WO2007121593A1 - Procédé pour la mesure et la détermination de concentration dans un milieu mélangé - Google Patents
Procédé pour la mesure et la détermination de concentration dans un milieu mélangé Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007121593A1 WO2007121593A1 PCT/CH2006/000230 CH2006000230W WO2007121593A1 WO 2007121593 A1 WO2007121593 A1 WO 2007121593A1 CH 2006000230 W CH2006000230 W CH 2006000230W WO 2007121593 A1 WO2007121593 A1 WO 2007121593A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- infrared
- modulated
- infrared light
- volume
- mixed medium
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 31
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000007405 data analysis Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000009102 absorption Effects 0.000 description 34
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 23
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 5
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrous Oxide Chemical compound [O-][N+]#N GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001272 nitrous oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000013405 beer Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000008033 biological extinction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010895 photoacoustic effect Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011426 transformation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010200 validation analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/02—Details
- G01J3/10—Arrangements of light sources specially adapted for spectrometry or colorimetry
- G01J3/108—Arrangements of light sources specially adapted for spectrometry or colorimetry for measurement in the infrared range
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/02—Details
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/02—Details
- G01J3/0205—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows
- G01J3/0232—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows using shutters
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/02—Details
- G01J3/08—Beam switching arrangements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
- G01J3/2803—Investigating the spectrum using photoelectric array detector
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
- G01J3/42—Absorption spectrometry; Double beam spectrometry; Flicker spectrometry; Reflection spectrometry
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
- G01N21/3504—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light for analysing gases, e.g. multi-gas analysis
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
- G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
- G01J2001/4242—Modulated light, e.g. for synchronizing source and detector circuit
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
- G01J3/2846—Investigating the spectrum using modulation grid; Grid spectrometers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2201/00—Features of devices classified in G01N21/00
- G01N2201/06—Illumination; Optics
- G01N2201/061—Sources
- G01N2201/06186—Resistance heated; wire sources; lamelle sources
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2201/00—Features of devices classified in G01N21/00
- G01N2201/12—Circuits of general importance; Signal processing
- G01N2201/129—Using chemometrical methods
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to a method and system for the measurement and determination of the concentration of a certain component within a mixed medium (gas or fluid mixture), based on the optical measurement of the absorption or reflection properties of the medium, and its components, in the infrared wavelength region.
- Today continuously operated thermal emitters with broadband spectral emission characteristics are used as light sources in infrared photometers.
- a rotating or oscillating slit (chopper) light pulses are generated, which are needed for the frequency-selective "lock-In” measurement technique with the goal of rotating or oscillating slit (chopper) light pulses are generated, which are needed for the frequency-selective "lock-In” measurement technique with the goal of effective noise suppression (in some devices the sensor signal is based on a photo-acoustic effect, which also requires pulsed light; such devices are not subject of this invention disclosure).
- the wavelength selection is achieved by the use of non-dispersive media (optical filters, interference filters, etc.), which can be moved into the optical path (e.g. by being located on the chopper plate).
- Each component to be measured requires at least one filter to extract the spectral area, where this component has a remarkable (maximum) absorption and thus, suppress all the other radiation.
- a measurement in a spectral region without any influence of the component(s) to be measured is needed as a reference.
- a set of dedicated filters is needed for each possible combination of components.
- Spectrometers which are equipped with spectral broad band light sources (thermal emitters), have to utilize somewhere in the optical path a dispersive device like an optical grating or a prism and a beam deflection unit in combination with one detector (in this case the wavelength scan will take a certain time period) or lateral interference filters in combination with detector arrays (in this case one gets immediate information about the whole spectrum) to achieve their spectral resolution.
- a dispersive device like an optical grating or a prism and a beam deflection unit in combination with one detector (in this case the wavelength scan will take a certain time period) or lateral interference filters in combination with detector arrays (in this case one gets immediate information about the whole spectrum) to achieve their spectral resolution.
- lateral interference filters in combination with detector arrays
- the spectral absorption structure of the interesting component will be obtained.
- these spectrometers also use a mechanical modulation of the light beam to apply the ,,Lock-ln" technology for noise suppression.
- the Hadamard transformation was originally developed to increase the optical throughput in dispersive spectrometers.
- a mask with a special combination of slits is located in front of the detector.
- a series of masks which are coded according to the Hadamard method, a set of spectral data will be obtained, which can be post-processed in a Hadamard de-convolution process back to an absorption spectrum.
- the advantage of this method is the increased light intensity on the detector and thus the increase in signal-to-noise ratio by the use of more than one slits, which ends up in an improved signal-to-noise ratio of the calculated absorption spectrum (see for example: G. Nitzsche, R.
- the Hadamard transformation can also be applied in electronic circuits, namely in analogue signal amplifiers, to reduce the noise by coupling multiple channels of a detector together according to the Hadamard method before that signal will be amplified. This will lead also to an improved signal-to-noise ratio, now for the electronic signal instead of the optical signal, which was discussed in the previous section.
- chemometrics The goal of chemometrics is the determination of the concentration C,- of each component by the means of appropriate measurements.
- a reference spectrum lo( ⁇ ) is required. This could be realized by a stored data set, or a reference channel in the set-up.
- the measurement over a discrete number of spectral positions A n leads to a classical linear analytical problem, which can be described as:
- ⁇ n ⁇ is not a quadratic matrix, which denotes, that there is no distinct inverse matrix.
- the method of ..Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)" allows the calculation of a pseudo-inverse matrix, which is also the best solution of the linear system of equations in the sense of the ,,Least Square” method:
- FIG. 1 shows examples of such overlapping absorption structures in gas mixtures, which consists of water vapor and carbon dioxide (upper part of the Figure) and carbon monoxide, methane and nitrous oxide (lower part of the Figure)).
- the objective is achieved by a method according to claim 1 and an infrared process photometer according to claim 7. It is essential for the invention that - the modulated beam of infrared light is generated by means of a modulated broad band light source;
- the modulated beam is sent through a wavelength-selective device before being received by said infrared detector;
- a multi-channel detector array is used as said infrared detector.
- the modulated beam may thereby be sent through the wavelength-selective device either after or before having passed through said mixed medium.
- the electrical signals of the infrared detector are processed in accordance with the modulation of the infrared beam using a "Lock in” technique.
- Another embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the processed electrical signals from the infrared detector are analyzed using chemometrics to determine the concentration of at least one of a plurality of components within said mixed medium.
- chemometrics allows the determination of the different concentrations, even if their spectral absorption positions are partially overlapping, and improves the signal-to-noise ratio by the use of the whole spectral information about the occurring absorption.
- the signal-to-noise ratio is improved by using a Hadamard transformation for the received electrical signals before said signals are electronically processed, especially amplified.
- the use of the Hadamard transformation principle results in a remarkably improved signal-to-noise ratio and thus, a reduced noise equivalent power (NEP) of the system, which has for its part a positive impact on the achievable detection limits.
- NEP noise equivalent power
- the quality of the measurement can be further improved by doing a reference measurement by means of a reference channel.
- the modulated beam of infrared light is generated by electronically modulating, especially pulsing, a thin-film thermal emitter.
- said modulated infrared light source is a broad band light source;
- a wavelength-selective device is arranged between said broad band light source and said infrared detector;
- said infrared detector is a multi-channel detector array.
- the means for beam shaping may thereby be arranged between said broad band light source and said infrared detector.
- An embodiment of the photometer according to the invention is characterized in that said modulated infrared light source is an electronically pulsed thin-film thermal emitter.
- said wavelength selective device is one of an array of optical filters, a lateral linear interference filter or wedge filter, or an optical grating.
- said beam shaping means comprise a lens or a mirror.
- a further embodiment is characterized in that said signal processing unit uses Hadamard transformation means at its entrance stage to improve the signal-to- noise ratio.
- a data analysis unit is connected to the output of the signal processing unit, and said data analysis unit uses chemometrics to determine the concentration of at least one of a plurality of components within said mixed medium.
- a further embodiment of the photometer according to the invention is characterized in that a reference channel is provided for measuring absorption of a reference medium.
- said reference channel comprises a reference volume and two sets of mirrors for selectively passing the beam of infrared light either through said volume of said mixed medium or said reference volume.
- said reference channel may comprise a reference volume, beam deflecting means for passing said beam of infrared light through said reference volume, and separate infrared beam forming, detecting and processing means arranged behind said reference volume, which are similar to the beam forming, detecting and processing means arranged behind said volume of said mixed medium.
- Another embodiment is characterized in that said volume of said mixed medium and/or said reference volume are enclosed in an absorption cell.
- Fig. 1 shows examples of overlapping absorption structures in gas mixtures, which consists of water vapor and carbon dioxide (upper part of the Figure) and carbon monoxide, methane and nitrous oxide (lower part of the Figure);
- Fig. 2 is a simplified schematic representation of a first embodiment of an infrared process photometer according to the invention
- Fig. 3 is a simplified schematic representation of a second embodiment of an infrared process photometer according to the invention.
- Fig. 4 is a simplified schematic representation of a third embodiment of an infrared process photometer according to the invention, which is based on the embodiment according to Fig. 2 and comprises an additional reference channel;
- Fig. 5 is a simplified schematic representation of a fourth embodiment of an infrared process photometer according to the invention, which is similar to the embodiment according to Fig. 4, but comprises a different kind of reference channel.
- the basic idea of the invention is a robust system without movable parts and a method for optical measurements followed by the determination of different components and their concentrations in a mixture, even in the presence of strong cross interferences of the different absorption spectra.
- the mixture could be fluid or gaseous and is typically used in the process industry.
- the system consists of a spectral broad band and modulated infrared light source (preferably a novel electronically pulsed thin-film thermal emitter without moveable parts) in combination with a wavelength-selective element (preferably an array of optical filters, a lateral linear interference filter (wedge filter), or a optical grating) and a detector array with an appropriate signal processing, and an absorption path in-between the light source and the detector array.
- a wavelength-selective element preferably an array of optical filters, a lateral linear interference filter (wedge filter), or a optical grating
- chemometrics allows the determination of the concentrations of the different components, even if their spectral absorption positions are partially overlapping (see Fig. 1). This means, that all data points, where absorption occurs can be used for the calculation of one single concentration. Thus, the inherently maximum possible signal-to-noise ratio/accuracy of the measurement can be achieved.
- Fig. 2 Within the infrared photometer 10 of Fig. 2, infrared light is emitted by a modulated infrared light source 11.
- this infrared light source 11 is a novel electronically pulsed thin-film thermal emitter (such a thin-film thermal emitter is for example available from HawkEye Technologies, LLC, under the product name IR-40 or IR-43).
- the pulse mode is controlled for "lock-in" purposes by a signal processing unit 18 over a control line 22.
- the emitted infrared radiation passes an optional mechanical light modulator 12 (e.g. a chopper or oscillating shutter).
- the passing beam is then collimated by means of a first beam shaping element (lens or equivalent mirror optics) 13.
- the collimated beam runs through an absorbing medium, which may be contained in an absorption cell 14.
- An inlet 23 and an outlet are provided for loading and unloading of the absorption cell 14.
- a second beam shaping element (lens or equivalent mirror optics) 15 at the exit of the absorption cell 14 makes sure, that the following multi-channel detector array 17 is optimally illuminated.
- a wavelength-selective device 16 preferably an array of optical filters, a lateral linear interference filter (wedge filter), or a optical grating, which is provided between the broad band light source 11 and the multi-channel detector array 17 for wavelength selection purposes.
- the electrical signals at the output of the multi-channel detector array are processed in a signal processing unit 18 (preferably by the use of the Hadamard transformation method) and then analyzed in a data analysis unit 19, the analysis being based on chemometrics, whereby the concentrations of the different components in the absorbing medium in the absorption cell 14 are calculated.
- signal processing as well as signal and data analysis could also be performed within one unit.
- the results of the calculation process can be displayed on a display unit 21 , or stored in a storage, or used to control a process.
- Fig. 3 depicts an optimized version of an infrared (process) photometer 20 according to the invention, without any moveable parts.
- the infrared photometer 20 is equipped with a modulated (i.e. electronically pulsed) infrared light source 26 and a wavelength-selective multi-channel detector array 28.
- the Hadamard transformation principle is used for the electronic signals of the detector array 28 within the signal processing unit 29, and chemometrics is implemented for the data analysis within the data analysis unit 30.
- the results of the measuring process can be displayed on a display unit 31.
- the whole measuring and analyzing process is controlled by a central control unit 25, which also controls the modulation of the infrared light source 26.
- the absorbing medium to be analyzed is contained in an absorption cell 36, which has an inlet 38 and an outlet 37.
- the absorption cell 36 is arranged at the bottom of a housing 39, containing all parts 25, ..,31 of the measuring system.
- the sides of the absorption cell 36 are closed by a first window 34, through which the infrared light from the infrared light source 26 is reflected by a first (curved) mirror 32, and a second window 35, through which the light from the absorption cell 36 is reflected to the multi-channel detector array 28 by a second (curved) mirror 33.
- Wavelength selection is effected by means of a filter array 27 at the entrance of the multi-channel detector array 28.
- a reference channel could be realized according to Fig. 4 and 5 on the basis of the configuration of Fig. 2 by a) the use of a beam splitter 40 after the lens 13, and a reference channel comprising a deflecting mirror 41, a reference absorption cell 14', a beam shaping element 15', a wavelength-selective device 16', a multi-channel detector array 17', a signal processing unit 18' and a data analysis unit 19' (infrared photometer 10' in Fig.
- beam shaping element e.g. lens
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Abstract
L'invention concerne un procédé permettant de mesurer et de déterminer la concentration d'un certain composant dans un milieu mélangé par absorption de lumière infrarouge et comprend les étapes consistant à : - générer un faisceau modulé de lumière infrarouge, - faire passer ledit faisceau modulé de lumière infrarouge à travers le milieu mélangé, - recevoir ledit faisceau modulé après l'avoir fait passer à travers ledit milieu mélangé au moyen d'un détecteur infrarouge (17), - recevoir et traiter les signaux électriques dudit faisceau infrarouge, lesdits signaux étant caractéristiques du faisceau infrarouge modulé reçu. La mesure est sensiblement améliorée et simplifiée lorsque : - le faisceau modulé de lumière infrarouge est généré au moyen d'une source de lumière infrarouge modulée large bande, - le faisceau modulé est envoyé à travers un dispositif (16) sélecteur de longueurs d'onde après être passé à travers ledit milieu mélangé, et avant d'être reçu par ledit détecteur infrarouge (17), - un réseau détecteur multicanaux (17) est utilisé comme détecteur infrarouge.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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PCT/CH2006/000230 WO2007121593A1 (fr) | 2006-04-26 | 2006-04-26 | Procédé pour la mesure et la détermination de concentration dans un milieu mélangé |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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PCT/CH2006/000230 WO2007121593A1 (fr) | 2006-04-26 | 2006-04-26 | Procédé pour la mesure et la détermination de concentration dans un milieu mélangé |
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WO2007121593A1 true WO2007121593A1 (fr) | 2007-11-01 |
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PCT/CH2006/000230 WO2007121593A1 (fr) | 2006-04-26 | 2006-04-26 | Procédé pour la mesure et la détermination de concentration dans un milieu mélangé |
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Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2014037399A1 (fr) * | 2012-09-04 | 2014-03-13 | Abb Technology Ag | Dispositif et procédé de surveillance de pièces équipées d'appareils haute tension |
CN105717060A (zh) * | 2016-01-26 | 2016-06-29 | 黑龙江工程学院 | 一种气体成分和浓度测量方法 |
US10801950B2 (en) | 2015-09-01 | 2020-10-13 | Apple Inc. | Reference switch architectures for noncontact sensing of substances |
US11579080B2 (en) | 2017-09-29 | 2023-02-14 | Apple Inc. | Resolve path optical sampling architectures |
US11726036B2 (en) | 2014-12-23 | 2023-08-15 | Apple Inc. | Optical inspection system and method including accounting for variations of optical path length within a sample |
US11852318B2 (en) | 2020-09-09 | 2023-12-26 | Apple Inc. | Optical system for noise mitigation |
US11960131B2 (en) | 2018-02-13 | 2024-04-16 | Apple Inc. | Integrated photonics device having integrated edge outcouplers |
US12007275B2 (en) | 2016-04-21 | 2024-06-11 | Apple Inc. | Optical system for reference switching |
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Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2014037399A1 (fr) * | 2012-09-04 | 2014-03-13 | Abb Technology Ag | Dispositif et procédé de surveillance de pièces équipées d'appareils haute tension |
US9513204B2 (en) | 2012-09-04 | 2016-12-06 | Abb Technology Ag | Device and method for monitoring rooms equipped with high-voltage apparatuses |
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US10801950B2 (en) | 2015-09-01 | 2020-10-13 | Apple Inc. | Reference switch architectures for noncontact sensing of substances |
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