WO2008006131A1 - Procédé et appareil de manipulation d'images par l'intermédiaire d'une matrice de tramage aléatoire - Google Patents

Procédé et appareil de manipulation d'images par l'intermédiaire d'une matrice de tramage aléatoire Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008006131A1
WO2008006131A1 PCT/AU2006/000975 AU2006000975W WO2008006131A1 WO 2008006131 A1 WO2008006131 A1 WO 2008006131A1 AU 2006000975 W AU2006000975 W AU 2006000975W WO 2008006131 A1 WO2008006131 A1 WO 2008006131A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
image data
dither matrix
colour
levels
contone image
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/AU2006/000975
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Richard Thomas Plunkett
Simon Robert Walmsley
Kia Silverbrook
Raul Evelio Vera
Original Assignee
Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd filed Critical Silverbrook Research Pty Ltd
Priority to KR20097002006A priority Critical patent/KR101000601B1/ko
Priority to CA002655306A priority patent/CA2655306A1/fr
Priority to EP06760845A priority patent/EP2044571A4/fr
Priority to PCT/AU2006/000975 priority patent/WO2008006131A1/fr
Priority to AU2006346021A priority patent/AU2006346021B2/en
Priority to CN2006800552744A priority patent/CN101496060B/zh
Publication of WO2008006131A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008006131A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/40—Picture signal circuits
    • H04N1/407—Control or modification of tonal gradation or of extreme levels, e.g. background level
    • H04N1/4072—Control or modification of tonal gradation or of extreme levels, e.g. background level dependent on the contents of the original
    • H04N1/4074—Control or modification of tonal gradation or of extreme levels, e.g. background level dependent on the contents of the original using histograms
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/40—Picture signal circuits
    • H04N1/40087—Multi-toning, i.e. converting a continuous-tone signal for reproduction with more than two discrete brightnesses or optical densities, e.g. dots of grey and black inks on white paper
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/40—Picture signal circuits
    • H04N1/405—Halftoning, i.e. converting the picture signal of a continuous-tone original into a corresponding signal showing only two levels

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to digital image processing.
  • the invention relates to enhancing digital colour images while processing them for printing to a media substrate.
  • Colour can be specified using three independent variables. The variables are essentially coordinates in a colour space. The same colour can be specified in different colour spaces using different variables. Each colour space has a particular use or application.
  • RGB red, green, blue
  • CMY cyan, magenta, yellow
  • RGB red, green, blue
  • CMY cyan, magenta, yellow
  • YC R C B luminance, chrominance red, chrominance blue
  • YC R C B luminance, chrominance red, chrominance blue
  • Digital cameras capture images natively in RGB. For efficient storage, the images are converted to YCC and compressed. Image data downloaded from a camera is typically in sYCC which is a widely recognized standard form of YCC. This must then be colour space converted when it is output to a screen or printer. If the image is downloaded to a printer, the data is converted to the pritner's colour space and the separate colour channels are halftoned with a dither matrix. Halftoning exploits the eye's perception of a spatial average of printed dots to reproduce contone (continuous tone) images. InkJet printers can either print a dot at any one of the addressable locations on the media, or not. However, dots dispersed over area of white (say) paper, will appear to eye as a contone shade somewhere between white and the dot colour, depending on the number of dots.
  • the dither matrix covers a small area of the image at a time.
  • the matrix has a range of threshold values dispersed throughout its sites.
  • the contone colour levels for each pixel are compared to the spatially corresponding threshold values within the matrix. If the contone level exceeds the threshold value, a dot of that colour is printed (or equivalently, a dot is printed if the contone level is greater than or equal to the threshold, or less than, or less than or equal to the threshold value). This will produce many micro-differences between the contone and halftone image, but the eye is largely insensitive to these high frequency differences.
  • CMYK Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and blacK
  • histogram expansion improves the colour contrast by expanding the range of colours present in the raw image data so that it is more evenly spread across the entire range of available colours. To do this, it is necessary to collect image statistics and build histograms for each colour channel. This involves the collection of the three colour levels for each pixel and recording the number of pixels that fall into a range of discrete colour level intervals to build the histograms.
  • the original image will have histograms with at least one sparsely populated region. By re-assigning all the pixels in the sparsely populated region into one of the colour levels, the rest of the histogram can expand into the vacated region.
  • Photograph printers that dock directly with the camera are one such example.
  • the captured images will typically download from the camera upon docking and automatically print the images to 6 inch by 4 inch photo grade paper. Users prefer, if not expect, to see their photos being printed within a few seconds. More importantly, users expect good quality prints, but, as discussed above, computationally intensive image enhancement is counter to quickly initiating the printing of downloaded photos.
  • the present invention provides a method of manipulating contone image data to be halftoned with a dither matrix, the method comprising: determining at least one characteristic of the contone image data; using the at least one characteristic to derive a secondary dither matrix from a predetermined primary dither matrix; and, halftoning the contone image data with the secondary dither matrix.
  • Manipulating the dither matrix can be equivalent to performing image enhancement manipulations to the input image data. However, it far less computationally intensive to manipulate the dither matrix instead of all the raw image data. For example, if the dither matrix is (say) 64 x 64, with each element being an 8 bit value, it has roughly 4 kilobytes of data. By comparison, a digital photograph (6 inches by 4 inches) at 3 mega-pixel native resolution, is about 10 megabytes of data. So, in this example, the number of manipulations to the dither matrix is about three orders of magnitude less than that needed for the image data to achieve the same net effect.
  • histogram expansions are a very common image enhancement technique and simply compressing the range of threshold values in the dither matrix as an inverse to the desired expansion of the histogram provides an equivalent result with far less processing.
  • the data in the dither matrix is a tiny fraction of the input data, the dither matrix can be given added complexity, or granularity, in order to achieve a better result than a normal histogram expansion, while still providing greater computation efficiency.
  • the present invention provides a print engine controller for an inkjet printer, the print engine controller comprising: a processor for receiving contone image data; memory storing a predetermined primary dither matrix; wherein, the processor is configured to determine at least one characteristic of the contone image data and derive a secondary dither matrix from the primary dither matrix using the at least one characteristic of the contone image data; such that, the contone image data is halftoned with the secondary dither matrix prior to printing.
  • the contone image data has colour level values for pixels in the image, the colour level values having a certain distribution within a predetermined range of discrete colour levels, and, the at least one characteristic of the contone image data relates to said certain distribution.
  • the primary dither matrix has a range of threshold values and the secondary dither matrix has a compressed range of threshold values for comparison to the colour level values of the contone image data during halftoning.
  • the at least one characteristic related to the certain distribution is the minimum number of contiguous discrete colour levels containing a predetermined portion of the pixels, divided by the total number of levels in the predetermined range of discrete colour levels. In some embodiments, the predetermined portion of the pixels is greater than 90%.
  • the at least one characteristic related to the certain distribution is:
  • L max is the maximum number of discrete colour levels if a top-most portion of the colour level values of the contone image data is disregarded
  • Lmin is the minimum number of discrete colour levels that contain a bottom-most 10 number of the colour level values of the contone image data
  • L to tai is the total number of levels in the range of discrete colour levels.
  • the top-most portion may be the highest 5% of the colour level values of the contone image data.
  • the bottom-most portion may be the lowest 15 5% of the colour level values of the contone image data.
  • the top and bottom-most portions may be 1%.
  • the threshold values in the compressed range in the secondary matrix are determined in accordance with the following algorithm:
  • T new is the compressed threshold values in the secondary dither matrix; and, T 0Id is the threshold value in the primary dither matrix.
  • the thresholds in the primary dither matrix are not whole numbers and the compressed threshold values in the secondary matrix are rounded or truncated to the nearest whole numbers.
  • the threshold values occur in the primary dither matrix a predetermined number of times and the compressed threshold values occur in the secondary dither matrix a greater number of times, the greater number being approximately equal to L tota i/(L m a ⁇ -Lmin) multiplied by the predetermined number associated with the threshold values of the primary matrix, or only one of two colliding threshold values from the primary matrix, that correspond to the compressed threshold.
  • the processor only samples a portion of the pixels of the contone image data to determine L nUn and L max .
  • the colour levels values are an eight bit binary number such that there are 256 (2 8 ) levels in the range of discrete colour levels.
  • the dither matrix is 64 x 64 and the threshold levels range from 1 to 255 prior to compression.
  • Figure 1 shows a print engine pipeline in accordance with the present invention
  • Figure 2 shows a dither matrix partially completed with threshold values
  • Figure 3 shows a histogram of the image data for one of the colour channels
  • Figure 4 shows the histogram of Figure 3 expanded to enhance colour contrast
  • Figure 5 shows the dither matrix with compressed threshold values calculated to two decimal places
  • Figure 6 shows the dither matrix with compressed threshold values rounded to the nearest whole number.
  • photograph printers have recently been developed that dock directly with a digital camera and automatically printed the captured images. They are expected to print the images quickly and with photographic quality. Furthermore, these printers will only offer rudimentary image enhancement options, if any at all. Users that want more complex image enhancement of their photos will download the images to desktops or laptops and manipulate them with PhotoShopTM or similar software (note that PhotoShop is a trademark of Adobe Systems Inc).
  • Figure 1 shows a print engine pipeline for the image data from the camera 1 to the printhead 13.
  • the images are downloaded to the print engine controller (PEC) 2 as EXIF (exchangeable image file data) JPEG Goint photographic expert group) files in sYCC colour space (or standard YCC colour space).
  • the PEC 2 decompresses the images with a contone decoder unit (CDU) 3. If the image is too large 4, it is downsampled 5 as it is decoded.
  • CDU contone decoder unit
  • each JPEG MCU minimum coding unit
  • the PEC 2 can collect image statistics and build a histogram 8.
  • the collection of image statistics involves building a histogram of the number of occurrences of each color level. Once the histograms for the image are known, the degree of histogram expansion can be determined. This can be done in any number of ways and one particular method will be discussed below with reference to Figures 3 and 4.
  • Expanding the histogram requires new maximum and minimum colour levels to be determined 9. That is, a minimum level, Ln 1 J n , is determined and mapped to 0. AU levels between 0 and L n O n are also mapped to 0. Likewise, Lm a x is determined and mapped to the highest colour level value. For example, if the colour levels are 8 bit numbers, the highest is 255. Every level between L nJ3x and 255 is also mapped to 255.
  • the present invention manipulates the dither matrix to enhance the image rather than the colour levels in the image data
  • the only characteristic of the histogram that the PEC 2 needs is the degree of histogram expansion that would be caused by the L nUn and Lmax determined by the chosen method.
  • the histogram is expanded by a factor of 255/(L max -L miQ ).
  • the corresponding compression of the range of threshold values in the dither matrix is given by:
  • Tnew Lniin + T ol d-(Lmax ⁇ Lmin)/255 EQ(I)
  • T new is the compressed threshold
  • T ol d is the original threshold value.
  • the dither matrix size is 64 x 64
  • compressing the threshold values involves the manipulation of about 4kB of data
  • the equivalent expansion of the input colour levels is a manipulation of about 1 OMB of data, or possibly more depending on image resolution.
  • Compressing the dither matrix is more computationally efficient than expanding the image data by several orders of magnitude. This can dramatically reduce any delay between docking the camera and printing the downloading images, and it also allows more complex image enhance techniques via the dither matrix while still remaining far less computationally intensive than performing equivalent techniques on the input data.
  • the CMY colour values determined at stage 7 of the print engine pipeline are compared directly with the compressed threshold values of the dither matrix to produce a halftone image of each colour channel 11. It will be appreciated that the same matrix can be used for each channel, or separate dither matrices derived from respective histograms could be used for each colour channel.
  • FIG. 2 shows an example of a 64 by 64 dither matrix. For simplicity, it is only partially completed with the range of threshold values. If the threshold values are 8 bit (corresponding to 8 bit colour levels), there are 255 thresholds. All 255 threshold levels appear in the matrix a number of times and the number of times a particular threshold occurs depends on the characteristics of the printhead and the aim to achieve a perceptually uniform colour space.
  • the dither matrix is repeatedly tiled across the contone image and the separate colour levels for pixel are compared to a corresponding threshold in the dither matrix. If the colour level exceeds the threshold, the printhead will eject a drop (of that particular colour) at that location, and if it is less than the threshold, no drop is ejected. Because the eye spatially averages the colour, it does not see the high frequency differences between the contone image and the halftoned image.
  • L nUn and L m3x can be derived in any number of ways. For example, many images will not have a pixel at level 0, or a pixel at level 256. hi this case, L nUn and L max can simply be the highest and lowest colour levels sampled. However, this does not take into account the tendency for the highest and lowest sampled colour levels to be outliers from the histogram distribution. Hence, using outliers as L mm and L nJ3x USUaIIy means the histogram is not expanded as much as it should.
  • a better approach is to select a portion of the pixels at either end of the histogram and set the highest of the low end portion to be L n U n , and the lowest of the high end portion to be L m3x .
  • Some experimentation may be required to optimize for each print engine pipeline, but taking the top and bottom 1/256 (or approximately 0.4%) of the histogram will usually account for any outliers. In other words, 0.4% of the samples are below Lmin and 0.4% of the samples are above L max - This approach is likely to provide visually better results than simply taking the extreme levels however, it is slightly more computationally intensive. There is also a risk of over expansion by taking a percentage from the top and bottom of the histogram. Too much expansion can introduce visible contouring in areas of with a ramped colour gradient (because of the large colour differences between adjacent pixels after expansion). To guard against this, the processor might impose a maximum allowable expansion.
  • any samples at Lmin or below are mapped to 0, and any sample at L m3X or more are mapped to 256.
  • the remainder of the histogram is then expanded between 0 and 255.
  • spikes at 0 and 256 because they now contain all the original L n ,, ⁇ and L max samples, as well as the outliers. However, this is not likely to have any detrimental effect on image quality.
  • Manipulating the input levels via the dither matrix also presents an opportunity to improve the image enhancement beyond that offered by histogram expansion.
  • mapping the old levels to new levels via equation 2 involves rounding as the new levels need to be integers (because of the printer hardware). Hence, some of the levels in the expanded histogram have no samples in them. As shown in Figure 4, these appear as gaps in the histogram. The colour difference between samples on either side of a gap is greater than the difference between the same samples in the unexpanded histogram. These increased colour differences are more likely to produce visible contouring in the printed image.
  • the comparison of the dither matrix with the contone CMY levels is a hardware function that requires the threshold values to be 8 bit integers only.
  • the software can reconstruct the original dither matrix at a higher granularity for a perceptually smooth transition between tone levels. This will effectively add sub- levels to each threshold so any collisions will between 2 sub-levels and consequently involve far fewer dots.
  • Table 1 shows the number of times some threshold values appear
  • the 64 by 64 matrix has 4096 elements so each of the 1 to 255 original threshold values will occur 4096/255, or about 16 times in the original matrix.
  • rounding causes some of the original thresholds to map to the same compressed threshold.
  • These colliding thresholds appear 32 times in the compressed matrix (e.g. compressed threshold 38 in Figure 6). So the number of dots added when moving from tone level 37 to 38, will be twice that of moving 38 to 39, or 36 to 37. Hence the increased risk of visually perceptible contouring.
  • the occurrences of the compressed thresholds can be more uniform. For example, if the original threshold values are 12 bit (or rather 8.2 bit) the original matrix essentially gains extra threshold levels. Table 2 sets out the finer grained original thresholds and the smoothing effect this has on the compressed matrix.
  • Enhancing the image by manipulating the dither matrix means that gathering image statistics can be reasonably heavily optimized because the impact of granularity issues on the final matrix (and therefore the printed image) is relatively minor.
  • the histogram need not have 256 levels. 64 levels (6 bit) may be adequate.
  • L 1J13x and Lm 1n portions of the image that can no longer have any impact on the end points of the histogram, may be ignored.
  • reasonable results may be obtained by computing or looking up a minimum and maximum value from each colour point, rather than each of the individual CMY values. AU these optimizations serve to reduce the processing burden on the PEC, and so shorten the time between docking the camera and printing the images.

Abstract

La présente invention concerne le traitement efficace de données d'images à tons continus qui consiste à déterminer une ou plusieurs caractéristiques des données d'images et à utiliser ces caractéristiques pour manipuler la matrice de tramage aléatoire afin d'améliorer l'image imprimée.
PCT/AU2006/000975 2006-07-10 2006-07-10 Procédé et appareil de manipulation d'images par l'intermédiaire d'une matrice de tramage aléatoire WO2008006131A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR20097002006A KR101000601B1 (ko) 2006-07-10 2006-07-10 디더 매트릭스를 통한 이미지 조작 방법 및 장치
CA002655306A CA2655306A1 (fr) 2006-07-10 2006-07-10 Procede et appareil de manipulation d'images par l'intermediaire d'une matrice de tramage aleatoire
EP06760845A EP2044571A4 (fr) 2006-07-10 2006-07-10 Procede et appareil de manipulation d'images par l'intermediaire d'une matrice de tramage aleatoire
PCT/AU2006/000975 WO2008006131A1 (fr) 2006-07-10 2006-07-10 Procédé et appareil de manipulation d'images par l'intermédiaire d'une matrice de tramage aléatoire
AU2006346021A AU2006346021B2 (en) 2006-07-10 2006-07-10 Method and apparatus for image manipulation via a dither matrix
CN2006800552744A CN101496060B (zh) 2006-07-10 2006-07-10 通过抖动矩阵操控图像的方法和装置

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/AU2006/000975 WO2008006131A1 (fr) 2006-07-10 2006-07-10 Procédé et appareil de manipulation d'images par l'intermédiaire d'une matrice de tramage aléatoire

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WO2008006131A1 true WO2008006131A1 (fr) 2008-01-17

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EP (1) EP2044571A4 (fr)
KR (1) KR101000601B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN101496060B (fr)
AU (1) AU2006346021B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2655306A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2008006131A1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

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US20100046017A1 (en) * 2008-08-22 2010-02-25 Ricoh Company, Ltd Image processing apparatus, image processing method, image forming apparatus, and computer program product
WO2014200495A1 (fr) * 2013-06-13 2014-12-18 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L. P. Établissement d'un pipeline d'image

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2582966A (en) 2019-04-11 2020-10-14 Xaar Technology Ltd Methods, apparatus and control systems for droplet deposition apparatus

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US6515770B1 (en) * 1999-03-16 2003-02-04 International Business Machines Corporation Dither mask generation with calibration-independent number of threshold levels
EP1271927A2 (fr) * 2001-06-22 2003-01-02 Eastman Kodak Company Procédé pour L'obtention de demi-teintes d'une image en couleur numérique, à canaux multiples, avec au moins un groupe similaire de canaux en couleur
JP2003110852A (ja) * 2001-10-02 2003-04-11 Dainippon Printing Co Ltd ハーフトーン処理方法および装置
US20040217972A1 (en) * 2003-04-30 2004-11-04 Minolta Co., Ltd. Image processing apparatus capable of creating a dither matrix providing improved image quality

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Cited By (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20100046017A1 (en) * 2008-08-22 2010-02-25 Ricoh Company, Ltd Image processing apparatus, image processing method, image forming apparatus, and computer program product
US8559082B2 (en) * 2008-08-22 2013-10-15 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Image processing apparatus for gamma conversion of image data
WO2014200495A1 (fr) * 2013-06-13 2014-12-18 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L. P. Établissement d'un pipeline d'image
US9760971B2 (en) 2013-06-13 2017-09-12 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Establish image pipeline

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2044571A4 (fr) 2011-07-06
KR101000601B1 (ko) 2010-12-10
CN101496060B (zh) 2012-07-04
EP2044571A1 (fr) 2009-04-08
CA2655306A1 (fr) 2008-01-17
CN101496060A (zh) 2009-07-29
AU2006346021A1 (en) 2008-01-17
KR20090025376A (ko) 2009-03-10
AU2006346021B2 (en) 2010-08-19

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