WO2007109892A1 - Extraits de plante et leurs utilisations dans des systèmes de filtre - Google Patents

Extraits de plante et leurs utilisations dans des systèmes de filtre Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007109892A1
WO2007109892A1 PCT/CA2007/000492 CA2007000492W WO2007109892A1 WO 2007109892 A1 WO2007109892 A1 WO 2007109892A1 CA 2007000492 W CA2007000492 W CA 2007000492W WO 2007109892 A1 WO2007109892 A1 WO 2007109892A1
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Prior art keywords
plant extract
filter
extract
carrier material
gas
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PCT/CA2007/000492
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English (en)
Inventor
André L'HEUREUX
Stéphane DUPUIS
Marc Purcell
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Les Technologies Biofiltre Inc.
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Priority to US12/294,050 priority Critical patent/US20090126747A1/en
Priority to CA002644616A priority patent/CA2644616A1/fr
Publication of WO2007109892A1 publication Critical patent/WO2007109892A1/fr

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/84—Biological processes
    • B01D53/85—Biological processes with gas-solid contact
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
    • A24D3/06—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
    • A24D3/14—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters of organic materials as additive
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/21—Amaranthaceae (Amaranth family), e.g. pigweed, rockwort or globe amaranth
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
    • B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
    • B01J20/24—Naturally occurring macromolecular compounds, e.g. humic acids or their derivatives
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
    • B01J20/3202—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the carrier, support or substrate used for impregnation or coating
    • B01J20/3206—Organic carriers, supports or substrates
    • B01J20/3208—Polymeric carriers, supports or substrates
    • B01J20/3212—Polymeric carriers, supports or substrates consisting of a polymer obtained by reactions otherwise than involving only carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
    • B01J20/3231—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the coating or impregnating layer
    • B01J20/3242—Layers with a functional group, e.g. an affinity material, a ligand, a reactant or a complexing group
    • B01J20/3244—Non-macromolecular compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
    • B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
    • B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
    • B01J20/3231—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the coating or impregnating layer
    • B01J20/3242—Layers with a functional group, e.g. an affinity material, a ligand, a reactant or a complexing group
    • B01J20/3268—Macromolecular compounds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J47/00—Ion-exchange processes in general; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J47/018—Granulation; Incorporation of ion-exchangers in a matrix; Mixing with inert materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/84—Biological processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2220/00—Aspects relating to sorbent materials
    • B01J2220/40—Aspects relating to the composition of sorbent or filter aid materials
    • B01J2220/46—Materials comprising a mixture of inorganic and organic materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2220/00—Aspects relating to sorbent materials
    • B01J2220/40—Aspects relating to the composition of sorbent or filter aid materials
    • B01J2220/48—Sorbents characterised by the starting material used for their preparation
    • B01J2220/4812—Sorbents characterised by the starting material used for their preparation the starting material being of organic character
    • B01J2220/4843—Algae, aquatic plants or sea vegetals, e.g. seeweeds, eelgrass
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2220/00—Aspects relating to sorbent materials
    • B01J2220/40—Aspects relating to the composition of sorbent or filter aid materials
    • B01J2220/48—Sorbents characterised by the starting material used for their preparation
    • B01J2220/4812—Sorbents characterised by the starting material used for their preparation the starting material being of organic character
    • B01J2220/485—Plants or land vegetals, e.g. cereals, wheat, corn, rice, sphagnum, peat moss
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the reduction of toxicity and particularly to cellular toxicity of fumes.
  • the present invention also relates to compositions and devices for reducing the concentration of one or more noxious substances in fumes, particularly in smoke, and more particularly in cigarette smoke.
  • Parenchyma cells serve various structural and biochemical functions in plants. They are the bulk of ground tissue and vascular tissue in plants. Palisade parenchyma cells are elongated cells located in leaves just below the epidermal tissue. Ray parenchyma cells are located in wood rays, the structures transporting materials laterally within a woody stem. Parenchyma cells also occur within the xylem and phloem of vascular bundles. The largest parenchyma cells are located in the pith region, being often larger than the vascular bundles, as in corn stems. These cells are the biochemistry machines of the plant, regulating light penetration, gas exchange, and anti-herbivory physiology for example. Other cells, such as mesophyll cells, are specialized in photosynthesis or phloem loading. Spongy mesophyll cells are located below one or two layers of palisade parenchyma cells.
  • Chloroplasts are membranous organelles found in plant cells that serve as site of photosynthesis.
  • chloroplasts comprise three types of membranes, which are: (i) a smooth outer membrane, which is freely permeable to molecules; (ii) a smooth inner membrane, which contains many transport proteins such as integral membrane proteins regulating the exchange of small molecules like sugars and proteins between the cytoplasm and the chloroplast; and (iii) a system of thylakoid membranes which contains the chlorophyll.
  • Filters for filtering toxic combustion fumes have not always been a priority in industrial, commercial or house environment, and inhalation of toxic or cytotoxic fumes, including from smoking, can cause serious health problems that can lead to death.
  • About 87% of lung cancer deaths are attributed to air pollutant particles and smoke, or smoking.
  • cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke account for at least 30% of all cancer deaths. It is a major cause of cancers of the lung, larynx, oral cavity, pharynx (throat), and esophagus, and is a contributing cause in the development of cancers of the bladder, pancreas, liver, uterine, cervix, kidney, stomach, colon and rectum, as well as in some leukemia.
  • Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among both men and women, and is one of the most difficult cancers to treat. In addition, this type of cancer is very hard to detect when it is in its earliest, most treatable stage.
  • Smoking is also a major cause of heart disease, bronchitis, emphysema and stroke, and it contributes to the severity of pneumonia.
  • Tobacco also has a damaging effect on women's reproductive health and is associated with increased risk of miscarriage, early delivery, stillbirth, infant death, in addition of being a cause of low birth weight in infants.
  • cigarette smoke causes harmful effects on people indirectly exposed to the smoke (second-hand smoke). The diseases occurring most often from second-hand smoke are chronic bronchitis, emphysema, heart attacks, strokes, and cancer.
  • Cigarette, cigar and pipe tobacco consist of dried tobacco leaves supplemented with additional ingredients modifying tobacco flavor or having other properties. More than 4,000 individual substances and compounds have been identified in tobacco and tobacco smoke. It is known that tobacco-specific nitrosamines and tar are particularly carcinogenic, while carbon monoxide decreases the amount of oxygen in the blood. A decreased blood oxygen often leads to an increase of the heartbeat and blood pressure, two conditions that can translate into shortness of breath. In addition to being a carcinogen, tar condenses itself as a brown sticky substance that can accumulate into the lungs in such a way that it eventually clogs up the cilia protecting and cleaning the lungs, accompanied in this process by many other noxious substances present in the resulting smoke being inhaled.
  • a way to reduce the toxic effect of tobacco smoke is the addition of filters to cigarettes.
  • Ninety-five percent of cigarette filters are made of cellulose acetate, while the other five percent are made of paper and rayon.
  • Cellulose acetate tow fibers used in cigarette filters are thinner than sewing thread, usually white, and packed tightly together to form a physical filter that resemble cotton.
  • Noxious substances can also be found in the air or in fumes absorbable by living organisms, such as in gases released in the air by industrial activity of mining or incineration industries for example.
  • gas masks including filters are often used.
  • national laws increasingly require that gas masks be worn by workers who, in their daily work, are exposed to potentially harmful chemicals, as for example painters and fitters in the building profession.
  • Gas masks currently use mainly means of adsorbing noxious substances onto a layer of activated charcoal.
  • the efficiency of such filters decreases over time with the saturation of the activated carbon layer.
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Cigarette smoking has been identified as the major risk factor for the apparition and development of COPD.
  • the inflammatory cell profile in COPD includes macrophages, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes.
  • Macrophages are blood cells that are present in several animal tissues. They accomplish three principal functions in the tissues, namely the synthesis of cytokines, the regulation of cellular cooperation, and the phagocytosis of foreign molecules. Following pulmonary inflammation and parenchymal damage, for example during COPD, there is an increased concentration of lung alveolar macrophages (AM) that release various cytokines and proteases when compared to non-COPD lungs. AM also contribute to airway inflammation in smokers and COPD patients by secreting neutrophil and macrophage chemotactic factors such as interleukins and chemokines; by secreting cell survival factors suck as granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF); and by generating reactive oxygen species. Reducing the concentration of noxious substances in lungs would lead to a reduced migration of macrophages towards the alveolus, and thus reduce pulmonary inflammation.
  • GM-CSF granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor
  • the problem to which the present invention provides a solution is the reduction of the concentration of noxious substances in fumes by filtering through a filter containing a biological material.
  • One aspect of the present invention is to provide a plant extract for reducing the concentration of noxious substances in a fume, or for reducing the toxicity or cytotoxicity of a fume, the plant extract comprising at least one of a parenchyma tissue extract (PTE) and a mesophyll cell extract (MCE).
  • PTE parenchyma tissue extract
  • MCE mesophyll cell extract
  • the term "fume” (or “fumes”) as used herein is intended to represent any combustion, environmental, automotive, domestic, commercial or industrial gas, as well as smoke, including cigarette smoke. Also, depending on the environment, a gas can be found under the form of a vapor, which is therefore encompassed herein.
  • Non-limitative examples of fumes includes fumes produced by industrial activity, by burning apparatuses, or by animals or plants, such as in an animal or plant production plant. This also includes environmental fumes produced in a commercial place, such as in a restaurant, a commercial center, a public kitchen, a laboratory, or a workshop.
  • This is also intended to represent domestic fumes, such as those produced in a kitchen, as well as fumes produced by automotive means, such as a car, a truck, a train, or a boat.
  • fume as used herein is also meant to encompass smoke, such as tobacco smoke and cigarette smoke.
  • cytotoxic toxicity
  • cytotoxicity are used in the present application to reflect the capacity of a fume, or of a compound or substance from the fume, to have a poisonous, deleterious, noxious or lethal effect on living cells or organisms. Toxicity and cytotoxicity can either come from direct exposure to the fume, or from indirect exposure, such as second-hand smoke or environmental gases.
  • the expression "parenchyma tissue extract” (PTE) as used herein is intended to mean a plant extract that can comprises, without being restricted to, the cortex and pith of stems, the cortex of roots, the mesophyll, the pulp of fruits, the endosperm of seeds, the chlorenchyma and palisade tissue of leaves, thylakoid systems, including chloroplasts. PTE also comprises vascular cells from the xylem and the phloem. [0018] The expression “mesophyll cell extract” (MCE) as used herein is intended to represent the filtrate obtained from the filtration of a PTE that has been further processed so as to remove bundle sheath cells, vascular cells and cell walls.
  • MCE mesophyll cell extract
  • the plant extract comprising at least one of a PTE and a MCE has a total chlorophyll concentration ranging from 0.03 to 1100 ng/g, preferably from 0.03 to 500 ng/g, more preferably from 0.05 to 200 ng/g, and even more preferably from 0.05 to 50 ng/g of dried plant extract.
  • total chlorophyll concentration as used herein is intended to represent the concentration of chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b, calculated according to the formula:
  • This formula expresses the total chlorophyll concentration in mg/ml.
  • noxious substances as used herein is intended to represent any substance or compound that can be identified from fumes by any analytical means, and that can have a poisonous, deleterious, undesirable, noxious or lethal effect on living cells or organisms, alone or in combination with another substance or compound, either from direct or indirect exposure.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is a method for reducing the concentration of noxious substances in a fume, or for reducing the toxicity or cytotoxicity of a fume, by contacting the fume with a plant extract comprising at least one of a PTE and a MCE.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is to provide the use of a plant extract for reducing the concentration of noxious substances in a fume, or for reducing the toxicity or cytotoxicity of a fume, the plant extract comprising at least one of a PTE and a MCE.
  • Still another aspect of the present invention is to provide a composition for reducing the concentration of noxious substances in a fume, or for reducing the toxicity or cytotoxicity of a fume, the composition comprising a plant extract comprising at least one of a PTE and a MCE; and a carrier material.
  • carrier material as used herein is intended to represent any type of material compatible with the intended use, on which a molecule, a compound, a substance (such as a plant extract) or a composition can be supported, either by physical interaction or by chemical interaction with the carrier material.
  • a carrier material to be used as a filter mean with a plant extract or a composition as defined herein has to allow fumes to pass through the filter such that the fumes come in contact with the plant extract or the composition.
  • the interaction has to not prevent the plant extract or composition to exert its desirable effect, such as reducing the concentration of noxious substances in a fume, or for reducing the toxicity or cytotoxicity of the fume.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is a method for reducing the concentration of noxious substances in a fume, or for reducing the toxicity or cytotoxicity of a fume, by contacting the fume with a composition comprising a plant extract comprising at least one of a PTE and a MCE; and a carrier material.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is to provide the use of a composition for reducing the concentration of noxious substances in a fume, or for reducing the toxicity or cytotoxicity of a fume, the composition comprising a plant extract comprising at least one of a PTE and a MCE; and a carrier material.
  • Yet another aspect of the present invention is to provide a filter for reducing the concentration of noxious substances in a fume, or for reducing the toxicity or cytotoxicity of a fume, the filter comprising a carrier material and a plant extract comprising at least one of a PTE and a MCE, with the plant extract being disposed within the carrier material in a way to allow contact of the fume with the plant extract when the fume is circulating through the filter.
  • Fig. 1. illustrates the reversal of the inhibition of inflammatory mediators caused by tobacco smoke by exogenous addition of plant extracts.
  • Alveolar macrophages AM were treated with cigarette smoke extract alone (CSE), CSE + PTE and CSE + MCE for 20 h and the mediators tumor-necrosis factor- ⁇ (TNF ⁇ ), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-I) were measured in cell-free supernatants.
  • CSE significantly (*p ⁇ 0.02) inhibited the release of (a) TNF ⁇ , (b) IL-10, and (c) MCP-I by AM. Exposure of AM to plant extract (PTE or MCE) with CSE eliminated this inhibition.
  • FIG. 2. illustrates the restoration of AM cytotoxicity towards tumoral cells by MCE.
  • AM were treated with CSE, CSE + PTE and CSE + MCE for 20 h and the cytotoxicity of AM towards against WEHI- 164 tumoral cells was investigated (ratio AM:WEHI-164 of 50:1).
  • CSE significantly (*p ⁇ 0.05) inhibited AM cytotoxicity under those conditions.
  • the presence of PTE did not modulate CSE inhibition, whereas MCE restored AM cytotoxicity towards tumoral cells.
  • Fig. 3. illustrates the modulation of AM mediator production by CSE after filtration by a plant extract-containing cigarette filter.
  • CSE with PBS buffer (“buffer”), CSE with 0.025% and 0.25% PTE (“PTE”) and CSE with 0.025% and 0.25% MCE (“MCE”) were applied to AM for 20 h.
  • mediators (a) TNF ⁇ , (b) IL-10 and (c) MCP-I were measured in cell-free supernatants.
  • CSE filtrated through the buffer-treated filter significantly (*p ⁇ 0.02) inhibited the release of TNF ⁇ , IL-10, and MCP-I .
  • Fig. 4. illustrates the modulation of AM cytotoxicity towards tumoral cells by a plant extract-containing cigarette filter.
  • CSE with PBS buffer (“buffer”), CSE with 0.025% and 0.25% PTE (“PTE”) and CSE with 0.025% and 0.25% MCE (“MCE”) were applied to AM for 20 h. Following that, the cytotoxicity of AM towards against WEHI- 164 tumoral cells was investigated (ratio AM:WEHI-164 of 50:1).
  • CSE filtrated through the buffer- treated cigarette filter significantly (*p ⁇ 0.05) inhibited AM cytotoxicity towards tumoral cells.
  • CSE filtrated through the PTE-treated cigarette filter (0.25%) and the MCE-treated cigarette filter (0.025% and 0.25%) restored AM cytotoxicity towards tumoral cells.
  • Fig. 5 illustrate the reduction of the amount of the heavy metals : cadmium, lead, nickel, chromium and mercury in the smoke of regular and king size cigarettes.
  • Dark bars represent heavy metals concentration in a control cigarette equipped with a regular filter, while light bars represent heavy metals concentration in a cigarette equipped with a plant extract-containing filter.
  • spinach leaves are interesting for preparing plant extracts according to the present invention because they possess a high mesophyll/leaf tissue ratio, present high intrinsic activity (photosynthetic), and their agricultural parameters are well known for reproducibility.
  • any plant species can be used in the preparation of the plant extracts according to the present invention, including tobacco, algae, bryophyta, and vascular plants.
  • Plant extracts can be obtained by different methods, such as roughly crunching or homogenizing whole chloroplast-containing organisms, such as whole plants, plant parts or plant tissues such as parenchyma tissue.
  • whole chloroplast-containing organisms such as whole plants, plant parts or plant tissues such as parenchyma tissue.
  • mechanical homogenization of whole plants, plant parts or plant tissues in a phosphate buffer with sodium chloride results in PTE.
  • the homogenization can be performed on whole plants, plant parts or plant tissues in a relatively dry state, as long as the mesophyll cells are kept intact and functional.
  • PTE and MCE allow for the adsorption and/or absorption of several toxic molecules present in fumes.
  • Adsorption is the process by which a substance or compound is retained on the surface of a component
  • absorption is the process by which a substance or compound is taken inside a component (such as a cell).
  • Adsorption and/or absorption is carried out by the membrane constituents presents in PTE and MCE.
  • Those membranes present a double lipid layer linked to macromolecules such as structural or functional proteins. It is of note that PTE and MCE can be combined together to adjust the ratio of membrane constituents present in the plant extract.
  • the plant extract comprises intact membrane constituents.
  • membrane constituents and the expression “cell membranes” are used herein interchangeably.
  • the term “intact” as used herein in relation with membrane constituents reflect the non-disrupted state of the membrane constituents, allowing for the membrane constituents to substantially preserve their native roles and functions.
  • the membrane constituents can include various membranes, such as membranes composed of lipopolysaccharides, usually having a structural role and acting as a physical barrier against outside molecules, while having some degree of permeability to some ions and metabolites.
  • Membrane constituents can also originate from membranes composed of a phospholipids bilayer, usually specialized in transport proteins regulating the transport of selective metabolites. They can also come from the thylakoid system (or thylakoid membranes), which is the site of light absorption and ATP synthesis involved in the conversion of light energy into chemical energy in plants. In order to preserve the integrity of the membrane constituents during homogenization, filtration, isolation or any other procedure, the tonicity of their environment must be strictly controlled. For example, an hypertonic buffer containing 50 mM phosphate pH 7.5 with 10 mM sodium chloride allows for the preservation of the three-dimensional structure of the membrane constituents of chloroplasts. Analysis of the integrity of the membrane constituents can also be performed by techniques known in the art, such as fluorescence, optical spectroscopy, pigment ratio analysis, photosystem II oxygen evolving, photoacoustics, etc.
  • noxious substances that can be adsorbed or absorbed by the plant extracts of the present invention include peroxidase, superoxide, free radical, aldehyde, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, nitrosamine, secondary amine, ammonia, carbon monoxide, nicotine, nitric oxide, hydrogen cyanide, mercury, tar, nickel, lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, selenium, N-nitrosonornicotine, nicotine-derived nitrosamino ketone, N-nitrosoanatabine, N-nitrosoanabasine, 1-aminonapthalene, 2- aminonapthalene, 3-aminobiphenyl, 4-aminobiphenyl, benzo[a]pyrene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, methyl ethyl ketone, but
  • the quantity of plant extract to be incorporated into a filter according to the present invention can be adjusted depending on the needs.
  • a regular cigarette filter corresponding to a volume of about 0.8 cm 3 to 1.2 cm 3
  • Concentrations of plant extract in the carrier material, such as in a cigarette filter are from 0.005 to 200 mg/cm 3 , preferably from 0.010 to 100 mg/cm 3 , more preferably from 0.020 to 50 mg/cm 3 , and even more preferably from 0.025 to 25 mg/cm 3 , of carrier material.
  • the ratios of PTE:MCE is between 1 :1 and 1 :9, preferably between 1 :1 to 1 :5, and more preferably from 1 :1 to 1 :2.
  • the incorporation of the plant extract into the carrier material can be carried out by any method known in the art, such as by injection, vaporization, or dipping.
  • the filter must not be saturated in plant extract in order to avoid any alteration or reduction of its efficiency.
  • the plant extract can be under any form for incorporation, such as an homogenate, a filtrate, a retentate, a diluted form, a dried form, or at various humidity concentration.
  • the filter density can also be adjusted to support different concentrations of plant extract, based on, as non-limitative examples, the weight of the filter, the circumference of the filter, and the loss of pressure during use.
  • concentration of the plant extract can be expressed in equivalent chlorophyll concentration.
  • the total equivalent chlorophyll concentration for example in a regular cigarette filter, can be from 0.03 to 1100 ng/g, preferably from 0.03 to 500 ng/g, more preferably from 0.05 to 200 ng/g, and even more preferably from 0.05 to 50 ng/g.
  • the filter in accordance with the present invention can be adapted to fit with a cigarette or with a gas mask, or any other filtration devices or means.
  • the filter should therefore have the capacity to be used in conjunction with, for example, a cigarette or a gas mask so as to effectively reduce the concentration of noxious substances in smoke or fumes originating from the cigarette or the environment and passing through the filter, or for reducing the toxicity or cytotoxicity of smoke or fumes originating from the cigarette or the environment and passing through the filter.
  • the filter can be secured into a cartridge, or into any other filter carrier body through which the filter is incorporated, as known in the art.
  • the filter according to the invention can also be advantageously used as an industrial air filter (domestic and building) or as an automotive car filter (such as exhaust gas purification filter filtering the gas discharged from an internal combustion engine before its release in the environment). Further, the filter can also be used to filter vehicle fumes, or for filtering domestic or industrial smoke or fumes. When a portion of the burned fumes penetrates the vehicle cabin or the operating area, it exposes the driver or operator to inhale the gases containing noxious substances. Hence, a filter according to the present invention can be used for purifying air by reducing the concentration of noxious substances that can be present in the air.
  • the carrier material can comprises a porous substrate.
  • the porous substrate can be any non-toxic material suitable for use in filters for smoking devices, or other filtration devices, and is also suitable for incorporation of other substances according to the various embodiments of the present invention.
  • Such porous substrates include, for example, cellulose fibre such as cellulose acetate, cotton, wood pulp, paper, polyesters, polyolefins, ion exchange materials and other materials, as will be understood by those with skill in the art with reference to the disclosure herein.
  • the composition can further comprise at least one of an activated charcoal (or activated carbon) or an ion exchange resin, or any other material that can improve for the filtration.
  • an activated charcoal or activated carbon
  • an ion exchange resin or any other material that can improve for the filtration.
  • the carrier material for the plant extract for environmental applications can be different than the carrier material described above.
  • different plastics, papers, fibers, or any other material known in the art of gas and air purification can be used with the plant extract fixed thereon, in accordance with the present invention, before being placed in any environment where toxic or cytotoxic substances have to be removed from the environment.
  • Parenchyma tissue extract preparation from spinach leaves (Syinacia oleraceae) [0049]
  • the first step of the process involves the homogenization by mechanical pulverization. Leaves and needles of spinach were homogenized by mechanical pulverization at 4°C. The homogenization can be performed between 0 ° C and 35 ° C, but most preferably under 4°C to avoid any degradation of the tissue during the procedures.
  • the tissue were homogenized in a homogenization buffer composed of 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.5 and 10 mM sodium chloride. Taking spinach as a reference plant, the wet weight ratio of plant leaf tissues (g) / volume of buffer (ml) was of about 1/2. When the plant source varies, the buffer volume varies accordingly as known in the art, based among other things, on the water content of the plant. The plant was mixed with the buffer and homogenized in a commercial blender for about 2 minutes in order to obtain PTE.
  • MCE Mesophyll cell extract
  • the filter to be used with the filtration can be of 40 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m, preferably from 50 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, and more preferably from 50 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m.
  • EXAMPLE II Reduction of the harmful effect of smoke on the immune response. Introduction of buffer and plant extracts into the cigarette filter
  • PTE and MCE were introduced directly into the cigarette filter with a 3 ml syringe, 5 mm deep in the middle of the open surface of the filter, so as to saturate the filter with 0.8 ml of PTE, MCE or buffer.
  • the treated filters were allowed to dry, by techniques known in the art, for 24 hours at room temperature before analysis.
  • the rat alveolar macrophage (AM) cell line NR8383 exhibits similar functions than freshly isolated AM [Heilmke, et al., 1989, In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol.; 25:44-48; Sirois, et al., 2000, J. Immunol. ; 164: 2964-2970].
  • NR8383 cells were maintained in Ham's F-12 media (Invitrogen Canada Inc, Burlington, ON, Canada) as previously described (Selvay, J.W. 1986, Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 213:521-536).
  • IL-10, TNF ⁇ , and MCP-I levels were measured in cell-free supernatants using ELISA kits for rat (BD Bioscience Pharmingen, Mississauga, ON, Canada) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Plates were read on a THERMO ma ⁇ TM microplate reader (Molecular Devices, Menlo Park, CA). Tobacco smoke extract did not interfere with the ELISA assay.
  • AM were treated with tobacco smoke extract for 20 h and washed before performing the cytotoxic assay toward tumour cells.
  • AM cytotoxic activity was measured using a 51 Cr-release assay, as previously described [Bissonnette et al., 1990, J, Immunol. ; 145:3385-3390], on WEHI-164 cells (fibrosarcoma target cells). WEHI-164 cells were incubated 90 min with 100 ⁇ l Of 51 CrNaCrO 4 (Amersham Bioscience, Piscataway, NJ) and washed three times.
  • AM and WEHI-164 were co-cultured at a ratio of 50:1 AM:WEHI-164 in a U-bottom 96-wells for 18 h in 5% CO 2 atmosphere at 37 0 C. All plates were done in triplicate. Plates were spun (1000 rpm, 5 min) to obtain supernatants, and the radioactivity was measured in cell-free supernatants. 51 Cr total release (TR) was measured by adding 0.01% Triton X- 100TM to target cells and 51 Cr spontaneous release (SR) was measured in supernatant of target cells exposed to medium. Percent of cytotoxicity was calculated using the formula: cpm in presence of AM - SR X 100 TR-SR
  • CSE Concentrations of CSE ranging from 0.1 to 10% were evaluated for their toxicity on a 20 h exposure period. Three percent CSE was identified as the percentage to be used since it inhibited AM cytokine release without altering cell viability, as measured by trypan blue exclusion assay.
  • CSE reduced by 67.0 ⁇ 11.7% IL-10 production by AM. This CSE-induced reduction was also inhibited by the presence of plant extracts during the treatment (Fig. Ib). High concentration (0.025%) of MCE in the presence of CSE significantly increased IL-10 production (control, 10.9 ⁇ 2.6 pg/ml, compared with MCE, 20.1 ⁇ 7.1 pg/ml), but was not significantly different from the treatment with MCE alone (26.8 ⁇ 8.3 pg/ml, data not shown). Similar data were observed with MCP-I production (Fig. Ic), although the inhibition caused by CSE was not as strong (21.2 ⁇ 2.8%) of the one encountered with IL- 10.
  • AM cells were cultured as described previously and treated with CSE for 20 h before washing for cytotoxic assays.
  • Three percent CSE significantly inhibited AM cytotoxic activity towards tumoral cells (Fig. 2).
  • the addition of PTE to CSE did not modulate CSE-induced inhibition of AM cytotoxic activity (Fig. 2), indicating that PTE has no direct effect on AM cytotoxic function under these conditions.
  • the addition of MCE to CSE abrogated its inhibition of AM cytotoxic activity. This shows that MCE can directly stimulate AM cytotoxic activity. Indeed, treatment of AM with MCE (0.025%) without CSE significantly increased AM cytotoxic activity towards tumoral cells by 39.6 ⁇ 10.5% (data not shown).
  • AM were treated with CSE from plant extract-containing cigarettes for 20 h and their capacity to kill tumoral cells (fibrosarcoma cells) was investigated.
  • the presence of both low and high concentrations of MCE in the cigarette filter eliminated the inhibitory effect of CSE on AM cytotoxic activity (Fig 4).
  • Table 1 summarizes the significant effects of the presence of plant extracts in cigarette filters on the production of inflammatory mediators by AM, and on the cytotoxic activity of AM towards tumoral cells.
  • Low concentration of PTE and MCE abrogated tobacco smoke inhibition of AM cytokine production, whereas high concentration of MCE stimulated the release of TNF ⁇ , IL-IO, and MCP-I.
  • PTE and MCE stimulated AM cytokine release
  • the elimination of tobacco smoke inhibition can be due, at least in part, to the stimulation of cytokine release by PTE and MCE.
  • AM were treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in the presence or not of plant extract (PTE and MCE) for 20 h and cytokine release was measured in cell-free supernatants, or cells were washed and the cytotoxic activity was investigated.
  • CSE cigarette smoke extract
  • PTE and MCE plant extract
  • cytokine release was measured in cell-free supernatants, or cells were washed and the cytotoxic activity was investigated.
  • the overall effect on the production of cytokines and cytotoxicity as compared to air control is expressed as follow: inhibition: 4-; increase: T; no effect: -.
  • Table 2 Data summary of plant extract treated cigarette filters on AM functions.
  • AM were treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) from cigarettes with filter treated with plant extract (PTE or MCE) or buffer for 20 h and cytokine release was measured in cell-free supernatants, or cells were washed and the cytotoxic activity was investigated.
  • CSE cigarette smoke extract
  • PTE or MCE plant extract
  • cytokine release was measured in cell-free supernatants, or cells were washed and the cytotoxic activity was investigated.
  • the overall effect on the production of cytokines and cytotoxicity as compared to air control is expressed as follow: inhibition: 1; no effect: -.
  • EXAMPLE III Effect of plant extract on the concentration of heavy metals in cigarette smoke.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des compositions et des procédés permettant de réduire la concentration de substances nuisibles contenues dans des gaz et dans de la fumée. L'invention concerne également des filtres comprenant des extraits de plante tels qu'un extrait tissulaire du parenchyme et un extrait cellulaire du mésophylle, ainsi que de procédés de réalisation associés.
PCT/CA2007/000492 2006-03-27 2007-03-27 Extraits de plante et leurs utilisations dans des systèmes de filtre WO2007109892A1 (fr)

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WO2012047346A1 (fr) * 2010-10-06 2012-04-12 Celanese Acetate Llc Filtres à fumée pour dispositifs pour fumeurs comprenant des masses poreuses ayant des nanoparticules actives et des particules de liant
US9420825B2 (en) * 2012-02-13 2016-08-23 R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Whitened tobacco composition
MX2022003094A (es) 2019-09-11 2022-04-11 Nicoventures Trading Ltd Metodos alternativos para blanquear el tabaco.
US11369131B2 (en) 2019-09-13 2022-06-28 Nicoventures Trading Limited Method for whitening tobacco
US11937626B2 (en) 2020-09-04 2024-03-26 Nicoventures Trading Limited Method for whitening tobacco
CN115025615B (zh) * 2021-07-16 2023-11-24 浙江施维康生物医学材料有限公司 一种多功效活性生物酶及其制备方法

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US5083578A (en) * 1988-10-26 1992-01-28 Yukinobu Agarie Apparatus for removing toxic materials contained in tobacco and methods therefor
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