DE102007022685A1 - Combustion gases for air conditioning cooling - Google Patents

Abstract

Iron- and sulfur-containing combustion exhaust gases for air-cooling are claimed in which the weight ratio of the elements iron to sulfur is between 100000/1 and 0.000001 / 1, preferably between 2000/1 and 1/2000.

Description

It Iron- and sulfur-containing combustion exhaust gases are claimed for air-conditioning cooling, in which the weight ratio the elements iron to sulfur at values between 100000/1 and 0.000001 / 1, preferably between 2000/1 and 1/2000.

It it has been recommended to burn iron-containing fuels in the atmosphere, to form iron oxide aerosols that are responsible for the reduction of greenhouse gases for air conditioning cooling suitable. Others have recommended burning sulfur in the atmosphere around sulfuric acid aerosols that increase the albedo of the earth for the purpose of air-conditioning cooling.

Here has now been found that the climate effects of aerosols containing iron and sulfur, not just add up but be improved many times over, if the combustion gases contain both elements. Surprised it is that the extraordinarily improved climate impact even at very low iron levels or used at very low sulfur levels, as long as both Elements are contained simultaneously in the flue gases. Already at a content of 10 mg of sulfur per kg of waste gas in the exhaust gas, wherein the element first as gaseous Sulfur compound is present in the exhaust gas is in the presence of iron-containing aerosol, in which the iron predominantly in oxidic bond present, a reactive sulfur and iron-containing aerosol of extremely climate-effective cooling activity receive. The same applies an exhaust gas containing only an iron content of 0.1 mg per kg of exhaust gas. from that also forms a reactive sulfur in the presence of sulfur. and iron-containing aerosol of extremely climate-effective cooling Activity.

Furthermore has been found here that the Formation of gaseous Sulfur compounds which burn iron-free sulfur-containing Fuels are created that spread worldwide and then the formation of acid precipitation over the Land, by adding combustible iron additives to Fuel suppressed can be. Here it was found that when burning with Ferrous additives enriched fuel with the the flue gas released gaseous Sulfur compounds with the oxide also contained therein Iron aerosols and the water vapor and the air-oxygen solid until liquid Aerosols form, which washed out with the precipitates very quickly from the atmosphere become. In the event that these fuels above the remote from the ocean can be used with the exhaust gases of the according to the invention and sulfur-containing fuels, only to a very limited extent to the formation of sulfuric acid precipitation lead ashore.

on the other hand it has been established that the long-term The action of aerosol from solid iron oxide particles is detrimental can affect lung function. On the other hand, this disadvantage Do not occur when the aerosol immissions from soluble Iron (II) or iron (III) sulfate particles or iron (II) - or Iron (III) sulfate-haitigen fog droplets exist. Soluble aerosols from iron-sulfur compounds, can always get out of the form iron-enriched fuels when the weight-related Sulfur content of the fuel is about twice as high as the weight-based iron content of the fuel. But here is to take into account that the Sulfur formed according to the invention and ferrous aerosols present in the atmosphere and gaseous particulate Sulfur compounds, as well as other substances, eg. Chlorides, chlorine, Nitrates, nitrogen oxides, etc. bind to it and additional soluble Iron salts can form. Therefore allowed for the fuel according to the invention, the over incinerating the open ocean, readily selecting fuel grade iron, which exceed the fuel sulfur contents by weight several times.

Above that far away from the ocean, however, there are no limits to iron Sulfur ratio necessary in the fuel, since there released iron oxide aerosol particles no over Land to sedimentation and when they get there, have by absorbing sulfur, chlorine, nitrogen, oxygen and water in soluble Particles or even liquid Converted aerosols.

In both of the extreme cases mentioned, either opposite one Sulfur huge iron over or at one opposite Iron enormous sulfur surplus, arise Exhaust gases where the climate-cooling aerosol generates extremely quickly becomes. On the other hand, the production of such a climate-effective aerosol extraordinarily delayed if the exhaust gas contains either only iron and no sulfur or if the exhaust contains only sulfur and no iron.

The according to the invention and sulfur-containing combustion exhaust gases for air-conditioning cooling the elements iron and sulfur in a weight ratio between 100000/1 and 0.000001 / 1. Preferred is a weight ratio iron to sulfur between 2000/1 and 1/2000.

Exhaust gases that have such a broad spectrum in the ratio of the two elements sulfur and iron contain, can be produced in many ways. This is most easily achieved by adding oil-soluble iron compounds to the sulfur-containing fuels of ships or aircraft. For example, around 200 million tonnes of kerosene fuel are used for air travel worldwide today. A multiple of this mass is to be used for the worldwide consumption of heavy fuel oils for marine fuels. These carriers are recommended as emitters of the exhaust gases with the sulfur-to-iron ratio according to the invention in their operation.

limited is the sulfur content in kerosene fuel for air traffic at about 0.5 kg of sulfur compounds per ton of kerosene. unlimited are currently the sulfur content in heavy fuel oil for shipping, which are about 50 kg of sulfur per ton of heavy oil.

A another easy way for the preparation of the iron and sulfur-containing according to the invention Exhaust gases is the mixing of elemental sulfur with organo-iron Compounds, such. B. ferrocene or iron naphthenate and subsequent burning of the mixture. Such elemental sulfur containing fusible Solid fuels can e.g. are burned according to the candle wick principle. Independently of, if she has a big one Iron excess in relation on their sulfur content or whether they have a large excess of sulfur in relation on their iron content, they produce exhaust fumes when burning with the sulfur to iron ratio according to the invention.

Preferably the smoke is in the troposphere or in the stratosphere educated.

In For suitable fuels, the iron is preferably an oil-soluble iron compound before, z. In the form of ferrocene and ferrocene derivatives, iron carbonyls, Iron naphthenates, iron soaps and other combustible organic Iron compounds. In the appropriate fuels is the sulfur preferably as an oil-soluble sulfur compound before, z. In the form of elemental sulfur, carbon disulfide, organic sulfides and disulfides, organic polysulfides, organic sulfonic acids, organic Sulfonates, organic sulfoxides, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans.

To the preferred sulfur-containing fuels used to produce the exhaust gases of the invention are suitable, include: refined petroleum, Diesel oil, Kerosene, elemental sulfur, carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide and other combustible sulfur compounds.

The Combustion gases according to the invention can also be generated by sulfur-containing combustion gases mixed with exhaust gases containing iron-containing aerosols.

When preferred means for generating the exhaust gases of the invention serve the modes of transport Ships and planes. The combustion equipment for production the exhaust gases of the invention can but also be located on hot gas filled balloons or on oil rigs or other e.g. especially for that purpose built floating platforms or facilities Country.

at The balloons are preferred hot gas balloons. Preferred hot gas is heated air. The hot gas is through transmission the fuel contained in the combustion of sulfur and iron released heat on the hot gas produced.

The hot gas balloons according to the invention preferably over abandoned to the ocean. Your hot gas content gets hot sulphurous and ferrous smoke at the necessary temperature held. For this purpose flows the hot smoke through one or more channels, the enclosure of the hot gas content pull through the balloon before the smoke escapes into the atmosphere. If As the fuels run out, combustion is preferred so throttled that it in the hot gas comes to the temperature drop, which is adjusted so that the balloon controlled decreases. It is also possible that when the formation of hot smoke subsides, the floatable equipped balloons unbraked on the water surface fall down. The fall of the balloons can also be parachuted happen. The used balloons can be refilled with Be reused fuel

The exhaust gases according to the invention cause due to their physical and chemical properties the cooling off of the climate. Some of these cooling mechanisms are explained below.

First causes Combustion of ferrous and sulphurous fuel Formation of an extremely soot-poor Exhaust gas. The soot formation in the fuel combustion leads due to the light absorbing properties of the soot warming the atmosphere. This is omitted therefore by the application of the fuels of the invention.

The sulfur and iron-containing smoke reacts immediately after its contact with oxygen and water vapor. The iron oxide aerosol particles envelop themselves with sulfuric acid solution and the chemically and physically particularly environmentally friendly and climate - active sulfates of the bivalent and trivalent iron. The resulting brightly colored clouds of smoke throw the sunlight back into space and already cause a cooling effect on the underlying atmosphere.

The chemical and photochemical reactions of the iron and sulfate containing Particles and / or droplets with more atmospheres from the groups of chlorides, sulfuric and chlorinated organic Compounds, the hydrogen chloride, hydrogen peroxide, organic Acids, water vapor, Nitrogen oxides and nitrates and sunlight cause the emission radicals such as e.g. Chlorine, hydroxyl and nitrogen containing Radicals. Of which cause in particular the chlorine and hydroxyl radicals the degradation of the greenhouse gas methane in the atmosphere. The Hygroscopicity of Sulfuric acid-, Hydrogen sulphate, sulphate, chloride and nitrate sheath around the iron oxide particles causes further water vapor condensation, which gives rise to cloud formation. Their reflection of the incident sunlight causes the further cooling of the troposphere below the cloud cover.

The ferrous liquid to solid aerosol particles or droplets also have exceedingly intense catalytic and photocatalytic properties on the oxidation of organic atmospheric gases, which are thereby degraded at the aerosols to carbon dioxide, without to attack the hydroxyl radicals without the presence of iron-containing Aerosols for the most part Proportion to the oxidation of the organic atmospheres are consumed and so not for the significant climate-efficient purpose of greenhouse gas removal Methane available are. Due to the presence of the iron sulfate-containing aerosols according to the invention In this way, too, the methane concentration in the atmosphere is reduced.

Finally up The sea has the effect of iron, sulfur and nitrogen Particles and droplets an algae bloom. additionally to the thereby triggered Formation of atmospheric chlorine radicals for the atmospheric Methane degradation from algal bloom-derived dichloromethane formation In the sea, there is another climate-conditioning effect: the algae blooms the conversion of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide to organic carbon mass fires which after the decrease of the dead algae substance on the Seabed in sediment transformed into solid methane hydrate and kerogen.

By the big ones environmentally relevant advantages of the sulfur and iron-containing combustion exhaust gases according to the invention can be based on the costly measures to reduce the sulfur content be omitted in the aircraft fuels, if the sulfur-containing Fuels are enriched with iron.

The Controlled combustion of solid elemental sulfur-iron organics mass can be advantageous, for. As that of candle wax, controlled by means multiple wicks happen while that of the liquid Carbon disulfide-iron organics mixture or that of an elemental sulfur-iron organics melt by means of oil burners or oil burner systems can happen. gaseous Sulfur compounds, such as. As the hydrogen sulfide can together with liquid iron-organic compounds are advantageously burned by the liquid Component in the gaseous component is distributed as an aerosol mist and then subsequently burned the fog formed becomes.

Around the climate-cooling Effect of the combustion exhaust gases according to the invention to improve the exhaust gases are added chlorine-containing substances, preferably Hydrogen chloride. Preferably, this is done by admixing organohalogen compounds to the fuels making up the Flue gases are formed during combustion. Surprisingly, it comes but not to the formation of harmful chlorine-containing dioxins

to Binding of sulfuric acid or to avoid hyperacidity of the formed aerosols, it may be advantageous to the combustion exhaust gases of the invention To mix alkalis or alkaline earths. This is advantageous the admixture of the alkali or alkaline earth metal soaps or by the Admixing of the alkali or Erdalkalikronenetherkomplexe to the Fuels allows. Instead of the direct neutralization or avoidance of acidified aerosols is suitable but also the admixture of organosilicon compounds, such as z. Silicone oils, and / or organo-organic compounds, such as. As titanocene, too the fuels. When burning these components form in addition to the oxides and nitrides of silicon or titanium, from which is released by hydrolysis of ammonia, which is then used as a neutralizing agent acts by making the corresponding with the acidic aerosols Ammonium salts are formed as neutralization products.

In order to improve the albedo effect of the iron and sulfur-containing aerosols formed from the combustion exhaust gases, it may be advantageous to enrich the aerosols with titanium dioxide or titanates. This is also possible by admixing organo-inorganic and optionally alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compounds with the fuels from which the combustion exhaust gases according to the invention are generated. The same applies to the addition of cerium compounds to the fuels for the purpose of enriching the aerosols with cerium to increase the redox-catalytic activity of the aerosols.

Claims (11)

The elements iron and sulfur containing combustion gases for air conditioning cooling containing the elements iron and sulfur as such and / or in the form of one or more of their compounds in a weight ratio between 100000/1 and 0.000001 / 1 are included. Combustion flue gases according to claim 1, characterized in that that the Elements iron and sulfur, as such and / or in the form of one or more of their compounds in a weight ratio between 2000/1 and 1/2000 are included. Combustion gases according to claim 1 and 2, characterized characterized in that Elements iron and sulfur, as such and / or in the form of one or more of their compounds in a weight ratio of 2/1 or smaller if emitted over land or near land become. Combustion gases according to claim 1 and 2, characterized characterized in that Elements iron and sulfur, as such and / or in the form of one or more of their compounds in a weight ratio of 2/1 or larger, when she over be emitted to the offshore ocean. Combustion gases according to claim 1 to 4, characterized characterized in that they produced by combustion of sulfur and iron-containing fuels become. Combustion gases according to claim 1 to 5, characterized characterized in that Fuel with one or more elements from the group chlorine, Silicon, cerium, titanium, alkalis and alkaline earths in the form of one or more of the compounds of these elements is enriched. Combustion gases according to claim 1 to 6, characterized characterized in that they by combustion of sulfur and iron-containing fuels by means of one or more devices from the group of marine engines, Aircraft engines, balloons, rigs, floating combustion devices or Burning devices are generated on solid land. Combustion gases according to claim 1 to 7, characterized characterized in that they by combustion of sulfur and iron-containing fuels by means of a hot gas balloon be generated and that the Heating the hot gas through the hot Smoke from combustion of sulfur and ferrous fuels happens. Combustion gases according to claim 1 to 8, characterized characterized in that they by burning one or more fuels from the group the solid, liquid or gaseous Fuels are generated. Combustion gases according to claim 1 to 9, characterized characterized in that they by burning one or more fuels from the group the solid or liquid Fuels using one or more wicks happens. Combustion gases according to claim 1 to 10, characterized characterized in that they by burning one or more fuels from the group the liquid and gaseous Fuels is done so that the liquid fuel in the gaseous fuel is distributed as an aerosol mist and then burned the aerosol mist becomes.