WO2007115884A2 - Trigger- und aktivierungsvorrichtung für zwei gekoppelte, wechselseitig aktivierbare kontrollsysteme, sowie entsprechendes verfahren - Google Patents
Trigger- und aktivierungsvorrichtung für zwei gekoppelte, wechselseitig aktivierbare kontrollsysteme, sowie entsprechendes verfahren Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2007115884A2 WO2007115884A2 PCT/EP2007/052362 EP2007052362W WO2007115884A2 WO 2007115884 A2 WO2007115884 A2 WO 2007115884A2 EP 2007052362 W EP2007052362 W EP 2007052362W WO 2007115884 A2 WO2007115884 A2 WO 2007115884A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- activation
- parameters
- control device
- triggering
- intervention
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q40/00—Finance; Insurance; Tax strategies; Processing of corporate or income taxes
- G06Q40/08—Insurance
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
- G06Q10/06—Resources, workflows, human or project management; Enterprise or organisation planning; Enterprise or organisation modelling
- G06Q10/063—Operations research, analysis or management
- G06Q10/0635—Risk analysis of enterprise or organisation activities
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
- G06Q20/08—Payment architectures
- G06Q20/10—Payment architectures specially adapted for electronic funds transfer [EFT] systems; specially adapted for home banking systems
- G06Q20/105—Payment architectures specially adapted for electronic funds transfer [EFT] systems; specially adapted for home banking systems involving programming of a portable memory device, e.g. IC cards, "electronic purses"
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q40/00—Finance; Insurance; Tax strategies; Processing of corporate or income taxes
- G06Q40/12—Accounting
Definitions
- Trigger and activation device for two coupled, mutually activatable control systems, and corresponding method
- the invention relates to an automated triggering and activating device for coupling two mutually activatable control or operational intervention systems, wherein the second
- Control device by means of the activation device when triggering predefined thresholds can be activated.
- the activation of the first and / or second control device may cause operational control and / or operational intervention to be decentralized or centralized by the control devices.
- Stops etc. hardly independently stabilize.
- As famous examples thereof may e.g. The failure of a memory chip manufacturing facility in Japan / Korea in the 1990's, with its full sequelae on related manufacturers and markets, or the effects of disasters and war-related failures of transport and conveying equipment in the oil industry.
- the roots of this phenomenon are, on the one hand, the globalization of markets with globally dynamic competition, in which production sites, products, labor, etc. can be quickly postponed and postponed, and, on the other hand, the increasingly shorter production cycles in many areas.
- the increasingly widespread stock market coding of large companies can also greatly increase correlations of instability effects.
- the capital tied up in the international financial markets is immense and follows its own difficult-to-trigger dynamics, which are only partially correlated with the rest of the market. These reasons have an effect that today major plant failures or
- Operational restrictions can hardly be intercepted in many industrial areas without the involvement of differentiated control and / or alarm deployment and / or operational intervention systems.
- Operational intervention systems can be based on very different fundamentals. Thus, for example, in a specific operation or production, they can intervene directly or partially automatically in certain cases, in particular take over, redirect or otherwise replace the technical operation of the system. This can be done, for example, through the use of
- Replacement devices such as on the large cargo ships through the mutual activation / deactivation of replacement propulsion devices, activation / deactivation of emergency generators, cooling systems, support systems taking into account the energy consumption, etc., etc.).
- intervention systems are also based on
- International Patent Application PCT / US00 / 21529 (CA2381253) of ACE INA Holding, INC., Philadelphia (US) shows such a mixed one
- Operational intervention system wherein monetary amounts are transferred and in turn activates the operation intervention upon the occurrence of a determinable and detectable event.
- the stochastic models typically include a combination of Poisson's processes, which are the number of occurring disasters along with a probability distribution of the magnitude of the operational failures at each disaster event. Quantifying catastrophic events and their impact on catastrophe derivatives is one of the other problems. It is known that several different modules of the prior art can be combined to achieve this quantification. Purchase options spreads are usually redefined each time and compared to current prices.
- the catastrophe derivatives presented here may, for example, comprise call spreads on the CBOT (Chicago Board of Trade) and be generated based on the PCS (Property Claim Service) loss index.
- Probabilistic model error estimates can be achieved, for example, by means of Monte Carlo or random models and operational failure or damage estimation procedures, and are well known in the art. Determination of the relationships between operating facilities, Damage estimates or downtime forecasts, operational intervention parameters (ie the conditions under which operational intervention is necessary) and the financial environment are more difficult.
- One prior art approach is based on the PCS (Property Claim Services) by relying on loss-indexed CAT-Dehvate or equivalent options. The most widely used options are called spreads and show in their framework parameters similarities to secondary or reinsurance contracts.
- Typical reinsurance contracts are triggered by an agreed minimum threshold for the amount of loss and are limited by a maximum payoff (eg the activation is triggered by a loss amount of $ 20 million with a maximum payoff of $ 10 million).
- CAT securities such as securities
- CAT securities may be based on the occurrence of risk events or claims, they may be treated as standard financial instruments.
- modeling of the claims is usually based on historical data, eg generated by the PCS or also historical market prices.
- historical data are not always available or sufficiently available, and changing conditions such as population growth, developments in the
- CBOT Chicago Board of Trade
- BCOE Bermuda Commodities Exchange
- the options are generally structured in such a way that it is triggered whether the operating losses or the amount of damage according to the Industry Loss Index have a exceeds predefined threshold. If so, the difference between the effective industry loss index and threshold is determined, which is then borne by the CAT option.
- the following parameters are typically important: amount of damage, damage period, development period, severance payment parameter or company intervention parameter, index measurement parameter.
- the CBOT CAT options are based on several parameters.
- PCS CaII spreads include a so-called Long CaII together with a first strike price equivalent to a trigger index - which allows the operations intervention system to cover losses, or perform operations interventions that are above the first threshold - as well as a Short CaII option a higher second threshold, which triggers the maximum payoff window.
- BCOE Cat options are based on the so-called Guy Carpenter GCCI Loss Index, which indicates the amount of operating interventions or claims reported to the ISO Insurance Service Organization.
- CAT Bond is given to investors by means of a Special Purpose Vehicle (SVP) for high interest rates or other compensation.
- SVP Special Purpose Vehicle
- the transfer of risk is realized by means of securities, the securities having a risk-coupled payoff structure. Since the release of Cat Bonds in 1996, among other things, the lack of standardization in measuring risk parameters has been one of the major barriers to the use and trading of CAT Bond on the market. Due to this poor transparency coupled with great complexity and hard-to-determine correlations, the market is usually limited to professional investors.
- triggering the CAT bonds involves individual loss indices, for example of a specific insurance industry or the aforementioned Industry Loss Index, which creates a greater underlying risk and a corresponding risk.
- Two classes of CAT bonds are distinguished: (i) Compensation-based CAT bonds directly use the expense of the operations intervention system or the value-based loss coverage system as threshold parameters for the payout; (ii) Index or recapitalization CAT Bond uses industry index loss values (eg PCS or GCCI).
- Important parameters to be determined for the CAT bonds are initial commitments or compilation of the relevant portfolio (ie the units assigned to the operations intervention system), transferred risk-time interval, possibly compensation parameters, trigger level, risk index, assigned or covered geographic area.
- FIG. 2 shows the most important examples of the prior art: (i) Compensation parameter triggers are based on the effectively transferred compensation or the effective extent of the operational intervention by the company intervention system or the value-based system
- Damage coverage system such as the primary insurance industry
- Industry Index Transaction Triggers are based on an industry-wide index of operations intervention or damage (for example, Property Claim Services or "PCS" in the US);
- Pure parameter triggers are based on physical parameters of the triggering risk event (e.g., earthquake magnitude on the Richter scale or wind speeds on cyclones);
- Parametric index triggers are a modified form of pure parameter triggers that often use more complex relationships and / or more detailed measurement locations or units of measurement;
- Modeled Loss Transaction Triggers trigger based on the effective physical measures of the risk event in combination with simulated operational intervention models to determine the trigger values and activate corresponding activation units.
- Simple post-loss equity is based on the allocation of new monetary values or the issuance of new securities at a reduced price to cover the loss caused by the losses.
- post-equity equity financing is a method of exempting non-liquid assets, such as franchise values, in such money-based systems;
- CE puts Cat Equity Put Option
- the Industry Index Trigger in which weighted index parameters are incremented by means of defined or fixed weight parameters for different geographical units and industries and which index value is generated by an index provider (such as PCS in the USA), It is also referred to as a so-called Fix-Weight Industry Index Trigger or FII Trigger and offers some technical improvements over a Basic Industry Index Trigger (as described above) and can serve as an alternative to a Modeled Loss Trigger.
- Modeled Loss Triggers and FII Triggers have conflicting fundamental risks: (a) The Fll Trigger does not take into account differences in market shares per event and geographic unit, ie it ignores known parameters relating to contractual or otherwise defined policy terms, inuring covers and the so-called Underwriting criteria in a given state (such as statutory requirements); and (b) modeled loss triggers: Does the leading or dominant company with the industry level link secondary uncertainties that are not present in the FII trigger. The optimal trigger for these two trigger modules is likely to be between these two extremes, depending on the transmission involved.
- the triggering and activating device for coupling two mutually activatable control or operation intervention systems of the first control device are associated with a plurality of operating devices and the second control device can be activated by means of the activation device when triggering predefined thresholds that means a first synchronization module transferable Radiointerventionsparameter a LookupTable with the first control device associated operating devices and stored by a second Synchronsiationsmodul storable threshold parameters for activating the second control device are that physical measurement parameters of intervention events detectable by means of corresponding detection devices and transferable to the activation device, wherein by means of a first filter module based on the ph ysical measurement parameters and a dynamic weighting of the lookup table an intervention event bag is incremented, and that by means of the first filter module based on the synchronized threshold parameters and the intervention event event corresponding activation parameters are generated and, if the activation parameters exceed the predetermined threshold, the second control device by means of the activation device activated is.
- the event parameters that means a first synchronization module
- Activation parameters may include, for example, the determinable threshold.
- the invention has the advantage that the dynamic weighting of the lookup table in combination with the others Inventions features a much greater accuracy and safety in the activation is achieved. At the same time, the transparency of the system increases considerably.
- the detection devices may include at least sensors for measuring physical event parameters of an intervention event, the sensors being assignable to a particular area and / or at least one operating device.
- the activation parameters may include, for example, at least one of the determinable thresholds.
- the first control device can in particular be activated, for example, when transmitting event parameters.
- the invention further has the advantage that it remains completely stable even with automation, especially in poorly detectable events with a small statistical occurrence.
- a further advantage is that a reduction of the fuse parameters can be achieved with the first control device, which makes the system more competitive and better adapted.
- the system can be quickly and dynamically adapted to new conditions. This was previously not possible in the prior art.
- the solution according to the invention achieves a technical optimization and automation of the systems which have hitherto been unknown in the state of the art.
- the activation device may comprise a normalization unit, wherein a second intervention event bag can be generated by means of the normalization unit based on the intervention stack normalized with the first event stack and the second event stack, and wherein the first filter module is based on the synchronized threshold parameters and second intervention event bag the activation parameters can be generated.
- the second intervention event bag can also be based, for example, on the PCS (Property Claim Services) or a similar index.
- the accumulated operating devices of the Lookup Table may include, for example, all associated and unassigned operating devices of an intervention event and / or a determinable area.
- Detection devices means for dynamically detecting and transmitting the physical measurement parameters of intervention events. This variant has u.a. the advantage that it can automatically respond to the latest events without further action. This can be done by means of the present device even in real-time if useful.
- the dynamic weighting of the lookup table is carried out in such a way that by means of
- Detection devices current operating parameters of all available or predetermined relevant operating devices are transmitted to the activation device and the individual operating devices of the lookup table are weighted accordingly.
- This variant has u.a. the advantage that the weighting based on the most recent valuation of
- the detection devices at least partially comprise measuring devices with corresponding sensors for measuring the physical measurement parameters.
- the activation device may comprise eg a network interface, the activation device being connected to decentralized distributed measuring devices via the network interface, and the measuring devices being arranged in cellular, geographically and / or topologically definable units or zones and being geophysical, atmospheric and / or maritime via the network interface Transmission parameters from the measuring devices on the activation device and / or stored.
- the Transmission of the measuring parameters from the measuring devices to the activating device can take place, for example, periodically and / or on request of the activating device.
- the transmission of the measuring parameters from the measuring devices to the activating device can also take place, for example, when predefined threshold values are exceeded.
- the measuring devices may include, for example, measuring sensors which are connected to the measuring device via an air interface or a hard-wired interface or via a contact-type interface.
- the measuring sensors may include, for example, sensors for measuring water and / or air temperature and / or seismic ground movements.
- the embodiment variant has, inter alia, the advantage that, in contrast to the prior art, effective physical measured variables can be used dynamically in parallel to model determinations.
- the frame parameters of the individual modules do not have to be fixed in advance.
- the activatable control or operational intervention systems are monetary value-based, and upon activation of the control or operation intervention systems, storable and protected data elements can be transferred to the operating devices or their associated system units, which data elements at least storable monetary amount values and / or corresponding
- Data tokens include.
- the activation device e.g. when at least one of the threshold values is exceeded, billing data with billing parameters for crediting and / or debiting funds amount values are automatically transmitted to a clearing module.
- the trigger and activation device may e.g. a clearing module, wherein based on the activation parameters clearing data can be transmitted to the clearing module, which clearing data billing data for the
- Activation of the second control device and / or feedback of the first control device comprise.
- the clearing module for example, according to the received clearing data, the second control device be releasable for activation and / or be the first control device feedback.
- the triggering and activating device comprises means for encrypted and access-controlled transmission of the activation pulse and / or the activation parameters, wherein a data token can be generated for decrypting the access-controlled activation pulse according to transmitted access request data and can be transmitted to the corresponding control device, the data token in each case data comprising at least parts of a corresponding key to the access controlled encrypted activation pulse, or access permission to a key for decrypting the activation pulse.
- the data token can be encrypted and / or electronically signed, for example.
- the embodiment variant has the advantage, inter alia, that the device allows a high level of safety and a technically stable behavior in exchange between the systems.
- the data token can be encrypted and / or electronically signed, for example.
- the encryption can be carried out, for example, via public key cryptography, in particular SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) or HTTPS.
- SSL Secure Sockets Layer
- HTTPS HyperText Transfer Protocol
- Figure 1 is a block diagram schematically showing an activating and triggering device 11 which can be used to implement the invention.
- Decentralized detection devices 401, 402, 404, 41 1, 412, 413, 421, 422, 423 detect corresponding events by means of sensors and / or measuring devices and transmit them to a first control device 10 by means of event parameters, wherein based on an operation-specific activation corresponding to the transmitted event parameters, a second control device 12 by means of the first control device 10 is activated.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic block diagram of the different types of triggers of the prior art.
- FIG. 3 illustrates by means of the curve an example of a ratio of transmitted event parameters.
- B shows that of the first
- the ratio of transmitted event parameters to the interventions compensated by the operating devices 40,..., 42 can be greater than 1, while I shows the range in which the ratio is less than 1.
- this is also referred to as loss in the first control device 10.
- so-called SL (stop-loss) methods are also used, based on the totality of all damage to a technical device or for the duration of the SL procedure for value-based operating intervention systems.
- Figure 1 illustrates an architecture that may be used to implement the authentication of the invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a block diagram which schematically shows a device according to the invention and a corresponding method for coupling two mutually activatable control or operational intervention systems 10/12.
- the first control device is associated with a plurality of operating devices 40/41/42.
- the second control device 12 can be activated by means of the activation device 11 when triggering predefined threshold values.
- a first synchronization module 1 1 1 1 transferable Radiointerventionsparameter a LookupTable 1 15 with the first control device 10 associated operating devices 40/41/42 between control device 10 and operating devices 40/41/42 synchronized.
- a second synchronizing module 1 1 12 storable threshold parameters for the activation of the second control device 12 between the first control device 10 and the second control device 12 are synchronized.
- the intervention events may include any kind of need for operational interventions, where operational interventions may be based on downtime, operational restrictions or any damage to the operation.
- Operating intervention events may e.g. Natural events or natural disasters such as Earthquakes, floods, droughts, hurricanes, etc. It can also be business interruptions due to terrorist activities. It may be in the intervention events but also events such as fires, longer
- a first filter module 1 12 is based on the physical measurement parameters and a dynamic Weighting of Lookup Table 1 15 an intervention event bag 1 121 incremented.
- the intervention event bag 1 121 can be implemented in software and / or hardware.
- Dynamic weighting of the LookupTable 1 15 means that the operating devices are only weighted to one another at the required time. This considerably increases the accuracy and reliability of the system despite the full automation. Likewise, a much greater degree of transparency is given than is the case with the conventional systems of the prior art. In the prior art, dynamic weighting of the operating devices 40,..., 42 was not possible intrinsically.
- the second control device 12 is activated by means of the activation device 1 1.
- the activation device 1 1 can generate at least one activation pulse for activation and transmitted to the first and / or second control device 10/12 via an interface.
- the activation device 11 may comprise, for example, means for dynamic activation of the first control device 10 and / or second control device 12.
- dynamic means that the first and / or second control device 10/12 can be activated directly and / or completely automatically by the activation device, ie that no further interaction by the operator and / or modules / devices is required.
- the first control device 10 can be activated, for example, when transmitting event parameters.
- the event parameters can be generated, for example, by the operating devices 40,..., 42, but they can also be generated and transmitted, for example, by the detection devices and / or measuring stations 401/402/403, 41 1/412/413, 421/422/423 become.
- Event parameters may include or be normalized and / or protected and / or transmittable units as so-called event unit parameters.
- the storable and protected event unit parameters can also include, for example, storable monetary amount values and / or corresponding data tokens as an embodiment variant.
- the activation can eg during Transmission of the event parameters to the first control device and / or operation intervention device 10 by the first control device 10 itself or the first control device 10 is generated by means of the affected operating device 40,..., 42.
- it may be more than sensible that the activation and trigger device 1 1 controls the activation of the first control device, which allows an additional control function and security by the activation device 1 1.
- a second filter module 14 for example, in an embodiment variant for a determinable intervention event and / or time interval, all operating devices 40,..., 44 of a determinable area and / or intervention event can be stored cumulatively in a memory unit. Based on the transmitted physical measurement parameters and the operation intervention parameters of the cumulative operating devices 40,..., 44, a first event stack 1 141 is incremented. By means of the second filter module 14, a second event stack 142 can be incremented based on the operating interventions performed for the cumulative operating devices 40,..., 44. The second event stack 1 142 is based on transmitted parameters of the PCS (Property Claim Services) or a similar public or private index.
- PCS Property Claim Services
- the generation of the activation parameters can then be realized, for example, by means of the first filter module 1 12 additionally based on the first and second event stack 1 141/1 142.
- the accumulated operating devices may include look-up table associated and unassigned operating devices 40/41/42 of an intervention event and / or a determinable topographic or geographic area.
- the second filter module 1 14 may, for example, comprise a normalization unit, wherein the normalization unit generates a second intervention event bag 1 122 based on the intervention stack 1 121 normalized with the first event stack 1 141 and the second event stack 1 142.
- the first filter module 1 12 then generates the activation parameters, for example, based on the synchronized threshold parameters and the second intervention event bag 1 122.
- the detection devices 401/402/403; 41 1/412/413; 421/422/423 may include, for example, sensors for measuring physical event parameters of an intervention event.
- the sensors may be associated with a particular area and / or one or more operating devices 40, ..., 42.
- the physical measurement parameters of intervention events can, for example, be detected dynamically and / or in real time by means of corresponding detection devices 401/402/403, 41 1/412/413, 421/422/423. This allows the system to react immediately to changing conditions and to initiate operational interventions.
- Table is performed dynamically, i. e.g. based on changed conditions or on request of the activation device 1 1.
- This may e.g. realized by means of detection devices 401/402/403; 41 1/412/413; 421/422/423 current operating parameters of all available and / or predetermined relevant operating devices 40, ..., 42 are transmitted to the activation device 1 1 and the individual operating devices of the lookup table 1 15 by means of the activation device 1 1 are weighted accordingly.
- the weighting may be e.g. Also include a dynamic market analysis and weighting of the individual operating devices 40, ..., 42 in the market by means of appropriate analysis module.
- necessary parameters of the market can be dynamically added e.g. Obtained and used by official example stock market data etc. or other databases.
- the detection devices 401/402/403; 41 1/412/413; 421/422/423 may e.g. at least partially comprise measuring devices with corresponding sensors for measuring the physical measurement parameters.
- the activation device 11 may include one or a plurality of network interfaces to one or more networks 50. Via the network 50, the activation device 1 1 can be sent via the network interface e.g. with decentralized distributed measuring devices
- the measuring devices 401/402/403; 41 1/412/413; 421/422/423 may be used, for example, in cellular, geographical and / or topologically definable units or zones, and by means of the network interface transmit geophysical, atmospheric and / or maritime measurement parameters from the measuring devices 401/402/403, 41 1/412/413, 421/422/423 to the activation device 11.
- the measuring parameters can be determined by the measuring devices
- the request can be generated by the activation device 11 and / or one of the control devices 10/12 and / or one of the operating devices 40,..., 42 and / or one of the detection devices 401,..., 422.
- the measurement parameters from the measuring devices 401/402/403, 41 1/412/413, 421/422/423 may e.g. be transferred to the activation device 1 1 when exceeding predefinable thresholds.
- the measuring devices 401/402/403, 41 1/412/413, 421/422/423 may e.g.
- Measuring sensors include, which are connected to the measuring device via an air interface or a hardwired interface or via a contact interface.
- the measuring sensors may include, for example, sensors for measuring water and / or air temperature and / or seismic ground movements. However, they can also include sensors for measuring operating parameters of the operating devices 40,..., 42.
- money-based, activatable control or operational intervention systems 10/12 for activating the control or operation intervention systems 10/12 e.g. storable and protected data element to the operating devices 40, ..., 42 or their associated system units are transmitted.
- the data elements may e.g. storable monetary values and / or corresponding data tokens include.
- the activation device 11 may be e.g. when at least one of the thresholds is exceeded, billing data with billing parameters for crediting and / or debiting funds amount values is automatically transmitted to a clearing module.
- the triggering and activating device 1 1, for example, in addition Clearing, wherein based on the activation parameters clearing data are transmitted to the clearing module.
- the clearing data may include, for example, billing data for the activation of the second control device 12 and / or feedback or coupling of the first control device 10.
- the second control device 12 can be released for activation and / or the first control device 10 can be fed back.
- the activation parameters may include at least one of the determinable thresholds.
- electronically signed billing documents can be transmitted via the activation device 11 or directly to the corresponding control device 10, 12.
- electronically signed monetary amounts and / or monetary value tokens and / or billing receipts can be transmitted from the first control device 10 to the second control device 12 for the purpose of coupling.
- Activation device 11 may be e.g. Means for encrypted and access-controlled transmission of the activation pulse and / or the activation parameters include, wherein for decrypting the access-controlled activation pulse according to transmitted access request data, a data token is generated and transmitted to the corresponding control device 10,12.
- the data token can e.g. each data comprising at least parts of a corresponding key to the access-controlled encrypted activation pulse, or an access permission to a key for decrypting the activation pulse.
- the data token can e.g. encrypted and / or electronically signed.
- the encryption can e.g. via public key cryptography, in particular SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) or HTTPS.
- parameterized operational risks for example, to be transmitted from a multiplicity of user devices 40,..., 42 to the first control device 10 by means of corresponding parameters, with event parameters and / or corresponding monetary value amounts corresponding to the transferred operating risks User devices 40, ..., 42 are incremented to the intervention event stack of the access-controlled storage device.
- triggering and activating device 11 may relate to control and operational intervention systems 10/12 of various fields of technology and various types of control functions and / or operational interventions.
- the multi-level control, monitoring and / or operational intervention systems may be technical devices within an operation or a technical facility. However, they may also relate to centralized systems which trigger a corresponding operational intervention by means of an activation signal by the activation device according to the invention, such as e.g. Alarm systems, damage control systems (e.g., fire extinguishing systems, interlock systems, supply control systems, control devices for enabling / disabling replacement propulsion devices on large cargo ships, for example, enabling / disabling emergency generators, cooling systems, energy efficiency support systems, alarm systems, etc., etc.).
- Alarm systems e.g., damage control systems (e.g., fire extinguishing systems, interlock systems, supply control systems, control devices for enabling / disabling replacement propulsion devices on large cargo ships, for example, enabling / disabling emergency generators, cooling systems
- the invention may also include automated or partially automated operational intervention systems based on transferable monetary amounts such as, for example: Damage intervention systems, which are activated by the triggering and activating device 11 according to the invention.
- Damage intervention systems which are activated by the triggering and activating device 11 according to the invention.
- the activation of the control systems 10/12 would mean in this particular case the cover of the damage incurred in the corresponding operating device 40,..., 42.
- the embodiment of automated or semi-automated damage coverage systems can do this, e.g. also
- the damage coverage system or damage intervention system comprises a transferable damage coverage amount corresponding to a damage to a control device 10/12 or the operation device 40, ..., 42 associated with LookupTable 15 (the user device may then be referred to as "insured"), and which the user device is associated with the occurrence of a risk and / or damage for a particular technical operating device 40, ..., 42 or damage event in general.
- damage and / or Damage events such as flood disasters and / or floods and / or earthquakes include.
- the transfer includes a remuneration and / or premium to the damage intervention scheme in favor of this cover. This has already been done technically above.
- the activation method may include a transfer from the second control device 12, such as, for example, boundary condition parameters corresponding to a reinsurance contract.
- the first control device 10 in the case of the automated insurance system transfers or transfers the first control device 10 to the second control device 12 a portion of the risk based on the operation intervention parameters of the first control device 10 of the the Lookup Table 1 15 assigned operating devices 40, ..., 42 has taken over.
- the second control device 12 in the case of the automated insurance system transfers or transfers the first control device 10 to the second control device 12 a portion of the risk based on the operation intervention parameters of the first control device 10 of the the Lookup Table 1 15 assigned operating devices 40, ..., 42 has taken over.
- Control device 12 may be associated and / or this transfer in particular a portfolio of risk and / or risk record and which, for example, includes homogeneous and / or complementary risk and / or risk and which provides a technically controllable support of the system.
- Control device 12 can be achieved by checking and filtering correlations.
- value-based control devices 10/12 for example by means of an analysis module of the activation device 1 1 and / or the control device 10,12 two storable threshold parameters Si and S 2 of a first interval F 1 include.
- the second control device 12 can be activated accordingly. It may also include, for example, two further storable threshold parameters S 1 'and S 2 ' of a second interval F 2 of expected values for which expected values the first control device 10 is fed back to the second control device 12.
- the parameters S 1 , S 2 , S 1 ', and S 2 ' are variable by means of the synchronization modules 11 1 1, 1 1 12, wherein the synchronization modules 1 1 1 1, 1 1 12 the analysis module activated until the parameters within a determinable variance.
- the second interval F 2 may include, for example, expected value parameters for seizure probabilities for which Expected value parameter at the end of the determinable and synchronized time window of the intervention event bag 1 121 includes non-decremented event unit parameters.
- Operational interventions of control devices 10/12 may also involve generally transmitted, parameterized operational risks of
- Operating devices 40, ..., 42 include. These parameterized and / or parameterizable operating risks can be transmitted from a multiplicity of operating devices 40,..., 42 to the first control device 10 by means of corresponding parameters. Corresponding to the transferred operating risks, corresponding monetary value amounts are transmitted by the operating devices 40,..., 42, for example to an access-controlled storage unit assigned to the first and / or second control device 10/12. Of course, the storage unit may also belong to specialized systems third party, such as appropriate financial institutions. Also very generally, the triggering and / or activating device 11 according to the invention can be realized either as an independent network unit with an interface to the network 50, but also as a unit directly assigned to the first and / or the second control device 10/12.
- the trigger and / or activation device 1 1 can also be implemented as a fee-based service for control devices 10/12, as is the case with content providers.
- the control devices 10/12 can access, for example, via an interface to chargeable services of the activation and / or synchronization device 1 1.
- the control device 10/12 transmits to a request a stored on a SIM card of the control device 10/12 IMSI to a control gateway module, the IMSI the control device 10/12 stored in a database of a SIM-RADIUS module becomes.
- the control devices 10/12 and / or the triggering and activating device 11 may have the necessary infrastructure, including hardware and software components, to implement the described method and / or system.
- the first and / or second control device 10/12 and / or the triggering and activating device 11 may include one or more different physical network interfaces that may also support multiple different network standards.
- the physical For example, network interfaces may include interfaces to WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network), Bluetooth, GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication), GPRS (Generalized Packet Radio Service), USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Services Data), UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), and / or Ethernet or another wired Local Area Network (LAN), etc.
- the network 50 may be for various heterogeneous networks, such as a Bluetooth network, eg for installations in covered locations, a mobile network with GSM and / or UMTS etc., a wireless LAN based for example on IEEE wireless 802.1 x, but also one Wired LAN, ie a local fixed network, in particular also the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) etc ..
- a Bluetooth network eg for installations in covered locations
- a wireless LAN based for example on IEEE wireless 802.1 x
- Wired LAN ie a local fixed network
- PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
- the interfaces can not only use packet-switched interfaces, such as those used by network protocols such as Ethernet or Tokenring, but also circuit-switched interfaces, which can be used with protocols such as PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol). or GPRS (Generalized Packet Radio Service), ie which interfaces have, for example, no network address such as a MAC or DLC address.
- PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
- SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol
- GPRS Generalized Packet Radio Service
- communication may be over the LAN, for example by means of special short messages, eg SMS (Short Message Services), EMS (Enhanced Message Services), via a signaling channel such as USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Services Data) or other techniques such as MExE (Mobile Execution Environment), GPRS (Generalized Packet Radio Service), WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) or UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) or over IEEE wireless 802.1 x or another user channel done.
- the control devices 10/12 and / or the triggering and activating device 11 may, for example, even comprise a mobile IP module and / or an IPsec module.
- the main task of the Mobile IP is to authenticate the possibly mobile control devices 10/12 and / or trigger and activation devices 1 1 in the IP network and the IP packets, the corresponding control device 10/12 and / or trigger and activation device 1 1 as Destination address have to redirect accordingly.
- Mobile IP supports IPv6 and IPv4 in particular.
- the Mobile IP capabilities can preferably be combined with the security mechanisms of an IPsec (IP security protocol) module to guarantee secure mobile data management on the public Internet.
- IPsec IP security protocol
- IP security protocol generates packet-wise or socket-wise authentication / authentication mechanisms between network nodes that use both IPsec.
- IPsec One of the flexibilities of IPsec lies in the fact that it can be configured in packets but also for individual sockets. IPsec supports IPvx, especially IPv6 and IPv4. For more detailed IPsec specifications see eg Pete Loshin: IP Security Architecture; Morgan Kaufmann Publishers; 1 1/1999 or A Technical Guide to IPsec; James S et al .; CRC Press, LLC; 12/2000 etc. Although IPsec has been described in this embodiment as an example of the use of IP-level security protocols, all other possible security protocols or mechanisms, or even the omission of security protocols, are contemplated by the invention.
- the trigger and activation device 11 is particularly suitable for the different automated or semi-automated systems for damage coverage by coupling a second control device 12, such as e.g. also reinsurance systems.
- a second control device 12 such as e.g. also reinsurance systems.
- the second control device 12 is activated by transmission only if the annual incremented
- Intervention event parameter intervention event value ie the annual sum or the sum of any other definable unit of time, of the monetary amounts of the loss coverages (for example those transferred by a specific user device, such as an insurer) Monetary value values) exceeds a determinable or predetermined threshold value (eg as one of the synchronized parameters) ("stop loss").
- a classical SL method comprises the following elements and parameters: (i) a determinable threshold as the upper limit for loss in claims coverage, or an identifiable franchise corresponding to a threshold such that the determinable transferable monetary values are unambiguously guaranteed; maximum transferable monetary value for the second control device 12 (eg, the reinsurance system), which corresponds to a maximum amount of money received from the second control device 12, (iii) the charging parameters corresponding to the reimbursement and / or the premium parameter that the second control device 12, eg the reinsurance system, as compensation for the risk transferred to it, (iv) A determinable time interval for the duration of the agreed procedure, which may be fixed for example at one year or several years. But also any other time intervals are conceivable in principle.
- At least one of the control devices 10, 12 or the activation device 1 1 must determine the variables whose risk value can be assigned to a specific damage category.
- the best balance between the two quantity parameter is determined.
- an upper threshold and / or threshold for the loss limit is determined.
- This threshold value for the loss limit corresponds to the maximum monetary value of the damage cover, which the first control device 10 alone assumes or for which it alone is activated.
- the equilibrium determination can also be performed jointly for a plurality of operating devices 40,..., 42 of the first control device 10.
- the first control device 10 dhid case eg the cedant
- one or more second control devices 12 id case example reinsurance systems suggest a parameter size for the one or more damage coverage to be transferred, if a definable threshold value for the loss money amount value is exceeded.
- the second control device 12 checks on its side, for example by means of a Monte Carlo module, the transmitted parameters based on the probability factors for risk taking and activating the second control device 12.
- the second control device can also act as a kind of relay device. It may be meaningful that only the global value of the risks and their characteristics are transmitted, but not the detailed procedure or analysis of the first control device 10, ie the cedant.
- the second control devices 12 may include corresponding means for correctly modeling the expected operations interventions or damage events. The determination can not only be based on "normal" claims, but also on exceptionally rare and / or unusually frequent cases.
- the second control devices 12 may comprise, for example, means for determining the premium parameters or the monetary value values which, in return for assuming the risks, should be remunerated by the cedant, ie the first control device 10 to the second control device 12, as well as the upper threshold value at which the risk assumption is limited by the reinsurance system. This too can be part of the synchronization according to the invention.
- the determination of the premium parameters can, for example, be based on the modeling mentioned.
- the second control device 12 may include a variable upper threshold, for example, when the first control device 10 suggests a larger time interval for damage coverage (optional or not optional), ie, transmit and deduce a correspondingly higher premium.
- the second checking device 12 may in particular comprise means for different monetary value values for premiums corresponding to the assumption of different risk levels, eg based on the size of the covering means (eg available monetary values) of the second checking device 12 and / or the covering structure of the first checking device 10
- Simulation modules can, for example, provide a damage curve for activating the first control device 10 and can be realized, as mentioned, eg by means of Monte Carlo modules, the Monte Carlo modules comprising the necessary hardware and / or software components.
- the second control device 12 determines the size of the monetary value values for the remuneration.
- the second control device 12 may perform the determination of the monetary value values for the premiums corresponding to different levels of risk assumption before performing the synchronization by means of transmission with the first control device 10 of the boundary conditions, ie inter alia
- the amount of the risk assumption comprises the threshold value for the loss amount, corresponding to a maximum value, which is taken over by the first control device 10 and the maximum value of the damage cover, which has to be taken over by the second control device 12 for the transferred monetary amount values of the premiums.
- the second control device 12 may, in the case of cash-based systems, generally take over potential size units of certain risks which have been transferred to the first control device 10 (eg the insurer) under certain conditions. These conditions may include, in particular, the fact that the real level of these risks (eg the number and extent of operating interventions to be carried out and / or damage and / or claims) does not exceed a certain level. In other words, the second control device 12 is activated and / or activated only from a determinable level or parameter of the risks and takes over from there the risks and / or damages for which the first control device 10 should actually have been active.
- the magnitude or magnitude of the risks for which the second control device 12 can be activated by means of transmission can itself be limited by an ascertainable threshold value.
- the second control device 12 for the service provided may be remunerated by the first control device 10, for example by means of transferred monetary amounts.
- the annealing may be typical of the first control device 10 in the Advance, ie for a pending period, such as before a seizure year to take over the risks. In principle, however, the reverse is also conceivable, for example.
- the second control device 12 (in the case of value-based systems as a variant embodiment, eg the reinsurance systems) comprises the means necessary for the capitalization. These may in particular also include transferable monetary amounts.
- the second control device 12 also includes means for determining the risks.
- the second control device 12 can be activated by a group of first control devices 10, which first control devices 10 comprise a homogeneous mixture of transmitted risks in a specific technical field.
- the second control device 12 and / or the first control device 10 can access databases which store statistical data stored under different risks. Access can be access-controlled, bidirectional and / or unidirectional.
- the second control device 12 and / or the first control device 10 may comprise filter modules in order to assign statistical data to a determinable risk and / or technical area if the data of the databases do not include this request.
- the proper functioning of the analysis means is important to the system, since poorly or incorrectly calculated risks directly influence the activation of the second control device 12. Also, the wrong analysis can influence and distort values for future risks. In other words, the overall system will no longer behave predictably when certain risks occur. In extreme cases, this can not only affect the functioning of the system, but completely fail.
- the system generally comprises device-specific means for synchronizing the boundary conditions of transmission between the second control device 12 and the first control device 10. These means may be activated automatically or partially automatically based on the statistical predictions. The activation is based at least on the synchronization of the remuneration (eg by means of monetary values) in Dependence on the assumption of determinable risks and the probability of occurrence of the risks.
- the first and / or second control devices 10/12 and / or triggering and activating device 11 may comprise a memory unit (eg the history modules) for associated storage of statistical data for a particular technical device or area, the data being weighted by risks for operational interventions in Depending on their temporal occurrence, for example, the flood risks or frequency of occurrence of flooding depending on the seizure years include. Furthermore, an analysis and / or filtering device for filtering the relevant data concerning a determinable risk and the automated modeling of the corresponding structures to determine the probabilities of future events or risks.
- the devices may also include, for example, a first variable parameter associated with a first threshold V 1 based on the
- the stored weight quantities of the storage unit can be, for example, relative ratios without dimension, for example the ratio S / P or a ratio of possible losses, whereby for a seizure year the damage quantity S is eg a monetary amount to cover damage reports or damages of the first control device 10, ie for example the cedant , and the premium size P comprises, for example, a monetary value for the monetary value transferred from the first control device 10 to the second control device 12 for the remuneration of the assumed risks.
- the dimensionless parameter S / P was used as an example here, other corresponding variable parameters are also possible. For example, it may make sense to operate the system using absolute parameters, since the ratio of risks / losses to premiums can be determined at least statistically.
- the above-mentioned statistical data may include, in particular, value parameters for the ratio of the damages to the remuneration / premiums allocated to the respective seizure years.
- the Data may also include parameters that may or may not have an effect on future intervention events or damage events or risks, eg, impact on seizure frequency or seizure severity, etc.
- the statistical data may be evaluated and / or filtered based on appropriate model be determined based on the evaluation of the parameter S / P or a corresponding parameter.
- the parameter S / P the synchronization of the first control device 10 and the second control device 12 is performed.
- a storable intermediate parameter G E may include, for example, the ratio of damages to premiums, which may also be assigned the value 100%.
- the analyzing means may, as a variant embodiment, for example by means of a statistical method of the next distance, determine the most probable values starting from the selected starting point. These methods may include, for example, the greatest likelihood, least squares method, ⁇ 2 , Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling, etc. The purely statistical process steps stop here.
- the analysis means comprises one or more statistical process modules, such as a Monte Carlo module, a generator for different future models and / or a variation module for varying the parameters, iv)
- the analysis means select the parameters such that the curve most closely matches the built-in behavior of all possible scenarios, the scenarios never being realized in the past. Conversely, the possibility can also be minimized that the curve does not match or sufficiently approximate the behavior of past events.
- Statistical data or historical data are so with the analysis means by means of appropriate models and / or
- Scenarios into the seizure year or period to be determined are projected into a curve of parameters used by the system for synchronization between first control device 10 and second control device 12 and / or to activate the transmission.
- the first control device 10 can transmit the necessary parameters, for example via the network 50, to the second control device 12 and / or the triggering and activating device 11.
- the second control device 12 determines by means of the mentioned analysis via a storable parameter the technical expectation V 1 as a threshold value for the loss rate for determining the remuneration, which must be transferred from the first control device 10 to the second control device 12, or which rate of the
- the communication network 50 comprises, for example, a GSM or a UMTS network, or a satellite-based mobile radio network, and / or one or more fixed networks, for example the public switched telephone network worldwide Internet or a suitable LAN (Local Area Network) or WAN (Wide Area Network). In particular, it also includes ISDN and XDSL connections.
- the threshold parameter Si corresponds to the maximum value for the loss or damage which still has to be covered by the central unit alone.
- the threshold parameter S 2 corresponds to iN the upper limit above which the second control device 12 does not take over the risk of the first control device 10 for damage coverage.
- the second control device 12 may vary the parameter S 2 as a function of the technical expectation value for the remuneration. The variation may continue until the second control device 12 receives confirmation of acceptance by the first control device 10. This process is part of the synchronization and takes place by means of the synchronization module 1 1 1 1/1 1 12 or the synchronization device 1 1 1.
- the synchronization between the second control device 12 and the first control device 10 may include, for example, condition parameters, such as compensation level, time the remuneration (eg that the second control device 12 is activated at the end of the year for damage coverage).
- condition parameters such as compensation level, time the remuneration (eg that the second control device 12 is activated at the end of the year for damage coverage).
- the second control device 12 can be activated whenever the effective loss or damage rate in the interval Si and S 2 or above the interval, for example for a covered period (eg Year) for which the remuneration has been transferred to the second control device 12.
- the prior art Basic Industry Index Trigger has been developed to reduce the risk of operational intervention to be borne by the first control devices 10 or the uncertainty in the likelihood of operational intervention by the first control device 10.
- a Basic Industry Index Trigger System or a corresponding activation is based on an industry-wide index of operational interventions and / or damage reports, such as the Property Claim Service or "PCS" in the USA).
- the fixed-weight industry index trigger systems "FII" also mentioned and known in the art activate based on predefined portions of the operating devices 40, ..., 42 in a particular industrial sector (eg 5% share of the California Commercial Line PCS
- Prior art triggering systems use predefined weighting parameters, which impairs transparency, and the uncertainty of prior art systems can be considerable and, above all, hardly determinable because of this inflexibility, which hardly allows complete automation based on known triggering systems
- the weighting is event-specific and dynamic based on a variable weighting of the market shares or output rate of the operating devices 40,..., 42.
- the inventive triggering device u Activation device 1 1 the weighting on a post-event basis, ie at the time when the Bethebsinterventionsauslösende event occurs or after.
- the inventive triggering and activating device 11 can significantly reduce the base risk, or uncertainty, in the likelihood of operational intervention compared to the Basic Industry Index Triggers or FII Trigger Systems of the prior art.
- the trigger 1 according to the invention is similar to an industry index trigger from the investor side with all the advantages associated therewith.
- the triggering and activating device 11 according to the invention is much more diversified for the investor than, for example, Fll-trigger systems, since by definition it is much less is correlated to other industrial damage.
- the purpose of these methods may be to determine the development of a loss index to obtain prices for derivatives in coupled bond systems.
- Each PCS index point equals US $ 100 million of systemic claims (ie an index value of 50 equals US $ 5 billion in value-based systems).
- Some prior art methods use the Loss Index LM similar to the integrated value in a diffusion process based on a modified Black-Scholes method.
- different stochastic methods for determining the likelihood of operating interventions, in particular using a jump process in conjunction with composite Poisson processes can be used for this embodiment variant.
- the parameters can be derived, for example, from the traded market prices or stock market parameters.
- the derivatives can be filtered by filtering the volatility of the money values being traded. The same can also be done by means of appropriate analysis modules with determination of corresponding expected values and checking for consistency with the effective prices.
- a suitable operational intervention distribution or loss distribution can be determined and the corresponding parameters can be determined by means of a module thus realized based on the measured or observed market values.
- the size of the Operating interventions or damage interventions determined, converted to monetary values and compared using a filter module with the effective prices.
- the PCS CaII Spread monetary value can be determined using a selection of different methods for the Loss Index.
- the market prices used may, for example, be derived from the National PCS CaII spreads, as indicated by the CBOT, which includes both the bid and ask values for caII spreads, eg as range [40,60] to [200,250].
- the modules can be realized, for example, based on composite Poisson processes.
- the number or frequency of disaster events can be represented, the identical independent variables (eg gamma or Pareto distribution) represent the so-called loss jump size and the constants represent the minimum threshold value for the index.
- the monetary value taken into account for the comparison can be the value of the PCS CaII spread at time 0.
- the deterministic parameters may be used for any of the statistical methods known in the art.
- the parameters may be chosen to be based on a function based on the following:
- the theoretical monetary value should be between the bid / ask price, and the theoretical monetary value, for example, should preferably be midway between the offered and requested bid amount or price ,
- the output of the loss model module may reflect the expected insurance liability vulnerability and / or the price sensitivity of the option depending on a variation of these parameters.
- the inventive activation device 1 1 is in the so-called.
- Pre-closing phase ie for the inventive system in the synchronization phase, a fixed device portfolio.
- those of the Lookup Table 1 15 associated operating devices 40, ..., 42 fixed.
- the expected values for the operational interventions or the modeled damages can be based on risk analysis.
- a compensation can be transmitted by the operating devices 40,..., 42, for example with an annual reset.
- other time parameters may be chosen without affecting the scope of the invention.
- an event can result in a business interruption or operational or other operational damage.
- the industry index for the event may be determined and the market shares of the operating device 40,..., 42 or the enterprise determined based on the aforementioned modeled loss techniques and methods. Then the operation intervention to be activated or the damage to be compensated by the triggering and activation device 1 1 is determined and triggered.
- the weighting of the operating devices is already made in the pre-closing phase. Then the expected risk is determined and the remuneration determined. The expected value of the damage can also be determined based on risk analysis.
- the industry index for the event is determined for the damage determination and the compensation is triggered.
- This trigger system is based on fixed weights of the operating devices in the market for the determination of the operational intervention. This is in complete contrast to the dynamic determination of the weights of the lookup table 1 15 in the inventive triggering and activating device 1 1. It is clear that as an embodiment instead of the weighting of the operating devices 40, ..., 42 also directly the market shares of the first control device 10 can be dynamically weighted.
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/295,835 US8150538B2 (en) | 2006-04-10 | 2007-03-13 | Triggering and activating device for two coupled control systems that can be mutually activated, and corresponding method |
US12/047,916 US8022819B2 (en) | 2007-03-13 | 2008-03-13 | Electronic control apparatus and method for controlling alarm systems of cellular structure |
EP08004682.4A EP1970855B1 (de) | 2007-03-13 | 2008-03-13 | Elektronische Steuerungsvorrichtung sowie Verfahren zur Steuerungs von cellulär aufgebauten Alarmsystemen |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US79055206P | 2006-04-10 | 2006-04-10 | |
US60/790,552 | 2006-04-10 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2007115884A2 true WO2007115884A2 (de) | 2007-10-18 |
Family
ID=38051391
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2007/052362 WO2007115884A2 (de) | 2006-04-10 | 2007-03-13 | Trigger- und aktivierungsvorrichtung für zwei gekoppelte, wechselseitig aktivierbare kontrollsysteme, sowie entsprechendes verfahren |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8150538B2 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2007115884A2 (de) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1970855A1 (de) * | 2007-03-13 | 2008-09-17 | Swiss Reinsurance Company | Elektronische Steuerungsvorrichtung sowie Verfahren zur Steuerungs von cellulär aufgebauten Alarmsystemen |
EP2003610A1 (de) * | 2007-06-11 | 2008-12-17 | Swiss Reinsurance Company | Notfallinterventionssystem und entsprechendes Verfahren zur automatisierten Behebung von Betriebsstörungen bei Transportmittel |
EP2096850A1 (de) | 2008-02-27 | 2009-09-02 | Swiss Reinsurance Company | Reload Manager für Wertkarten |
US7899560B2 (en) * | 2007-01-09 | 2011-03-01 | Swiss Reinsurance Company | Electronic switching apparatus and method for switching autonomous intervention means for automatically redressing malfunctions |
Families Citing this family (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8234192B2 (en) * | 2007-06-18 | 2012-07-31 | Swiss Reinsurance Company Ltd. | Fully automated, computer-aided intervention apparatus with operational stabilization apparatus for malfunctions, and appropriate method |
CN101884059B (zh) * | 2007-12-06 | 2013-03-27 | 报知机株式会社 | 报警器以及报警系统 |
US10805331B2 (en) | 2010-09-24 | 2020-10-13 | BitSight Technologies, Inc. | Information technology security assessment system |
FR2969437A1 (fr) * | 2010-12-16 | 2012-06-22 | France Telecom | Procede d'authentification d'un utilisateur d'un terminal aupres d'un fournisseur de services |
US8694339B1 (en) * | 2011-11-01 | 2014-04-08 | Guy Carpenter & Company, LLC. | System and method for determining loss data based on industry indices |
US8577786B1 (en) * | 2012-09-12 | 2013-11-05 | Guy Carpenter & Company, LLC. | System and method for providing systemic casualty reserve protection |
US10019411B2 (en) * | 2014-02-19 | 2018-07-10 | Sas Institute Inc. | Techniques for compressing a large distributed empirical sample of a compound probability distribution into an approximate parametric distribution with scalable parallel processing |
TWI563844B (en) * | 2015-07-24 | 2016-12-21 | Vivotek Inc | Setting method for a surveillance system, setting device thereof and computer readable medium |
US10257219B1 (en) * | 2018-03-12 | 2019-04-09 | BitSight Technologies, Inc. | Correlated risk in cybersecurity |
US11956265B2 (en) | 2019-08-23 | 2024-04-09 | BitSight Technologies, Inc. | Systems and methods for inferring entity relationships via network communications of users or user devices |
US11032244B2 (en) | 2019-09-30 | 2021-06-08 | BitSight Technologies, Inc. | Systems and methods for determining asset importance in security risk management |
EP4121934A1 (de) * | 2020-03-18 | 2023-01-25 | Swiss Reinsurance Company Ltd. | Risikoüberweisungskonfigurator und simulationsmotor mit vorwärts- und rückwärtssichtmassnahmen zur lenkung und anpassung von risikogesteuerten portfolios von unterschriftobjekten und verfahren dafür |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2007063057A1 (de) * | 2005-11-30 | 2007-06-07 | Swiss Reinsurance Company | Aktivierungs- und kontrollvorrichtung zur kopplung zweier wechselseitig aktivierbarer automatisierter interventionssysteme |
US8290794B2 (en) * | 2006-06-13 | 2012-10-16 | Swiss Reinsurance Company Ltd. | Device for automatically processing and monitoring dangerous events |
US7899560B2 (en) * | 2007-01-09 | 2011-03-01 | Swiss Reinsurance Company | Electronic switching apparatus and method for switching autonomous intervention means for automatically redressing malfunctions |
-
2007
- 2007-03-13 WO PCT/EP2007/052362 patent/WO2007115884A2/de active Application Filing
- 2007-03-13 US US12/295,835 patent/US8150538B2/en active Active
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7899560B2 (en) * | 2007-01-09 | 2011-03-01 | Swiss Reinsurance Company | Electronic switching apparatus and method for switching autonomous intervention means for automatically redressing malfunctions |
EP1970855A1 (de) * | 2007-03-13 | 2008-09-17 | Swiss Reinsurance Company | Elektronische Steuerungsvorrichtung sowie Verfahren zur Steuerungs von cellulär aufgebauten Alarmsystemen |
EP2003610A1 (de) * | 2007-06-11 | 2008-12-17 | Swiss Reinsurance Company | Notfallinterventionssystem und entsprechendes Verfahren zur automatisierten Behebung von Betriebsstörungen bei Transportmittel |
EP2096850A1 (de) | 2008-02-27 | 2009-09-02 | Swiss Reinsurance Company | Reload Manager für Wertkarten |
WO2009106149A1 (de) * | 2008-02-27 | 2009-09-03 | Swiss Reisurance Company | Reload manager für wertkarten |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US8150538B2 (en) | 2012-04-03 |
US20090204235A1 (en) | 2009-08-13 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
WO2007115884A2 (de) | Trigger- und aktivierungsvorrichtung für zwei gekoppelte, wechselseitig aktivierbare kontrollsysteme, sowie entsprechendes verfahren | |
Chen et al. | Systemic risk and the interconnectedness between banks and insurers: An econometric analysis | |
Ivashina et al. | Institutional stock trading on loan market information | |
Dermine et al. | Bank loan losses-given-default: A case study | |
CN205992243U (zh) | 一种工资监管系统 | |
US8489496B2 (en) | Financial data processing system | |
Galai et al. | Liquidation triggers and the valuation of equity and debt | |
Kawaller et al. | Intraday market behavior and the extent of feedback between S&P 500 futures prices and the S&P 500 index | |
CA2681251A1 (en) | System and method for monitoring securities compliance for related entities | |
DE202016009121U1 (de) | Instrumententafelschnittstelle, Plattform und Umgebung zum Abgleich von Teilnehmern mit Abonnentenanbietern und Darstellen von erweiterten Abonnementanbieter-Leistungsmetriken | |
Alangar et al. | The effect of institutional interest on the information content of dividend‐change announcements | |
US10460384B2 (en) | Automated risk monitoring method and system | |
US20140136388A1 (en) | Identification of accounts that are too profitable or too lossy | |
Le | Separating the components of default risk: a derivative-based approach | |
Pesaran et al. | Global business cycles and credit risk | |
WO2007144126A2 (de) | Vollautomatisierte, computergestützte interventionsvorrichtung für betriebsstörungen bei transportmittel, sowie entsprechendes verfahren | |
EP1970855B1 (de) | Elektronische Steuerungsvorrichtung sowie Verfahren zur Steuerungs von cellulär aufgebauten Alarmsystemen | |
Whaley et al. | Anticipation of quarterly earnings announcements: a test of option market efficiency | |
EP2003610A1 (de) | Notfallinterventionssystem und entsprechendes Verfahren zur automatisierten Behebung von Betriebsstörungen bei Transportmittel | |
US20050228734A1 (en) | Fixed income performance attribution | |
WO2007090702A2 (de) | Aktivierungs- und synchronisierungsvorrichtung zur kopplung automatisierter kontroll- und/oder betriebsinterventionssysteme, sowie ein entsprechendes verfahren | |
Bakshi et al. | Volatility uncertainty and VIX futures contango | |
Kim et al. | Effect of Anti-Price Gouging Law on Postdisaster Recovery Speed: Evidence from Reconstruction in Virginia and Maryland after Hurricane Sandy | |
Pal et al. | A Mathematical Theory to Price Cyber-Cat Bonds Boosting IT/OT Security | |
Ebrahim et al. | Bank Charter Values and Operational Risk |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 07726863 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A2 |
|
WPC | Withdrawal of priority claims after completion of the technical preparations for international publication |
Ref document number: 60/790,552 Country of ref document: US Free format text: WITHDRAWN AFTER TECHNICAL PREPARATION FINISHED |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 12295835 Country of ref document: US |
|
122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |
Ref document number: 07726863 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A2 |