clouds with a high degree of whiteness are formed, which reflect the sunlight with high efficiency.

3. The smoke causes intensified chemical and photochemical reactions with the atmospheres chloride, sulfur and chlorine containing organic compounds, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen peroxide, organic acids, water vapor, nitrogen oxides and sunlight. This causes its enrichment with chlorine, hydroxyl and nitrogen-containing radicals in a particularly high yield. Of these, in particular the chlorine and hydroxyl radicals accelerate the methane degradation.

4. The smoke has an intensified catalytic and photocatalytic oxidation acceleration of the organic atmosphere to carbon dioxide, without breaking down those hydroxyl radicals which in the smoke-free region decompose the organic Atmospheres are consumed. This in turn accelerates methane degradation.

5. Falling into the sea, the water-soluble iron fraction of the smoke leads to spontaneous algal blooms. This causes atmospheric formation of methane-degrading chlorine radicals by algae-based dichloromethane formation. The algal blooms bind carbon dioxide as an organic carbon mass, which transforms into solid methane hydrate and kerogen in the seabed sediment.

6. The combustion of the fuels according to the invention takes place directly. To form the smoke mixture according to the invention, fuels can also be burned in two stages, for. B. by the iron-rich fuel component takes place in the hot combustion exhaust gas of the sulfur-rich fuel component.

Claims

claims

1. Fuel whose massive combustion and the resulting smoke is to contribute to climate cooling, characterized in that the sulfur content of the fuel is at least 10 mg / kg and its iron content is at least 0.5 mg / kg.

2. Fuel according to claim 1, characterized in that its weight-specific iron content is at most twice as high as its weight-specific sulfur content.

3. Fuel according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that both the sulfur content and the iron content is less than 100 g / kg.

4. Fuel according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is enriched with one or more elements from the group consisting of chlorine, silicon, cerium, titanium, alkalis and alkaline earths in the form of one or more of the compounds of these elements.

5. Smoke mixture whose mass introduction into the troposphere should make a contribution to climate cooling, characterized in that the smoke mixture comprises sulfur and iron in the amounts as they are when a fuel is burned according to one of claims 1 to 4.

6. A device for producing a smoke mixture according to claim 5, characterized in that the device consists of at least one burner with a first tank for receiving a sulfur-containing fuel with a higher sulfur content compared to the iron content and a second tank for receiving a predominantly iron-containing fuel with a higher sulfur content than the iron, wherein means are provided which mix the fuels before introduction into the burner in a ratio , so that a smoke mixture according to claim 5 is formed.

7. A device for producing a smoke mixture according to claim 5, characterized in that the device consists of at least two burners, each with a tank for fuels, wherein in a first tank for a first burner, a sulfur-containing fuel ^' with a higher sulfur content compared to the iron content and in a second tank for a second burner an iron-containing fuel is provided with a higher sulfur content compared to the iron content.

8. The device according to claim 7, characterized in that it is the first burner to a turbine and the second burner is an afterburner to this turbine.