WO2007098041A1 - Polyketal polymers, and methods of making and using same - Google Patents

Polyketal polymers, and methods of making and using same Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007098041A1
WO2007098041A1 PCT/US2007/004158 US2007004158W WO2007098041A1 WO 2007098041 A1 WO2007098041 A1 WO 2007098041A1 US 2007004158 W US2007004158 W US 2007004158W WO 2007098041 A1 WO2007098041 A1 WO 2007098041A1
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group
polymer
independently represents
polymers
combinations
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PCT/US2007/004158
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English (en)
French (fr)
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Michael Eric Benz
Lian Leon Luo
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Medtronic, Inc.
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Priority to EP07750956A priority Critical patent/EP1984421A1/en
Publication of WO2007098041A1 publication Critical patent/WO2007098041A1/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L31/00—Materials for other surgical articles, e.g. stents, stent-grafts, shunts, surgical drapes, guide wires, materials for adhesion prevention, occluding devices, surgical gloves, tissue fixation devices
    • A61L31/14—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
    • A61L31/148—Materials at least partially resorbable by the body
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
    • A61K47/14—Esters of carboxylic acids, e.g. fatty acid monoglycerides, medium-chain triglycerides, parabens or PEG fatty acid esters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
    • A61L27/54—Biologically active materials, e.g. therapeutic substances
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/50—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
    • A61L27/58—Materials at least partially resorbable by the body
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
    • C08G65/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring from cyclic ethers only
    • C08G65/22—Cyclic ethers having at least one atom other than carbon and hydrogen outside the ring
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
    • A61L2300/60—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a special physical form
    • A61L2300/602—Type of release, e.g. controlled, sustained, slow
    • A61L2300/604—Biodegradation

Definitions

  • Biodegradable polymers have found uses in a wide variety of applications ranging from trash bags that decompose in landfills to implantable medical devices that biodegrade in the body. Most of these applications require that such polymers have adequate physical properties and stability to provide for suitable handling and utility prior to being subjected to end use conditions that promote biodegradation. Further, it is often preferable that these same polymers rapidly or controllably biodegrade once subjected to such end use conditions. In addition, it is often desired that biodegradable polymers used for implantable medical devices be converted under physiological conditions to materials that do not irritate or harm the surrounding tissue. Many biodegradable polymers known in the art lack the combination of physical and/or chemical properties desired to meet the needs for specific applications.
  • the present invention provides a method of preparing a polyketal polymer.
  • the method includes combining components including a polymerization agent and at least one cyclic oxygen- containing compound under conditions effective to polymerize the at least one cyclic oxygen-containing compound, wherein the at least one cyclic oxygen-containing compound is selected from the group consisting of: a compound of the formula (Formula I)
  • each X independently represents NR 5 , CR 5 R 6 , SiR 5 R 6 , S, a sulfur-bonded group, a phosphorus-bonded group, or
  • each Y independently represents O, NR 5 , CR 5 R 6 , SiR 5 R 6 , S,
  • each n is independently from 0 to 5; each R 1 independently represents an organic group; each R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 independently represents H or an organic group; and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and/or R 6 can optionally be joined to each other to form one or more rings.
  • the polymers and compositions including the polymers prepared by the above-disclosed illustrative method can be useful for applications including, for example, medical devices and pharmaceutical compositions.
  • the poyketal polymers prepared thereby are biodegradable.
  • the presently disclosed methods of preparing polyketal polymers can offer advantages over other methods known in the art for preparing polyketals.
  • the presently disclosed methods are convenient for preparing polyketal polymers without the need to remove small molecule byproducts (e.g., water and other small molecules such as alcohols) typically formed in known condensation type polymerizations.
  • the present invention provides polyketal polymers.
  • the polymer includes two or more repeat units selected from the group consisting of: a repeat unit of the formula (Formula III):
  • each X independently represents NR 5 , CR 5 R 6 , SiR 5 R 6 , S, a sulfur-bonded group, a phosphorus-bonded group, or
  • each Y independently represents O, NR 5 , CR 5 R 6 , SiR 5 R 6 , S,
  • each n is independently from 0 to 5; each R 1 independently represents an organic group; each R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 independently represents ' H or an organic group; and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and/or R 6 can optionally be joined to each other to form one or more rings.
  • Figure 1 is a graph of cumulative release (%; y-axis) versus time (days; x-axis) illustrating the measured cumulative release of clonidine base from a poly(ketal) polymer for three sample rods as described in Example XIII.
  • Figure 2 is a graph of cumulative release (%; y-axis) versus time
  • biodegradable and/or bioerodible polymers are known in the art.
  • biodegradable and/or bioerodible are used interchangably and are intended to broadly encompass materials including, for example, those that tend to break down upon exposure to physiological environments.
  • Biodegradable and/or bioerodible polymers known in the art include, for example, linear aliphatic polyester homopolymers (e.g., polyglycolide, polylactide, polyca pro lactone, and polyhydroxybutyrate) and copolymers (e.g., poly(glycolide-co-lactide), poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone), poly(glycolide-co-trimethylenecarbonate), poly(lactic acid-co-lysine), poly(lactide-co-urethane), poly(ester-co-amide)); polyanhydrides; and poly(orthoesters).
  • linear aliphatic polyester homopolymers e.g., polyglycolide, polylactide, polyca pro lactone, and polyhydroxybutyrate
  • copolymers e.g., poly(glycolide-co-lactide), poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone), poly(glycolide-co-trimethylene
  • polyglycolide and polylactide homo- and co-polymers are converted under physiological conditions to products including glycolic acid and lactic acid, respectively.
  • the formation of acidic products can limit the utility of such biedegradable polymers.
  • many of the biodegradable polymers noted above biodegrade at a slower rate than desired for specific applications.
  • polyketals are also known to be biodegradable polymers.
  • a "polyketal” refers to a homo- or co-polymer that includes two or more (i.e.., a plurality) of ketal repeat units.
  • a "ketal" repeat unit is a unit including a ketal-containing group that is repeated in the polymer at least once.
  • a ketal group is a group that includes an - 0-C(M)(N)-O- functionality with the proviso that neither M nor N is hydrogen (e.g., an acetal-containing group) or oxygen (e.g., an orthoester-containing group).
  • known methods for preparing some of the known biodegradable polymers noted above typically involve condensation type polymerizations that form small molecule byproducts (e.g., water and other small molecules such as alcohols) during the polymerization reaction.
  • small molecule byproducts e.g., water and other small molecules such as alcohols
  • the presence of such small molecule byproducts in the reaction mixture can adversely impact the molecular weight of the resultant polymer, and removal of such small molecule byproducts during the polymerization process can lead to a more complicated and expensive process.
  • the limitations of known methods of making polyketals has limited the commercial use of such polymers.
  • a typical known method includes, for example, condensing or reacting a diol with a ketone or ketal to form a polyketal in a step growth polymerization process.
  • condensing or reacting a diol with a ketone or ketal to form a polyketal in a step growth polymerization process.
  • the strict control of reactant stoichiometries and the concurrent removal of byproducts formed can lead to difficult, expensive, and/or poorly reproducible processes.
  • the presently disclosed methods of preparing polyketal polymers can offer advantages over other methods known in the art for preparing polyketals.
  • the presently disclosed methods can be convenient for preparing polyketal polymers without the need to remove small molecule byproducts. (e.g., water and other small molecules such as alcohols) typically formed in known condensation type polymerizations.
  • the present invention provides polyketal polymers and convenient methods of preparing such polymers.
  • the presently disclosed polyketals include polymers that are not converted under physiological conditions to acidic products.
  • the present invention provides polyketal polymers that can biodegrade at a sufficiently high rate to enable them to be considered for use in specific applications.
  • the present invention provides a method of preparing a polyketal polymer.
  • the method includes combining components including a polymerization agent and at least one cyclic oxygen- containing compound under conditions effective to polymerize the at least one cyclic oxygen-containing compound.
  • the method can form high molecular weight polymers.
  • the polymerization proceeds by a ring opening polymerization process, although isomerizations of rings are also possible during the polymerization process. Ring opening polymerizations are typically advantageous in that molecular weight can be readily controlled by variables including, for example, the ratio of polymerization agent to monomer.
  • the polymerization can be initiated thermally in the presence of a suitable polymerization agent.
  • the polymerization process proceeds through a cationic, an anionic, a free radical, and/or an organometallic pathway.
  • Cyclic oxygen-containing compounds useful in the present method include at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: a compound of the formula (Formula I)
  • each X independently represents NR 5 , CR 5 R 6 , SiR 5 R 6 , S, a sulfur-bonded group (i.e., an organic or inorganic group bonded through sulfur such as, for example, S(O), S(O) 2 , or the like), a phosphorus-bonded group (i.e., an organic or inorganic group bonded through phosphorus such as, for example, PR or PR 3 , where ' R is an organic
  • each Y independently represents O, NR 5 , CR 5 R 6 , SiR 5 R 6 , S 1 a sulfur-bonded group, a phosphorus-bonded group,
  • each n is independently from 0 to 5; each R 1 independently represents an organic group; each R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 independently represents H or an organic group; and R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and/or R 6 can optionally be joined to each other to form one or more rings.
  • each X and Y independently represents CR 5 R 6 ; each n is 1 ; each R 1 independently represents a C1-C10 organic group; each R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 independently represents H or a C1-C10 organic group; and R 1 and R 5 can optionally be joined to each other to form a ring.
  • each X and Y independently represents CR 5 R 6 ; each n is 1 ; each R 1 independently represents a phenyl group (and preferably a phenyl ring) or a C1-C4 aliphatic or alicyclic group (a preferably a C1-C4 aliphatic or alicyclic moiety); each R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 independently represents H, a phenyl group, or a C1-C4 aliphatic or alicyclic group (and preferably H, a phenyl group, or a C1-C4 aliphatic or alicyclic moiety); and R 1 and R 5 can optionally be joined to each other to form a five- or six-membered ring.
  • the cyclic oxygen-containing compound is 1-phenyl-4,5-epoxypentan-1-one (i.e.,
  • organic group is used for the purpose of this invention to mean a hydrocarbon group that is classified as an aliphatic group, cyclic group, or combination of aliphatic and cyclic groups (e.g., alkaryl and aralkyl groups).
  • suitable organic groups for monomers and polymers of this invention are those that do not interfere with the ring opening polymerization reaction disclosed herein.
  • aliphatic group means a saturated or unsaturated linear or branched hydrocarbon group.
  • alkyl group means a saturated linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon group including, for example, methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, isopropyl, terf-butyl, amyl, heptyl, and the like.
  • alkenyl group means an unsaturated, linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon group with one or more olefinically unsaturated groups (i.e., carbon-carbon double bonds), such as a vinyl group.
  • alkynyl group means an unsaturated, linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon group with one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds.
  • cyclic group means a closed ring hydrocarbon group that is classified as an alicyclic group, aromatic group, or heterocyclic group.
  • alicyclic group means a cyclic hydrocarbon group having properties resembling those of aliphatic groups.
  • aromatic group or “aryl group” means a mono- or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon group.
  • heterocyclic group means a closed ring hydrocarbon in which one or more of the atoms in the ring is an element other than carbon (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, etc.).
  • group and “moiety” are used to differentiate between chemical species that allow for substitution or that may be substituted and those that do not so allow for substitution or may not be so substituted.
  • group when the term “group” is used to describe a chemical substituent, the described chemical material includes the unsubstituted group and that group with nonperoxidic O, N, S, Si, or F atoms, for example, in the chain as well as carbonyl groups or other conventional substituents.
  • moiety is used to describe a chemical compound or substituent, only an unsubstituted chemical material is intended to be included.
  • alkyl group is intended to include not only pure open chain saturated hydrocarbon alkyl substituents, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, terf-butyl, and the like, but also alkyl substituents bearing further substituents known in the art, such as hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylsulfonyl, halogen atoms, cyano, nitro, amino, carboxyl, etc.
  • alkyl group includes ether groups, haloalkyls, nitroalkyls, carboxyalkyls, hydroxyalkyls, sulfoalkyls, etc.
  • the phrase “alkyl moiety” is limited to the inclusion of only pure open chain saturated hydrocarbon alkyl substituents, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, tert-butyl, and the like.
  • each Y independently represents O, NR 5 ,
  • any of the R substituents that are "organic groups” can include as at least a portion thereof, for example, a cyclic oxygen-containing functionality (e.g., at least a portion of Formula I or Formula II); an imagable functionality (i.e., a functionality visible in an imaging system, such as, for example, one or more radiopaque functionalities such as iodinated groups, ferromagnetic functionalities, and magnetic susceptible functionalities such as Fe, Cr, Ni, and Gd); a latent reactive functionality (e.g., ethylenic unsaturation and/or oxygen-containing rings
  • the cyclic oxygen-containing compounds of Formula I and Formula Il as disclosed herein above include not only monofunctional compounds, but additionally di- and poly-functional compounds.
  • Monomers of Formula I and Il can be prepared by suitable methods known to one of skill in the art.
  • a monomer of Formula I can be prepared by epoxidation of the corresponding ethylentcally unsaturated compound.
  • a monomer of Formula Il can be prepared by dehydration of dihydroxyketone compounds and/or thermal treatment (e.g., heating under vacuum) a compound of Formula I.
  • a single cyclic oxygen-containing monomer as described herein can be used to prepare a homopolymer as disclosed herein.
  • a cyclic oxygen-containing monomer as described herein can be used in combination with one or more additional monomers to prepare a copolymer as disclosed herein.
  • the one or more additional monomers can be different cyclic oxygen-containing monomer(s) as disclosed herein, or monomers that are not cyclic oxygen-containing monomers (e.g., lactides, glycolides, butyrolactones, valerolactones, caprolactones, cyclic carbonates such as trimethylene carbonate and 1 ⁇ -o-isopropylidene-tDJ-xylofuranose-S. ⁇ -cyclic carbonate, cyclic ethers such as ethylene oxide, cyclic acetals such as 1 ,3- dioxolane, and combinations thereof).
  • the monomers used to prepare the homo- and co-polymers disclosed herein can be monofunctional, difunctional, or polyfunctional; or a combination of such monomers can be used.
  • copolymers can be formed by starting with an oligomeric or polymeric macromolecule (e.g., polyethylene glycol) and forming polyketal blocks thereon by the polymerization of the monomers described herein. In other embodiments, copolymers can be formed by starting with a polyketal polymer and reacting the polyketal polymer with additional monomers, oligomers, polymers, and/or other reactive compounds.
  • an oligomeric or polymeric macromolecule e.g., polyethylene glycol
  • copolymers can be formed by starting with a polyketal polymer and reacting the polyketal polymer with additional monomers, oligomers, polymers, and/or other reactive compounds.
  • a polymerization agent can be used to initiate and/or propagate the polymerization reaction.
  • a wide variety of polymerization agents can be used that are known in the art to catalyze ring opening polymerizations.
  • the polymerization agent provides for polymerization through a cationic, an anionic, a free radical, and/or an organometallic pathway.
  • the polymerization agent may be present in catalytic amounts, or alternatively, may be used in stoichiometric amounts with partial or total consumption of the polymerization agent during the polymerization reaction.
  • the polymerization agent includes a Lewis- acid or a Br ⁇ nsted-Lowry acid.
  • Suitable Lewis acids typically include one or more elements such as Al, Fe, B, Zn, Sb, Ti, Cu, Sn, Si, and the like.
  • suitable Lewis acids include, for example, boron trifluoride and/or boron trifluoride etherate, zinc chloride, zinc iodide, stannous 2-ethylhexanoate, zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate (i.e., zinc triflate), trirnethylsilyl triflate, antimony pentachloride, and the like, and combinations thereof.
  • Suitable Br ⁇ nsted-Lowry acids include, for example, hydrochloric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, and the like.
  • the polymerization agent includes an organometallic compound or a metal salt.
  • organometallic compounds include zinc-containing compounds (e.g., diethyl zinc) and those disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 6,133,402 (Coates et al.); Moore et al., J. American Chem. Soc, 125:11911-11924 (2003); and the like.
  • Suitable metal salts include, for example, metal halides (e.g., metal chlorides, metal bromides, metal iodides, and combinations thereof), metal pseudohalides (e.g., metal cyanates, metal thiocyanates, metal isothiocyanates, metal isocyanides, metal azides, metal thiosulfates, and combinations thereof), metal sulfonates (e.g., metal triflates, metal mesylates, metal p-toluenesulfonates, metal camphorsulfonates, and combinations thereof), metal carboxylates (e.g., stannous 2-ethylhexanoate and metal perfluorocarboxylates), metal carbonates (e.g., cesium carbonate), and combinations thereof.
  • the metal salts typically include a metal such as. Zn, Cs, or combinations thereof.
  • Certain polymerization agents that are known to be useful in ring- opening polymerizations can be particularly advantageous for preparing copolymers from monomers as disclosed herein with other monomers such as, for example, lactides, glycolides, butyrolactones, valerolactones, caprolactones, cyclic carbonates, cyclic ethers, cyclic acetals, and combinations thereof.
  • metal-containing catalysts such as stannous 2-ethylhexanoate or diethylzinc can be useful in preparing (e.g., at an elevated temperature) a copolymer of trimethylene carbonate with 5,6- epoxy-hexan-2-one (99:1 molar ratio), a copolymer that can have bulk physical properties similar to those of poly(trimethylene carbonate), but with hydrolysis properties similar to those of polyketals.
  • the ratio of the polymerization agent to the monomers can be varied as desired, and is typically selected to provide the desired reaction time at the selected reaction temperature for the specific polymerization agent.
  • the ratio of the polymerization agent to the monomers can also be varied to influence the molecular weight of the resulting polymers, with lower ratios typically resulting in higher molecular weights.
  • at least 0.0000001 mole %, sometimes at least 0.000001 mole %, and other times at least 0.00001 mole % of polymerization agent is used, based on the total moles of monomers and polymerization agents.
  • at most 30 mole %, sometimes at most 20 mole %, and other times at most 10 mole % of polymerization agent is used, based on the total moles of monomers and polymerization agents.
  • Suitable polymerization agents may be monofunctional (i.e., capable of initiating one polymer chain), difunctional (i.e., capable of initiating two polymer chains), or polyfunctional (i.e., capable of initiating more than two polymer chains).
  • polyfunctional polymerization agents can lead to highly branched polymer structures (e.g., star structures).
  • components including the one or more monomers and the polymerization agent can be combined neat (e.g., without adding a solvent).
  • components including the one or more monomers and the polymerization agent can be combined in a dry organic solvent at a concentration selected to provide a convenient reaction rate.
  • the components are combined under an inert atmosphere.
  • the reaction temperature can be selected and/or varied as desired to provide a convenient reaction rate.
  • the polymerization methods disclosed herein can provide polyketal polymers.
  • the polymer includes two or more repeat units selected from the group consisting of: a repeat unit of the formula (Formula III):
  • each X, Y, n, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 is defined as disclosed herein above for the corresponding monomers.
  • R 1 in each of the polyketal repeating units disclosed herein represents an organic group which is advantageous in providing polymers with useful biodegradability.
  • polysaccharides are structures in which R 1 represents hydrogen.
  • polysaccharides are useful biomaterials (e.g., useful in biomedical applications), they typically do not substantially biodegrade in physiologic environments.
  • organic groups can include as at least a portion thereof, for example, a cyclic oxygen-containing functionality (e.g., at least a portion of Formula I or Formula II); an imagable functionality (e.g., one or more radiopaque functionalities such as iodinated groups, ferromagnetic functionalities, and magnetic susceptible functionalities such as Fe, Cr, Ni, and Gd); a latent reactive functionality (e.g., ethylenic unsaturation and/or oxygen-containing rings suitable for latent crosslinking after polymerization); or combinations thereof.
  • a cyclic oxygen-containing functionality e.g., at least a portion of Formula I or Formula II
  • an imagable functionality e.g., one or more radiopaque functionalities such as iodinated groups, ferromagnetic functionalities, and magnetic susceptible functionalities such as Fe, Cr, Ni, and Gd
  • a latent reactive functionality e.g., ethylenic unsaturation and/or oxygen-
  • the polymers disclosed herein can include a single cyclic oxygen- containing repeat unit (i.e., a homopolymer), or two or more different repeat units (i.e., a copolymer).
  • the two or more different repeat units can all be different cyclic oxygen-containing repeat units of Formula III and/or Formula IV, or alternatively, one or more cyclic oxygen- containing repeat units of Formula III and/or Formula IV in combination with one or more repeat units that are not of Formula III or Formula IV (e.g., lactide repeat units, glycolide repeat units, butyrolactone repeat units, valerolactone repeat units, caprolactone repeat units, cyclic carbonate repeat units such as trimethylene carbonate and 1 ,2-o-isopropylidene-[D]- xylofuranose-3,5-cyclic carbonate, cyclic ether repeat units such as ethylene oxide, cyclic acetals such as 1,3-dioxoIane, and combinations thereof
  • Copolymers as disclosed herein can be random copolymers, alternating copolymers, block copolymers, graft copolymers, or combinations thereof.
  • mixtures of monomers can be combined with a polymerization agent to prepare random and/or alternating copolymers.
  • one or more monomers can be combined with a polymerization agent and allowed to react until all the monomer is consumed, followed by the addition of one or more different monomers, and optionally additional polymerization agent (which can be the same or different than the first polymerization agent), which are then allowed to react to prepare block and/or graft copolymers.
  • Block copolymers in which at least one block of the block copolymer is a polyketal block including two or more repeat units selected from the group consisting of repeat units of Formula III, repeat units of Formula IV, and combinations thereof, can be of particular interest for certain applications.
  • the at least one other block of such block copolymers can be selected from blocks having a wide variety of repeat units including, for example, alpha-hydroxy alkanoates, beta-hydroxy alkanoates, gamma- hydroxy alkanoates, delta-hydroxy alkanoates, epsilon-hydroxy alkanoates, or combinations thereof.
  • the at least one other block of such block copolymers can be a poly(orthoester) block.
  • the at least one other block of such block copolymers can be a poly(alkyleneglycol) block including alkylene glycol repeat units.
  • the polyketal polymers disclosed herein are biodegradable.
  • the average molecular weight (and preferably the weight average molecular weight) of the polymers disclosed herein is at least 1000 Daltons, and sometimes at least 2000 Daltons, 5,000 Daltons, or even 10,000 Daltons or more. Average molecular weights of the polymers disclosed herein can be as high as desired for specific applications.
  • the average molecular weight (and preferably the weight average molecular weight) of the polymers disclosed herein is at most 10,000,000 Daltons, and sometimes at most 5,000,000 Daltons, 2,000,000 Daltons, or even 1 ,000,000 Daltons.
  • the polydispersity index of the polymers disclosed herein is at most 3, and sometimes at most 2.5, and other times at most 2.0.
  • a polyketal polymer as disclosed herein can be blended with another polymer (e.g., the same or different than the polyketal polymers disclosed herein) to provide the desired physical and/or chemical properties.
  • another polymer e.g., the same or different than the polyketal polymers disclosed herein
  • two polyketal polymers having different molecular weights can be blended to optimize the release rate of a biologically active agent.
  • two polyketal polymers having different repeat units can be blended to provide desired physical and/or chemical properties.
  • a polyketal polymer can be blended with another polymer that is not a polyketal polymer to provide desired physical and/or chemical properties.
  • Polyketal polymers as disclosed herein can be used in various combinations for various applications. They can be used as tissue-bulking agents in urological applications for bulking the urinary sphincter to prevent stress incontinence or in gastrological applications for bulking of the lower esophageal sphincter to prevent gastroesophageal reflux disease. They can be used for replacements for nucleus pulposis or repair of annulus in intervertebral disc repair procedures. They can be used as tissue adhesives or sealants. They can be used as surgical void fillers, for example, in reconstructive or cosmetic surgery (e.g., for filling a void after tumor removal).
  • Polyketal polymers as disclosed herein can further be used for applications such as scaffolds or supports for the development and/or growth of cells for applications including, for example, tissue engineering and the fabrication of artificial organs. Polyketal polymers as disclosed herein can be used in injectable compositions.
  • Such injectable compositions could be used as tissue bulking agents (e.g., for the treatment of urinary stress incontinence, for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, or serving to augment a degenerated intervertebral disc), void fillers (e.g., in cosmetic or reconstructive surgery, such as serving as a replacement for the nucleus pulposis), or as an injectable drug delivery matrix.
  • tissue bulking agents e.g., for the treatment of urinary stress incontinence, for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, or serving to augment a degenerated intervertebral disc
  • void fillers e.g., in cosmetic or reconstructive surgery, such as serving as a replacement for the nucleus pulposis
  • an injectable drug delivery matrix e.g., in cosmetic or reconstructive surgery, such as serving as a replacement for the nucleus pulposis
  • one or more polymers can be combined with a solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) 1 which are fairly biocompatible solvents. The solvent can diffuse away after injection and the polymer can remain in place.
  • a solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) 1 which are fairly biocompatible solvents.
  • DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
  • injectable materials can be applied to a desired site (e.g., a surgical site) using a syringe, catheter, or by hand.
  • injectable compositions could include crosslinkers (such as dicrylates), plasticizers (such as triethyl citrate), lipids (soybean oil), poly(ethylene glycol) (including those with the ends blocked with methyls or similar groups), silicone oil, partially or fully fluorinated hydrocarbons, N- methyl-2-pyrrolidone, or mixtures thereof.
  • crosslinkers such as dicrylates
  • plasticizers such as triethyl citrate
  • lipids such as poly(ethylene glycol) (including those with the ends blocked with methyls or similar groups)
  • silicone oil such as silicone oil, partially or fully fluorinated hydrocarbons, N- methyl-2-pyrrolidone, or mixtures thereof.
  • Polymers of the present invention can be used in combination with a variety of particulate materials.
  • they can be used with moisture curing ceramic materials (e.g., tricalcium phosphate) for vertebroplasty cements, bone void filling (due to disease such as cancer or due to fracture).
  • They can be used in combination with inorganic materials such as hydroxylapatite to form pastes for use in bone healing, sealing, filling, repair, and replacement.
  • They can be used as or in combination with polymer microspheres that can be reservoirs for a biologically active agent such as a protein, DNA plasmid, RNA plasmid, antisense agent, etc.
  • polyketals of the present invention can be used in combination with other materials to form a composite (e.g., a polymer having an additive therein).
  • composites can include a wide variety of additives, and particularly particulate additives, such as, for example, fillers (e.g., including particulate, fiber, and/or platelet material), other polymers (e.g., polymer particulate materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene can result in higher modulus composites), imaging particulate materials (e.g., barium sulfate for visualizing material placement using, for example, fluoroscopy), biologically derived materials (e.g., bone particles, cartilage, demineralized bone matrix, platelet gel, and combinations thereof), and combinations thereof.
  • Additives can be dissolved, suspended, and/or dispersed within the composite. For particulate additives, the additive is typically dispersed within the composite.
  • Polyketals of the present invention can be combined with fibers, woven or nonwoven fabric for reconstructive surgery, such as the in situ formation of a bone plate or a bone prosthesis.
  • one or more polyketal polymers as disclosed herein can be shaped to form a medical device, preferably a biodegradable medical device.
  • the one or more polymers can be shaped by methods known in the art including compression molding, injection molding, casting, extruding, milling, blow molding, or combinations thereof.
  • a "medical device” includes devices that have surfaces that contact tissue, bone, blood, or other bodily fluids in the course of their operation, which fluids are subsequently used in patients. This can include, for example, extracorporeal devices for use in surgery such as blood oxygenators, blood pumps, blood sensors, tubing used to carry blood, and the like which contact blood which is then returned to the patient.
  • endoprostheses implanted in blood contact in a human or animal body
  • vascular grafts vascular grafts, stents, pacemaker leads, heart valves, and the like
  • devices for temporary intravascular use such as catheters, guide wires, and the like which are placed into the blood vessels or the heart for purposes of monitoring or repair.
  • a medical device can also be fabricated by polymerizing components including monomers of Formula I and/or Formula Il in a suitable mold.
  • Polyketal polymers as disclosed herein can also be coated onto a substrate if desired.
  • a coating mixture of the polymer can be prepared using solvents such as toluene, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, perfluorinated solvents, and combinations thereof.
  • Preferred solvents include those that can be rendered moisture-free and/or those that have no active hydrogens.
  • the coating mixture can be applied to an appropriate substrate such as uncoated or polymer coated medical wires, catheters, stents, prostheses, penile inserts, and the like, by conventional coating application methods. Such methods include, but are not limited to, dipping, spraying, wiping, painting, solvent swelling, and the like. After applying the coating solution to a substrate, the solvent is preferably allowed to evaporate from the coated substrate.
  • the materials of a suitable substrate include, but are not limited to, polymers, metal, glass, ceramics, composites, and multilayer laminates of these materials.
  • the coating may be applied to metal substrates such as the stainless steel used for guide wires, stents, catheters and other devices.
  • Organic substrates that may be coated with the polymers of this invention include, but are not limited to, polyether-polyamide block copolymers, polyethylene terephthalate, polyetherurethane, polyesterurethane, other polyurethanes, silicone, natural rubber, rubber latex, synthetic rubbers, polyester-polyether copolymers, polycarbonates, and other organic materials.
  • Additives that can be combined with a polyketal polymer as disclosed herein to form a composition include, but are not limited to, wetting agents for improving wettability to hydrophobic surfaces, viscosity and flow control agents to adjust the viscosity and thixotropy of the mixture to a desired level, antioxidants to improve oxidative stability of the coatings, dyes or pigments to impart color or radiopacity, and air release agents or defoamers, cure catalysts, cure accelerants, plasticizers, solvents, stabilizers (cure inhibitors, pot-life extenders), and adhesion promoters.
  • compositions that include one or more polyketal polymers as disclosed herein and a biologically active agent.
  • a biologically active agent is intended to be broadly interpreted as any agent capable of eliciting a response in a biological system such as, for example, living cell(s), tissue(s), organ(s), and being(s).
  • Biologically active agents can include natural and/or synthetic agents.
  • a biologically active agent is intended to be inclusive of any substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease or in the enhancement of desirable physical or mental development and conditions in a subject.
  • subject as used herein is taken to include humans, sheep, horses, cattle, pigs, dogs, cats, rats, mice, birds, reptiles, fish, insects, arachnids, protists (e.g., protozoa), and prokaryotic bacteria.
  • subject is a human or other mammal.
  • a preferred class of biologically active agents includes drugs.
  • drug means any therapeutic agent.
  • Suitable drugs include inorganic and organic drugs, without limitation, and include drugs that act on the peripheral nerves, adrenergic receptors, cholinergic receptors, nervous system, skeletal muscles, cardiovascular system, smooth muscles, blood circulatory system, synaptic sites, n euro-effector junctional sites, endocrine system, hormone systems, immunological system, reproductive system, skeletal system, autocoid systems, alimentary and excretory systems (including urological systems), histamine systems, and the like.
  • Such conditions, as well as others, can be advantageously treated using compositions as disclosed herein.
  • Preferred classes of drugs include, for example, Plasmid DNA, genes, antisense oligonucleotides and other antisense agents, peptides, proteins, protein analogs, siRNA, shRNA, miRNA, ribozymes, DNAzymes and other DNA based agents, viral and non-viral vectors, lyposomes, cells, stem cells, antineoplastic agents, antiproliferative agents, antithrombogenic agents, anticoagulant agents, antiplatelet agents, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, antimitotic agents; immunosuppressants, growth factors, cytokines, hormones, and combinations thereof.
  • Suitable drugs can have a variety of uses including, but are not limited to, anticonvulsants, analgesics, antiparkinsons, antiinflammatories (e.g., ibuprofen, fenbufen, cortisone, and the like), calcium antagonists, anesthetics (e.g., benoxinate, benzocaine, procaine, and the like), antibiotics (e.g., ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, clofoctol, and the like), antimalarials, antiparasitics, antihypertensives, antihistamines, antipyretics, alpha- adrenergic agonists, alpha-blockers, biocides, bactericides, bronchial dilators, beta-adrenergic blocking drugs, contraceptives, cardiovascular drugs, calcium channel inhibitors, depressants, diagnostics, diuretics, electrolytes, enzymes, hypnotics, hormones, hypogly
  • compositions including polyketal polymers as disclosed herein can further include additional components.
  • additional components include fillers, dyes, pigments, inhibitors, accelerators, viscosity modifiers, wetting agents, buffering agents, stabilizers, biologically active agents, polymeric materials, excipients, and combinations thereof.
  • Medical devices that include one or more polyketal polymers as disclosed herein and a biologically active agent can have a wide variety of uses.
  • the biologically active agent is preferably disposed in the one or more polymers.
  • the term "disposed" is intended to be broadly interpreted as inclusive of dispersed, dissolved, suspended, or otherwise contained at least partially therein or thereon.
  • such devices can be used to deliver a biologically active agent to a tissue by positioning at least a portion of the device including the one or more polymers proximate the tissue and allowing the one or more polymers to biodegrade and deliver the biologically active agent disposed therein.
  • such devices can be used to control the release rate of a biologically active agent from a medical device by disposing the biologically active agent in at least one of the one or more polymers.
  • 5,6-Epoxy-hexan-2-one was prepared similar to a reported method by Broshears et al., Journal of Chemical Education, 81 :1018-1019 (2004), by reacting hexen-2-one with oxone in acetone buffered with sodium hydrogen carbonate.
  • the product was purified by vacuum distillation, having a boiling point about 33°C to 35 0 C at a pressure of 0.5 mmHg. The yield is about 59 mole percent.
  • the combined ether layer was washed with brine and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate.
  • the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation resulting in a brownish oil.
  • the crude product was suspended in 250 mL 1 normal sodium hydroxide solution and brought to gentle reflux overnight. After cooling, the oil that floated on top was separated and was combine with the organic layer from the extractions that followed.
  • the aqueous layer was acidified with 50 % sulfuric acid to pH 1 and heated to reflux for 5 hours.
  • the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (200 mL X 3).
  • the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation to yield a yellow oil.
  • Pentadione 75 g, 0.75 moles, Aldrich
  • 3-chloro-2-methyl propene 63.4 g, 0.70 moles, Aldrich
  • potassium carbonate 96.3 g
  • the mixture was stirred and heated to reflux for 18 hours. After brief cooling, the condenser was replaced by a distillation head. Heat was resumed to distill until about 370 mL ethanol and ethy! acetate were collected. The flask was allowed to cool to room temperature and into it ice water (550 mL) was added to dissolve the white slurry salts.
  • cyclohexanone (186 g, 1.90 moles, Aldrich) was dissolved in 1 liter toluene, and then pyrrolidine (292 g, 4.1 moles) was added. The mixture was brought to reflux overnight, during which 55 mL of water was collected. After switching to a distillation head, excess pyrrolindine and toluene were distilled off (1.2 liter). When most of the volatiles had been removed, aspirator vacuum was applied to assist in removal of residual toluene. In the same flask, the residue was dissolved in 1.2 liter of acetonitrile.
  • AIIyI bromide (305 g, 2.5 moles) was added dropwise. The mixture was heated slowly to gentle reflux overnight. After distilling off most of the acetonitrile and cooling, 1.2 liter of water was added and heated to reflux for 30 minutes. Extracted with ether after the mixture was cooled (200 mL X 3). Combined ether layer was dried over sodium sulfate. The crude product, after removing , the solvent, was purified by vacuum distillation: 73- 78°C, 6.7 mmHg, Yield: 156 grams (59 % for two steps). See also, Stork et al., J. American Chem. Soc, 85:207-222 (1963), and Johnson et al., J. American Chem. Soc, 88:149-159 (1966).
  • 2-allyl cyclopentanone was prepared using a method similar to the method reported above for 2-allyl cyclohexanone. Yield: 7.5 % for two steps.
  • methyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide (54.5 g, 0.153 moles, Aldrich) was suspended in THF (120 mL). After flashing with nitrogen for 30 minutes, the flask was cooled to 0 0 C. n-Butyl lithium (61 mL, 2.5 M in hexane, 153 mmole) was added via a syringe.
  • Example IX and Example X Typical properties of homopolymers and copolymers prepared by the typical polymerization procedures described in Example IX and Example X, respectively, are listed in Table 1. Polymer structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Glass transition temperatures were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Average molecular weights (i.e., weight average molecular weights) and polydispersity index were determined by light scattering gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
  • DSC nuclear magnetic resonance
  • GPC light scattering gel permeation chromatography
  • the polymer was mixed with clonidine (7% wt/wt). The mixture was melted and then extruded to form rods, which were then cut into shorter lengths. Each of the rods was submerged in 10 mL of 6.7 mM PBS at pH 7.4. The samples were kept in an incubator kept at 37°C. The rods appeared to soften during the time period of testing, and ultimately transformed to spheres at the bottom of vials, or to sheets at the top of the buffer solution. The release of clonidine base was monitored by ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy.
  • UV ultraviolet
  • Figure 1 is a graph of cumulative release (%; y-axis) versus time (days; x-axis) illustrating the measured cumulative release of clonidine base from the poly(ketal) polymer for three sample rods.
  • Figure 2 is a graph of cumulative release (%; y-axis) versus time (days; x-axis) illustrating the average cumulative release of clonidine base from the poly(ketal) polymer for the three sample rods.
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